KR900008239B1 - Method of improving feathering in birds - Google Patents

Abstract

The proportion of lean to fat of poultry is improved by includeing 4 wt.% or less zeolite A in the fodder. Pref. fodder formulation comprises 50-70 wt.% corn, 10-30 wt.% soybean meal, 1-6 wt.% CaCO3 and 0.25-4.0 wt.% zeolite A. Opt. feed compsn. comprises 14 wt.% or more crude protein, 2 wt.% or more crude fat, 7.0 wt.% or less crude fibre, 0.5-1.0 wt.% Ca, 0.2 wt.% or more P, 0.0001 wt.% or more I, 0.1-0.4 wt.% Na, 0.1-0.5 wt.% Cl, and 0.254.0 wt.% zeolite A.

Description

Production method of feed composition for meat poultry

The present invention relates to poultry feed as a general field of poultry raising.

The demand for poultry has increased significantly in the last decade. The poultry industry has grown from home-scale to large-scale manufacturing, where tens of thousands of chickens, turkeys and other birds are supplied daily from a single farm or poultry facility. This increased concern in the poultry industry is not only the demand for eggs, especially eggs, but also the demand for poultry such as turkeys and chickens. For this reason, attention has been focused on improving poultry production and poultry quality by improving poultry feed.

Our conventional achievements in the field of poultry feed are described in US Pat. No. 4,556,564 and found that the eggshell strength is increased by adding a small amount of zeolite A to a regular feeding scheme for poultry such as chicken. A related discovery is described in US Pat. No. 4,610,882, which consists of using a small amount of zeolite in feed to increase feed utilization efficiency and produce larger size eggs.

U.S. Patent No. 4,610,883 describes that another beneficial effect has been found that the use of zeolite A in feed reduced the mortality of poultry.

Subsequent investigations of the effects of zeolite A in poultry feed resulted in the following beneficial effects and positive results by providing a small amount of zeolite A regularly.

1. Calmer bird, reduced activity (egg chickens, layers) to reduce production of eggs (body checked)

2. Increased spawning periods (fathering and broilers breeding)

3. Reduced rogue chickens (chicken)

4. Improved feathers (chicken)

5. Improved resistance to thermal stress (especially all poultry except patriline)

6. Increased male aggressiveness in sarcoma behavior (sarcoma).

The advantages of larger eggs, extended spawning cycles and reduced roosters are self-evident. Kalmer birds produce more eggs, with fewer malformations, and lay eggs with better regularity. As in most animals, stress in the paternal system is a very negative factor. Improved feathers are associated with healthier, stronger birds.

More recently, our studies have found that adding zeolite A to broiler feed improves the lean / fat ratio in edible dead meat. Increasing demand for less fat in human diets has made it even more important for poultry meat fed by feed to have high lean meat content and low fat content.

CY Jeong-Dong Agricultural Research Laboratory (Livestock), pp.77-83, discusses the effect of zeolite particle size and cation exchange capacity on the growth, feed efficiency, and feed material availability of broiler or broiler-sized chicks. . Supplementation of broiler feed with natural zeolites, such as clinoptilolite, has been shown to increase body weight somewhat. In addition, Jung Il-dong recorded that the first results at the Livestock Testing Laboratory (1974, 1975, 1976-Suwon, Korea) showed no significant changes when 1, 5, 3 and 4.5% of zeolite was added to the diet. It is.

U.S. Patent No. 3,836,676 (Kuei, 1974) describes the use of zeolites as absorbents for adsorbed water of ferrous sulfate crystals in ferrous sulfate crystals and odorless chick feed containing chick dung. The results are similar to those of chicks fed on conventional diets.

Since 1965, experiments have been underway in Japan using natural zeolite minerals as feed supplements for poultry, pigs and cattle. Significant increases in body weight and the general health of the animals per unit of feed consumed were recorded (Minato, Hideo, Goatsu 5: 536,1968). The reduction of odor was also recorded.

When clinoptilolite and mordenite were used in Northern Japan, Onagi, and T. (Report, Yamagata Breeder 7,1966), the Leghorn chicks needed less feed and water and a two-week trial. Later, they gained as much weight as in birds receiving the control diet. No adverse effects on health or mortality were recorded. The Japanese experiment described above is recorded in the Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 45, No. 5 (1977) PP 1188-1203 (F.A. Mumpton and P.H. Fishman).

Canadian Patent No. 939,186 (White, 1974) discloses the use of zeolites with exchangeable cations as feed ingredients in feeds of urea or biuret non-protein (NPR) compounds for ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. It describes. Natural and synthetic zeolites as well as crystalline and amorphous are described. Zeolites tested include natural zeolites, carbazite and clinoptiolite, and synthetic zeolites X, Y, F, J, M, Z and A. Zeolite F was the best ever and zeolite A was inherently ineffective.

In a recent study by the University of Georgia (U.S.A), both broilers and paterns receive small amounts (about 2%) of natural zeolite clinoptilolite from Tilden, Texas. A paper written by Larry Best and John Schutz under the heading "The Influence of Feeding Zeolites to Poultry Under filed conditions," summarizing the studies, have.

A study on the payment of clinoptilolite to the White Leghorn paternity, recorded in Poultry Science 60: 944-949 in 1981 (HS Nakae), found that eggshell strength between hens that received natural zeolites and hens that did not receive them. It is noted that no significant difference was observed in.

In general, zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth cations with infinite tertiary structure. There is a wide range of forms. Some are natural and some are made synthetically. Another type is only made synthetically.

Zeolite essentially consists of SiO ₄ and the third basic structure of the AlO ₄ tetrahedra 4. Since tetrahedra are crosslinked by sharing oxygen atoms, the ratio of oxygen atoms to total aluminum and silicon atoms is equal to 2 or 0 / (Al + Si) = 2. The electrical valence of each tetrahedron containing aluminum is balanced by the addition of cations, for example sodium ions, to the crystals. This equilibrium can be expressed by the structural formula Al / Na = 1. The spaces between the tetrahedra are filled with water molecules before dehydration.

Zeolite A, which is not found in nature, is made synthetically and can be distinguished from other zeolites and silicates based on composition, X-ray powder diffractogram and certain physical properties. X-ray diagrams for these zeolites are shown below. Composition and density are one of the properties found to be important for identifying these zeolites.

The basic structure for all crystalline sodium zeolites is shown as follows.

_{Na 2 O · Al 2 O 3} · xSiO 2 · yH 2 O

In general, particular crystalline zeolites will have values of "X" and "Y" within a defined range. The value "X" for a particular zeolite will vary somewhat because aluminum atoms and silicon atoms essentially occupy the same position in the lattice. Small changes in the relative number of these atoms do not significantly change the crystal structure or physical properties of the zeolite. For zeolite A, the value "X" is normally in the range of 1.85 ± 0.5.

The value for "Y" does not necessarily change for all zeolite specimens. This is because the exchangeable ions have different sizes, and since there is no significant change in the crystal lattice dimensions due to ion exchange, the space available in the pores of the zeolite containing water molecules varies.

The average value of "Y" in zeolite A is 5.1. The structural formula of zeolite A can be written as follows:

_{1.0 ± 0.2Na 2 O · Al 2} O 3 · 1.85 ± 0.5SiO 2 · yH 2 O

In the structural formula, “Y” may be any value of 6 or less.

Ideal zeolite A has the structure

_{(NaAl SiO 4) 12 · 27H} 2 O

Among the methods of identifying zeolites and distinguishing them from other zeolites and crystalline materials, X-ray powder diffractograms have been found to be useful tools. Standard firms are used to obtain X-ray powder diffractograms. The radiation is a K-duplex of copper and an appropriate radiation detector or Geiger coefficient spectrometer equipped with a strip chart pen recorder is used. The position as the action of the peak height I and the Bragg angle 2 is read from the spectrometer plot or accumulated in computer storage. From this the distance d (Å) between the relative intensity 100I / I ₀ (where I _o is the strength of the strongest line or peak) and the plane corresponding to the recorded line is calculated.

X-ray powder diffraction data for sodium zeolite A is provided in Table 1.

X-ray diffractogram for zeolite A

TABLE 1

The most important d values for zeolite A are provided in Table 2I below.

Most important d values for zeolite A

TABLE 2

Often, additional lines that do not belong to the pattern for the zeolite appear in a pattern along the characteristics of the zeolite's X-ray lines. This indicates that one or more additional crystalline materials are mixed with the zeolite in the specimen tested. Small changes in line position can also occur under these conditions. Such changes never interfere with the identification of X-rays as a property to zeolites.

Special X-ray techniques and / or instruments, humidity, temperature, orientation of powder crystals and other parameters, all of which are well known and well understood by those skilled in the art of X-ray crystallography or diffraction, may vary slightly in line strength and location. Can cause a change. These changes, although they may be large in some cases, do not pose a problem for those skilled in X-ray crystallography to identify their properties. Thus, the X-ray data provided herein to identify the lattice for the zeolites may represent all lines due to some of the variables mentioned or otherwise known to those skilled in the art or slightly acceptable to the isotropic system of the zeolites. Materials that fail to show a slight shift in the position of the line to represent extra lines of or provide a slightly larger or smaller lattice parameter are not excluded.

The simpler test described in "American Mineral Logist" (Vol. 28, P 545,1943) permits a rapid inspection of the silicon to aluminum ratio of zeolites. According to the technique of the test, a gel is produced by treating a zeolite inorganic material having a tertiary network containing aluminum and silicon atoms with an Al / Si atomic ratio of 2/3 = 0.67 or higher with hydrochloric acid. Zeolites with smaller aluminum to silicon ratios collapse in the presence of hydrochloric acid and precipitated silica. These tests were developed using natural zeolites and may vary somewhat when applied to synthetic types.

U.S. Patent No. 2,882,243 discloses a molar ratio of SiO ₂ : Al ₂ O ₃ of 0.5: 1-1.5: 1, Na ₂ O / SiO ₂ molar ratio of 0.8: 1-3: 1 and H ₂ O of 35: 1-200: 1 Of zeolite A consisting of making a sodium-aluminum-silicate water mixture having a / Na ₂ O molar ratio, maintaining the mixture at a temperature of 20 ° C.-175 ° C. until zeolite A is formed, and separating the zeolite from the mother liquor. It describes a manufacturing method.

An important object of the present invention is to provide an improved feed formulation for broilers containing a small amount (ie up to 4% by weight of the feed) of zeolite A.

The main object of the present invention is to provide a broiler feed containing zeolite A which improves the lean meat / fat ratio of broiler meat without adversely affecting the broiler meat.

Another object of the present invention is to increase broiler productivity while effectively reducing costs.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be more fully understood after reading the description and claims. It has been found that the addition of relatively small amounts of zeolite A to broiler poultry, particularly broiler chicks, in regular or standard diets, effectively improves the lean / fat ratio of broiler poultry without significant change in feed consumption. Zeolite A is preferably added at 0.25-4.00% by weight of the total feed, more preferably at most 3.5% by weight.

Broilers normally receive several different feeds during the growing season.

Typical feed formulations for large poultry poultry operations contain the following ingredients (% by weight):

Corn 55-75

Coarse Bean Flour 16-30

Limestone 0.5-1.0

Phosphate 0.6-2.0

Fat 2.0-7.0

Vitamins, Amino Acid Salts And Other Minerals 0.5-1.0

Typical feed plans for poultry include starting feed, growing feed, finished feed and recovered feed. These feeds will differ in the blended composition to otherwise meet or adapt to the nutritional needs of the poultry as the poultry matures. Recovered feeds are free of antibiotics and the like to ensure that no unwanted residues remain in the final meat product.

Zeolite A is added to each such feed formulation or feed in small amounts of up to 4% by weight, preferably up to 3.5% by weight. Larger amounts may be used, but may prevent broiler poultry from consuming the desired amount of nutrients. Also, larger amounts do not make them cost effective. The preferred amount of zeolite A is 0.5-2% by weight of the total feed formulation. The most preferred amount of zeolite A is about 0.25-about 1.00 weight percent of the total feed formulation.

Using a commercially available sodium zeolite A purchase, eta knife ^TM (ETHACAL ^TM) feed ingredients and performed a number of tests to measure the effect of zeolite on the lean meat / fat ratio in poultry broiler. Etakal ^TM feed ingredients have the following typical properties:

Air bubble free flowing powder

Color white

Bulk Density Ib / ft ³ 23-29

Average Particle Size (microns) 3.0

Theoretical ion exchange capacity,

Millie equivalent / gram (anhydrous state) 7.0

Typical chemical analysis is as follows:

The diet offered to broilers consists mainly of coarse soybean flour (SBM) and limestone fortified corn. In addition, small amounts of coarse fish powder, dicalcium phosphate (DiCalP), synthetic amino acids (DL-methionine), salts, commercial vitamins and broiler inorganic supplements (fine-mixtures) are added. Each diet is intended to provide Broiler with all the necessary nutrients and minerals recommended by U.S.A's National Research Council's Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition.

Hen broilers tend to have more fat waste on their dead meat than roosters. Thus, the removal of fat is of utmost importance because the hens make up a considerable part of the broiler meat consumed. Analysis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the blood correlates with the lean meat / fat ratio of dead meat in broiler chicks. A study of the zeolite A diet compared to a control, namely a similar diet without zeolite A, is shown in the table below:

In hen broilers where more fat is discarded, higher levels of zeolite A in the diet lower blood VLDL levels. The use of higher levels of zeolite A (1.0% by weight) in broiler diets has been shown to provide better performance in weight and feeding efficiency, and is also believed to provide the added benefit of having lean / fat parameters.

The term poultry means including all domesticated poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and the like.

It will be appreciated that a wide range of nutrients or feeds may be included in the diet of poultry. In a controlled environment, poultry is only exposed to the desired feed or feed product. Typical daily feed plans for poultry include:

Starting diet-paid to broilers 0-21 days of age

Growth diet-paid to broilers 21-43 days of age

Recovery diet-paid 43-50 days after birth

The compositions are obtained from or contain many of the following components:

Cereals and processed grains

Corn, coarse corn, coarse corn germ flour, barley, millet, oats, rice, rice bran, rye, molasses, wheat and a mixture of lean and wheat. These are mostly carbohydrates with some protein and are an energy source.

Vegetable protein products

Coarse soybean oil powder, malt sprouts, coarse coconut powder, corn alcohol grains, coarse corn gluten powder, coarse seed flour, peas, coarse potato powder, coarse peanut powder, coarse rapeseed powder, coarse sunflower powder, coarse malt Powder, brewer's yeast, and the like. These are all protein sources.

Fluorinated foods (fiber-containing feed) or fiber

Dehydrated alfalfa, alfalfa hay, coarse alfalfa leaf fly, and grasses. These are all sources of fiber.

Animal and Fish Byproducts

Coarse blood powder, Blood powder, Dried buttermilk, Dried whey, Dried casein, Coarse fish powder, Soluble powder of dried fish, Coarse liver powder, Coarse meat powder, Coarse meat flour, Coarse bone powder, Dried There is a Scheme Peel. Anchovies, herring and manhattan are sources of coarse fish powder.

Mineral and Synthetic Trace Components

Vitamins such as B-12, A, pantothenate, niacin, riboflavin, K, etc., DL-methionine, choline chloride, folic acid, dicalcium phosphate, magnesium sulfonate, potassium sulfate, calcium carbonate (limestone, bassoon clam), salt, Sodium selenite, manganese oxide, calcium iodide, copper oxide, zinc oxide and D-activated animal sterols.

Molasses and animal fats are added to improve taste, raise or balance energy levels.

Also preservatives such as epoxysine and sodium sulfite are added.

In general, feed compositions for broilers or poultry should preferably contain the following (% by weight):

As above, other beneficial effects are seen by including a small amount of zeolite A in the poultry feed. For example, heat stress tests were conducted at home in college under controlled temperature conditions.

The first test showed developmental dysfunction with uncontrolled temperature and high mortality.

The second test was performed on 84 animals. They were 68-week-old commercial laying hens with white Leghorn breeding. The same chickens were divided into two groups, 42 in one group. One group received a diet containing zeolite A. The second group was fed the same diet except zeolite A as the control group. A group of chickens fed zeolite A maintained production, skin quality and survival rate when placed under a heat stress temperature of 33.3 ° C.-34.4 ° C. (92 ° -94 ° F.) for 4 weeks, but 42 control chickens They showed reduced production rate, inferior shell quality and increased mortality. All three parameters differ significantly in the 95% confidence level.

Another university-based broiler chick test raised the broiler laboratory temperature to over 36.7 ° C (98 ° F) during the last two days. Mortality in broilers increased significantly during those two days. After the data were analyzed, the mortality rates of the control chickens were found to be 2.5 times higher than those of the chickens fed zeolite A in their diet. The mortality is summarized in the table below.

In another heat stress test, 168 chickens (30 weeks old, young and mature spawning hens) were divided into two groups, each with 84 birds in one group, giving one group 1.5% by weight of etacal ^TM feed and during the week. Keep at 29.46 ° C (85 ° F) in 34.96 ° C (85 ° F) rooms and in an environmentally controlled room at 29.46 ° C (85 ° F) on weekends. The other group (control group) is given a similar diet without the etical ^TM ingredient. The most dramatic result is the difference in mortality rates. During the trial period, 30 chickens in the dadae standard group died, while only three of them received etacal ^TM feed.

As another example of an advantageous effect, using a commercially available sodium zeolite A etacal ^™ feed ingredient, a number of tests were conducted to determine the effect of zeolites on rooster aggressiveness.

It is adjusted to be equal to the sodium level that supplements the sodium contained in zeolite A obtained from the diet.

Diets paid to poultry consist mainly of coarse soybean flour (SBM) and corn supplemented with limestone. It also contains small amounts of coarse alfalfa powder, dicalcium phosphate (DiCalP), synthetic amino acids (DL-methionine), salts, commercial vitamins and inorganic supplements (fine-mixtures) for paternity. Each diet is intended to allow broiler breeders to receive all of the required nutrients and minerals recommended for poultry nutrition by the U.S.A National Research Council's subcommittee.

The diet contains normal calories per protein, protein, sulfur amino acids, calcium and phosphorus.

Data on rooster aggressiveness is obtained by observing male behavior as farmers enter each cage. The roosters are known to defend their territory (hens in our cages) if any intruder in the cage enters. Also, the more aggressive the males, the more generally the more semen counts than the more docile males. Over two weeks, the group records the number of cages attacked by the males. We are randomly distributed in large poultry buildings. The table below provides average results over two weeks.

The data show a linear response to the concentration of zeolite in the diet.

제올라이트를 사용하여 제올라이트가 알(몸체가 검사된)의 생산에 미치는 효과를 측정하기 위해 많은 시험을 실시하였다.Ethyl EZA, again commercially available sodium zeolite A

Many tests were conducted to determine the effect of zeolite on the production of eggs (body tested) using zeolite.

Two large poultry buildings are used, with 15,000 hens of the same breed, each 62 weeks old. The diet provided to hens in both buildings gives zeolite A one with 0.75% in one place and one without zeolite for six weeks. Data are obtained for three weeks before zeolite addition and two weeks after six weeks of testing. A summary of the data is shown in the table below:

The data indicate that the percentage of the body examined during the pretreatment period is nearly identical in both cages. During the treatment period,% of eggs examined fell to nearly 50% in cages where hens received zeolite A in their diet; When zeolite A was removed from the diet during the post-treatment period, the percentage of eggs examined by the body as in the pre-treatment period was released.

In another feed trial conducted on 32,000 hens at different locations, the percentage of eggs tested during the treatment period of receiving 0.75% zeolite A in the diet was 44% lower than the pre-treatment period and 57% lower than the post-treatment period. .

Claims (8)

A method of producing a feed composition for poultry poultry comprising mixing zeolite A with the poultry feed composition in an amount of up to 4% by weight selected to an extent effective to improve the lean meat / fat ratio of poultry. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of zeolite A in the feed composition is 0.25-2 weight percent. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of zeolite A in the feed composition is 0.50 to 1% by weight. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the feed composition contains protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The method of claim 1 wherein the feed composition contains the following ingredients. More than about 14% crude protein More than about 2% of crude fat About 7% by weight of crude fiber About 0.5 to 1.0% of calcium More than about 0.2% by weight of phosphorus More than about 0.0001 weight percent of oxo About 0.1 to 0.4% by weight of sodium About 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of chloride Zeolite A about 0.25-4.0 wt% The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the feed composition mainly contains corn. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the feed composition contains 50 to 75% by weight of corn, 10 to 30% by weight of coarse soy flour and 1 to 6% by weight of calcium carbonate. Improving the lean meat / fat ratio of meat poultry, characterized by feeding poultry a feed composition prepared by mixing zeolite A with the poultry feed composition in an amount of less than 4% by weight selected to be effective to improve the lean meat / fat ratio of meat poultry. How to let.