LV15741B - Peat-free soil conditioner and method for its production - Google Patents
Peat-free soil conditioner and method for its production Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Izgudrojums attiecas uz vides tehnoloģiju jomu, proti, uz organiskiem augsnes ielabotajiem un vielām augsnes normalizēšanai. Tiek piedāvāts paņēmiens bezkūdras augsnes ielabotāja ieguvei no izsijātiem biomasas sadegšanas produktiem un sapropeļa, kas ietver biomasas sadegšanas produktu un sapropeļa homogenizāciju un sapropeļa pievienošanu biomasas sadegšanas produktiem, līdz sasniegta vēlamā konsistence, kas raksturīgs ar to, ka par biomasas sadegšanas produktiem tiek izvēlēti pelni un/vai bioogle ar mitruma saturu, kas ir mazāks vai vienāds ar 5 %, bet par sapropeli - homogenizēts saldūdens ezeru sapropelis, kurā organiskās vielas saturs ir lielāks vai vienāds ar 81 % un mitruma saturs -ir lielāks vai vienāds ar 92 %. Biomasas sadegšanas produktu un sapropeļa masas attiecību izvēlas diapazonā no 25:100 līdz 70:100. Iegūtais produkts ir bezkūdras augsnes ielabotājs (kondicionieris), kas var tikt izmantots augsnes ielabošanai, piemēram, lauksaimniecībā, apzaļumošanā un rekultivācijā.The invention relates to the field of environmental technology, namely to organic soil improvers and substances for soil normalization. A method is proposed for the production of a peat-free soil conditioner from screened biomass combustion products and sapropel, which involves homogenizing the biomass combustion products and sapropel and adding sapropel to the biomass combustion products until the desired consistency is achieved, characterized by the choice of ash and/or biomass combustion products. or biochar with a moisture content of less than or equal to 5%, but for sapropel - homogenized sapropel of freshwater lakes, in which the content of organic matter is greater than or equal to 81% and the moisture content is greater than or equal to 92%. The mass ratio of biomass combustion product and sapropel is chosen in the range from 25:100 to 70:100. The resulting product is a peat-free soil conditioner (conditioner) that can be used for soil improvement, for example in agriculture, greening and reclamation.
Description
IZGUDROJUMA APRAKSTSDESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[001] Izgudrojums attiecas uz vides tehnoloģiju jomu, proti, uz organiskiem augsnes ielabotajiem un vielām augsnes normalizēšanai.[001] The invention relates to the field of environmental technology, namely to organic soil improvers and substances for soil normalization.
Zināmais tehnikas līmenisThe known state of the art
[002] Aprites ekonomika ir viens no ilgtspējīgas tautsaimniecības attīstības galvenajiem virzieniem, un tās ietvaros būtiska ir virzība uz bezatkritumu ražošanu, kā arī pārdomātu dabas resursu patēriņu. Šī pieeja nozīmē radīt jaunus risinājumus atkritumu pārstrādē tautsaimniecībai lietderīgos produktos, jaunu tehnoloģiju izstrādi, izpēti un ieviešanu. īpaši nozīmīgi šādi risinājumi būtu bezkūdras augsnes ielabotāju izstrādē, ņemot vērā virzību uz fosilo resursu izmantošanas samazināšanu un klimatneitralitāti, ko nosaka Eiropas zaļais kurss (Chojnacka et aL, 2020; EU, 2021).[002] The circular economy is one of the main directions of sustainable economic development, and within its framework, the direction towards waste-free production, as well as thoughtful consumption of natural resources, is essential. This approach means creating new solutions in the processing of waste into useful products for the national economy, the development, research and implementation of new technologies. such solutions would be especially important in the development of peat-free soil conditioners, taking into account the trend towards reducing the use of fossil resources and climate neutrality, which is determined by the European Green Course (Chojnacka et al, 2020; EU, 2021).
[003] Biomasas koģenerācijas princips ir plaši izmantots risinājums videi draudzīgākas enerģijas jeb bioenerģijas ražošanā siltuma un elektrības ieguvei, tomēr biomasas (pārsvarā izmantojot koksni) sadedzināšanas rezultātā rodas ievērojams daudzums atkritumproduktu. Bioenerģijas ražošanas atkritumi - pārsvarā pelni, kā arī oglekli saturoši materiāli, tādi kā bioogle - rodas lielos apmēros un joprojām lielā mērā netiek izmantoti turpmākai pārstrādei. Pelni ir biomasas sadegšanas galaprodukts un parasti sastāv no vairākām frakcijām: vieglie pelni, smagie pelni un jauktie pelni, kas tiek nodalīti to rašanās procesā, izmantojot daļiņu izgulsnēšanās sistēmas, lai novērstu nevēlamas emisijas. Savukārt bioogle rodas pirolīzes (karbonizācijas) procesā, ko izraisa karsēšana inertā atmosfērā (anaerobos apstākļos) augstā temperatūrā (300800 °C) (Kambo & Dutta, 2015). Ir pierādīts, ka biomasas pelni un bioogle ir lietderīgi izmantojami mežsaimniecībā un lauksaimniecībā kā mēslojums, augsnes ielabošanas materiāls (Ozolincius et al., 2005; Vaatainen et al., 2011). Tomēr pelnu un bioogles transportēšanu un praktisko izmantošanu apgrūtina materiāla īpatnības, galvenokārt, putekļainība un sārmainība, kas var radīt apkārtējās vides piesārņojumu (Vasillev et al., 2013; Vaatainen et al., 2011). Šo problēmu var novērst, biomasas sadegšanas produktiem pievienojot saistvielu un mainot fizisko stāvokli no putekļaina pulvera uz granulveida konsistenci (Bowden-Green & Briens, 2016). Parasti pelnu un bioogles izmantošanai un pārstrādei izmantotās metodes ir līdzīgas tām, ko izmanto ķīmiskajiem mēslošanas līdzekļiem; starp tām biomasas termoķīmiskās transformācijas rezultātā radušos atkritumu granulēšana var tikt vērtēta kā videi draudzīga metode (Vaatainen et al., 2011).[003] The principle of biomass cogeneration is a widely used solution in the production of more environmentally friendly energy or bioenergy for heat and electricity production, however, the burning of biomass (mainly using wood) results in a significant amount of waste products. Waste from bioenergy production - mainly ash, as well as carbon-containing materials such as biochar - is generated in large quantities and is still largely unused for further processing. Ash is the final product of biomass combustion and usually consists of several fractions: fly ash, heavy ash and mixed ash, which are separated during their generation using particle precipitation systems to prevent unwanted emissions. On the other hand, biochar is produced in the process of pyrolysis (carbonization) caused by heating in an inert atmosphere (anaerobic conditions) at a high temperature (300800 °C) (Kambo & Dutta, 2015). It has been proven that biomass ash and biochar can be usefully used in forestry and agriculture as fertilizer, soil improvement material (Ozolincius et al., 2005; Vaatainen et al., 2011). However, the transportation and practical use of ash and biochar is hampered by the characteristics of the material, mainly dustiness and alkalinity, which can cause environmental pollution (Vasillev et al., 2013; Vaatainen et al., 2011). This problem can be overcome by adding a binder to biomass combustion products and changing the physical state from a dusty powder to a granular consistency (Bowden-Green & Briens, 2016). In general, the methods used for the use and processing of fly ash and biochar are similar to those used for chemical fertilizers; among them, granulation of waste resulting from the thermochemical transformation of biomass can be evaluated as an environmentally friendly method (Vaatainen et al., 2011).
[004] Par saistvielu granulēšanas procesā var izmantot dažādas sintētiskas vai dabiskas izcelsmes vielas, piemēram, hidroksipropilmetilcelulozi (HPMC), polipienskābi (PLA), cieti, neorganiskas saistvielas, piemēram, Ca(OH)2 un NaOH u.c. (Bowden-Green & Briens, 2016; Hu et al., 2015). Savukārt organiski saldūdens nogulumi - sapropelis - tiek izmantoti par saistvielu sapropeļa betona, sapropeļa/māla, sapropeļa/kaņepju kompozītmateriālu iegūšanai (Obuka et al., 2015). Sapropeli izmantojot augsnes ielabošanai, tas palīdz uzturēt mitrumu augsnē, uzlabo tās struktūru, nodrošina augiem nepieciešamo elementu ienesi, tāpēc to lieto, lai veicinātu augu augšanu un palielinātu ražu (Stankevica et al., 2016). Tomēr sapropeļa izmantošanu apgrūtina tā specifiskā konsistence - augstais mitruma saturs, kas apgrūtina transportēšanu un praktisko izmantošanu. Biomasas sadegšanas produktu granulēšanas metode ar sapropeli kā dabisku līmvielu ir ilgtspējīgs risinājums gan pelnu un bioogles apsaimniekošanā, gan sapropeļa kā dabas resursa plašākā izmantošanā augsnes ielabošanai, piemēram, lauksaimniecībā, apzaļumošanā, rekultivācijā.[004] Various substances of synthetic or natural origin, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), polylactic acid (PLA), hard, inorganic binders such as Ca(OH)2 and NaOH, etc., can be used as a binder in the granulation process. (Bowden-Green & Briens, 2016; Hu et al., 2015). On the other hand, organic freshwater sediments - sapropel - are used as a binder for the production of sapropel concrete, sapropel/clay, sapropel/hemp composite materials (Obuka et al., 2015). When sapropel is used to improve the soil, it helps maintain moisture in the soil, improves its structure, ensures the supply of elements necessary for plants, therefore it is used to promote plant growth and increase yield (Stankevica et al., 2016). However, the use of sapropel is hampered by its specific consistency - high moisture content, which makes transportation and practical use difficult. The method of granulation of biomass combustion products with sapropel as a natural adhesive is a sustainable solution both in the management of ash and biochar, and in the wider use of sapropel as a natural resource for soil improvement, for example in agriculture, greening, recultivation.
[005] Zināms risinājums ir metode vieglo pelnu granulu ieguvei (US5769936, 1995; EP0720971B1, 1999), kas paredz izmantot 100 masas daļas vieglo pelnu kopā ar 0,0011 masas daļu ūdenī šķīstoša polimēra (kura sastāvā ir 280 mol% karboksilgrupas) un 40100 masas daļas ūdens. Lai arī metode nosaka, ka izmantojamais polimērs var būt sintētisks, pussintētisks vai dabiskas izcelsmes (piemēram, polisaharīdi), tomēr šī metode nedod iespēju iegūt granulas, kas būtu izmantojamas augsnes ielabošanai, bet gan to specifiskā fizikāliķīmiskā rakstura dēļ tās var izmantot celtniecībā un ceļu būvē. Iegūtās granulas ir trauslas, ļoti sārmainas un līdzīgi pelniem, tās var radīt vides apdraudējumu.[005] A known solution is a method for obtaining fly ash granules (US5769936, 1995; EP0720971B1, 1999), which involves using 100 mass parts of fly ash together with 0.0011 mass part of a water-soluble polymer (containing 280 mol% carboxyl groups) and 40100 mass fraction water. Although the method determines that the polymer to be used can be synthetic, semi-synthetic or of natural origin (e.g. polysaccharides), this method does not give the opportunity to obtain granules that would be used for soil improvement, but due to their specific physico-chemical nature, they can be used in construction and road construction . The resulting granules are brittle, highly alkaline and ash-like, and may pose an environmental hazard.
[006] Cits zināms risinājums ir aprakstīts kā bioogles granulēšana rotācijas cilindra granulēšanas iekārtā, par saistvielu izmantojot hidroksipropilmetilcelulozi (HPMC) (Bowden-Green & Briens, 2016). HPMC, kas ir sintētisks lielmolekulārs polimērs, par saistvielu tiek lietots farmaceitiskajā rūpniecībā, kā arī mēslojuma ražošanā. Šādi iegūtas granulas ir izmantojamas augsnes ielabošanai, tomēr tās nav bagātinātas ar dabiskas izcelsmes organiskajām vielām, ko nodrošināja par līmvielu izmanto sapropeli.[006] Another known solution has been described as biochar granulation in a rotary drum granulator using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as binder (Bowden-Green & Briens, 2016). HPMC, a synthetic macromolecular polymer, is used as a binder in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in fertilizer production. The granules obtained in this way can be used for improving the soil, however, they are not enriched with organic substances of natural origin, which was ensured by the use of sapropel as an adhesive.
[007] Savukārt attiecībā uz nogulumu granulācijas iespējām zināms risinājums ir sedimentu slapjās granulēšanas metode (Azrar et al., 2016), tomēr šajā gadījumā tiek izmantoti bagarēti jūras nogulumi (kuriem ir atšķirīgas ķīmiskās īpašības salīdzinājumā ar saldūdens nogulumiem) maisījumā ar cementu, kā rezultātā rodas cita veida produkts - mākslīga vieglā pildviela (ļightweight aggregate, LWA), kas ir izmantojama par materiālu būvniecībā.[007] On the other hand, regarding the possibilities of sediment granulation, a known solution is the sediment wet granulation method (Azrar et al., 2016), however, in this case, dredged marine sediments (which have different chemical properties compared to freshwater sediments) are used in a mixture with cement, as a result another type of product is created - artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA), which can be used as a material in construction.
Izgudrojuma mērķis un būtībaPurpose and essence of the invention
[008] Izgudrojuma mērķis ir novērst zināmo tehnisko risinājumu trūkumus un piedāvāt paņēmienu organisko augsnes ielabotāju iegūšanai, pārstrādājot bioenerģijas ražošanas (koģenerācijas) atkritumus ilgtspējīgā veidā.[008] The purpose of the invention is to eliminate the shortcomings of the known technical solutions and to offer a technique for obtaining organic soil improvers by processing bioenergy production (cogeneration) waste in a sustainable way.
[009] Tiek piedāvāts paņēmiens bezkūdras augsnes ielabotāja ieguvei no izsijātiem biomasas sadegšanas produktiem un sapropeļa, kas ietver biomasas sadegšanas produktu un sapropeļa homogenizāciju un sapropeļa pievienošanu biomasas sadegšanas produktiem, līdz sasniegta vēlamā konsistence, kas raksturīgs ar to, ka par biomasas sadegšanas produktiem tiek izvēlēti pelni un/vai bioogle ar mitruma saturu, kas ir mazāks vai vienāds ar 5 %, bet par sapropeli homogenizēts saldūdens ezeru sapropelis, kurā organiskās vielas saturs ir lielāks vai vienāds ar 81 % un mitruma saturs - ir lielāks vai vienāds ar 92 %.[009] A method is proposed for the production of a peat-free soil conditioner from screened biomass combustion products and sapropel, which includes homogenizing the biomass combustion products and sapropel and adding sapropel to the biomass combustion products until the desired consistency is achieved, characterized by the fact that biomass combustion products are selected ash and/or biochar with a moisture content of less than or equal to 5%, but for sapropel homogenized freshwater lake sapropel with an organic matter content of greater than or equal to 81% and a moisture content of greater than or equal to 92%.
[010] Saskaņā ar vienu izgudrojuma izpausmi, par sapropeli var izvēlēties sapropeli, kas veido eitrofu vai distrofu ezeru nogulumus.[010] According to one embodiment of the invention, sapropel can be selected as the sapropel that forms the sediments of eutrophic or dystrophic lakes.
[011] Biomasas sadegšanas produktu homogenizāciju veic līdz daļiņu izmēram <1500 pm, bet sapropeļa homogenizāciju - līdz vienmērīgas konsistences materiālam ar daļiņu izmēru <1000 pm.[011] Biomass combustion products are homogenized to a particle size of <1500 pm, while sapropel homogenization is performed to a material of uniform consistency with a particle size of <1000 pm.
[012] Biomasas sadegšanas produktu un sapropeļa masas attiecību izvēlās diapazonā no 25:100 līdz 70:100.[012] The mass ratio of biomass combustion product and sapropel is chosen in the range from 25:100 to 70:100.
[013] Piedāvāto bezkūdras augsnes ielabotāju var iegūt, to granulējot. Iegūtās granulas žāvē tā, lai mitruma saturs izžāvētajās granulās sasniegtu <5 %.[013] The proposed peat-free soil conditioner can be obtained by granulating it. The resulting granules are dried so that the moisture content in the dried granules reaches <5%.
Izgudrojuma īstenošanas piemēriExamples of implementation of the invention
[014] Izstrādātais paņēmiens bezkūdras augsnes ielabotāja iegūšanai no biomasas sadegšanas produktiem (pelniem, bioogles) un sapropeļa pie noteiktiem kritērijiem un izejmateriālu proporcijām, ļauj pārstrādāt bioenerģijas ražošanas (koģenerācijas) atkritumus ilgtspējīgā veidā un nodrošināt elementu aprites ciklu vidē. Iegūtais produkts ir vērtējams kā bezkūdras augsnes ielabotājs (kondicionieris) un tas ir izmantojams augsnes ielabošanai, piemēram, lauksaimniecībā, apzaļumošanā, rekultivācijas mērķiem.[014] The developed technique for obtaining a peat-free soil conditioner from biomass combustion products (ash, biochar) and sapropel at certain criteria and proportions of raw materials allows to process bioenergy production (cogeneration) waste in a sustainable way and ensure element cycles in the environment. The obtained product can be evaluated as a peat-free soil improver (conditioner) and it can be used for soil improvement, for example, in agriculture, greening, recultivation purposes.
[015] Par granulu izejmateriālu var izmantot izsijātus biomasas pelnus un homogenizētu saldūdens ezeru sapropeli ar raksturojošiem parametriem, it īpaši sapropeli, kas veido eitrofu (distrofu) ezeru nogulumus un ko bieži iegūst ezeru rekultivēšanas procesā, aizsargājot tos no pārmērīgas aizaugšanas. Izejmateriālu izvēli granulācijas īstenošanai nosaka vairāki kritēriji.[015] Sifted biomass ash and homogenized sappropel of freshwater lakes with characteristic parameters can be used as raw material for granules, especially sappropel, which forms the sediments of eutrophic (dystrophic) lakes and which is often obtained in the process of recultivating lakes, protecting them from excessive overgrowth. The selection of raw materials for the implementation of granulation is determined by several criteria.
Kritērijs biomasas pelnu un bioogles izvēlei ir apkārtējās vides piesārņojuma riska izslēgšana. Tas attiecas uz potenciālo piesārņojošo vielu, tādu kā smagie metāli, poliaromātiskie (PAH) ogļūdeņraži, koncentrācijas pieļaujamību, kuru vērtības nedrīkst pārsniegt Latvijas apstākļiem raksturīgās fona piesārņojuma vērtības biomasā, bet ūdens izvilkumā atrodamās metālu koncentrācijas nedrīkst pārsniegt likumdošanā noteiktās maksimāli pieļaujamās metālu un PAH koncentrācijas. Biomasas sadegšanas produktu mitruma saturs ir <5 %. Kritērijs sapropeļa kā dabiskas izcelsmes organiskās vielas avota izvēlei ir organiskās vielas saturs >81 %; mitruma saturs >92 %. Potenciālo piesārņojošo vielu, tādu kā smagie metāli, saturs sapropelī nedrīkst pārsniegt Latvijas apstākļiem raksturīgās fona piesārņojuma vērtības.The criterion for choosing biomass ash and biochar is the exclusion of the risk of environmental pollution. This refers to the admissibility of the concentration of potential pollutants, such as heavy metals, polyaromatic (PAH) hydrocarbons, the values of which must not exceed the background pollution values in biomass typical of Latvian conditions, but the concentrations of metals found in the water extract must not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations of metals and PAHs determined by legislation. The moisture content of biomass combustion products is <5 %. The criterion for selecting sapropel as a source of organic matter of natural origin is the content of organic matter >81%; moisture content >92 %. The content of potential pollutants, such as heavy metals, in sapropel must not exceed the background pollution values typical for Latvian conditions.
[016] Granulācijas procesa realizācijai nozīmīgie kritēriji ir šādi:[016] The important criteria for the implementation of the granulation process are as follows:
- rotācijas cilindra granulācijas iekārta, ar vai bez iespējas veikt ekstrūzijas granulāciju;- rotary cylinder granulation equipment, with or without the possibility of extrusion granulation;
- pulverveida izejmateriāla (biomasas sadegšanas produktu) homogenizācija līdz daļiņu izmēram <1500 pm;- homogenization of powdered raw material (biomass combustion products) to a particle size <1500 pm;
- sapropeļa homogenizācija līdz vienmērīgas konsistences materiālam (daļiņu izmērs <1000 pm);- homogenization of sapropel to a material of uniform consistency (particle size <1000 pm);
- sapropeļa pakāpeniska un vienmērīga pievienošana biomasas sadegšanas produktiem līdz sasniegta vēlamā konsistence;- gradual and steady addition of sapropel to biomass combustion products until the desired consistency is reached;
- optimāla masas attiecība granulēšanai - 67:100 (vieglie pelni pret sapropeli) un 30:100 (bioogle pret sapropeli).- optimal mass ratio for granulation - 67:100 (fly ash to sappropel) and 30:100 (biochar to sappropel).
Atkarībā no konsistences un granulācijas ilguma, iegūstamo granulu izmērs svārstās 3-9 mm robežās. Iegūto granulu žāvēšana, līdz mitruma saturs izžāvētajās granulās <5 %.Depending on the consistency and duration of granulation, the size of the obtained granules varies between 3-9 mm. Drying of the obtained granules until the moisture content in the dried granules is <5%.
[017] 1.piemērs.[017] Example 1.
Rotācijas (lodveida) granulu ieguve. Rotācijas granulācijas iekārtas uzpilda ar izejmateriālu maisījumu, kas aizņem ne vairāk kā % no tilpuma, aglomerācijas procesu veic 3 min. (ja rotācijas cilindra 0=30 cm un rotācijas ātrums 50 apgr/min). Iegūto granulu forma - lodveida, parametri (vidēji): diametrs 0,8 cm, tilpums 0,4 cm3, tilpuma blīvums 393 kg/m3, bēruma blīvums 560 kg/m3, specifiskais virsmas laukums 70 m2/g, ūdens absorbcijas spēja 67 %, materiāla kolonnas augstums (bez drošības koeficienta) 73 m.Rotary (spherical) pellet mining. Rotary granulation equipment is filled with a mixture of raw materials, which occupies no more than % of the volume, the agglomeration process is carried out for 3 min. (if rotation cylinder 0=30 cm and rotation speed 50 rpm). The shape of the obtained granules is spherical, parameters (average): diameter 0.8 cm, volume 0.4 cm 3 , bulk density 393 kg/m 3 , bulk density 560 kg/m 3 , specific surface area 70 m 2 /g, water absorption capacity 67%, material column height (without safety factor) 73 m.
[018] 2.piemērs.[018] Example 2.
Ekstrūzijas (cilindrisku) granulu ieguve. Pie 9 mm koniskās sprauslas ar ātrumu 2 s tiek iegūtas 9 mm garas cilindriskas granulas, kuru formu var noapaļot rotācijas granulācijas iekārtā, procesu veicot 100 s ar rotācijas ātrumu 50 apgr/min. Par pretsalipes vielu tiek izmantots attiecīgais pulverveida izejmateriāls. Iegūto granulu parametri (vidēji): diametrsProduction of extrusion (cylindrical) granules. At a 9 mm conical nozzle at a speed of 2 s, 9 mm long cylindrical granules are obtained, the shape of which can be rounded in a rotary granulation machine, the process being carried out for 100 s at a rotation speed of 50 rpm. The corresponding powdered raw material is used as an anti-caking agent. Parameters of obtained granules (average): diameter
0,9 cm, augstums 2,1 cm, tilpums 1,1 cm3, tilpuma blīvums 137kg/m3, bēruma blīvums 280 kg/m3, specifiskais virsmas laukums 178 m2/g, ūdens absorbcijas spēja 198 %, materiāla kolonnas augstums (bez drošības koeficienta) 70 m.0.9 cm, height 2.1 cm, volume 1.1 cm 3 , bulk density 137kg/m 3 , bulk density 280 kg/m 3 , specific surface area 178 m 2 /g, water absorption capacity 198%, material columns height (without safety factor) 70 m.
Informācijas avotiSources of information
1. Azrar H., Zentar R., Abriak N.-E. (2016) The effect of granulation time of the pan granulation on the characteristics of the aggregates containing Dunkirk sediments. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .proeng.2016.06.0021. Azrar H., Zentar R., Abriak N.-E. (2016) The effect of granulation time of the pan granulation on the characteristics of the aggregates containing Dunkirk sediments. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .proeng.2016.06.002
2. Bowden-Green B., Briens L. (2016) An investigation of drum granulation of biochar powder. https://doi.org/ļ 0.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.0462. Bowden-Green B., Briens L. (2016) An investigation of drum granulation of biochar powder. https://doi.org/ļ 0.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.046
3. Chojnacka K., Moustakas K., Witek-Krowiak A. (2020) Bio-based fertilizers: A practical approach towards circular economy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .biortech.2019,1222233. Chojnacka K., Moustakas K., Witek-Krowiak A. (2020) Bio-based fertilizers: A practical approach towards circular economy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .biortech.2019,122223
4. EP0720971B1 (1999) Method for producing fly ash granules.4. EP0720971B1 (1999) Method for producing fly ash granules.
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6. Hu Q„ Shao J„ Yang H., Yao D„ Wang X., Chen H. (2015) Effects of binders on the properties of biochar pellets. https://doi.ora/10· 1016/i.apenergy.2015.05.0196. Hu Q„ Shao J„ Yang H., Yao D„ Wang X., Chen H. (2015) Effects of binders on the properties of biochar pellets. https://doi.ora/10·1016/i.apenergy.2015.05.019
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8. Obuka V., Sinka M., Klavins M., Stankevica K., Korjakins A. (2015) Sapropel as a binder: properties and application possibilities for composite materiāls, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899Χ/96/1/0120268. Obuka V., Sinka M., Klavins M., Stankevica K., Korjakins A. (2015) Sapropel as a binder: properties and application possibilities for composite material, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899Χ/96 /1/012026
9. Ozolincius R., Vamagiryte I., Armolaitis K., Karltun E. (2005) Initial effects of wood ash fertilization on soil, needle and litterfall chemistry in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand. https://v.Avw.balticfbrestry.mi.lt/bf7PDF Artides/2005-9. Ozolincius R., Vamagiryte I., Armolaitis K., Karltun E. (2005) Initial effects of wood ash fertilization on soil, needle and litterfall chemistry in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand. https://v.Avw.balticfbrestry.mi.lt/bf7PDF Artides/2005-
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