KR20230119243A - Binders and materials made therewith - Google Patents

Abstract

A binder that produces or promotes cohesion within unassembled or loosely assembled materials.

Description

Adhesives and materials made of them {BINDERS AND MATERIALS MADE THEREWITH}

Cross reference to related applications

This application claims under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e), filed July 26, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/702,456 and U.S. Patent No. 60/702,456 filed December 22, 2005; Provisional Application No. Priority is claimed to 60/743,071.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to binders that produce or promote cohesion within uncombined or loosely assembled materials.

Adhesives are useful for making materials from uncombined or loosely assembled materials. For example, adhesives allow two or more surfaces to be joined. Adhesives can be broadly classified into two groups: organic and inorganic, where organic substances are subdivided into organic substances of animal, plant and synthetic origin. Another way to classify adhesives is based on the chemical nature of these compounds: (1) proteins or protein derivatives; (2) starch, cellulose, or gum and their derivatives; (3) thermoplastic synthetic resins; (4) thermosetting synthetic resins; (5) natural resins and bitumen; (6) natural and synthetic rubber; (7) Inorganic adhesives. Adhesives may also be classified according to the purpose for which they are used: (1) adhesion of hard surfaces, such as hard plastics and metals; (2) Bonding of flexible surfaces, e.g., flexible plastics and thin metallic sheets.

Thermoplastic adhesives include various polymerized materials such as polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl alcohol, other polyvinyl resins; polystyrene resin; acrylic and methacrylic acid ester resins; cyanoacrylate; various other synthetic resins, such as polyisobutylene polyamide, courmaroneidene products, and silicone. These thermoplastic adhesives possess permanent solubility and fusibility, and therefore flex under stress and soften when heated. They are used to make a variety of products, for example tapes.

Thermosetting adhesives include various phenol-aldehydes, urea-aldehydes, melamine-aldehydes, and other condensation-polymerization materials such as furane and polyurethane resins. Thermosetting adhesives are characterized by being converted to an insoluble, insoluble material by heating or catalytic action. Adhesive compositions containing phenol-, resorcinol-, urea-, melamine-formaldehyde, phenolfurfuraldehyde and the like are used for bonding fabrics, plastics, rubbers and many other materials.

As indicated above, adhesives are useful for making materials from unassembled or loosely assembled materials. Therefore, compositions that can function as adhesives are desirable.

summary

Cured or uncured adhesives according to the illustrated embodiments of the present invention possess one or more or a combination of the following features. In addition, materials according to the present invention may possess one or more or a combination of the following features:

First, the adhesives of the present invention are used in a variety of manufacturing applications that produce or promote cohesion within a collection of unassembled or loosely assembled materials. An aggregate contains two or more components. The adhesive produces or promotes cohesion within at least two components of such an assembly. For example, the adhesive of the present invention may bind a collection of materials together so that the materials adhere in a manner that resists separation. The adhesives described herein may be used in the manufacture of any material.

One potential feature of the adhesive of the present invention is that formaldehyde is not present. Thus, the material the adhesive is treated with (eg, fiberglass) is also formaldehyde free. In addition, the adhesive of the present invention has a lower trimethylamine content than other known adhesives.

Regarding the chemical components of the adhesive of the present invention, these components include ester and/or polyester compounds. The adhesive contains ester and/or polyester compounds in combination with a vegetable oil, such as soybean oil. Furthermore, the adhesive contains ester and/or polyester compounds, in combination with sodium salts of organic acids. Adhesives contain sodium salts of mineral acids. The adhesive may also contain potassium salts of organic acids. Additionally, the adhesive may contain potassium salts of mineral acids. The adhesives described herein may contain ester and/or polyester compounds, in combination with clay additives such as montmorillonite.

Furthermore, the adhesives of the present invention contain the products of the Maillard reaction (see Figure 2). As shown in Figure 2, the Maillard reaction is melanoidin, In other words, it produces high molecular weight, furanic rings and nitrogen-containing polymers whose structure changes depending on the reactants and manufacturing conditions. Melanoidin exhibits a C:N ratio, degree of unsaturation, and chemical aromaticity that increase in proportion to the temperature and time of heating (Reference: Ames, JM in “The Maillard Browning Reaction - an update,” Chemistry and Industry (Great Britain), 1988, 7, 558-561). Thus, the adhesive of the present invention is made through the Maillard reaction and therefore contains melanoidin. The adhesives of the present invention contain melanoidins, or other Maillard reaction products, which are produced in a separate process and then added to the composition comprising the adhesive. Melanoidins in adhesives are water-insoluble. Moreover, the adhesive is a thermosetting adhesive.

Reactants for the Maillard reaction to produce melanoidin include an amine reactant reacting with a reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant. For example, an ammonium salt of a monomeric polycarboxylic acid is reacted with (i) a monosaccharide in aldose or ketose form, or (ii) a polysaccharide, or (iii) a combination thereof. In another variant, the ammonium salt of a polymeric polycarboxylic acid is contacted with (i) a monosaccharide in aldose or ketose form, or (ii) a polysaccharide, or (iii) a combination thereof. In another variant, the amino acid is contacted with (i) a monosaccharide in aldose or ketose form, or (ii) a polysaccharide, or (iii) a combination thereof. Further, the peptide is contacted with (i) a monosaccharide in aldose or ketose form, or (ii) a polysaccharide, or (iii) a combination thereof. Additionally, the protein is contacted with (i) a monosaccharide in the aldose or ketose form, or (ii) a polysaccharide, or (iii) a combination thereof.

In addition, the adhesive of the present invention contains melanoidin produced in a non-sugar variant of the Maillard reaction. In these reactions, an amine reactant is contacted with a non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactant. In one exemplary variant, the ammonium salt of a monomeric polycarboxylic acid is a non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactant such as pyruvaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde (2-furaldehyde), quinone, ascorbic acid, etc., or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the ammonium salt of a polymerizable polycarboxylic acid is mixed with a non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactant such as pyruvaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, quinone, ascorbic acid, and the like, or combinations thereof. come into contact In another exemplary variant, the amino acid is contacted with a non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactant such as pyruvaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, quinone, ascorbic acid, and the like, or combinations thereof. In another exemplary version, the peptide is contacted with a non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactant such as pyruvaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, quinone, ascorbic acid, etc., or combinations thereof. In another exemplary variant, the protein is contacted with a non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactant such as pyruvaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, quinone, ascorbic acid, or the like, or combinations thereof.

The melanoidins described herein can be generated from melanoidin reactive compounds. These reactive compounds are treated at alkaline pH in aqueous solution and, therefore, are not corrosive. In other words, such an alkaline solution prevents or inhibits the eating or wearing away of materials such as metals by, for example, acid-induced chemical decomposition. These reaction compounds include reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactants and amine reactants. In addition, reactant compounds may include non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactants and amine reactants.

Additionally, the adhesives described herein may be made from melanoidin reactive compounds themselves. In other words, when the reactants for the Maillard reaction are mixed, this mixture can function as the adhesive of the present invention. These adhesives can be used to make uncured, formaldehyde-free materials, such as fibrous materials.

Alternatively, adhesives made from the reactants of the Maillard reaction can be cured. These adhesives can be cured and used to make formaldehyde-free materials, such as fibrous compositions. These compositions are water-resistant and, as mentioned above, contain water-insoluble melanoidins.

The adhesives described herein are used to make products from assemblages of unassembled or loosely assembled materials. For example, these adhesives are used to make textile products. These products are made from woven or nonwoven fibers. These fibers may be heat-resistant or non-heat-resistant fibers, or combinations thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, an adhesive is used to bond glass fibers to form fiberglass. In another exemplary embodiment, an adhesive is used to make the cellulosic composition. With respect to cellulosic compositions, adhesives are used to bind cellulosic materials to produce, for example, wood fiber boards that possess desirable physical properties (eg, mechanical strength).

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of making a product from a collection of unassembled or loosely assembled materials. One example of the use of this method is the manufacture of fiberglass. However, as mentioned above, these methods can be used for the preparation of any material, so long as, at the time of use, they produce or promote aggregation. The method includes contacting the fibers with a heat-curable, water-based adhesive. The adhesive contains (i) an ammonium salt of a polycarboxylic acid reactant and (ii) a reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant. These two reactants are melanoidin reactants (i.e., these reactants produce melanoidin when reacted under conditions that initiate the Maillard reaction). The method may further include removing moisture from the adhesive in contact with the fibers (i.e., dewatering the adhesive). The method may also include curing the adhesive in contact with the glass fibers (eg, thermally curing the adhesive).

Another example of using this method is the production of cellulosic materials. The method includes contacting a cellulosic material (eg, cellulosic fibers) with a heat-setting, water-based adhesive. The adhesive contains (i) an ammonium salt of a polycarboxylic acid reactant and (ii) a reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant. As mentioned earlier, these two reactants are melanoidin reactive compounds. The method may further include removing moisture from the adhesive in contact with the cellulosic material. As noted above, the method may also include curing (eg, thermally curing) the adhesive.

One way to use these adhesives is to bond the glass fibers together so that they are organized into a fiber glass mat. Mats of fiberglass can be processed to form several types of fiberglass materials, such as fiberglass insulation. In one example, the fiber glass material is present in the range of approximately 80% to approximately 99% glass fibers by weight. The uncured adhesive may serve to bond the glass fibers. The cured adhesive may also function to bond the glass fibers.

In addition, fibrous products containing adhesives in contact with cellulosic fibers, such as cellulosic fibers within mats of wood shavings or sawdust, are described. Mats can be processed to form many types of wood fiber board products. In one version, the adhesive does not cure. In this release, the uncured adhesive serves to bind the cellulosic fibers . Alternatively, the cured adhesive may serve to bind the cellulosic fibers.

Additional features of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the detailed description below of representative embodiments illustrating the best mode of practicing the present invention.

Figure 1 shows a number of representative reactants for producing melanoidin.
2 shows a Maillard reaction formula when reacting a reducing sugar and an amino compound.
3 shows an FT-IR spectrum of a representative embodiment of a dried adhesive of the present invention.
4 shows an FT-IR spectrum of a representative embodiment of a cured adhesive of the present invention.
5 shows the 650° F. Hot Surface Performance of fiberglass pipe insulation materials made with representative embodiments of the adhesives of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows the 1000° F. Hot Surface Performance of fiberglass pipe insulation materials made with representative embodiments of the adhesives of the present invention.

Although this invention is capable of many modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments are described in detail herein. However, the present invention is not limited to the specific form described herein, but on the contrary, it covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

As used herein, “formaldehyde-free” means that the adhesive or material comprising the adhesive releases less than approximately 1 ppm formaldehyde as a result of drying and/or curing. 1 ppm is based on the weight of the sample for which formaldehyde emission is measured.

Curing indicates that the adhesive has been exposed to conditions to induce a chemical change. Examples of these chemical changes include, but are not limited to, (i) covalent bonding, (ii) hydrogen bonding of adhesive components, and (iii) chemical cross-linking of polymers and/or oligomers within the adhesive. These changes can increase the adhesive's durability and solvent resistance relative to uncured adhesives. Curing of the adhesive results in the formation of a thermoset material. Furthermore, curing involves the production of melanoidins. These melanoidins are produced by the Maillard reaction from melanoidin reactive compounds. In addition, cured adhesives increase adhesion between materials in an assembly compared to uncured adhesives. Curing may be initiated by, for example, heating, electromagnetic radiation, or an electron beam.

In situations where chemical changes within the adhesive lead to release of water, such as polymerization and cross-linking, curing can be determined by the amount of water released resulting from drying alone. The techniques used to measure the amount of water released during drying compared to when an adhesive cures are well known in the art.

According to the above paragraph, an uncured adhesive is an uncured adhesive.

As used herein, "alkaline" refers to a solution having a pH greater than or comparable to about 7. For example, the pH of the solution is less than or equal to about 10. In addition, the solution may have a pH of about 7 to about 10, or about 8 to about 10, or about 9 to about 10.

As used herein, “ammonium” includes, but is not limited to, ⁺ NH ₄ , ⁺ NH ₃ R ¹ , ⁺ NH ₂ R ¹ R ² , wherein R ¹ and R ² in ⁺ NH ₂ R ¹ R ² are each independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl.

“Alkyl” refers to a saturated monovalent chain of carbon atoms, optionally branched; “Cycloalkyl” refers to a monovalent chain of carbon atoms, some of which form rings; “alkenyl” refers to an optionally branched, unsaturated monovalent chain of carbon atoms containing at least one double bond; “Cycloalkenyl” refers to an unsaturated monovalent chain of carbon atoms, some of which form rings; “Heterocyclyl” refers to a monovalent chain of carbon and heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and portions thereof, including at least one heteroatom, form a ring; “Aryl” refers to an aromatic mono- or polycyclic ring of carbon atoms, such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like; “Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic mono- or polycyclic ring of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, for example, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl ), benzoxazolyl, and the like. Alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl each independently selected substituents such as alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, including esters, amides, nitriles. derivative; It may be optionally substituted with hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, alkyl and dialkylamino, acylamino, thio, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, each of aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more independently selected substituents such as halo, hydroxy, amino, alkyl or dialkylamino, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, cyano, nitro, and the like.

As used herein, “polycarboxylic acid” refers to polymerizable polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides, copolymers, combinations thereof, as well as dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, tetracarboxylic acids, pentacarboxylic acids, analogous monomers Indicates strong polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, and combinations thereof. In one aspect, the polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt reactant is sufficiently non-volatile to maximize its ability to remain soluble in reaction with the carbohydrate reactant of the Maillard reaction (described below). In another aspect, the polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt reactants may be substituted with other chemical functional groups.

Illustratively, the monomeric polycarboxylic acids include unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated cyclic dicarboxylic acids, saturated cyclic dicarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids including, but not limited to, hydroxy-substituted derivatives and the like. Or, illustratively, the polycarboxylic acid itself is an unsaturated aliphatic tricarboxylic acid, a saturated aliphatic tricarboxylic acid, an aromatic tricarboxylic acid, an unsaturated cyclic tricarboxylic acid, or a saturated cyclic tricarboxylic acid. , hydroxy-substituted derivatives thereof, and the like, but are not limited to tricarboxylic acids. Such polycarboxylic acids may be optionally substituted with, for example, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy and the like. In one version, the polycarboxylic acid is a saturated aliphatic tricarboxylic acid, citric acid. Other suitable polycarboxylic acids include aconitic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid dihydride, butane tricarboxylic acid, chlorendic acid. acid, citraconic acid, dicyclopentadiene-maleic acid adduct, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, dipentene and maleic acid adduct, ethylenediamine tetra Acetic acid (EDTA), fully maleated rosin, maleated tall-oil fatty acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, isophthalic acid acid, itaconic acid, maleated rosin which is then oxidized to alcohol with potassium peroxide, then to carboxylic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mesaconic acid, KOLBE- Biphenol A or bisphenol F, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid ( tartaric acid, terephthalic acid, tetrabromophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, trimesic acid and the like, anhydrides thereof, combinations thereof, but are not limited thereto.

Illustratively, the polymerizable polycarboxylic acids are polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, pseudopolymerizable polycarboxylic acids, copolymers thereof, anhydrides thereof, and mixtures thereof. . Examples of commercially available polyacrylic acids include AQUASET-529 (Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia, PA, USA), CRITERION 2000 (Kemira, Helsinki, Finland, Europe), NF1 (H.B. Fuller, St. Paul, MN, USA), SOKALAN (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany, Europe). Regarding SOKALAN, it is a water-soluble polyacrylic copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic acid, and has a molecular weight of approximately 4000. AQUASET-529 is a composition containing polyacrylic acid cross-linked with glycerol and also containing sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst. CRITERION 2000 is an acidic solution of a partial salt of polyacrylic acid and has a molecular weight of approximately 2000. Regarding NF1, it is a copolymer having a carboxylic acid functionality and a hydroxy functionality and a unit having neither functional group; NF1 also contains a chain transfer agent, such as sodium hypophosphite or an organophosphate catalyst.

Further, compositions containing polymeric polycarboxylic acids, such as those described in US Pat. Nos. 5,318,990, 5,661,213, 6,136,916, and 6,331,350, are also contemplated as being useful in preparing the adhesives described herein. In particular, in US Patents 5,318,990 and 6,331,350, polymeric polycarboxylic acids, Aqueous solutions of polyols, catalysts are described.

U.S. As described in patents 5,318,990 and 6,331,350, polymerizable polycarboxylic acids include organic polymers or oligomers having one or more pendant carboxy groups. Such polymerizable polycarboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, maleic acid, cinnamic acid, 2-methylmaleic acid, itaconic acid, 2-methylitaconic acid , α,β-methyleneglutaric acid, and the like, but are not limited to homopolymers or copolymers prepared from unsaturated carboxylic acids. Alternatively, polymerizable polycarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride, and mixtures thereof. It is prepared from unsaturated anhydrides. Methods for polymerizing these acids and anhydrides are well known in the chemical arts. The polymerizable polycarboxylic acid is one or more of the aforementioned unsaturated carboxylic acids or anhydrides and styrene, α-methylstyrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate ), ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate methacrylate), isobutyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl acetate, etc. can include Methods for preparing these copolymers are well known in the art. Polymeric polycarboxylic acids may include homopolymers and copolymers of polyacrylic acid. The molecular weight of such polymerizable polycarboxylic acid, particularly polyacrylic acid polymers, is 10000 or less, 5000 or less, or approximately 3000 or less. For example, the molecular weight is 2000.

As described in US Pat. Nos. 5,318,990 and 6,331,350, polyols (in compositions containing polymeric polycarboxylic acids) possess at least two hydroxyl groups. The polyol must be sufficiently non-volatile to be substantially soluble in reaction with the polymerizable polycarboxylic acid in the composition during heating and curing operations. A polyol is a compound having a molecular weight of about 1000 or less having at least two hydroxyl groups, for example, ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane, sorbitol, sucrose, glucose ( glucose), resorcinol, catechol, pyrogallol, glycolated urea, 1,4-cyclohexane diol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and β-hydroxyalkylamides, in particular , certain reactive polyols such as bis[ N , N -di(β-hydroxyethyl)]adipamide, or addition polymers containing at least two hydroxyl groups, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate and homopolymers or copolymers of hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate and the like.

U.S. As described in Patents 5,318,990 and 6,331,350, the catalyst (in compositions containing polymeric polycarboxylic acids) is a phosphorus-containing accelerator, which is a compound having a molecular weight of about 1000 or less, such as an alkali metal polyphosphate (alkali metal polyphosphate). ), an alkali metal dihydrogen phosphate, a polyphosphoric acid, an alkyl phosphinic acid, or an oligomer or polymer containing a phosphorus-containing group, such as sodium hypophosphite addition polymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid formed in the presence, addition polymers prepared from ethylenically unsaturated monomers in the presence of phosphorous salt chain transfer agents or terminators, acid-functional monomer residues (acid- functional monomer residues) such as copolymerized phosphoethyl methacrylate, phosphonic acid esters, copolymerized vinyl sulfonic acid monomers, and salts thereof. The phosphorus-containing accelerator is used at a level of about 1% to about 40% by weight based on the combined weight of the polymerizable polycarboxylic acid and polyol. Levels of about 2.5% to about 10% by weight of the phosphorus-containing accelerator based on the combined weight of the polymerizable polycarboxylic acid and polyol are used. Examples of these catalysts include sodium hypophosphite, sodium phosphite, potassium phosphite, disodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, potassium phosphate, potassium polymetaphosphate, potassium polyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate trimetaphosphate), sodium tetrametaphosphate, and mixtures thereof.

U.S. Pat. Compositions containing polymerizable polycarboxylic acids described in Patents 5,661,213 and 6,136,916 contain an aqueous solution of the polymerizable polycarboxylic acid, a polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups, and a phosphorus-containing accelerator, wherein the hydroxyl groups are The ratio of the number of equivalents of carboxylic acid groups to the number of equivalents is from approximately 1:0.01 to approximately 1:3.

U.S. As described in patents 5,661,213 and 6,136,916, polymerizable polycarboxylic acids are polyesters having at least two carboxylic acid groups, or addition polymers or oligomers having at least two copolymerized carboxylic acid-functional monomers. Suitably, the polymerisable polycarboxylic acid is an addition polymer formed from monomers unsaturated with at least one ethylenically bond. Such addition polymer may be in the form of a solution of the addition polymer in an aqueous medium, for example an alkali-soluble resin dissolved in a basic medium; in the form of aqueous dispersions, such as emulsion-polymerized dispersions; or in the form of an aqueous suspension. The addition polymer must have at least two carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, or salts thereof. ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, 2-methyl maleic acid, itaconic acid, 2-methyl itaconic acid, α,β-methylene glutaric acid, monoalkyl maleates, monoalkyl fumarates; ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides such as maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride; Salts thereof are employed at levels of approximately 1% to 100% by weight based on the weight of the addition polymer. Additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, hydroxy acrylic ester monomers including ethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate; acrylamide or substituted acrylamide; styrene or substituted styrene; butadiene; vinyl acetate or other vinyl esters; Acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile and the like are included. Addition polymers having at least two carboxylic acid groups, anhydride groups, or salts thereof have a molecular weight of approximately 300 to approximately 10,000,000. Molecular weights from about 1000 to about 250,000 are used. If the addition polymer is an alkali-soluble resin having a carboxylic acid, anhydride, or salt thereof in an amount of from about 5% to about 30% by weight based on the total weight of the addition polymer, then about 10,000 Molecular weights from about 100,000 to about 100,000 are used. Methods for preparing these additional polymers are well known in the art.

As described in US Pat. Nos. 5,661,213 and 6,136,916, polyols (in compositions containing polymerizable polycarboxylic acids) possess at least two hydroxyl groups and, during heating and curing operations, do not react with polymerizable polycarboxylic acids in compositions. It must be sufficiently non-volatile to be substantially soluble in the reaction. A polyol is a compound having a molecular weight of about 1000 or less having at least two hydroxyl groups, for example, ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane, sorbitol, sucrose, glucose ( glucose), resorcinol, catechol, pyrogallol, glycolated urea, 1,4-cyclohexane diol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and β-hydroxyalkylamides, in particular , bis[ N , N -di(β-hydroxyethyl)]adipamide, bis[ N , N -di(β-hydroxypropyl)] azelamide, bis[ N - N -di(β-hydroxy propyl)] adipamide, bis[ N - N -di(β-hydroxypropyl)]glutaramide, bis[ N - N -di(β-hydroxypropyl)]succinamide, bis[ N -methyl- N -(β-hydroxyethyl)] oxamide, or an addition polymer containing at least two hydroxyl groups, such as polyvinyl alcohol, partially hydrous Homopolymers or copolymers of decomposed polyvinyl acetate and hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, and the like.

U.S. As described in Patents 5,661,213 and 6,136,916, the phosphorus-containing accelerator (in compositions containing polymerizable polycarboxylic acids) is a compound having a molecular weight of about 1000 or less, such as an alkali metal hypophosphite salt , alkali metal phosphite, alkali metal polyphosphate, alkali metal dihydrogen phosphate, polyphosphoric acid, alkyl phosphinic acid, or oligomers or polymers bearing phosphorus-containing groups, for example addition polymers of acrylic acid and/or maleic acid formed in the presence of sodium hypophosphite, ethylene in the presence of a phosphorous salt chain transfer agent or terminator. Addition polymers prepared from bond-unsaturated monomers, acid-functional monomer residues such as copolymerized phosphoethyl methacrylate, phosphonic acid esters, copolymerized vinyl groups. It is an addition polymer with phonic acid monomers and their salts. The phosphorus-containing accelerator is used at a level of about 1% to about 40% by weight based on the combined weight of the polyacid and polyol. Levels of about 2.5% to about 10% by weight of the phosphorus-containing accelerator based on the combined weight of the polyacid and polyol are used.

As used herein, “amine base” includes, but is not limited to, ammonia, primary amines (ie, NH ₂ R ¹ ), secondary amines (ie, NHR ¹ R ² ), wherein NHR ¹ R ² to R ¹ and R ² is each independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, as defined herein. Illustratively, the amine base is substantially volatile or substantially non-volatile under conditions that promote the formation of a thermosetting adhesive during thermal curing. Illustratively, the amine base is a substantially volatile base such as ammonia, ethylamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, ethylpropylamine. Alternatively, the amine base is a substantially non-volatile base such as aniline, 1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine, para -aminophenol.

As used herein, “reducing sugar” refers to one or more sugars that either possess an aldehyde group, or can be isomerized to possess an aldehyde group, that is, tautomerized, which groups react with amino groups under Maillard reaction conditions and, for example, As a result, it can be oxidized to Cu ⁺² to give a carboxylic acid. In addition, any such carbohydrate reactant may be optionally substituted with, for example, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, and the like. Also, in such carbohydrate reactants, more than one chiral center is present, and both optical isomers possible at each chiral center are considered to be included in the invention described herein. Furthermore, various mixtures, including racemic mixtures, or other diastereomeric mixtures of the various optical isomers of such carbohydrate reactants and their various geometric isomers may be utilized in one or more embodiments described herein. can

As used herein, “fiberglass” refers to heat-resistant fibers suitable for withstanding elevated temperatures. Examples of such fibers include mineral fibers, aramid fibers, ceramic fibers, metal fibers, carbon fibers, polyimide fibers, certain polyester fibers, rayon fibers, glass fibers, but not limited to these Illustratively, these fibers are substantially unaffected by exposure to temperatures in excess of approximately 120°C.

Figure 1 shows an example of a reactant for a Maillard reaction. Examples of amine reactants include proteins, peptides, amino acids, ammonium salts of polymeric polycarboxylic acids, ammonium salts of monomeric polycarboxylic acids. As illustrated, “ammonium” can be [ ⁺ NH ₄ ] _x , [ ⁺ NH ₃ R ¹ ] _x , [ ⁺ NH ₂ R ¹ R ² ] _x , where x is at least approximately 1. With respect to ⁺ NH ₂ R ¹ R ² , R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected. Moreover, R ¹ and R ² are selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, as previously described. FIG. 1 also illustrates examples of reducing-sugar reactants to produce melanoidins, including monosaccharides, polysaccharides, or combinations thereof in aldose or ketose form. Exemplary non-carbohydrate carbonyl reactants for producing melanoidin are also shown in FIG. 1 , including aldehydes such as pyruvaldehyde and furfural, and compounds such as ascorbic acid and quinones.

Figure 2 shows an overview of the Maillard reaction, which concludes with the production of melanoidin. In an initial step, the Maillard reaction involves a carbohydrate reactant, such as a reducing sugar (the carbohydrate reactant may be derived from a material capable of producing a reducing sugar under Maillard reaction conditions). The reaction also involves condensing a carbohydrate reactant (eg, a reducing sugar) with an amine reactant, ie, a compound bearing an amino group. In other words, the carbohydrate reactant and the amine reactant are the melanoidin reactants for the Maillard reaction. Condensation of these two components yields N -substituted glycosylamines. For a more detailed description of Maillard reactions, see Hodge, JE Chemistry of Browning Reactions in Model Systems J. Agric. Food Chem. 1953, 1 , 928-943. Compounds with free amino groups in the Maillard reaction exist in the form of amino acids. Free amino groups may also be derived from proteins, where free amino groups are available, for example in the form of ε-amino groups of lysine residues and/or α-amino groups of terminal amino acids.

Another aspect of carrying out the Maillard reaction as described herein is that initially, as previously described, the reactant solution (adhesive) for the aqueous Maillard reaction has an alkaline pH . However, when the solution is applied to a collection of unassembled or loosely assembled materials and curing begins, the pH decreases (i.e., the adhesive becomes acidic). When manufacturing a material, the amount of contact between the adhesive and the components of the machinery used to make it is greater before curing (i.e., when the adhesive solution is alkaline) compared to after the adhesive has cured (i.e., when the adhesive is acidic). ) many. Alkaline compositions are less corrosive than acidic compositions. Accordingly, the corrosivity of this manufacturing process is reduced.

By using the reactant solution for the aqueous Maillard reaction described herein, the machinery used to make the fiberglass is not exposed to much of the acidic solution because, as previously described, the pH of the reactant solution for the Maillard reaction because it is alkaline. Furthermore, during manufacturing, the only time acidic conditions occur is after the adhesive is applied to the glass fibers. When the adhesive is applied to the glass fibers, the adhesive and the material incorporating the adhesive are contacted with components of the machinery relatively few times compared to the number of times prior to applying the adhesive to the glass fibers. Thus, the corrosiveness of fiber glass manufacture (and other material manufacture) is reduced.

Without being bound by theory, as described herein, polycarboxylic acid ammonium salts and reducing sugar reactants of the Maillard reaction that substantially occur during thermal curing to produce brown nitrogenous polymeric and co-polymerizable melanoidins of various structures. The covalent reaction is thought to involve an initial Maillard reaction of the aldehyde moiety of the reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant with ammonia, yielding an N -substituted glycosylamine, as shown in FIG. 2 . In this way, where ammonia and the reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant combination serve as a latent acid catalyst, consumption of ammonia is expected to lead to a decrease in pH, which can lead to esterification of polycarboxylic acids ( It is believed to promote the esterification process and/or dehydration to give its corresponding anhydride derivative. A product of Amadori rearrangement of N -substituted glycosylamines at pH ≤ 7; In other words, 1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose is a precursor to melanoidin production, e.g. furfural when pentose is involved, or e.g. hexose When involved, 1,2-enolization is expected to proceed with the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural. Simultaneously with, simultaneously with, or sequentially with the production of melanoidin, an esterification process involving melanoidin, polycarboxylic acids and/or their corresponding anhydride derivatives, and residual carbohydrates takes place, which involves extensive cross-linking (cross-linking). -linking). Water-resistant thermosetting adhesives are produced which consist of polyester adducts interconnected by a network of carbon-carbon single bonds, with sugar dehydration reactants in which conjugated double bonds are formed and polymerization proceeds. The strong absorbance around 1734 cm ^-1 in the FT-IR spectra of the cured adhesives described herein is consistent with the above reaction scenario, which is expected for ester carbonyl CO vibrations of 1750-1730 cm ^-1 belong within The aforementioned spectrum is shown in FIG. 4 .

The discussion below relates to (i) examples of carbohydrate and amine reactants that can be used in Maillard reactions and (ii) how these reactants can be mixed. First, carbohydrates and/ or compounds having primary or secondary amino groups, which function as reactants in the Maillard reaction, can be used in the adhesives of the present invention. These compounds can be identified and used by those skilled in the art, following the guidelines described herein.

With regard to typical reactants, ammonium salts of polycarboxylic acids as amine reactants are effective reactants in Maillard reactions. Ammonium salts of polycarboxylic acids can be produced by neutralizing acid groups with an amine base to produce polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt groups. Complete neutralization, ie approximately 100% neutralization calculated on an equivalents basis, eliminates the need to titrate or partially neutralize the acidic groups in the polycarboxylic acid prior to adhesive formation. However, incomplete neutralization is not expected to inhibit the formation of adhesive. It should be noted that the neutralization of the acidic groups of the polycarboxylic acid is carried out before or after the polycarboxylic acid is mixed with the carbohydrate.

With respect to carbohydrate reactants, it contains one or more reactants with one or more reducing sugars. In one aspect, the carbohydrate reactant should be sufficiently non-volatile to maximize its ability to remain soluble upon reaction with the polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt reactant. Carbohydrate reactants may be monosaccharides in the form of aldoses or ketoses, including triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, or heptose; or polysaccharides; or a combination thereof. The carbohydrate reactant can be a reducing sugar or a carbohydrate reactant that yields one or more reducing sugars in situ under thermal curing conditions. For example, when a triose serves as a carbohydrate reactant, or is used in combination with other reducing sugars and/or polysaccharides, an aldotriose sugar or a ketotriose sugar, such as, for example, glyceraldehyde, respectively and dihydroxyacetone may be used. When tetrose serves as the carbohydrate reactant, or is used in combination with other reducing sugars and/or polysaccharides, aldotetrose sugars such as erythrose and threose; or a ketotetrose sugar, for example erythrulose, may be used. When pentose functions as a carbohydrate reactant, or is used in combination with other reducing sugars and/or polysaccharides, aldopentose sugars such as ribose, arabinose, xylose ( xylose), lyxose; Alternatively, ketopentose sugars such as ribulose, arabulose, xylulose, lyxulose may be used. When hexoses serve as carbohydrate reactants, or are used in combination with other reducing sugars and/or polysaccharides, aldohexose sugars , such as glucose (i.e., dextrose), mannose ), galactose , allose, altrose, talose, gulose, idose; Alternatively, ketohexose sugars such as frutose , psicose , sorbose, tagatose may be used. When heptose serves as the carbohydrate reactant, or is used in combination with other reducing sugars and/or polysaccharides, a ketoheptose sugar such as sedoheptulose can be used. there is. Other stereoisomers of these carbohydrate reactants, which do not occur naturally, are also contemplated as being useful in preparing the adhesive compositions described herein. When polysaccharides function as carbohydrates or are used in combination with monosaccharides, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, and cellulose may be used.

Furthermore, carbohydrate reactants in Maillard reactions can be used in combination with non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactants. Examples of non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactants that can be used in combination with carbohydrate reactants include trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, polyvinyl alcohol, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, vinyl acetate, mixtures thereof, but is not limited thereto. In one aspect, the non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactant is sufficiently non-volatile to maximize its ability to remain soluble in reaction with the monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid reactant. The hydrophobicity of the non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactant is one factor in determining the physical properties of adhesives prepared as described herein.

Where partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate functions as a non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactant, commercially available compounds such as 87-89% hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, for example DuPont ELVANOL 51-05 can be used DuPont ELVANOL 51-05 has a molecular weight of approximately 22,000-26,000 Da and a viscosity of approximately 5.0-6.0 centipoise. Other partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates considered useful in preparing the adhesive compositions described herein include 87-89% hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates that are distinct in molecular weight and viscosity from ELVANOL 51-05, e.g., DuPont ELVANOL 51-04, ELVANOL 51-08, ELVANOL 50-14, ELVANOL 52-22, ELVANOL 50-26, ELVANOL 50-42; Partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates distinguished from ELVANOL 51-05 by molecular weight, viscosity and/or degree of hydrolysis, such as DuPont ELVANOL 51-03 (86-89% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-14 (95.0 -97.0% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-27 (95.5-96.5% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 60-30 (90-93% hydrolyzed). Other partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates considered useful in preparing the adhesive compositions described herein include Clariant MOWIOL 15-79, MOWIOL 3-83, MOWIOL 4-88, MOWIOL 5-88, MOWIOL 8-88, MOWIOL 18-88, MOWIOL 23-88, MOWIOL 26-88, MOWIOL 40-88, MOWIOL 47-88, MOWIOL 30-92; Celanese CELVOL 203, CELVOL 205, CELVOL 502, CELVOL 504, CELVOL 513, CELVOL 523, CELVOL 523TV, CELVOL 530, CELVOL 540, CELVOL 540TV, CELVOL 418, CELVOL 425, CELVOL 443 includes but is not limited to Similar or equivalent partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates commercially available from other commercial suppliers are also contemplated as being useful.

If fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate serves as the non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactant, Clariant MOWIOL 4-98 with a molecular weight of approximately 27,000 Da can be used. Other fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates considered useful include DuPont ELVANOL 70-03 (98.0-98.8% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-04 (98.0-98.8% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-06 (98.5-99.2% hydrolyzed). degraded), ELVANOL 90-50 (99.0-99.8% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-20 (98.5-99.2% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-30 (98.5-99.2% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 71-30 (99.0-99.8% hydrolyzed) % hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-62 (98.4-99.8% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-63 (98.5-99.2% hydrolyzed), ELVANOL 70-75 (98.5-99.2% hydrolyzed), Clariant MOWIOL 3-98, MOWIOL 6-98, MOWIOL 10-98, MOWIOL 20-98, MOWIOL 56-98, MOWIOL 28-99; Celanese CELVOL 103, CELVOL 107, CELVOL 305, CELVOL 310, CELVOL 325, CELVOL 325LA, CELVOL 350; Similar or equivalent fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates from other commercial suppliers are included, but are not limited to these.

The reactants for the aforementioned Maillard reaction are mixed to make an aqueous composition containing a carbohydrate reactant and an amine reactant. These water-based adhesives represent examples of uncured adhesives. As mentioned below, these aqueous compositions can be used as adhesives of the present invention. These adhesives are formaldehyde-free, curable, alkaline, aqueous adhesive compositions. Furthermore, as indicated above, the carbohydrate reactants of the reactants for these Maillard reactions may be used in combination with non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactants. Thus, without exception when a carbohydrate reactant is referred to, it may be used in combination with a non-carbohydrate polyhydroxy reactant.

In one exemplary embodiment, the aqueous solution of the reactants for the Maillard reaction contains (i) an ammonium salt of one or more polycarboxylic acid reactants and (ii) one or more carbohydrate reactants having a reducing sugar. The pH of the solution may be greater than or equal to 7 prior to contact with the substance to be bound. Additionally, the solution may have a pH less than or comparable to about 10. The ratio of moles of polycarboxylic acid reactant to moles of carbohydrate reactant may range from about 1:4 to about 1:15. In one example, the ratio of moles of polycarboxylic acid reactant to moles of carbohydrate reactant in the adhesive composition is approximately 1:5. In another example, the ratio of moles of polycarboxylic acid reactant to moles of carbohydrate reactant is approximately 1:6. In another example, the ratio of moles of polycarboxylic acid reactant to moles of carbohydrate reactant is approximately 1:7.

As previously mentioned, the aqueous adhesive composition contains (i) an ammonium salt of one or more polycarboxylic acid reactants and (ii) one or more carbohydrate reactants having a reducing sugar. When an ammonium salt of a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid is used as the amine reactant, the molar equivalent of the ammonium ion is comparable to the molar equivalent of the acidic base group present in the polycarboxylic acid. do, or do not match. In one illustrative example, the ammonium salt is monobasic, dibasic, or tribasic when a tricarboxylic acid is used as the polycarboxylic acid reactant. Thus, the molar equivalents of ammonium ion are present in an amount comparable to or less than the molar equivalents of acidic salt groups present in the polycarboxylic acid. Thus, the salt may be monobasic or dibasic when the polycarboxylic acid reactant is a dicarboxylic acid. Furthermore, the molar equivalents of ammonium ion may be present in an amount comparable to or less than the molar equivalents of acidic base groups present in the polymerizable polycarboxylic acid. Monobasic salts of dicarboxylic acids are used, or dibasic salts of tricarboxylic acids are used, or the molar equivalents of ammonium ions are less than the molar equivalents of acidic base groups present in the polymerizable polycarboxylic acids. , the pH of the adhesive composition requires adjustment to achieve alkalinity.

The uncured, formaldehyde-free, heat-curable, alkaline, aqueous adhesive composition can be used to make a number of different materials. In particular, these adhesives can be used to produce or promote cohesion within unassembled or loosely assembled materials by contacting the adhesive with the materials to be bonded. A number of well-known techniques can be used to contact the water-based adhesive with the materials to be bonded. For example, the water-based adhesive can be sprayed onto the material (eg, during bonding to glass fibers) or applied via a roll-coat apparatus.

These water-based adhesives can be applied to a mat of glass fibers (eg sprayed onto the mat) during production of the fiberglass insulation product. When the water-based adhesive comes into contact with the glass fibers, the residual heat from the glass fibers (note: the glass fibers are made from molten glass and thus retain residual heat) and the airflow through the fibrous mat evaporates the water from the adhesive. make (i.e. remove). When the water is removed, the residual components of the adhesive leave a coating of viscous or semi-viscous high-solids liquid on the fibers. This coating of viscous or semi-viscous high-solids liquid functions as an adhesive. At this point, the mat is uncured. In other words, the uncured adhesive functions to bond to the glass fibers within the mat.

Furthermore, the water-based adhesives described above can be cured. For example, the water-based adhesives described above can be applied (eg, sprayed) onto the materials to be bonded and then heated. For example, in the case of making fiberglass insulation products after water-based adhesive is applied to the mat, the adhesive-coated mat is transferred to a curing oven. In a curing oven, the mat is heated (eg, from about 300°F to about 600°F) and the adhesive is cured. The cured adhesive is a formaldehyde-free, water-resistant thermosetting adhesive that bonds the glass fibers of the mat together. It should be noted that drying and thermal curing may proceed sequentially, at the same time, or simultaneously.

With regard to the preparation of a water-insoluble adhesive once cured, the ratio of the number of molar equivalents of acidic base groups present in the polycarboxylic acid reactant to the number of molar equivalents of hydroxyl groups present in the carbohydrate reactant is approximately 0.04:1 to It is present in the range of approximately 0.15:1. After curing, these preparations result in water-resistant thermosetting adhesives. In one version, the number of molar equivalents of hydroxyl groups present in the carbohydrate reactant is approximately 25 times greater than the number of molar equivalents of acidic base groups present in the polycarboxylic acid reactant. In another variant, the number of molar equivalents of hydroxyl groups present in the carbohydrate reactant is approximately 10 times greater than the number of molar equivalents of acidic base groups present in the polycarboxylic acid reactant. In another variant, the number of molar equivalents of hydroxyl groups present in the carbohydrate reactant is approximately 6 times greater than the number of molar equivalents of acidic base groups present in the polycarboxylic acid reactant.

In another embodiment of the invention, a pre-cured adhesive may be applied to the material to be bonded. As indicated above, most cured adhesives typically contain water-insoluble melanoidins. Accordingly, these adhesives are water-resistant thermosetting adhesives.

As noted below, various additives can be incorporated into the adhesive composition. These additives impart additional desirable properties to the adhesive of the present invention. For example, the adhesive contains a silicone-containing coupling agent. Many silicone-containing coupling agents are commercially available from Dow-Corning Corporation, Petrarch Systems, General Electric Company. Illustratively, silicone-containing coupling agents include compounds such as silylethers and alkylsilyl ethers, each of which can be optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, alkoxy, amino, and the like. In one variant, the silicone-containing compound is an amino-substituted silane, such as gamma-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (General Electric Silicones, SILQUEST A-1101; Wilton, CT; USA). In another variant, the silicone-containing compound is an amino-substituted silane, such as aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxy silane (Dow Z-6020; Dow Chemical, Midland, MI; USA). In another variant, the silicone-containing compound is gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (General Electric Silicones, SILQUEST A-187). In another variant, the silicone-containing compound is n-propylamine silane (Creanova (formerly Huls America) HYDROSIL 2627; Creanova; Somerset, N.J.; U.S.A.).

Typically, these silicone-containing coupling agents are present in the adhesive at about 0.1% to about 1% by weight based on dissolved solid adhesive (i.e., about 0.1% to about 1% based on the weight of solids added to the aqueous solution). ) exists in the range of In one example, one or more of these silicone-containing compounds may be added to the aqueous uncured adhesive. An adhesive is then applied to the bonded materials. The adhesive can then be cured, if desired. These silicone-containing compounds enhance the ability of the adhesive to adhere to the material being treated, such as glass fibers. Enhancing the ability of an adhesive to adhere to a material, for example, improves its ability to produce or promote cohesion within unassembled or loosely assembled materials.

An adhesive containing a silicone-containing coupling agent is prepared by adding about 10 to about 50 weight percent aqueous solution of one or more polycarboxylic acid reactants pre-neutralized or in situ neutralized with an amine base of one or more carbohydrate reactants containing a reducing sugar. It can be prepared by mixing with an effective amount of approximately 10-50 weight percent aqueous solution and a silicone-containing coupling agent. In one version, the at least one polycarboxylic acid reactant and the at least one carbohydrate reactant having a reducing sugar are combined as a solid and mixed with water, the mixture is then reacted with an aqueous amine base (which neutralizes the at least one polycarboxylic acid reactant) and Treatment with a silicone-containing coupling agent yields a 10-50 weight percent aqueous solution in each polycarboxylic acid reactant and each carbohydrate reactant.

In another exemplary embodiment, the adhesive of the present invention contains one or more corrosion inhibitors. These corrosion inhibitors prevent or inhibit the eating or wearing away of materials, such as metals, by chemical decomposition, eg, induced by acids. When a corrosion inhibitor is included in the adhesive of the present invention, the corrosiveness of the adhesive is reduced compared to that of an adhesive in which such inhibitor is not present. In one embodiment, these corrosion inhibitors can be used to reduce the corrosion properties of the glass fiber-containing compositions described herein. Illustratively, corrosion inhibitors include dedusting oil, or monoammonium phosphate, sodium metasilicate pentahydrate, melamine, tin (II) oxalate (tin (II) oxalate) and/or methylhydrogen silicone fluid emulsion. Typically, when included in the adhesive of the present invention, the corrosion inhibitor is present in the adhesive in the range of about 0.5% to about 2% by weight based on dissolved solids adhesive.

Following these guidelines, one skilled in the art will be able to produce a variety of adhesive compositions by varying the concentrations of the reactants of the aqueous adhesive. In particular, the aqueous adhesive composition can be prepared to have an alkaline pH, eg, a pH ranging from greater than or equal to about 7 to less than or equal to about 10 pH. Examples of adhesive reactants that can be manipulated include (i) polycarboxylic acid reactants, (ii) amine bases, (iii) carbohydrate reactants, (iv) silicone-containing coupling agents, and (v) corrosion inhibitor compounds. Maintaining the pH of the water-based adhesives of the present invention (e.g., uncured adhesives) in the alkaline range inhibits corrosion of materials with which the adhesive comes in contact, e.g., machinery used in manufacturing processes (e.g., fiber glass manufacturing). . This is clearly confirmed when the corrosive properties of acidic adhesives are compared with the adhesives of the present invention. Thus, the “life” of machinery is increased, and the cost of maintaining these machinery is reduced. Furthermore, standard equipment can be used with the adhesive of the present invention, eliminating the need to use relatively corrosion-resistant machine components, eg, stainless steel components, that come into contact with the acid adhesive. For this reason, the adhesives described herein reduce the manufacturing cost of the materials to be bonded.

The examples below describe specific embodiments in more detail. These embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the invention or the inventive concepts to any particular physical configuration. For example, although 25% (by weight) aqueous solutions of each of triammonium citrate and dextrose monohydrate were mixed to make the water-based adhesive in Example 1, in a variant of the embodiment described herein, the water-based, polycarboxylic acid The weight percentage of the ammonium salt reactant solution and the weight percentage of the aqueous, reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant solution can be varied without affecting the properties of the invention described herein. For example, the weight percentage of the aqueous solution of the polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt reactant and the reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant being mixed is within the range of approximately 10-50 weight percentages. Furthermore, aqueous, polycarboxylic The weight percentage of the acid ammonium salt reactant-containing/reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant-containing solution can be varied without affecting the properties of the invention described herein. For example, the weight percentage of a prepared aqueous solution containing a polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt reactant and a reducing-sugar carbohydrate reactant is outside the range of approximately 10-50 weight percentages. In addition, in the examples below, alternative amines containing as polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt reactant an ammonium salt of a polycarboxylic acid, i.e., ⁺ NH ₄ , but which do not affect the properties of the invention described herein Reactants such as primary amine salts or secondary amine salts of polycarboxylic acids may also be used.

[Example]

Example 1

Preparation of aqueous triammonium citrate-dextrose adhesive

An aqueous triammonium citrate-dextrose adhesive was prepared according to the following procedure: triammonium citrate (81.9 g citric acid, 203.7 g water, 114.4 g 19% ammonia solution) and dextrose monohydrate (50.0 g deck in 150.0 g water). Aqueous solutions (25%) of Strose monohydrate) were mixed at room temperature in the following volume ratios: 1:24, 1:12, 1:8, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, where The relative volume of triammonium citrate is given as “1”. For example, 10 ml of aqueous triammonium citrate mixed with 50 ml of aqueous dextrose monohydrate provided a “1:5” solution, wherein the mass ratio of triammonium citrate to dextrose monohydrate was approximately 1:5. , the molar ratio of triammonium citrate to dextrose monohydrate is approximately 1:6, and the acidity present on triammonium citrate relative to the total number of molar equivalents of hydroxyl groups present on dextrose monohydrate The ratio of the total number of molar equivalents of base is approximately 0.10:1. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for several minutes, at which point a 2-g sample was transferred and heat cured as described in Example 2.

Example 2

Preparation of Cured Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose Adhesive Samples from Aqueous Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose Adhesive

A 2-g sample of each adhesive prepared according to Example 1 was placed in each of three separate 1-g aluminum bake-out pans. Each adhesive was then subjected to three typical bake-out/curing conditions in a pre-heated thermostatic circulating oven to produce a corresponding cured adhesive sample: 15 minutes at 400°F; 30 minutes at 350°F, 30 minutes at 300°F.

Example 3

Examination/evaluation of cured triammonium citrate-dextrose adhesive samples produced from aqueous triammonium citrate-dextrose adhesive

After addition of water to the aluminum bake-out pan and subsequent standing at room temperature, each cured triammonium citrate-dextrose adhesive sample prepared according to Example 2 was tested to the extent that the cured adhesive sample remained intact and resisted dissolution. Wet strength was determined. Wet strength was expressed as dissolved (no wet strength), partially dissolved (minimal wet strength), softened (moderate wet strength), or impermeable (high wet strength, water-insoluble). The color of the water due to contact with the cured ammonium citrate-dextrose adhesive sample was also determined. Table 1 below presents typical examples of triammonium citrate-dextrose adhesives prepared according to Example 1, their curing conditions according to Example 2, and test and evaluation results according to Example 3.

Example 4

Elemental Analysis of Cured Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive Samples

Elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (i.e., C, H, N) was performed in 15% triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) prepared as described in Example 1 and cured as described below. This was done on 5-g samples of the adhesive, these 0.75-g cured samples had a molar ratio of triammonium citrate to dextrose monohydrate of approximately 1:6. Adhesive samples were cured as a function of temperature and time as follows: 300°F for 1 hour; 350°F for 0.5 hour; 400°F for 0.33 hours. Elemental analysis was performed at Galbraith Laboratories, Inc. (Knoxville, TN). As shown in Table 2, elemental analysis observed an increase in the C:N ratio as a function of increasing concentration in the range of 300° F. to 350° F. These results are consistent with the prepared melanoidin-containing adhesives. Furthermore, an increase in the C:H ratio as a function of increasing temperature is also observed in Table 2, and these results are consistent with the dehydration process known to occur during the formation of melanoidin, which occurs during adhesive curing.

Example 5

Preparation of Ammonium Polycarboxylate-Sugar Adhesives Used to Construct Glass Bead Shell Bone, Glass Fiber-Containing Mats, and Wood Fiber Board Compositions

An aqueous triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive used to construct glass bead shell bones and glass fiber-containing mats was prepared according to the following general procedure: powdered dextrose monohydrate (915 g) and powdered Anhydrous citric acid (152.5 g) was mixed in a 1-gallon reaction vessel, to which was added 880 g distilled water. The mixture was stirred while adding 265 g 19% aqueous ammonia and stirring was continued for several minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 3.3 g SILQUEST A-1101 silane to produce a pH ~ 8-9 solution (using pH paper), which was approximately 50% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and dissolved ammonium citrate solids (the as a percentage of total weight); After heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes, a 2-g sample of this solution yielded 30% solids (this weight loss was due to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). When a silane other than SILQUEST A-1101 was included in the triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive, it was substituted with SILQUEST A-187 silane, HYDROSIL 2627 silane, or Z-6020 silane. When additives are included in the triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive to produce an adhesive variant, the standard solution is dispensed in 300-g gallon portions into bottles, to which the individual additives are supplied.

The FT-IR spectrum of the dried (uncured) triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive is shown in FIG. A microscopic thin film was obtained from the -g sample. The FT-IR spectrum of the cured triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) Maillard adhesive is shown in FIG. was obtained with

When using polycarboxylic acids other than citric acid, sugars other than dextrose and/or additives to prepare aqueous ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive variants, the use of aqueous triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesives The same procedure as previously described was used in the preparation. In the case of ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive modifications, accommodate the inclusion of, for example, dicarboxylic acids or polymeric polycarboxylic acids in place of citric acid, or, for example, triose in place of dextrose. or, for example, make necessary adjustments to accommodate the inclusion of one or more additives. Such adjustments may include, for example, adjustments in the volume of aqueous ammonia required to yield the ammonium salt, adjustments in the gram amount of reactants required to achieve a desired molar ratio of ammonium polycarboxylate to sugar, and/or adjustments in the desired weight. Inclusion of additives by percentage is included.

Example 6

Preparation/Weathering/Inspection of Glass Bead Shell Present Compositions Made with Ammonium Polycarboxylate-Sugar Adhesives

Glass Bead-Containing Shells Made with a Specific Adhesive The present composition was evaluated for curing and "weathered" tensile strength to determine the possible tensile strength and possible durability of a fiberglass insulator made with the specific adhesive. ), respectively. The predicted durability is based on the ratio of weathering tensile strength to dry tensile strength of the shell bone. Shell bones were prepared, weathered and inspected as follows:

Manufacturing procedure of shell bone:

The shell bone mold (Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment; Heated Shell Curing Accessory, Model 366, Shell Mold Accessory) was set to the desired temperature, typically 425° F., and heated for up to 1 hour. The shell bone mold produced approximately 100 g of aqueous ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive (typically 30% in solid adhesive), as described in Example 5, while heating. Using a large glass beaker, 727.5 g glass beads (Quality Ballotini Impact Beads, Spec. AD, US Sieve 70-140, 106-212 micron-#7, Potters Industries, Inc.) were differentially weighed. These glass beads were poured into a clean curing mixing bowl, and the bowl was placed on an electric mixer stand. Approximately 75 g aqueous ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive was obtained, which was then slowly poured into a mixing bowl with glass beads. The electric mixer was then turned on and the glass bead/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture stirred for 1 minute. Using a large spatula, scrape the sides of the stirrer (mixer) to remove clumps of glue and also scrape the edges, leaving glass beads at the bottom of the bowl. The mixer was then run for an additional minute, then the stirrer (mixer) was removed from the apparatus, and then the mixing bowl containing the glass beads/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture was removed. Using a large spatula, remove as much adhesive and glass beads as possible adhering to the whisk and then stir into the glass beads/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture in a mixing bowl. The sides of the bowl were then scraped off to mix in any excess adhesive that may have accumulated on these sides. At this point, the glass bead/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture was moldable within the shell bone mold.

The slides of the shell bone mold were confirmed to align within the bottom mold platen. Using a large spatula, the glass bead/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture was rapidly added into the three mold cavities within the shell bone mold. The surface of the mixture within each cavity was leveled, scraping off excess mixture to provide a uniform surface area for the shell bone. Any inconsistencies or gaps present within these cavities were filled and leveled with additional glass beads/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture. When the glass bead/ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive mixture was placed into the shell bone cavity and the mixture was exposed to heat, curing was initiated. Because manipulation time can affect test results (eg, a shell bone with two differentially cured layers can be produced), shell bones were produced consistently and quickly. Once the shell bone mold is filled, the upper platen is quickly placed into the lower platen. At the same time, or immediately after, the measurement of the curing time by means of a stopwatch is started, during which time the temperature range of the lower platen is approximately 400° F. to approximately 430° F., while the temperature range of the upper platen is approximately 440° F. to about 470°F. At the end of 7 minutes, the upper pressure plate was removed and the slide was pulled so that all three shell bones could be transferred. These newly made shell bones were then processed on a wire rack adjacent to the shell bone mold platen and allowed to cool to room temperature. Each shell bone was then labeled and placed individually in an appropriately labeled plastic storage bag. In case the shell bones could not be inspected on the day of manufacture, these shell bone-containing plastic bags were placed in a desiccator unit.

Conditioning (weathering) procedure for shell bones:

The Blue M humidity chamber was run and then set to provide weathering conditions of 90°F and 90% relative humidity (i.e., 90°F/90% rH). The water tank on the side of the humidity chamber was normally checked every run and refilled regularly. The humidity chamber was allowed to reach the specified weathering conditions for at least 4 hours, and an equilibration period of 1 day was typical. The weathered shell bones were quickly loaded, one at a time, through the open humidity chamber door and onto the upper slotted shelf of the humidity chamber (because while the door is open, both humidity and temperature decrease). The time the shell bones were placed in the humidity chamber was recorded and weathering was performed for 24 hours. The humidity chamber door was then opened, and one set of shell bones at a time was quickly transferred and individually placed into individual plastic storage bags and sealed completely. Generally, one to four sets of shell bones at a time were weathered as previously described. The weathered shell bones were immediately transferred to the Instron room and inspected.

Inspection procedure for broken shell bones:

Inside the Instron room, the shell bone test method was loaded into a 5500 R Instron machine, ensuring that an appropriate load cell (i.e., Static Load Cell 5 kN) was installed, and the machine heated for up to 15 minutes. During this period, it was confirmed that shell bone inspection grips were installed on the machine. The load cell was zeroed and balanced, and one set of shell bones was inspected at a time as follows: The shell bones were removed from a plastic storage bag and weighed. The weight (grams) was then entered into a computer connected to the Instron machine. Then, the measured thickness (inch) of the shell bone was entered as the specimen thickness in triplicate into a computer connected to the Instron machine. The shell bone specimen was then placed into the grips on the Instron machine and inspection was initiated via the keypad on the Instron machine. After transferring the shell bone specimens, the correct breaking point was entered into a computer connected to the Instron machine, and the inspection continued until all shell bones within a set were inspected.

The test results are presented in Tables 3-6, which are average dry tensile strength (psi), average weathered tensile strength (psi), and weathered:dry tensile strength ratio.

Example 7

Preparation/Weathering/Inspection of Glass Fiber-Containing Mats Made with Ammonium Polycarboxylate-Sugar (1:6) Adhesives

A glass fiber-containing mat made with a particular adhesive indicates, respectively, the possible tensile strength and possible durability of a fiberglass insulator made with the particular adhesive, in an evaluation of its curing and “weathering” tensile strength. . The predicted durability is based on the ratio of weathered tensile strength to dry tensile strength of the glass fiber mat. Glass fiber mats were prepared, weathered and inspected as follows:

Manufacturing Procedure for Glass Fiber-Containing Mat:

The “Deckel box” (13 inches high x 13 inches wide x 14 inches deep) was constructed from a sheet of clear acrylic and attached to a hinged metal frame. Below the deckel box, as a transition from the box to the 3-inch drain pipe, a system of perforated plates and rough metal screens was installed. A woven plastic belt ("wire") was clamped under the deckel box. For mixing purposes, a 5-gallon bucket equipped with an internal, vertical rib and high-shear air motor mixer was used. Typically, 4 gallons of water and E-glass (ie, hot glass) fibers (11 g, 22 g, or 33 g) were mixed for 2 minutes. A typical E-glass had the following weight percent composition: SiO ₂ , 52.5%; Na ₂ O, 0.3%; CaO, 22.5%; MgO, 1.2%; Al ₂ O ₃ , 14.5%; FeO/Fe ₂ O ₃ , 0.2%; K ₂ O, 0.2%; B ₂ O ₃ , 8.6%. The drain pipe and transition below the wire were pre-filled with water to keep the bottom of the Deckel box moist. The aqueous, glass fiber mixture was poured into a Deckel box and stirred vertically with a plate having 49 1-inch holes. A slide valve at the bottom of the drain line was quickly opened and the glass fibers were recovered on the wire. A screen-covered frame pre-placed beneath the wire facilitated the transfer of the glass fiber sample. The sample was dewatered by passing it through an extractor slot holding a 25-40 inch water-column suction. 1 pass was used for the 11-g sample, 2 pass was used for the 22-g sample, and 3 pass was used for the 33-g sample. The sample was transferred to a second screen-covered frame and the forming wire moved. Afterwards, the sample was dried and separated from the screen. The sample was then placed in a 3-inch diameter applicator rotating in a bath containing aqueous ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive (containing 15% dissolved solids adhesive, prepared as described in Example 5). It was passed through an applicator roll, where the glass fibers were saturated with adhesive. Excess adhesive is extracted by passing it back through the extractor slots to produce a glass fiber-containing mat, which is heated at 375°F for 30 minutes in an oven with up-flow forced convection air. hardened

Conditioning (weathering) procedure for glass fiber mats:

The conditioned glass fiber-containing mat samples were placed on a TEFLON-coated course-weave belt to prevent floating and pressurized. A pair of sample mats were prepared for each ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive under evaluation. The mats were conditioned at ambient temperature and humidity for at least one day in an air-conditioned but non-humidified room. Seven test specimens were cut from each mat using a die with the appropriate profile; Six specimens were cut in one direction, one specimen was cut in a vertical direction, and each specimen was kept separate. Each specimen was approximately 12 inches long, 2 inches wide and tapering to 1 inch wide at the mid-section. Three specimens from each mat were placed at 37-38° C. and 90% relative humidity in a “weathering” chamber for 24 hours. These weathered specimens were removed from the chamber and stored in sealable plastic bags until immediately prior to testing, each bag holding a damp paper towel.

Inspection Procedure for Fractured Fiberglass Mat:

The tensile tester was set at a crosshead speed of 0.5 inches per minute. The clamp jaws were 2 inches wide and had approximately 1.5-inch grips. Three dry and three weathered samples were inspected from each mat. These dried samples were used for adhesive content determination, as measured by loss on ignition (LOI).

The test results are presented in Table 7, which are the average % LOI, average dry tensile strength (lb force), average weathered tensile strength (lb force), and weathered:dry tensile strength ratio.

Example 8

Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Glass Fiber Composition: Preparation of Uncured and Cured Blankets

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (300 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (50 lb) were mixed in a 260-gallon tote. Soft water was then added to achieve a volume of 235 gallons. To the mixture was added 9.5 gallons of 19% aqueous ammonia and the resulting mixture was stirred to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 0.56 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to produce a solution containing 15.5% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and dissolved ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution); A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 9.3% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was attributed to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). The solution was stirred for several minutes prior to transfer to the adhesive pump, where it was used for the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically "wet blankets" or uncured blankets and "amber blankets". or in the formation of a material referred to as a cured blanket.

Uncured and cured blankets were prepared using conventional fiber glass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are described below and in U.S. Patent No. 5,318,990 are generally described. Typically, adhesive is applied to the glass fibers while they are being produced and formed into a mat, moisture is volatilized from the adhesive, and the high-solids adhesive-coated fibrous glass mat is heated to cure the adhesive, e.g. It produces final fibrous glass bats that can be used as sound insulation products or as reinforcements for later composites.

Porous mats of fibrous glass were produced by fiberizing molten glass and immediately forming the fibrous glass mat on a moving conveyor. Glass is melted in a tank and fed into a fiber forming device such as a spinner or bushing. Glass fibers were attenuated from the device and then discharged generally downward in a forming chamber. These glass fibers typically have a diameter of about 2 to about 9 microns and a length of about 0.25 inches to about 3 inches. Typically, these glass fibers have a diameter of about 3 to about 6 microns and a length of about 0.5 inches to about 1.5 inches. These glass fibers are placed on a perforated endless forming conveyor. Adhesive was applied to the glass fibers while they were being formed, with an appropriate spray applicator to achieve distribution of the adhesive throughout the formed mat of fibrous glass. The uncured adhesive-attached glass fibers were combined and formed into a mat on an endless conveyor in the forming chamber, with the assistance of a vacuum drawn through the mat from under the forming conveyor. The residual heat contained within the glass fibers and the air flow through the mat evaporated most of the moisture from the mat before it exited the molding chamber (moisture allows the uncured adhesive to function as an adhesive). The amount of water removed for any particular application can be determined by routine experimentation and by one skilled in the art).

As the high-solids adhesive-coated fibrous glass mat leaves the forming chamber, it expands vertically due to the resiliency of the glass fibers. The inflated mat is then conveyed through a curing oven, where heated air passes through the mat to cure the adhesive. Flight over and under the mat slightly compressed the mat to give the final product a predetermined thickness and surface finish. Typically, curing ovens are approximately 350° F. to approximately 600°F. Generally, the mat stayed in the oven for a period of about 0.5 minutes to about 3 minutes. In the manufacture of typical heat and sound insulation products, the retention time is approximately 0.75 minutes to approximately 1.5 minutes. The fibrous glass, which retains the hardened, rigid adhesive matrix, exits the oven in the form of a bat, which is compressed for packaging and shipping and, if not then compressed, substantially retains its original vertical dimensions. recover with As an example, a fibrous glass mat that is approximately 1.25 inches across upon exiting the forming chamber expands to a vertical thickness of approximately 9 inches in the transfer zone and to a vertical thickness of approximately 6 inches in the curing oven. slightly compressed

Nominal specifications for a cured blanket product prepared as described above are approximately 0.09 pounds per square foot weight, approximately 0.7 pounds per cubic foot density, approximately 1.5 inches thick, Approximately 5.6 microns (22 hundred thousandths of an inch) fiber diameter, approximately 11% adhesive content after curing, approximately 0.7% dedusting oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 460°F. The uncured blanket exited the forming chamber in an apparent color of white to off-white, while the cured blanket exited the forming chamber in an apparent color of dark brown and was sufficiently adhered by adhesive. After collecting a few rolls of cured blanket, the mat was broken prior to oven and the uncured blanket was also collected for testing.

Example 9

Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Glass Fiber Composition: Preparation of Air Duct Boards

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (1800 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (300 lb) were mixed in a 2000-gallon mixing tank containing 743.2 gallons of soft water. To the mixture was added 52.9 gallons of 19% aqueous ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 9 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to obtain a pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing approximately 25.5% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and dissolved ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution). ) was produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 15% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was attributed to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). The solution was stirred for several minutes prior to transfer to the adhesive holding tank, from which the solution was used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically in the formation of a product referred to as "air duct board".

The air duct board was made using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this air duct board product are approximately 0.4 pounds per square foot density, approximately 4.5 pounds per cubic foot density, 1 inch thick, approximately 8.1 microns (32 hundred thousandths of an inch). ) of fiber diameter, approximately 14.3% adhesive content, and approximately 0.7% dedusting oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 550°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent dark brown color and was sufficiently adhered by adhesive.

Example 10

Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Glass Fiber Composition: Preparation of R30 Residential Blanket

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (1200 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (200 lb) were mixed in a 2000-gallon mixing tank containing 1104 gallons of soft water. To the mixture was added 42.3 gallons of 19% aqueous ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 6 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to obtain a pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing approximately 13.4% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and dissolved ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution). ) was produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 8% solids after heat curing at 400°F for 30 minutes (this weight loss was due to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). The solution was stirred for several minutes prior to transfer to the adhesive holding tank, from which the solution was used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically in the formation of a product referred to as "R30 residential blanket".

R30 residential blankets were made using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this R30 residential blanket product are approximately 0.4 pounds per square foot weight, target recovery 10 inches thick at the end of the line, fiber diameter of 4.6 microns (18 thousandths of an inch), 3.8% adhesive. content, approximately 0.7% dedusting oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 570°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent brown color and was sufficiently adhered by the adhesive.

Example 11

Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Glass Fiber Composition: Preparation of R19 Residential Blanket

Batch A-1:

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (1200 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (200 lb) were mixed in a 2000-gallon mixing tank containing 1104 gallons of soft water. To the mixture was added 35.3 gallons of 19% ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 6 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to obtain a pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing approximately 13.3% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution). produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 8% solids after heat curing at 400°F for 30 minutes (this weight loss was due to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). The solution was stirred for several minutes prior to transfer to the adhesive holding tank, from which the solution was used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically in the formation of a product referred to as "R19 residential blanket".

R19 residential blanket, batch A-1 was prepared using conventional fiber glass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this R19 residential blanket product are approximately 0.2 pounds per square foot weight, 0.2 pounds per cubic peak density, 6.5 inch thick target recovery at the end of the line, 4.6 microns (18 hundred thousandths of an inch). of fiber diameter, 3.8% adhesive content, and 0.7% mineral oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 570°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent brown color and was sufficiently adhered by the adhesive.

Batch A-2:

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (1200 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (200 lb) were mixed in a 2000-gallon mixing tank containing 558 gallons of soft water. To the mixture was added 35.3 gallons of 19% ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 5 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to obtain a pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing approximately 20.5% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution). produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 12% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was attributed to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). The solution was stirred for several minutes prior to transfer to the adhesive holding tank, from which the solution was used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically in the formation of a product referred to as "R19 residential blanket".

R19 residential blankets, batch A-2 were prepared using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this R19 residential blanket product are approximately 0.2 pounds per square foot weight, approximately 0.2 pounds per cubic peak density, 6.5 inch thick target recovery at the end of the line, 4.6 microns (18 hundred thousandths of an inch). ) of fiber diameter, 3.8% adhesive content, and 0.7% mineral oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 570°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent brown color and was sufficiently adhered by the adhesive.

Batch B:

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (300 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (50 lb) were mixed in a 260 gallon International Bulk Container (IBC) pre-contained with 167 gallons of distilled water. To the mixture was added 10.6 gallons of 19% ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 1.5 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to obtain a pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing approximately 20.1% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution). produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 12% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was attributed to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). An IBC containing such a water-based adhesive is such that the adhesive is pumped into an adhesive spray ring in a forming hood, diluted with distilled water therein, and thereafter for the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically, “R19 residential It was transferred to a location used for the formation of a product referred to as "blanket".

R19 residential blanket, Batch B, was prepared using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this R19 residential blanket product are approximately 0.2 pounds per square foot weight, approximately 0.4 pounds per cubic peak density, 6.5 inch thick target recovery at the end of the line, 4.6 microns (18 hundred thousandths of an inch). ) of fiber diameter, 3.8% adhesive content, and 0.7% mineral oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 570°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent brown color and was sufficiently adhered by the adhesive.

Batch C:

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (300 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (50 lb) were mixed in a 260 gallon International Bulk Container (IBC) pre-contained with 167 gallons of distilled water. To the mixture was added 10.6 gallons of 19% ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution were sequentially added 1.5 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane and 1.80 gallons of methylhydrogen emulsion BS 1040 (Wacker Chemical Corporation) to obtain approximately 20.2% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and ammonium citrate solids (total weight of solution). pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing (as a ratio) was produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 12% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was attributed to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). An IBC containing such a water-based adhesive is such that the adhesive is pumped into an adhesive spray ring in a forming hood, diluted with distilled water therein, and thereafter for the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically, “R19 residential It was transferred to a location used for the formation of a product referred to as "blanket".

R19 residential blanket, batch C, was prepared using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this R19 residential blanket product are approximately 0.2 pounds per square foot weight, approximately 0.4 pounds per cubic peak weight, 6.5 inch thick target recovery at the end of the line, 4.6 microns (18 hundred thousandths of an inch). ) of fiber diameter, 3.8% adhesive content, and 0.7% mineral oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 570°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent brown color and was sufficiently adhered by the adhesive.

Batch D:

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (300 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (50 lb) were mixed in a 260 gallon International Bulk Container (IBC) pre-contained with 167 gallons of distilled water. To the mixture was added 10.6 gallons of 19% ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution were sequentially added 1.5 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane and 22 lb of clay product Bentalite L10 (Southern Clay Products) to obtain approximately 21.0% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and ammonium citrate solids (percentage of total weight of solution). A pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing ) was produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 12.6% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was attributed to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). IBCs containing these water-based Maillard adhesives are pumped into an adhesive spray ring in a forming hood, in which they are diluted with distilled water, and then for the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically “R19 It has been moved to a location where it is used for the formation of a product referred to as “Hospital Blanket”.

R19 residential blanket, batch D, was prepared using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this R19 residential blanket product are approximately 0.2 pounds per square foot weight, approximately 0.4 pounds per cubic peak density, 6.5 inch thick target recovery at the end of the line, 4.6 microns (18 hundred thousandths of an inch). ) of fiber diameter, 3.8% adhesive content, and 0.7% mineral oil content for dedusting. The curing oven temperature was set at approximately 570°F. The product came out of the oven in an apparent brown color and was sufficiently adhered by the adhesive.

Example 12

Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Glass Fiber Composition: Preparation of Uncured Pipe Insulation

Powdered dextrose monohydrate (1200 lb) and powdered anhydrous citric acid (200 lb) were mixed in a 2000-gallon mixing tank containing 215 gallons of soft water. To the mixture was added 42.3 gallons of 19% aqueous ammonia under agitation, and stirring was continued for approximately 30 minutes to achieve complete dissolution of the solids. To the resulting solution was added 6 lb of SILQUEST A-1101 silane to obtain a pH ~ 8 solution (using pH paper) containing approximately 41.7% dissolved dextrose monohydrate and dissolved ammonium citrate solids (as a percentage of the total weight of the solution). ) was produced; A 2-g sample of this solution yielded 25% solids after heat curing at 400° F. for 30 minutes (this weight loss was due to dehydration during formation of the thermoset adhesive). The solution was stirred for several minutes prior to transfer to the adhesive holding tank, from which the solution was used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation, specifically forming a product referred to as "uncured pipe insulation".

Uncured pipe insulation was prepared using conventional fiberglass manufacturing procedures; These procedures are generally described in Example 8. The nominal specifications for this uncured pipe insulation product are approximately 0.07 pounds per square foot weight, approximately 0.85 pounds per cubic foot density, an estimated thickness of 1 inch, a fiber diameter of 7.6 microns (30 hundred thousandths of an inch), when cured. It was 7% adhesive content. The uncured pipe insulation was transferred to the pipe insulation-forming section, where the insulation was formed into a cylindrical shell (6-inch wall, 3-inch diameter hole, 4-pounds per cubic foot density) used as pipe insulation. ) was cast. These shells were cured with a curing oven set at approximately 450° F. to produce a dark brown pipe insulation product that was sufficiently adhered by adhesive. Shells cured at higher temperatures could not be further inspected due to punking.

Example 13

Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Cellulosic Fiber Composition: Preparation of Wood Fiber Board

Several methods have been used to produce wood fiber boards/sheets bonded with a triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive. A representative method for producing strong and uniform samples is as follows: Wood in the form of graded pine shavings and sawdust was purchased from a local farm. Wood fiber board samples were made from “as received” wood, and the material was separated into shavings and sawdust components. The wood was first dried overnight in an oven at approximately 200° F. This drying resulted in a moisture removal of 14-15% for wood shavings and approximately 11% for sawdust. The dried wood was then placed in an 8 inch high x 12 inch wide x 10.5 inch deep plastic container (approximately). A triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive (36% in solids adhesive) was prepared as described in Example 5, after which 160 g of adhesive was applied via a hydraulic nozzle to the wood in a plastic container. The 400-g sample was spread while simultaneously the vessel was tilted 30-40 degrees from vertical and rotated slowly (approximately 5-15 rpm). During this treatment, the wood was gently rolled until it was evenly coated.

Samples of resin-treated wood were placed in a collapsible frame and pressed between heated platens under the following conditions: resin-treated wood chips, 300 psi; Resined sawdust, 600 psi. For each sample treated with resin, curing conditions were 350°F for 25 to 30 minutes. The resulting sample board, prior to trimming, was approximately 10 inches long by 10 inches wide and approximately 0.4 inches thick, sufficiently adhered internally by adhesive, had a smooth surface, and was neatly trimmed with the band saw. . The trimmed sample densities and dimensions of each trimmed sample board produced were as follows: sample board from wood chips, density ~ 54 pcf, dimensions ~ 8.3 inches long x 9 inches wide x 0.36 inches thick; Sample board from sawdust, density ~ 44 pcf, dimensions ~ 8.7 inches long x 8.8 inches wide x 0.41 inches thick. The estimated adhesive content of each sample board was ~12.6%.

Example 14

Examination/Evaluation of Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive/Glass Fiber Compositions

The triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive/glass fiber compositions from Examples 8-12, i.e., cured blankets, air duct boards, R30 residential blankets, R19 residential blankets, uncured pipe insulation, correspond to the corresponding A phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive/glass fiber composition was tested against one or more of the following: product release, density, loss on ignition, thickness recovery, dust, tensile strength. tensile strength, parting strength, durability of splitting strength, bond strength, water absorption, hot surface performance, corrosivity in steel, bending Flexural rigidity, stiffness-rigidity, compressive resistance, conditioned compressive resistance, compressive module, conditioned compressive module, smoke in ignition smoke development on ignition. The results of these tests are presented in Tables 8-13. In addition, gaseous compounds produced during thermal decomposition of the blanket cured from Example 8 and gaseous compounds produced during thermal curing of the uncured pipe insulation from Example 12 were also measured; The results of these tests are presented in Tables 14-15. The hot surface performance for cured pipe insulation is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . The specific tests performed and the conditions for conducting these tests are as follows:

Product Emissions Inspection

Product emissions for the cured blanket from Example 8 and the air duct board from Example 9 were measured according to the AQS Greenguard test procedure. Insulation products comply with ASTM D5116 (“Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products”), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington State IAQ Specification, January 1994. Emissions of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde, and total selected aldehydes were monitored according to Emission data was collected over a one-week exposure period, and the resulting air concentration was measured for each of the previously mentioned materials. Air concentration predictions were computer-monitored based on standard space loading and Washington state regulations requiring ASHRAE standard 62-1999 ventilation conditions. Product loading is based on standard wall usage of 28.1 m2 within a 32 m3 space.

Emission Test - Selected Aldehydes

These insulation articles were tested in a small environmental chamber with a volume of 0.0855 m 3 where chemical emissions were measured analytically. Release of selected aldehydes, including formaldehyde, was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to ASTM D5197 (“Standard Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active Sampler Methodology)). was measured. Formaldehyde and other low molecular weight carbonyl compounds were recovered from the chamber air using a solid absorbent cartridge containing 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrigine (DNPH). Within the cartridge, the DNPH reactant reacts with the recovered carbonyl compound to form a stable hydrazone derivative that is retained by the cartridge. This hydrazone derivative eluted from a cartridge containing HPLC-grade acetonitrile. An aliquot of the sample was analyzed for low molecular weight hydrazone derivatives using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The absorbance of these derivatives was measured at 360 nm. The mass response of the generated peak was determined from a multi-point calibration curve prepared from standard solutions of hydrazone derivatives. Dimensions are reported at quantifiable levels of 0.2 μg based on a standard air volume collection of 45 L.

Emission Testing - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOC measurements were performed using a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). Chamber air was returned into the solid absorbent, from which the absorbed material was thermally transported into the GC/MS. The sorbent recovery technique, separation, detection and analytical methods were modified from those reported by USEPA and other researchers. This technique follows USEPA Method 1P-1B and is commonly applied to C ₅ - C ₁₆ organic compounds with boiling points ranging from 35° C. to 250° C. Dimensions are reported at a quantifiable level of 0.4 μg based on a standard air volume collection of 18 L. Individual VOCs are separated and detected by GC/MS. Total VOC measurements were obtained by adding all individual VOC responses obtained by the mass spectrometer and correcting the total mass compared to toluene.

Emission Test - Determination of Air Concentration

The release rates of formaldehyde, total aldehyde, and TVOC were used in a computer exposure model to determine potential air concentrations of these materials. This computer model used the measured release rate change over a one-week period to determine the change in air concentration. These model dimensions were obtained with the following assumptions: the air in open office areas within the building is sufficiently mixed in the breathing level zone of the occupied space; Environmental conditions are maintained at 73°F (23°C) with 50% relative humidity; No additional sources of these materials exist; There is no sink or potential re-release source in the space for these materials. To accommodate these desired products and chemicals, USEPA's Indoor Air Exposure Model, Version 2.0 was specifically modified. Ventilation and occupancy parameters were provided according to ASHRAE standard 62-1999.

density

The density of the blanket cured from Example 8 was measured according to the internal test method PTL-1, "Test Method for Density and Thickness of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulation", which test method is substantially the same as ASTM C 167. The density of the air duct board from Example 9 was measured according to internal test method PTL-3, "Test Procedure for Density Preformed Block-Type Thermal Insulation", which test method is substantially the same as ASTM C 303.

Loss on Ignition (LOI)

The loss on ignition of the cured blanket from Example 8 and the air duct board from Example 9 was measured according to Internal Inspection Method K-157, “Ignition Loss of Cured Blanket (LOI)”. This test is performed on samples in a wire tray placed in a furnace for 15 to 20 minutes at 1000°F +/- 50°F to ensure complete oxidation, and samples resulting from this treatment was weighed.

split strength

The split strength of the cured blanket from Example 8, the R30 residential blanket from Example 10, and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11 was measured according to the internal test method KRD-161, which is ASTM C 686, “Parting Strength of Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket-Type Insulation”.

Durability of Split Strength

The durability of the split strength for the R30 residential blanket from Example 10 and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11, after conditioning for 1 week at 90° F. and 95% relative humidity, ASTM C 686, “Parting Strength of Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket-Type Insulation”.

tensile strength

The tensile strength of the cured blanket from Example 8 and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11 was measured according to the internal test method KRD-161, “Tensile Strength Test Procedure.” These inspections were performed on sample die cuts in machine direction and cross-cut machine direction. Samples were conditioned for 24 hours at 75°F and 50% relative humidity. Ten samples in each longitudinal direction were tested in a testing environment at 75°F and 50% relative humidity. These dogbone specimens were as specified in ASTM D638, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics”. A cross-head speed of 2 inches/minute was used for all tests.

bond strength

The inter-laminar bond strength of the cured blanket from Example 8, the R30 residential blanket from Example 10, and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11 was measured by the internal test method. It was measured using KRD-159, “Bond Strength of Fiberglass Board and Blanket Products”. A cast specimen having a cross sectional area of 6 inches x 6 inches is bonded to a 6 inch x 7 inch specimen mounting plate and placed in a fixture that applies a force upright to the surface of the specimen. did A crosshead speed of 12 inches/minute was used for all inspections.

thickness restoration

Out-of-package and rollover thickness tests are performed in Internal Inspection Methods K-123, “Recovered Thickness - End of Line Dead Pin Method - Roll Products” and K-109, “Test Procedure for Recovered Thickness of Roll Products - Rollover Method” was run on the cured blanket from Example 8. The thickness restored is obtained by pinning through the sample of the blanket cured from the roll product at 15 minutes after wrapping, or at a later time point until the pin contacts a flat, hard surface underlying the sample. Measurements were made by forcing a pin gauge and then measuring the restored thickness with a steel rule. Thickness inspection is conducted using internal inspection methods K-120, “Test Procedure for Determining End-of-Line Dead-Pin Thickness - Batts” and K-128, “Test Procedure for Recovered Thickness of Batt Products - Drop Method” [0083] Run on R30 residential blanket from Example 10 and R19 residential blanket from Example 11, these test methods were similar to ASTM C 167, "Standard Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations".

dust inspection

Dust testing was conducted on the cured blanket from Example 8, the R30 residential blanket from Example 10, and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11 using Internal Inspection Procedure K-102, “Packaged Fiber Glass Dust Test, Batt Method”. . Dust freed from randomly selected samples (batts) of cured blankets, R30 residential blankets, and R19 residential blankets that fell into the dust collection box was recovered from the filter, and the amount of dust was determined by difference weighing.

water absorption

Water absorption (wt%) tests were performed on the cured blanket from Example 8 and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11 using ASTM C 1104, “Test Method for Determining the Water Vapor Absorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber Insulation”.

Flexural stiffness (EI)

The bending stiffness of the air duct board from Example 9, namely E, the modulus of elasticity and I, the bending moment of inertia, is the force couple required to bend a rigid air duct board. ) was measured according to NAIMA AHS 100-74, "Test Method for Flexural Rigidity of Rectangular Rigid Duct Materials".

hardness

Stiffness tests were conducted on R19 residential blankets from Example 11, using Internal Test Procedure K-117, “Test Procedure for Rigidity of Building Insulation”. An approximately 47.5 inch long (± 0.5 inch) R19 residential blanket sample was placed on the center support bar of a stiffness testing device, which held a protractor scale immediately behind the center support bar. With the ends of the sample hanging freely, the degree at each end of the sample was recorded by reading a protractor ruler while observing along the bottom edge of the sample.

compression resistance

The compression resistance of the air duct boards from Example 9 was measured according to ASTM C 165, "Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations".

Regulated compression resistance

After one week at 90° F. and 95% relative humidity, the controlled compression resistance of the air duct boards from Example 9 was measured according to ASTM C 165, “Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations”.

compression module

The compressive modulus of the air duct board from Example 9 was measured according to ASTM C 165, “Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations”.

Regulated compression module

After one week at 90° F. and 95% relative humidity, the controlled compressive modulus of the air duct board from Example 9 was measured according to ASTM C 165, “Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations”.”

performance when opened

The thermal surface performance test was performed on the cured blanket from Example 8, the R30 residential blanket from Example 10, and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11 using ASTM C 411, “Test Method for Hot Surface Performance of High Temperature Thermal Insulation”. did Thermal surface performance tests were conducted on 3 x 6-inch pieces of pipe insulation product cured from Example 12 at 650°F and 1000°F using ASTM C 411, “Test Method for Hot Surface Performance of High Temperature Thermal Insulation”. . No visible internal temperature rise above the pipe hot surface temperature was observed within these insulations.

corrosive in steel

Corrosion testing was conducted using an internal test procedure Knauf PTL-14 substantially identical to ASTM C 665, comparing steel coupons on the R30 residential blanket from Example 10 and the R19 residential blanket from Example 11.

Smoke from ignition

Smoke evolution on ignition for blankets cured from Example 8, along with calculation of the specific extinction area (SEA), was determined according to ASTM E 1354, “Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen It was measured by cone calorimetry using “Consumption Calorimeter”.

Gaseous compounds produced during pyrolysis

The compounds produced during pyrolysis of the cured blanket from Example 8 were determined as follows: Approximately 10 g cured blanket was placed in a test tube, and the tube was then heated to 1000°F for 2.5 minutes, at which point the head head The headspace was sampled and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) under the following conditions: oven, 50°C/min - 10°C/min to 300°C for 10 minutes; Inlet, 280° C. splitless; column, HP-5 30 mm x 0.32 mm x 0.25 μm; column flow rate, 1.11 ml/min helium; Detector, MSD 280°C; injection volume, 1 ml; detector mode, scan 34-700 amu; threshold, 50; Sampling rate, 22 scans/second. A computer search of the mass spectrum of the chromatographic peaks within these samples was performed against the Wiley library of mass spectra. A best match was reported. A quality index (closeness of the match to the library spectrum) ranging from 0 to 99 was calculated. Only the presence of peaks with a quality index of 90 or higher was reported.

Gaseous compounds generated during thermal curing

The gaseous compounds produced during thermal curing of the uncured pipe insulation from Example 12 were determined as follows: Approximately 0.6 g uncured pipe insulation was placed in an inspection tube, which was then heated to 540°F for 2.5 minutes. It was heated, at which point the headspace was sampled and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) under the following conditions: Oven, 50°C/min to 300°C for 10 min. - 10°C/min; Inlet, 280° C. splitless; column, HP-5 30 mm x 0.32 mm x 0.25 μm; column flow rate, 1.11 ml/min helium; Detector, MSD 280°C; injection volume, 1 ml; detector mode, scan 34-700 amu; threshold, 50; Sampling rate, 22 scans/second. A computer search of the mass spectrum of the chromatographic peaks within these samples was performed against the Wiley library of mass spectra. A best match was reported. A quality index (closeness of the match to the library spectrum) ranging from 0 to 99 was calculated. Only the presence of peaks with a quality index of 90 or higher was reported.

Inspection/Evaluation Results for Cured Triammonium Citrate-Dextrose Adhesive Sample ^a adhesive composition

Triammonium citrate ^b :
Dextrose.H ₂ O ^c

mass ratio molar ratio ^d
COOH:OH ratio ^d
Wet Strength (400°F)
search
(400°F)
wet strength
(350°F)
search
(350°F)
wet strength
(300°F)
search
(300°F)
1:24 (1:30)
0.02:1
dissolved weak
caramel
Color
dissolved weak
caramel
Color
dissolved weak
caramel
Color
1:12 (1:15)
0.04:1
impervious
Transparency,
colorless
dissolved
caramel
Color
dissolved
caramel
Color
1:8 (1:10)
0.06:1
impervious
Transparency,
colorless
part time job
dissolved
caramel
Color
dissolved
caramel
Color
1:6 (1:7)
0.08:1
impervious
Transparency,
colorless
softening
bright
yellow
dissolved
caramel
Color
1:5 (1:6)
0.10:1
impervious
Transparency,
colorless
softening
bright
yellow
dissolved
caramel
Color
1 : 4 ^e (1:5) ^e
0.12:1 ^e
impervious
Transparency,
colorless
softening
bright
yellow
dissolved
caramel
Color
1 : 3 ^e (1:4) ^e
0.15:1 ^e
impervious
Transparency,
colorless
softening
bright
orange color
dissolved
caramel
Color

^a from Example 1 ^b MW = 243 g/mol; 25% (weight percent) solution ^c MW = 198 g/mol; 25% (percentage by weight) solution ^d approx.

^e Associated with a distinct odor of ammonia

Elemental analysis results for cured triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive sample ^a as a function of temperature and time. curing temperature curing time elemental analysis Elemental Analysis C:H C:N 300°F 1 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 48.75%
5.60%
4.10%
8.70 11.89 300°F 1 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 49.47%
5.55%
4.12%
8.91 12.00 300°F 1 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 50.35%
5.41%
4.18%
9.31 12.04
Average: 8.97 11.98 350°F 0.5 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 52.55%
5.20%
4.25%
10.10 12.36 350°F 0.5 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 54.19%
5.08%
4.40%
10.67 12.31 350°F 0.5 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 52.86%
5.17%
4.24%
10.22 12.47
Average: 10.33 12.38
400°F 0.33 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 54.35%
5.09%
4.45%
10.68 12.21 400°F 0.33 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 55.63%
5.06%
4.58%
10.99 12.15 400°F 0.33 hours carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 56.10%
4.89%
4.65%

11.47 12.06
Average: 11.05 12.14

^a From Example 4

Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive ^b vs. Tensile strength measured on glass bead shell present composition ^a made with standard PF adhesive

adhesive description Weathering: dry
Tensile Strength Ratio average ^c dry
tensile strength
(psi) average ^c weathering
tensile strength
(psi) Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.71 286 202 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.76 368 281 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.79 345 271 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.77 333 256 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.82 345 284 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.75 379 286 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d 0.74 447 330 Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^{e 0.76e 358e 273e} Triammonium citrate-dextrose: --- On the day of adhesive manufacturing 0.79 345 271 --- 1 day after adhesive production 0.76 352 266 --- 2 days after adhesive production 0.72 379 272 --- 1 week after manufacturing adhesive 0.88 361 316 --- 2 weeks after manufacturing adhesive 0.82 342 280 Triammonium citrate-dextrose with silane substitution: --- SILQUEST A-187 silane substituted 1:1 by weight relative to SILQUEST A-1101

--- SILQUEST A-187 silane substituted 2:1 by weight relative to SILQUEST A-1101

--- HYDROSIL 2627 silane substituted 1:1 by weight relative to SILQUEST A-1101

--- HYDROSIL 2627 silane substituted 2:1 by weight relative to SILQUEST A-1101

--- Z-6020 silane substituted 1:1 by weight relative to SILQUEST A-1101
--- Z-6020 silane substituted 2:1 by weight relative to SILQUEST A-1101 0.69


0.71


0.87


0.99


0.78

0.78 324


351


337


316


357

373 222


250


293


312


279

291 Standard PF (Ductliner) adhesive 0.79 637 505

^a from example 6 ^b from example 5 ^c average of 9 shell bone samples

^d One of 7 different batches (batches) of triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive prepared over 5 months

^e Average of 7 different batches of triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive prepared over 5 months

Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive variant ^b vs. Tensile strength measured on glass bead shell present composition ^a made with standard PF adhesive

adhesive description 300g glue
within
of additives
amount (grams) Weathering: dry
tensile strength
ratio average ^c dry
tensile strength
(psi) average ^c weathering
tensile strength
(psi) Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d -- 0.76 ^{d 358d 273d} Triammonium Containing Additives
Citrate-dextrose: -Silres BS 1042 ^e 1.6 0.84 381 325 -Silres BS 1042 3.2 0.94 388 363 -Silres BS 1042 4.8 1.01 358 362 -Sodium carbonate 0.45 0.88 281 248 -Sodium carbonate 0.9 0.71 339 242 -Sodium carbonate 1.35 0.89 282 251 -Silres BS 1042 + Sodium Carbonate 1.6 + 1.35 0.84 335 280 -Silres BS 1042 + Sodium Carbonate 3.2 + 0.9 0.93 299 277 -Silres BS 1042 + Sodium Carbonate 4.8 + 0.48 0.73 368 270 -sodium carbonate ^f 0.9 0.83 211 175 -sodium carbonate ^f 0.9 0.69 387 266 -Sodium carbonate 1.8 0.81 222 180 - sodium carbonate ^g 1.8 0.66 394 259 -LE ^46h 6.4 0.80 309 248 -LE 46 12.9 0.98 261 256 -TPX5688/AQUA-TRETE BSM40 ⁱ 5.6 0.78 320 250 -Silres BS 1042 6.4 0.91 308 280 -Trimethylmethoxysilane 0.9 0.78 262 205 -potassium permanganate 0.2 0.69 302 207 ^-PGNj 9 0.82 246 201 -Cloisite NA+ ^k 9 0.71 280 199 -Blown Soya Emulsion (25%) ^l 18 1.04 239 248 - Flaxseed Oil Emulsion (25%) 18 0.90 362 326 -Bentolite L- ^10m 9 1.00 288 288 -Michem 45745 PE emulsion (50%) ⁿ 9 0.81 335 270 -Bone Glue solution ^o 15 0.82 435 358 -tannic acid 4.5 0.79 474 375 - glycine 4.5 0.80 346 277 -glycerol 5.28 0.69 361 249 -Sodium tetraborate decahydrate + glycerol 0.9 + 4.5 0.74 378 280 -Sodium tetraborate decahydrate 1% 0.9 0.86 387 331 -Sodium tetraborate decahydrate 2%
1.8
0.80
335
267 -Sodium tetraborate decahydrate 3% 2.5 0.84 334 282 -Axel INT-26- ^LF95p 0.9 0.70 374 263 -ISO Chill Whey ^q 1% 0.9 0.74 444 328 -ISO Chill Whey 2% 1.8 1.01 407 412 -ISO Chill Whey 5% 4.5 NC ^r 473 NM ^s -Resorcinol 5% 4.5 0.76 331 251 -maltitol 3.23 0.82 311 256 Standard PF (Ductliner) adhesive -- 0.79 637 505

^a from example 6 ^b from example 5 ^c average of 9 shell bone samples

^d Average of 7 different batches of triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive prepared over 5 months

^e Silres BS 1042, a 50% solids emulsion of methylhydrogen polysiloxane

^f replication sample

^g clone sample

^h LE 46, a 35% solids emulsion of polydimethylsiloxane

i TPX5688/AQUA-TRETE BSM40 as a 40% emulsion of alkylsilanes

^j PGN, grade 1 clay, montmorillonite (Nanocor)

^k Cloisite NA+, sodium salt of clay (Southern Clay Products)

^l Blown Soya Emulsion (25%), a 25% solids emulsion of soybean oil containing PEG 400 dioleate (4% on solids) and guar gum (1% on solids)

^m Bentolite L-10, clay (Southern Clay Products)

ⁿ Michem 45745 PE emulsion (50%), 25% solids emulsion of low molecular weight polyethylene

^o Bone Glue solution, 30% solids solution

^p Axel INT-26-LF95, fat-based mold-release agent/emulsion

^q ISO Chill Whey 9010

^r not calculated

^s not measured

Ammonium polycarboxylate-dextrose adhesive variant ^b vs. Polycarboxylic acid-based adhesives vs. Tensile strength measured on glass bead shell present composition ^a made with standard PF adhesive
adhesive description Weathering: dry
tensile strength
ratio average ^c dry
tensile strength
(psi) average ^c weathering
tensile strength
(psi) Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) ^d 0.76 ^{d 358d 273d} Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:5)
+ Sodium Carbonate (0.9 g)
+ Sodium Carbonate (1.8 g) 0.68
0.71
0.78 377
341
313 257
243
243 AQUASET-529+Dex+ammonia ^e 0.41 499 205 AQUASET-529+Dex+Silane ^f 0.57 541 306 AQUASET-529+ammonia+silane ^g 0.11 314 33 AQUASET-529 + Silane ^h 0.48 605 293 PETol + maleic acid + silane ⁱ 0.73 654 477 PETol+maleic acid+TSA+silane ^j 0.64 614 390 [Adhesive ⁱ + Ammonia + Dex + Silane] ^k 0.58 420 245 PETol + citric acid + silane ^l 0.56 539 303 CRITERION 2000 + glycerol ^m 0.26 532 136 CRITERION 2000 + glycerol ⁿ 0.20 472 95 SOKALAN + Dex + Ammonia ^o 0.66 664 437 NF1 + Dex + Ammonia ^p 0.50 877 443 Standard PF (Ductliner) adhesive 0.79 637 505

^a From Example 6

^b from Example 5

^c Average of 9 shell bone samples

^d Average of 7 different batches of triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive prepared over 5 months

^e 200g AQUASET-529 to be a 30% solution + 87g 19% ammonia + 301g dextrose + 301g water

^f 300 ml of solution from adhesive ^e + 0.32 g SILQUEST A-1101

^g 200g AQUASET-529 + 87g 19% Ammonia + 101g Water + 0.6g SILQUEST A-1101

^h AQUASET-529 + SILQUEST A-1101 diluted to 30% solids (at 0.5% solids adhesive)

ⁱ 136 g pentaerythritol + 98 g maleic anhydride + 130 g water refluxed for 30 minutes; 232 g of the resulting solution mixed with 170 g water and 0.6 g SILQUEST A-1101

^j refluxed for 30 minutes 136 g pentaerythritol + 98 g maleic anhydride + 130 g water + 1.5 ml of 66% p -toluenesulfonic acid; 232 g of the resulting solution mixed with 170 g water and 0.6 g SILQUEST A-1101

^k 220g adhesive ⁱ + 39g 19% ammonia +135g dextrose + 97g water + 0.65g SILQUEST A-1101

^l 128 g citric acid + 45 g pentaerythritol + 125 g water refluxed for 20 minutes; The resulting mixture is diluted to 30% solids and ILQUEST A-1101 is added at 0.5% solids.

^m 200g Kemira CRITERION 2000 + 23g Glycerol + 123g Water + 0.5g SILQUEST A-1101

ⁿ 200g Kemira CRITERION 2000 + 30g Glycerol + 164g Water + 0.6g SILQUEST A-1101

^o 100g BASF SOKALAN CP 10 S + 57g 19% Ammonia + 198g Dextrose + 180g Water + 0.8g SILQUEST A-1101

^p 211g HB Fuller NF1 + 93g 19% Ammonia + 321g Dextrose + 222g Water + 1.33g SILQUEST A-1101

Ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar adhesive modification ^b vs. Tensile strength measured on glass bead shell present composition ^a made with standard PF adhesive
adhesive description
molar ratio Weathering: dry
tensile strength
ratio average ^c dry
tensile strength
(psi) average ^c weathering
tensile strength
(psi) Triammonium citrate-dextrose ^d Dextrose = 2xCOOH 0.76 ^{d 358d 273d}
Triammonium citrate-DHA ^e DHA = 2xCOOH 1.02 130 132
Triammonium Citrate-Xylose Xylose = 2xCOOH 0.75 322 241
Triammonium citrate-fructose Fructose = 2xCOOH 0.79 363 286
Diammonium Tartrate-Dextrose Dextrose = 2xCOOH 0.76 314 239
Diammonium maleate-dextrose Dextrose = 2xCOOH 0.78 393 308
Diammonium Maliphosphate-Dextrose Dextrose = 2xCOOH 0.67 49 280 Diammonium succinate-dextrose Dextrose = 2xCOOH 0.70 400 281 Ammonium lactate ^f -dextrose Dextrose = 2xCOOH 0.68 257 175
ammonia + tannic acid ^g -dextrose Dextrose=2x NH ₄ ^+h 0.50 395 199 Standard PF (Ductliner) adhesive --- 0.79 637 505

^a From Example 6

^b from Example 5

^c Average of 9 shell bone samples

^d Average of 7 batches

^e DHA = dihydroxyacetone

^f Monocarboxylate

^g non-carboxylic acid

^h pH ≥ 7

Ammonium polycarboxylate-sugar (1:6) adhesive variant ^b vs. Tensile strength and loss on ignition measured on glass fiber mat ^a prepared with standard PF adhesive
adhesive composition average %
LOI Weathering: dry
tensile strength
ratio average ^c dry
tensile strength
(lb force) average ^c weathering
tensile strength
(lb force) Triammonium Citrate - Dex ^d 5.90 0.63 11.4 7.2 Triammonium Citrate-Dex 6.69 0.72 14.6 10.5 Diammonium Maliphosphate-Dex 5.02 0.86 10.2 8.8 Diammonium Maliphosphate-Dex 6.36 0.78 10.6 8.3 Diammonium Succinate-Dex 5.12 0.61 8.0 4.9 Diammonium Succinate-Dex 4.97 0.76 7.5 5.7 Triammonium Citrate - Fruc ^e 5.80 0.57 11.9 6.8 Triammonium Citrate-Fruc 5.96 0.60 11.4 6.8 Diammonium Maliphosphate-Fruc 6.01 0.60 9.0 5.4 Diammonium Maliphosphate-Fruc 5.74 0.71 7.9 5.6 Diammonium Succinate-Fruc 4.60 1.05 3.7 3.9 Diammonium Succinate-Fruc 4.13 0.79 4.4 3.5 Triammonium citrate-DHA ^f 4.45 0.96 4.7 4.5 Triammonium Citrate-DHA 4.28 0.74 5.4 4.0 Triammonium citrate-DHA-glycerol ^g 3.75 0.52 8.5 4.4 Triammonium citrate-DHA-glycerol ^g 3.38 0.59 8.0 4.7 Triammonium Citrate-DHA-PETol ^h 4.96 0.61 10.7 6.5 Triammonium Citrate-DHA-PETol ^h 5.23 0.65 9.4 6.1 Triammonium Citrate-DHA-PVOH ⁱ 5.11 0.74 15.7 11.6 Triammonium Citrate-DHA-PVOH ⁱ 5.23 0.85 14.9 12.6 Standard PF adhesive ^j 7.22 0.75 15.9 12.0 Standard PF adhesive ^j 8.05 0.75 18.8 14.2

^a From Example 7

^b from Example 5

^c Average of 3 fiberglass mats

^d Dex = dextrose

^e Fruc = fructose

^f DHA = dihydroxyacetone

Glycerol replacing 25% of DHA by weight in ^grams

^h PETol = pentaerythritol replacing 25% of DHA by weight

ⁱ PVOH = polyvinyl alcohol (86-89% hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, MW ~ 22K-26K) replacing 20% DHA by weight.

^j Ductliner adhesive

Example 8: Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive vs. Inspection results for blankets cured from standard PF adhesives

test
Melanoidin - fiber glass
Cured Blanket
"glue"
PF Glue - Fiberglass
Cured Blanket
"standard"
standard
glue %
density 0.65 0.67 97% Ignition loss (%) 13.24% 10.32% 128% Thickness restoration (dead, in.) 1.46 1.59 92% Thickness restoration (drop, in.) 1.55 1.64 94% dust (mg) 8.93 8.80 102% Tensile strength (lb/in. width) portrait orientation 2.77 3.81 73% landscape orientation 1.93 2.33 83% average 2.35 3.07 76% Split Strength (g/g) portrait orientation 439.22 511.92 86% landscape orientation 315.95 468.99 67% average 377.59 490.46 77% Bond Strength (lb/ft ² ) 11.58 14.23 81% water absorption
(weight%) 1.24% 1.06% 116% performance when opened Pass Pass -- product emissions
(96 hours) Total VOCs (μg/m ³ ) 0 6 0% Total HCHO (ppm) 0 56 0% Total Aldehydes (ppm) 6 56 11%

Example 8: Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive vs. Smoke evolution on ignition for blankets cured from standard PF adhesives Average SEA ^a external heat flux Melanoidin - fiber glass
Cured Blanket PF Glue - Fiberglass
Cured Blanket 35 kW/ ^m2 2,396 ㎡/kg 4,923 ㎡/kg 35 kW/ ^m2 1,496 ㎡/kg 11,488 ㎡/kg 35 kW/ ^m2 3,738 ㎡ / kg 6,848 ㎡ / kg Total average = 2,543 m2/kg Overall average=7,756 ㎡/kg 50 kW/m ² 2,079 ㎡/kg 7,305 ㎡/kg 50 kW/m ² 3,336 ㎡/kg 6,476 ㎡/kg 50 kW/m ² 1,467 ㎡ / kg 1,156 ㎡ / kg Overall average = 2,294 m2/kg Total average = 4,979 m2/kg

^a SEA = specific extinction area

Example 9: Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive vs. Test results for air duct boards from standard PF adhesives
test melanoidin - fiber
glass air duct
Board “glue” PF Adhesive - Textile
glass air duct
board “standard” standard
glue % density 4.72 4.66 101% Ignition loss (%) 18.5% 16.8% 110% bending stiffness
(lb in ² / width in) portrait orientation 724 837 86% landscape orientation 550 544 101% average 637 691 92% Compression (psi) resistance at 10% 0.67 0.73 92% Compression (psi) resistance at 20% 1.34 1.34 100% Compression regulated at 10% (psi)
resistance 0.719 0.661 109% Compression regulated at 20% (psi)
resistance 1.31 1.24 106% Compression module (psi) 6.85 7.02 97% Regulated compression module (psi) 6.57 6.44 102% product emissions
(96 hours) Total VOCs (μg/m ³ ) 40 39 102% Total HCHO (ppm) 0.007 0.043 16% Total Aldehydes (ppm) 0.007 0.043 16%

Example 10: Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive vs. Test Results for R30 Residential Blankets from Standard PF Adhesives
test glue ^a
(Std%) glue ^b
(Std%) glue ^c
(Std%) PF
Glue Std thickness restoration
(Dead, in.): 1 week
6 weeks
10.05 (97%)
7.17 (91%)
10.36 (99%)
7.45 (94%)
9.75 (94%)
7.28 (92%)
10.38
7.90 thickness restoration
(drop, in.): 1 week
6 weeks
11.06 (101%)
9.07 (101%)
4.23 (102%)
9.06 (101%)
11.01 (100%)
9.31 (103%)
11.00
8.99 Split strength (g/g) portrait orientation 214.62 (78%) 186.80 (68%) 228.22 (83%) 275.65 landscape orientation 219.23 (75%) 202.80 (70%) 210.62 (72%) 290.12 average 216.93 (77%) 194.80 (69%) 219.42 (77%) 282.89 Durability of Split Strength
(g/g) portrait orientation 214.62 (84%) 209.54 (82%) 259.58 (102%) 254.11 landscape orientation 219.23 (87%) 204.12 (81%) 221.44 (88%) 252.14 average 216.93 (86%) 206.83 (82%) 240.5195%) 253.13 Bond Strength (lb/ft2) 1.86 (84%) NM ^d NM ^d 2.20 dust (mg) 0.0113 (79%) 0.0137 (96%) 0.0101 (71%) 0.0142 Performance when opened (pass/fail) Pass Pass Pass Pass Corrosive (Steel) (Pass/Fail)
Pass
Pass
Pass
NM ^d

^a melanoidin adhesive; Nominal machine conditions yielding a 5% loss on ignition

^b melanoidin adhesive; Machine adjustment to increase ignition loss to 6.3%

^c melanoidin adhesive; Mechanical adjustments that increase loss on ignition by 6.6%

^d not measured

Example 11 (Batch A-1): Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive vs. Test Results for R19 Residential Blankets from Standard PF Adhesives
test melanoidin - fiber
Glass R19 Residential
"glue" PF Adhesive - Textile
Glass R19 Residential
"standard"
standard
glue % Thickness Restoration (Dead, in.):
1 week
5 weeks
6 weeks
3 months
6.02
6.15
4.97
6.63
6.05
6.67
5.14
6.20
99%
92%
97%
107%
Thickness Restoration (Drop, in.):
1 week
4 weeks
6 weeks
3 months
6.79
6.92
5.83
7.27
6.69
7.11
6.07
6.79
101%
97%
96%
107% dust (mg) 2.88 8.03 36% Tensile strength (lb/in. width) portrait orientation 2.42 3.47 70% landscape orientation 2.00 3.03 66% average 2.21 3.25 68% Split Strength (g/g) portrait orientation 128.18 173.98 74% landscape orientation 118.75 159.42 74% average 123.47 166.70 74% Endurance of Split Strength (g/g) portrait orientation 143.69 161.73 89% landscape orientation 127.30 149.20 85% average 135.50 155.47 87% Bond Strength (lb/ft ² ) 1.97 2.37 83% water absorption (%) 7.1 7.21 98% performance when opened Pass Pass --- corrosion Pass Pass --- hardness 49.31 44.94 110%

Example 11: Triammonium citrate-dextrose (1:6) adhesive modification vs. Test Results for R19 Residential Blankets from Standard PF Adhesives
test
Glue Placement
A- ^2a (Std%)
Glue Placement
B ^a (Std%)
Glue Placement
C ^a (Std%)
Glue Placement
D ^a (Std%) PF
glue
Std. thickness restoration
(Dead, in.): 1 week
6 weeks
5.94 (99%)
4.86 (91%)
5.86 (98%)
5.29 (99%)
6.09 (101%)
5.0 (93%)
6.25 (104%)
5.10 (95%)
6.01 thickness restoration
(drop, in.): 1 week
6 weeks
6.83 (105%)
5.76 (96%)
6.7025 (103%)
6.02 (100%)
6.81 (104%)
5.89 (98%)
6.88 (105%)
6.00 (100%)
6.00 Tensile Strength (lb/in) portrait orientation 1.28 (36%) 1.40 (39%) 1.71 (48%) 1.55 (43%) 3.58 landscape orientation 1.65 (71%) 1.21 (52%) 1.12 (48%) 1.12 (48%) 2.31 average 1.47 (50%) 1.31 (44%) 1.42 (48%) 1.34 (45%) 2.95 Split Strength (g/g) portrait orientation 111.82 (42%) 164.73 (62%) 136.00 (51%) 164.56 (62%) 264.81 landscape orientation 140.11 (85%) 127.93 (78%) 126.46 (77%) 108.44 (66%) 164.60 average 125.97 (59%) 146.33 (68%) 131.23 (61%) 136.50 (64%) 214.71 split strength
Durability (g/g) portrait orientation 138.55 (72%) 745.62 (76%) 113.37 (59%) 176.63 (92%) 191.20 landscape orientation 158.17 (104%) 116.44 (77%) 97.10 (64%) 162.81 (107%) 151.49 average 148.36 (86%) 131.03 (76%) 105.24 (61%) 169.72 (99%) 171.35 bond strength
(lb/ft2) 1.30 (52%) 1.50 (60%) 1.60 (64%) 1.60 (64%) 2.50 Dust (mg) 0.0038 (86%) 0.0079 (179%) 0.0053 (120%) 0.0056 (126%) 0.0044 Stiffness (degrees)
57.50 (N/A) 55.50 (N/A) 61.44 (N/A) 59.06(N/A) 39.38

a Melanoidin glue

GC/MS Analysis of Gaseous Compounds Produced During Pyrolysis of Cured Blanket (from Example 8) Made with Ammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive retention time (min) hypothetical confirmation % peak area 1.15 2-cyclopentene-1-one 10.67 1.34 2,5-Dimethyl-furan 5.84 3.54 Furan 2.15 3.60 3-methyl-2,5-furandione 3.93 4.07 phenol 0.38 4.89 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 1.24 5.11 2-Methylphenol 1.19 5.42 4-methylphenol 2.17 6.46 2,4-dimethyl-phenol 1.13 10.57 dimethyl phthalate 0.97 17.89 octadecanoic acid 1.00 22.75 erucylamide 9.72

GC/MS Analysis of Gaseous Compounds Produced During Thermal Curing of Uncured Pipe Insulation (from Example 12) Made with Ammonium Citrate-Dextrose (1:6) Adhesive retention time (min) check % peak area 1.33 2,5-dimethylfuran 1.02 2.25 Furfural or 3-furaldehyde 2.61 2.48 2-furanmethanol or 3-furanmethanol 1.08 3.13 1-(2-furanyl)-ethanone 0.52 3.55 Furan 4.92 3.62 2-Pyridinecarboxyaldehyde 0.47 3.81 5-Methylfurfural 3.01 3.99 Furancarboxylic acid, methyl ester 0.34 4.88 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-furandione 0.53 5.41 2-Furancarboxylic acid 1.01 6.37 2-amino-6-hydroxymethylpyridine 1.08 6.67 6-methyl-3-pyridinol 0.49 7.59 2-Furancarboxaldehyde 0.47 7.98 picolinamide 0.24 10.34 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 0.23 16.03 hexadecanoic acid 0.21 17.90 octadecanoic acid 2.97 22.74 erucylamide 10.02

Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described and/or illustrated above, various modifications thereof are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described and/or illustrated herein.

Claims (1)

Use of an adhesive comprising a Maillard reactant having (i) an amine and (ii) a carbohydrate, wherein the adhesive is (i) uncured and (ii) free of formaldehyde.

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