MD1603Z - Process for treating common winter wheat grains - Google Patents
Process for treating common winter wheat grains Download PDFInfo
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- MD1603Z MD1603Z MDS20210032A MDS20210032A MD1603Z MD 1603 Z MD1603 Z MD 1603Z MD S20210032 A MDS20210032 A MD S20210032A MD S20210032 A MDS20210032 A MD S20210032A MD 1603 Z MD1603 Z MD 1603Z
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- Moldova
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- oxysporum
- grains
- wheat grains
- winter wheat
- dimethyl
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- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 title claims description 16
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- LFLAXRVXFCJYOI-MLPAPPSSSA-N (z)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1/C(C(=O)C(C)(C)C)=C\C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl LFLAXRVXFCJYOI-MLPAPPSSSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 241000223221 Fusarium oxysporum Species 0.000 abstract description 19
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FBOUIAKEJMZPQG-AWNIVKPZSA-N (1E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1/C(C(O)C(C)(C)C)=C/C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FBOUIAKEJMZPQG-AWNIVKPZSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 3
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000223218 Fusarium Species 0.000 description 2
- FBOUIAKEJMZPQG-BLXFFLACSA-N diniconazole-M Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1/C([C@H](O)C(C)(C)C)=C/C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FBOUIAKEJMZPQG-BLXFFLACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- FMWWRALTYIWZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(=O)CN1C=NC=N1 FMWWRALTYIWZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCXLQFOCWZMFHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-2h-triazole Chemical class C=CC1=CNN=N1 MCXLQFOCWZMFHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4H-1,2,4-triazole Chemical class C=1N=CNN=1 NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(C)=O)C(O)=C2C(=O)C(OC)=CC(=O)C2=C1O UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000254171 Curculionidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010061217 Infestation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000843 anti-fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012272 crop production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003032 phytopathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001018 virulence Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Изобретение относится к сельскому хозяйству и химии, а именно к способу обработки зерен озимой мягкой пшеницы для повышения устойчивости к действию гриба F. oxysporum.Способ, согласно изобретению, состоит в обработке зерен водным раствором соединения (Z)-4,4-диметил-1-(2,4-дихлорфенил)-2-(1H-1,2,4-триазол-1-ил)пент-1-ен-3-он с формулой:,в концентрации 0,005-0,01%, в течение 3 часов.The invention relates to agriculture and chemistry, and in particular to a method for treating grains of winter soft wheat to increase resistance to the action of the fungus F. oxysporum. The method according to the invention consists in treating the grains with an aqueous solution of the compound (Z)-4,4-dimethyl-1 -(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one with the formula:, at a concentration of 0.005-0.01%, for 3 hours.
Description
Invenţia se referă la agricultură şi chimie, şi anume la un procedeu de tratare a boabelor de grâu comun de toamnă pentru sporirea rezistenţei la acţiunea fungilor F. oxysporum. The invention relates to agriculture and chemistry, namely to a process for treating common winter wheat grains to increase resistance to the action of the fungi F. oxysporum.
Tratarea seminţelor este o metodă de neutralizare a majorităţii agenţilor patogeni (fungici şi bacterieni), dăunătorilor care se răspândesc prin seminţe şi sol. Un astfel de procedeu protejează culturile de daune, contribuind la salvarea a până la 30-50% din recoltă. Productivitatea depinde de metoda de aplicare, calitatea aplicării şi de conţinutul de pesticide de pe suprafaţa seminţelor. În plus, utilizarea preparatelor prin astfel de procedee este mai rentabilă decât pulverizarea ulterioară cu fungicide şi insecticide în timpul creşterii plantelor (Протравливание семян: плюсы и минусы, 22.01.2020, Online, URL: https://lnzweb.com/ru/blog/plyusi-ta-minusi-protruyuvannya-nasinnya). Seed treatment is a method of neutralizing most pathogens (fungal and bacterial), pests that spread through seeds and soil. Such a procedure protects crops from damage, helping to save up to 30-50% of the harvest. Productivity depends on the method of application, the quality of application and the content of pesticides on the surface of the seeds. In addition, the use of preparations by such procedures is more cost-effective than subsequent spraying with fungicides and insecticides during plant growth (Протравливание семян: плюсы и минусы, 22.01.2020, Online, URL: https://lnzweb.com/ru/blog/plyusi-ta-minusi-protruyuvannya-nasinnya).
Calitatea seminţei/bobului, o componentă importantă a industriei agricole şi, totodată, fundamentul succesului programelor de implementare a noilor soiuri şi de producere a culturilor, este determinată de diferiţi factori, dintre care vigoarea seminţei/bobului este cea mai importantă însuşire, deoarece conferă plantelor o capacitate inerentă creşterii în condiţii favorabile şi nefavorabile (Filho J.M. Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), 2015, v. 72, nr. 4, Online, URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/sa/a/TCgVpMYmRWtGn6dQSSsQVbJ/?lang=en). În condiţile Republicii Moldova putregaiul de rădăcină la grâul comun de toamnă este cauzat de o multitudine de fungi, printre care Fusarium oxysporum se remarcă prin incidenţă şi virulenţă sporită. Patogenul contribuie în mare măsură la diminuarea germinaţiei boabelor şi creşterii plantelor, ceea ce se reflectă asupra diminării vigorii plantelor. Seed/grain quality, an important component of the agricultural industry and, at the same time, the foundation of the success of new variety implementation and crop production programs, is determined by various factors, of which seed/grain vigor is the most important characteristic, as it gives plants an inherent capacity to grow in favorable and unfavorable conditions (Filho J.M. Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), 2015, v. 72, no. 4, Online, URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/sa/a/TCgVpMYmRWtGn6dQSSsQVbJ/?lang=en). In the conditions of the Republic of Moldova, root rot in common winter wheat is caused by a multitude of fungi, among which Fusarium oxysporum stands out for its increased incidence and virulence. The pathogen contributes greatly to the reduction of grain germination and plant growth, which is reflected in the reduction of plant vigor.
Testul "Vigoarea seminţelor/plantelor" este utilizat cu succes în diferite scopuri, inclusiv la stabilirea influenţei patogenilor Fusarium spp. asupra boabelor de grâu (Hassani F., Zare L., Khaledi N. Evaluation of germination and vigor indices associated with Fusarium-infected seeds in pre-basic seeds wheat fields. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 2019, 59(1), p. 69-85). The "Seed/Plant Vigor" test is successfully used for various purposes, including determining the influence of Fusarium spp. pathogens on wheat grains (Hassani F., Zare L., Khaledi N. Evaluation of germination and vigor indices associated with Fusarium-infected seeds in pre-basic seeds wheat fields. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 2019, 59(1), p. 69-85).
În legătură cu cele menţionate, este deosebit de important de a identifica procedee de tartare, care ar utiliza compuşi cu capacitate de sporire a vigorii boabelor de grâu la acţiunea fungilor Fusarium. In connection with the above, it is particularly important to identify tartarization processes that would use compounds capable of increasing the vigor of wheat grains to the action of Fusarium fungi.
Este cunoscut un procedeu de protecţie al plantelor de acţiunea nocivă a fungilor fitopatogeni cu utilizarea compusului (E)-1-(2,4-diclorofenil)-4,4-dimetil-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-ol (Diniconazol) [1]. Dezavantajul constă în aceea că procedeul nu conduce la o protecţie antifungică suficient de înaltă faţă de fungii F. oxysporum. A method of protecting plants from the harmful effects of phytopathogenic fungi is known using the compound (E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol (Diniconazole) [1]. The disadvantage is that the method does not lead to a sufficiently high antifungal protection against the fungus F. oxysporum.
Problema rezolvată de invenţie constă în extinderea gamei de procedee de tratare a boabelor de grâu comun de toamnă cu compuşi din clasa 1,2,4-triazolilor care să asigure sporirea rezistenţei plantelor de grâu la acţiunea fungilor F. oxysporum. The problem solved by the invention consists in expanding the range of procedures for treating common winter wheat grains with compounds from the 1,2,4-triazole class to ensure increased resistance of wheat plants to the action of the F. oxysporum fungi.
Procedeul, conform invenţiei, constă în tratarea boabelor de grâu comun de toamnă cu soluţie apoasă a compusului (Z)-4,4-dimetil-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-onă cu formula: The process, according to the invention, consists of treating common winter wheat grains with an aqueous solution of the compound (Z)-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one with the formula:
, ,
în concentraţie de 0,005-0,01%, timp de 3 ore. in a concentration of 0.005-0.01%, for 3 hours.
Avantajul invenţiei constă în aceea că utilizarea în procedeul revendicat a compusului (Z)-4,4-dimetil-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-onă contribuie la sporirea rezistenţei plantelor de grâu la acţiunea F. oxysporum în raport cu soluţia cea mai apropiată. The advantage of the invention lies in the fact that the use in the claimed process of the compound (Z)-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one contributes to increasing the resistance of wheat plants to the action of F. oxysporum in relation to the closest solution.
De asemenea, compusul din invenţie are un preţ de cost redus faţă de cel din cadrul soluţiei celei mai apropiate, deoarece sinteza lui se desfăşoară într-o singură etapă faţă de 3 etape din cadrul celei mai apropiate solutii şi constă în utilizarea cetonei 3,3-dimetil-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)butan-2-ona obţinute conform brevetului MD 4505 B1 2017.08.31. Also, the compound of the invention has a reduced cost compared to that of the closest solution, because its synthesis takes place in a single step compared to 3 steps in the closest solution and consists of using the ketone 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one obtained according to patent MD 4505 B1 2017.08.31.
Rezultatul tehnic al invenţiei constă în sporirea indicelui de vigoare cu 30,1-228,49% în comparaţie cu cea mai apropiată soluţie. The technical result of the invention consists in increasing the vigor index by 30.1-228.49% compared to the closest solution.
Exemplu de realizare a invenţiei Example of embodiment of the invention
În calitate de material pentru cercetare au servit: 1) boabe de grâu comun de toamnă a genotipului L M/M3; 2) filtratul de cultură (FC) al fungilor Fusarium oxysporum; 3) derivaţii vinil-triazolici: (Z)-4,4-dimetil-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-onă - (invenţia) şi (E)-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-4,4-dimetil-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-ol (Diniconazol) - (soluţia cea mai apropiată), în concentraţii de 0,005% şi 0,01%. FC F. oxysporum a fost pregătit prin inocularea miceliului fungic la mediul nutritiv lichid Cszapek, conform compoziţiei descrise în (Tuite J. Plant Pathological methods (Fungi and Bacteria). Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, 1969, 239 p.). The following materials were used for the research: 1) grains of common winter wheat of the L M/M3 genotype; 2) culture filtrate (FC) of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum; 3) vinyl-triazole derivatives: (Z)-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one - (invention) and (E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol (Diniconazole) - (closest solution), in concentrations of 0.005% and 0.01%. FC F. oxysporum was prepared by inoculating fungal mycelium to Cszapek liquid nutrient medium, according to the composition described in (Tuite J. Plant Pathological methods (Fungi and Bacteria). Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, 1969, 239 p.).
Boabele de grâu bine selectate în baza uniformităţii şi mărimii au fost tratate timp de 3 ore cu soluţii apoase de (Z)-4,4-dimetil-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-onă şi a analogului proxim (E)-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-4,4-dimetil-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-i)pent-1-en-3-ol în concentraţii de 0,005% şi 0,01%, după care s-au uscat în aer liber la temperatură de cameră, timp de 48 ore. Ulterior boabele au fost menţinute pentru 18 ore în FC F. oxysporum, apoi clătite cu apă distilată şi plasate în cutii Petri între 2 foiţe de hârtie de filtru umectată cu apă distilată şi menţinute la temperatura de 19-20ºC timp de 6 zile. Wheat grains well selected based on uniformity and size were treated for 3 hours with aqueous solutions of (Z)-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one and the close analogue (E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol in concentrations of 0.005% and 0.01%, after which they were dried in the open air at room temperature for 48 hours. Subsequently, the grains were maintained for 18 hours in FC F. oxysporum, then rinsed with distilled water and placed in Petri dishes between 2 sheets of filter paper moistened with distilled water and maintained at a temperature of 19-20ºC for 6 days.
Emulsiile preparatelor au fost obţinute prin adăugare de dimetilsulfoxid de 9%, emulgator TWIN-80 de 20% şi etanol de 70% la compusul din invenţie şi cel din cadrul soluţiei apropiate, luaţi în concentraţie de 1%. The emulsions of the preparations were obtained by adding 9% dimethyl sulfoxide, 20% TWIN-80 emulsifier and 70% ethanol to the compound of the invention and that of the related solution, taken in a concentration of 1%.
În calitate de martor I au servit boabele muiate timp de 18 ore în apă distilată, iar martor II - boabele muiate timp de 18 ore în FC F. oxysporum. As control I, they served the grains soaked for 18 hours in distilled water, and as control II, the grains soaked for 18 hours in FC F. oxysporum.
Experienţa a fost efectuată în 3 repetiţii, câte 30 de boabe în fiecare. În calitate de criteriu al rezistenţei/sensibilităţii la patogen a servit vigoarea boabelor, stabilită în baza produsului germinaţie, % x lungimea plantulei, cm (Pradeep. Seed quality parameters (Germination percentage and seedling vigor index) of rabi sorghum seeds influenced by tice weevil infestation. MOJ Toxicol., 2018, 4, p. 391-396.) Datele au fost prelucrate statistic în pachetul de soft STATISTICA 8. The experiment was carried out in 3 repetitions, 30 grains each. Grain vigor, established on the basis of the germination product, % x seedling length, cm, served as a criterion for resistance/susceptibility to the pathogen (Pradeep. Seed quality parameters (Germination percentage and seedling vigor index) of rabi sorghum seeds influenced by tice weevil infestation. MOJ Toxicol., 2018, 4, p. 391-396.) The data were statistically processed in the STATISTICA 8 software package.
Datele prezentate în Tabel relevă că indicele de vigoare a boabelor în varianta cu FC F. oxysporum a fost mult mai mic (cu 55,63%) în comparaţie cu Martorul I, astfel demonstrându-se influenţa negativă puternică a ciupercii asupra vigorii boabelor de grâu. The data presented in the Table reveal that the grain vigor index in the variant with FC F. oxysporum was much lower (by 55.63%) compared to Control I, thus demonstrating the strong negative influence of the fungus on the vigor of wheat grains.
Tabel Table
Influenţa variantelor de studiu asupra indicelui de vigoare a boabelor de grâu la interacţiunea acestora cu F. oxysporum Influence of study variants on the vigor index of wheat grains in their interaction with F. oxysporum
Nr. Varianta Indicele de vigoare Σ Raport la FC, % 1 H2O - Martor I 1879,73±41,73 72,28 225,37 2 FC F. oxysporum - Martor II 834,05±31,75v 44,90 - 3 Compusul conform celei mai apropiate soluţii - 0,01% + FC F. oxysporum 632,20±19,50 27,58 75,80 4 Compusul conform celei mai apropiate soluţii - 0,005% + FC F. oxysporum 1202,40±46,70* 66,04 144,16 5 Compusul din invenţie - 0,01% + FC F. oxysporum 1444,57±9,47* 16,40 173,20 6 Compusul din invenţie - 0,005% + FC F. oxysporum 1564,42±62,29* 88,08 187,57No. Variant Vigor Index Σ Ratio to FC, % 1 H2O - Control I 1879.73±41.73 72.28 225.37 2 FC F. oxysporum - Control II 834.05±31.75v 44.90 - 3 Compound according to the closest solution - 0.01% + FC F. oxysporum 632.20±19.50 27.58 75.80 4 Compound according to the closest solution - 0.005% + FC F. oxysporum 1202.40±46.70* 66.04 144.16 5 Compound of the invention - 0.01% + FC F. oxysporum 1444.57±9.47* 16.40 173.20 6 Compound of the invention - 0.005% + FC F. oxysporum 1564.42±62.29* 88.08 187.57
*- diferenţă statistic semnificativă în raport cu FC F. oxysporum, p≤0,05. *- statistically significant difference compared to FC F. oxysporum, p≤0.05.
v- diferenţă statistic semnificativă în raport cu Martor I, p≤0,05. v- statistically significant difference compared to Control I, p≤0.05.
Σ - deviaţia standard. Σ - standard deviation.
Conform datelor din tabel, se atestă că tratarea boabelor de grâu comun de toamnă a genotipului L M/M3 în prezenţa fungilor F. oxysporum cu compusul (Z)-4,4-dimetil-1-(2,4-diclorfenil)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)pent-1-en-3-onă în concentraţii de 0,005% şi 0,01% timp de 3 ore contribuie la sporirea indicelui de vigoare cu 30,1%-228,49% în comparaţie cu cea mai apropiată soluţie. According to the data in the table, it is attested that the treatment of common winter wheat grains of the L M/M3 genotype in the presence of F. oxysporum fungi with the compound (Z)-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-one in concentrations of 0.005% and 0.01% for 3 hours contributes to the increase in the vigor index by 30.1%-228.49% compared to the closest solution.
1. MD 685 F1 1997.03.31 1. MD 685 F1 1997.03.31
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| MDS20210032A MD1603Z (en) | 2021-04-20 | 2021-04-20 | Process for treating common winter wheat grains |
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| MD1603Z true MD1603Z (en) | 2022-10-31 |
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