KR20220014100A - Light route control member and display having the same - Google Patents

Abstract

According to an embodiment of the present invention, an optical path control member includes: a first substrate by which a first direction and a second direction are defined; a first electrode disposed on the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the first substrate and by which the first direction and the second direction are defined; a second electrode disposed under the second substrate; and an optical conversion unit disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the optical conversion unit includes a plurality of barrier rib portions and a plurality of accommodation portions arranged alternately, an optical conversion material is disposed in the accommodation portion, a 1-1 sealing portion is disposed at one end of the accommodation portion, a first 1-2 sealing portion is disposed at the other end of the accommodation portion, and at least one sealing portion of the 1-1 sealing portion and the 1-2 sealing portion includes a sealing material and the optical conversion material. Accordingly, a transmission mode and a light blocking mode can be implemented according to application of voltage even in all or a part of an area where the sealing portion is disposed.

Description

A light path control member and a display device including the same

Embodiments relate to a light path control member and a display device including the same.

The light-shielding film blocks the transmission of light from the light source. It is attached to the front of the display panel, which is a display device used for mobile phones, laptops, tablet PCs, vehicle navigation, and vehicle touch, and the angle of incidence of light when the display transmits the screen. Accordingly, it is used for the purpose of expressing clear image quality at the required viewing angle by adjusting the viewing angle of the light.

In addition, the light-shielding film is used for a window of a vehicle or a building to partially block external light to prevent glare or to prevent the inside from being seen from the outside.

That is, the light blocking film may be a light path control member that controls a movement path of light to block light in a specific direction and transmit light in a specific direction. Accordingly, by controlling the light transmission angle by the light-shielding film, it is possible to control the viewing angle of the user.

On the other hand, such a light-shielding film is a light-shielding film that can always control the viewing angle regardless of the surrounding environment or the user's environment, and a switchable light-shielding film that allows the user to turn on/off the viewing angle control according to the surrounding environment or the user's environment. can be distinguished.

Such a switchable light blocking film is filled with a light conversion material containing particles that can move according to the application of voltage and a dispersion liquid dispersing them inside the receiving part, and the receiving part is changed into a light transmitting part and a light blocking part by dispersion and aggregation of the particles. can be implemented.

That is, the switchable light blocking film may include a plurality of accommodating portions filled with a light conversion material to change the path of light.

As described above, these patterns are formed by filling the viscous light conversion material. Accordingly, there is a problem in that the light-converting material is leaked to the outside while the switchable light-shielding film is in use, or impurities are permeated into the dispersion, so that the driving characteristics and reliability of the switchable light-shielding film are deteriorated.

Accordingly, both ends of the accommodating part may be sealed by the sealing part to seal the light conversion material inside the accommodating part.

However, since the sealing portion is formed as a bezel area having no light conversion characteristic, there is a problem in that the bezel area of the optical path control member is increased by the sealing portion.

Accordingly, there is a need for a light path control member having a new structure capable of solving the above problems.

The embodiment is to provide a light path control member that can be used in various modes in various environments and uses by forming the sealing portion of the light path control member to act as a sealing role and a light conversion role.

An optical path control member according to an embodiment includes: a first substrate on which a first direction and a second direction are defined; a first electrode disposed on the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the first substrate and defining the first direction and the second direction; a second electrode disposed under the second substrate; and a light conversion unit disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light conversion unit includes a plurality of barrier rib portions and a plurality of accommodation portions arranged alternately, and a light conversion material is disposed in the accommodation portion, , A 1-1 sealing part is disposed at one end of the accommodating part, a 1-2 sealing part is disposed at the other end of the accommodating part, and at least one sealing part of the 1-1 sealing part and the 1-2 sealing part a sealing material and a light converting material.

The light path control member according to the embodiment may include the light conversion material together with the sealing material in the sealing part sealing the light conversion material inside the accommodating part.

Accordingly, it is possible to implement a transmission mode and a light blocking mode according to the application of voltage even in all or a part of the region where the sealing part is disposed.

Accordingly, in the light path control member, a portion of the sealing region defined as the bezel area may be used as an effective area having light conversion characteristics if necessary, so that the light path control member is driven in various modes in various environments and uses. can do it

1 is a view showing a perspective view of a light path control member according to a first embodiment.
2 and 3 are views illustrating cross-sectional views taken along area AA′ of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a cross-sectional view taken along region BB′ of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 5 is a view showing a cross-sectional view taken along the CC′ region of FIG. 1 .
6 is a perspective view of a light path control member according to a second embodiment.
7 is a diagram illustrating a top view of a second substrate on which the first and second substrates of the light path control member are laminated according to the second embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a cross-sectional view taken along a region DD′ of FIG. 6 .
9 and 10 are cross-sectional views illustrating a display device to which a light path control member according to an exemplary embodiment is applied.
11 to 13 are diagrams for explaining an embodiment of a display device to which a light path control member according to an embodiment is applied.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the technical spirit of the present invention is not limited to some of the described embodiments, but may be implemented in various different forms, and within the scope of the technical spirit of the present invention, one or more of the components may be selected between the embodiments. It can be used by combining or substituted with .

In addition, terms (including technical and scientific terms) used in the embodiments of the present invention may be generally understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs, unless specifically defined and described explicitly. It may be interpreted as a meaning, and generally used terms such as terms defined in advance may be interpreted in consideration of the contextual meaning of the related art.

In addition, the terminology used in the embodiments of the present invention is for describing the embodiments and is not intended to limit the present invention. In this specification, the singular form may also include the plural form unless otherwise specified in the phrase, and when it is described as "at least one (or one or more) of A and (and) B, C", it can be combined with A, B, and C. It may include one or more of all possible combinations.

In addition, in describing the components of the embodiment of the present invention, terms such as first, second, A, B, (a), (b), etc. may be used. These terms are only for distinguishing the component from other components, and are not limited to the essence, order, or order of the component by the term.

And, when it is described that a component is 'connected', 'coupled' or 'connected' to another component, the component is not only directly connected, coupled or connected to the other component, but also with the component It may also include a case of 'connected', 'coupled' or 'connected' due to another element between the other elements.

In addition, when it is described as being formed or disposed on "above (above) or below (below)" of each component, the top (above) or bottom (below) is one as well as when two components are in direct contact with each other. Also includes a case in which another component as described above is formed or disposed between two components.

In addition, when expressed as “up (up) or down (down)”, it may include not only the upward direction but also the meaning of the downward direction based on one component.

Below. A light path control member according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 14 .

1 to 14 , the light path control member according to the first embodiment includes a first substrate 110 , a second substrate 120 , a first electrode 210 , a second electrode 220 , and light conversion. It may include a part 300 .

The first substrate 110 may support the first electrode 210 . The first substrate 110 may be rigid or flexible.

Also, the first substrate 110 may be transparent. For example, the first substrate 110 may include a transparent substrate capable of transmitting light.

The first substrate 110 may include glass, plastic, or a flexible polymer film. For example, the flexible polymer film is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (Polycabonate, PC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), polymethyl methacrylic Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyether Sulfone (PES), Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC), TAC (Triacetylcellulose) film, Polyvinyl alcohol ( Polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) film, polyimide (Polyimide, PI) film, may be made of any one of polystyrene (Polystyrene, PS), this is only an example, but is not necessarily limited thereto.

In addition, the first substrate 110 may be a flexible substrate having a flexible characteristic.

Also, the first substrate 110 may be a curved or bent substrate. That is, the optical path control member including the first substrate 110 may also be formed to have flexible, curved, or bent characteristics. For this reason, the light path control member according to the embodiment may be changed into various designs.

The first substrate 110 may extend in a first direction 1A, a second direction 2A, and a third direction 3A.

In detail, the first substrate 110 extends in a first direction 1A corresponding to the length or width direction of the first substrate 110 and in a direction different from the first direction 1A, and the first substrate A second direction 2A corresponding to the length or width direction of 110 , and a direction different from the first direction 1A and the second direction 2A, the thickness direction of the first substrate 110 . and a third direction 3A corresponding to .

For example, the first direction 1A may be defined as a longitudinal direction of the first substrate 110 , and the second direction 2A may be defined as a first substrate ( 2A) perpendicular to the first direction 1A. 110 , and the third direction 3A may be defined as a thickness direction of the first substrate 110 . Alternatively, the first direction 1A may be defined as a width direction of the first substrate 110 , and the second direction 2A may be perpendicular to the first direction 1A of the first substrate 110 . may be defined in a length direction of , and the third direction 3A may be defined as a thickness direction of the first substrate 110 .

Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, the first direction 1A is the longitudinal direction of the first substrate 110 , the second direction 2A is the width direction of the first substrate 110 , and the second direction 1A is the width direction of the first substrate 110 . The three directions 3A will be described as the thickness direction of the first substrate 110 .

The first electrode 210 may be disposed on one surface of the first substrate 110 . In detail, the first electrode 210 may be disposed on the upper surface of the first substrate 110 . That is, the first electrode 210 may be disposed between the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 .

The first electrode 210 may include a transparent conductive material. For example, the first electrode 210 may include a conductive material having a light transmittance of about 80% or more. For example, the first electrode 210 may include indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, copper oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, It may include a metal oxide such as titanium oxide.

The first electrode 210 may have a thickness of about 10 nm to about 300 nm.

Alternatively, the first electrode 210 may include various metals to realize low resistance. For example, the first electrode 210 may include chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), or molybdenum (Mo). It may include at least one metal among gold (Au), titanium (Ti), and alloys thereof.

The first electrode 210 may be disposed on the entire surface of one surface of the first substrate 110 . In detail, the first electrode 210 may be disposed as a surface electrode on one surface of the first substrate 110 . However, the embodiment is not limited thereto, and the first electrode 210 may be formed of a plurality of pattern electrodes having a uniform pattern such as a mesh or stripe shape.

For example, the first electrode 210 may include a plurality of conductive patterns. In detail, the first electrode 210 may include a plurality of mesh lines crossing each other and a plurality of mesh openings formed by the mesh lines.

Accordingly, even if the first electrode 210 includes a metal, the first electrode is not visually recognized from the outside, so that visibility may be improved. In addition, the light transmittance is increased by the openings, so that the luminance of the light path control member according to the embodiment may be improved.

The second substrate 120 may be disposed on the first substrate 110 . In detail, the second substrate 120 may be disposed on the first electrode 210 on the first substrate 110 .

The second substrate 120 may include a material capable of transmitting light. The second substrate 120 may include a transparent material. The second substrate 120 may include the same or similar material to that of the first substrate 110 described above.

For example, the second substrate 120 may include glass, plastic, or a flexible polymer film. For example, the flexible polymer film is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (Polycabonate, PC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), polymethyl methacrylic Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyether Sulfone (PES), Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC), TAC (Triacetylcellulose) film, Polyvinyl alcohol ( Polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) film, polyimide (Polyimide, PI) film, may be made of any one of polystyrene (Polystyrene, PS), this is only an example, but is not necessarily limited thereto.

In addition, the second substrate 120 may be a flexible substrate having a flexible characteristic.

Also, the second substrate 120 may be a curved or bent substrate. That is, the optical path control member including the second substrate 120 may also be formed to have flexible, curved, or bent characteristics. For this reason, the light path control member according to the embodiment may be changed into various designs.

The second substrate 120 may also extend in the first direction 1A, the second direction 2A, and the third direction 3A in the same manner as the first substrate 110 described above.

In detail, the second substrate 120 extends in a first direction 1A corresponding to the length or width direction of the second substrate 120 and in a direction different from the first direction 1A, and the second substrate A second direction 2A corresponding to the length or width direction of 120 , and a direction different from the first direction 1A and the second direction 2A, the thickness direction of the second substrate 120 . and a third direction 3A corresponding to .

For example, the first direction 1A may be defined as a longitudinal direction of the second substrate 120 , and the second direction 2A may be a second substrate ( 2A) perpendicular to the first direction 1A. 120 may be defined in a width direction, and the third direction 3A may be defined as a thickness direction of the second substrate 120 .

Alternatively, the first direction 1A may be defined as a width direction of the second substrate 120 , and the second direction 2A may be a second substrate 120 perpendicular to the first direction 1A. may be defined in a length direction of , and the third direction 3A may be defined as a thickness direction of the second substrate 120 .

Hereinafter, for convenience of description, the first direction 1A is the longitudinal direction of the second substrate 120 , the second direction 2A is the width direction of the second substrate 120 , and the second direction 1A is the width direction of the second substrate 120 . The three directions 3A will be described as the thickness direction of the second substrate 120 .

The second electrode 220 may be disposed on one surface of the second substrate 120 . In detail, the second electrode 220 may be disposed on the lower surface of the second substrate 120 . That is, the second electrode 220 may be disposed on a surface of the second substrate 120 where the second substrate 120 and the first substrate 110 face each other. That is, the second electrode 220 may be disposed to face the first electrode 210 on the first substrate 110 . That is, the second electrode 220 may be disposed between the first electrode 210 and the second substrate 120 .

The second electrode 220 may include the same or similar material to the first electrode 210 described above.

The second electrode 220 may include a transparent conductive material. For example, the second electrode 220 may include a conductive material having a light transmittance of about 80% or more. For example, the second electrode 220 may include indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, copper oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, It may include a metal oxide such as titanium oxide.

The second electrode 220 may have a thickness of about 10 nm to about 300 nm.

Alternatively, the second electrode 220 may include various metals to realize low resistance. For example, the second electrode 220 may be chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), or molybdenum (Mo). It may include at least one metal among gold (Au), titanium (Ti), and alloys thereof.

The second electrode 220 may be disposed on the entire surface of one surface of the second substrate 120 . However, the embodiment is not limited thereto, and the second electrode 220 may be formed of a plurality of pattern electrodes having a predetermined pattern such as a mesh or stripe shape.

For example, the second electrode 220 may include a plurality of conductive patterns. In detail, the second electrode 220 may include a plurality of mesh lines crossing each other and a plurality of mesh openings formed by the mesh lines.

Accordingly, even if the second electrode 220 includes a metal, the second electrode is not visually recognized from the outside, so that visibility may be improved. In addition, the light transmittance is increased by the openings, so that the luminance of the light path control member according to the embodiment may be improved.

The first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 may have the same or different sizes. That is, the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 may have different areas while having corresponding lengths.

In detail, the first length extending in the first direction 1A of the first substrate 110 is the same as or similar to the second length extending in the first direction 1A of the second substrate 120 . can have

For example, the first length and the second length may have a size of 300 mm to 400 mm.

In addition, a first width extending in the second direction 2A of the first substrate 110 may be the same as or similar to a second width extending in the second direction of the second substrate 120 . .

For example, the first width and the second width may have a size of 150 mm to 200 mm.

In addition, a first thickness extending in the third direction 3A of the first substrate 110 may be the same as or similar to a second thickness extending in the third direction of the second substrate 120 . .

For example, the first thickness and the second thickness may have a size of 1 mm or less.

The first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 may include protrusions. Referring to FIG. 1 , the first substrate 110 may include a first protrusion PA1 , and the second substrate 120 may include a second protrusion PA2 . In detail, the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 may each include a first protrusion PA1 and a second protrusion PA2 that are displaced from each other.

A connection region connected to an external printed circuit board or a flexible printed circuit board may be formed in the first protrusion PA1 of the first substrate 110 and the second protrusion PA2 of the second substrate 120, respectively. have.

In detail, a first connection area CA1 may be disposed on the first protrusion PA1 , and a second connection area CA2 may be disposed on the second protrusion PA2 . When the first protrusion PA1 and the second protrusion PA2 are disposed at positions displaced from each other, the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 move in the third direction 3A. They may be arranged so as not to overlap.

The first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 may be disposed on the same surface. Alternatively, the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 may be disposed on different surfaces.

When the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 are disposed on the same surface, the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 o,f a printed circuit board or When connecting to the flexible printed circuit board, since it can be connected on the same surface, it can be easily connected.

A conductive material is exposed on upper surfaces of the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2, respectively, and the optical path is controlled through the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 The member may be electrically connected to an external printed circuit board or a flexible printed circuit board.

For example, a pad part is disposed on the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2, and an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) is disposed between the pad part and the printed circuit board or flexible printed circuit board; A conductive adhesive including at least one of anisotropic conductive pastes (ACP) may be disposed to connect the conductive adhesives.

Alternatively, between the first connection area CA1 and the second connection area CA2 and the printed circuit board or flexible printed circuit board, an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) and an anisotropic conductive paste (ACP) comprising at least one Conductive adhesives can be placed for direct connection without padding.

The light path control member may include a plurality of sealing parts.

Referring to FIG. 1 , the light path controlling member includes a first sealing part 510 extending in a first direction of the light path controlling member and a second sealing part 520 extending in a second direction of the light path controlling member. ) may be included.

The first sealing part 510 may be disposed at both end areas of the light path control member in the second direction. For example, the first sealing part 510 may include a 1-1 sealing part 511 disposed at one end of the light path control member in the second direction and a first sealing part 511 disposed at the other end of the light path control member in the second direction. 1-2 sealing parts 512 may be included.

In addition, the second sealing part 520 may be disposed at both end areas of the light path control member in the first direction. For example, the second sealing part 520 may include a 2-1 th sealing part 521 disposed at one end of the light path control member in the first direction and a second sealing part 521 disposed at the other end of the light path control member in the second direction. A 2-2 sealing part 522 may be included.

The first sealing part 510 and the second sealing part 520 may be formed by disposing a sealing material in the hole formed in the second substrate 120 .

Meanwhile, the light path control member may include a dam unit 600 .

The dam unit 600 may be formed by filling a hole penetrating the second substrate 120 , the second electrode 220 , the buffer layer 410 , and the light conversion unit 300 with a material for forming a dam. can

The dam unit 600 is a material that controls the injection length of the light conversion material when the light conversion material 330 is injected into the receiving unit 320, and the light conversion material ( 330) can be prevented from overflowing in the outward direction of the dam.

The light conversion unit 300 may be disposed between the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 . In detail, the light conversion unit 300 may be disposed between the first electrode 210 and the second electrode 220 .

An adhesive layer or a buffer layer may be disposed between the light conversion unit 300 and the first substrate 110 or between at least one of the light conversion unit 300 and the second substrate 120 , and the adhesive layer and/or the first substrate 110 , the second substrate 120 , and the light conversion unit 300 may be adhered to each other by a buffer layer.

For example, an adhesive layer 410 is disposed between the first electrode 210 and the light conversion unit 300 , whereby the first substrate 110 and the light conversion unit 300 may be adhered to each other. have.

In addition, a buffer layer 420 is disposed between the second electrode 220 and the light conversion unit 300, whereby the second electrode 220 and the light conversion unit ( 300) can improve the adhesion.

The aforementioned holes may be formed to pass through all or part of the buffer layer 420 and the light conversion unit 300 . That is, the hole may pass through the second substrate 120 , the second electrode 220 , the buffer layer 420 in the third direction, and sequentially pass through all or part of the light conversion unit 300 . can

The light conversion unit 300 may include a plurality of partition walls 310 and a receiving unit 320 . A light conversion material 330 including light conversion particles moving according to the application of a voltage and a dispersion liquid for dispersing the light conversion particles may be disposed in the receiving unit 320 , and a light path controlling member is formed by the light conversion particles may change the light transmission characteristics.

In addition, a sealing part 500 sealing the light conversion material 330 and a dam unit 600 for easily injecting the light conversion material 330 may be disposed in the receiving part 320 .

The receiving part 320 may be disposed to extend in one direction. In detail, the accommodating part 320 may extend in a direction corresponding to the second direction 2A of the first substrate 110 or the second substrate 120 . That is, the accommodating part 320 may be disposed to extend in a direction corresponding to the width direction of the first substrate 110 or the second substrate 120 .

Accordingly, both ends of the receiving part 320 of the light path control member according to the first embodiment may be disposed to face both ends of the first substrate 110 or the second substrate 120 , respectively. That is, one end of the accommodating part 320 is disposed to face one end of the first substrate 110 or the second substrate 120 in the second direction 2A, and the accommodating part 320 . The other end of the first substrate 110 or the second substrate 120 may be disposed to face the other end in the second direction 2A.

Accordingly, both ends of the accommodating part 320 may be disposed in contact with the first sealing part 510 disposed to face in the second direction 2A, and may be disposed in contact with the second sealing part 520 and They may be spaced apart.

On the other hand, the accommodating part 320 may be disposed to extend to the second protrusion, and the accommodating part 320 on the second protrusion does not contain a light-converting material or contains a different light-converting material. may contain less than

2 and 3 are views illustrating a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A' of FIG. 1 .

2 and 3 , the light conversion unit 300 may include a partition wall unit 310 and a receiving unit 320 .

The partition wall part 310 may be defined as a partition wall area dividing the accommodation part. That is, the barrier rib portion 310 may transmit light as a barrier rib region partitioning a plurality of accommodation units. That is, light emitted from the direction of the first substrate 110 or the second substrate 120 may pass through the barrier rib portion.

The partition wall part 310 and the accommodating part 320 may be disposed to extend in the second direction 2A of the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 . That is, the partition wall part 310 and the accommodating part 320 may be disposed to extend in a width direction or a length direction of the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 .

The partition wall part 310 and the accommodating part 320 may be disposed to have different widths. For example, the width of the partition wall portion 310 may be greater than the width of the accommodation portion 320 .

In addition, the accommodating part 320 may be formed in a shape extending from the first electrode 210 to the second electrode 220 and narrowing in width.

The partition wall part 310 and the accommodating part 320 may be alternately disposed with each other. In detail, the partition wall part 310 and the accommodating part 320 may be alternately disposed with each other. That is, each of the partition wall portions 310 may be disposed between the accommodating portions 320 adjacent to each other, and each accommodating portion 320 may be disposed between the adjacent partition wall portions 310 .

The barrier rib part 310 may include a transparent material. The barrier rib part 310 may include a material that can transmit light.

The partition wall part 310 may include a resin material. For example, the barrier rib part 310 may include a photo-curable resin material. For example, the barrier rib part 310 may include a UV resin or a transparent photoresist resin. Alternatively, the partition wall portion 310 may include a urethane resin or an acrylic resin.

The receiving part 320 may be formed to partially penetrate the light converting part 300 . Accordingly, the receiving part 320 may be disposed to be in contact with the adhesive layer 410 and may be disposed to be spaced apart from the buffer layer 420 . Accordingly, the base part 350 may be formed between the accommodating part 320 and the buffer layer 420 .

A light conversion material 330 including a light conversion particle 330a and a dispersion 330b in which the light conversion particle 330a is dispersed may be disposed in the receiving unit 320 .

The dispersion 330b may be a material for dispersing the light conversion particles 330a. The dispersion 330b may include a transparent material. The dispersion 330b may include a non-polar solvent. In addition, the dispersion 330b may include a material capable of transmitting light. For example, the dispersion liquid 330b may include at least one of a halocarbon-based oil, a paraffin-based oil, and isopropyl alcohol.

The light conversion particles 330a may be dispersed in the dispersion 330b. In detail, the plurality of light conversion particles 330a may be disposed to be spaced apart from each other in the dispersion 330b.

The light conversion particles 330a may include a material capable of absorbing light. That is, the light conversion particle 330a may be a light absorbing particle, and the light conversion particle 330a may have a color. For example, the light conversion particles 330a may have a black-based color. For example, the light conversion particles 330a may include carbon black particles.

The light conversion particle 330a may have a polarity due to its surface being charged. For example, the surface of the light conversion particle 330a may be negatively charged. Accordingly, according to the application of the voltage, the light conversion particles 330a may move in the direction of the first electrode 210 or the second electrode 220 .

The light transmittance of the receiving part 320 may be changed by the light conversion particles 330a. In detail, the accommodating part 320 may be changed into a light blocking part and a light transmitting part by changing the light transmittance by the light conversion particles 330a. That is, the accommodating part 330a may change the transmittance of the light passing through the accommodating part 320 by dispersion and aggregation of the light conversion particles 330a disposed therein in the dispersion 330b.

For example, in the light path member according to the first embodiment, the first mode in the second mode or the first mode in the second mode by a voltage applied to the first electrode 210 and the second electrode 220 . can be changed to

In detail, in the light path control member according to the first embodiment, in the first mode, the accommodating part 320 may become a light blocking part, and light at a specific angle may be blocked by the accommodating part 320 . That is, the viewing angle of the user viewing from the outside is narrowed, so that the light path control member may be driven in the privacy mode.

In addition, in the light path control member according to the first embodiment, in the second mode, the accommodating part 320 becomes the light transmitting part, and in the light path controlling member according to the first embodiment, the partition wall part 310 and the accommodating part All of the light may be transmitted in 320 . That is, the viewing angle of the user viewing from the outside is widened, so that the light path control member may be driven in the open mode.

The conversion from the first mode to the second mode, that is, the conversion of the accommodating part 320 from the light blocking part to the light transmitting part, may be implemented by the movement of the light conversion particles 330a of the accommodating part 320 . can That is, the light conversion particle 330a has a charge on its surface, and may move in the direction of the first electrode or the second electrode according to the application of a voltage according to the characteristics of the charge. That is, the light conversion particles 330a may be electrophoretic particles.

For example, when no voltage is applied to the optical path control member from the outside, the light conversion particles 330a of the accommodating part 320 are uniformly dispersed in the dispersion 330b, and accordingly, the accommodating part ( Light 320 may be blocked by the light conversion particles 330a. Accordingly, in the first mode, the accommodating part 320 may be driven as a light blocking part.

Also, when a voltage is applied to the light path control member from the outside, the light conversion particles 330a may move. For example, the light conversion particle 330a may be moved toward one end or the other end of the receiving unit 320 by a voltage transmitted through the first electrode 210 and the second electrode 220 . can That is, the light conversion particles 330a may move in the direction of the first electrode 210 or the second electrode 220 .

For example, when a voltage is applied to the first electrode 210 and/or the second electrode 220 , an electric field is formed between the first electrode 210 and the second electrode 220 . and the negatively charged light conversion particles 330a may be moved toward the positive electrode of the first electrode 210 and the second electrode 220 using the dispersion 330b as a medium.

For example, in the initial mode or when no voltage is applied to the first electrode 210 and/or the second electrode 220, as shown in FIG. 5 , the light conversion particles 330a are the dispersion liquid 330b. It is uniformly dispersed in the accommodating part 320 may be driven as a light blocking part.

In addition, when a voltage is applied to the first electrode 210 and/or the second electrode 220 , as shown in FIG. 6 , the light conversion particle 330a is a second electrode in the dispersion 330b. It may move in the (220) direction, that is, the light conversion particles 330a may be moved in one direction, and the receiving unit 320 may be driven as a light transmitting unit.

Accordingly, the light path control member according to the first embodiment may be driven in two modes according to the user's surrounding environment. That is, when the user wants to transmit light only at a specific viewing angle, the receiving unit is driven as a light blocking unit, or in an environment where the user requires a wide viewing angle and high luminance, a voltage is applied to drive the receiving unit as a light transmitting unit. have.

Accordingly, since the light path control member according to the first embodiment can be implemented in two modes according to the user's request, the light path member can be applied regardless of the user's environment.

The second sealing part 520 described above may be disposed on the outermost side of the light path control member. In detail, second sealing parts 520 extending in the second direction 2A and facing each other may be disposed on the outermost side of the light path control member in the first direction 1A.

The second sealing part 520 may be disposed inside the holes formed in the second substrate 120 .

For example, on the second substrate 120 , the second substrate 120 , the second electrode 220 , the buffer layer 420 , the base part 350 , and the partition wall part 310 are provided. A hole may be formed sequentially passing through the light conversion unit 300 , and a sealing material may be disposed inside the hole to form the second sealing unit 520 .

Accordingly, the second sealing part 520 may be disposed in contact with the side surface of the second substrate 120 . In addition, the second sealing part 520 may be disposed in contact with a side surface of the second electrode 220 . In addition, the second sealing part 520 may be disposed in contact with the side surface of the buffer layer 420 . In addition, the second sealing part 520 may be disposed in contact with the side surface of the base part 350 . In addition, the second sealing part 520 may be disposed in contact with a side surface of the partition wall part 310 .

The second sealing part 520 is disposed on the side surface of the light path control member, that is, the side surface in the second direction 2A, so that impurities that can penetrate from the outside are inside the light conversion part 300 , that is, the light conversion part. It is possible to prevent the material 330 from penetrating into the receiving part 320 in which it is disposed.

FIG. 4 is a view showing a cross-sectional view taken along a region B-B' of FIG. 1 . That is, FIG. 4 is a view showing a cross-sectional view taken along the longitudinal direction of one of the plurality of receiving units.

Referring to FIG. 4 , a light conversion material 330 may be disposed inside the accommodating part 320 . In addition, a 1-1 sealing part 511 may be disposed at one end of the accommodating part 320 , and a 1-2 sealing part 512 may be disposed at the other end thereof.

The 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 may be disposed inside the holes formed in the second substrate 120 .

For example, on the second substrate 120 , the second substrate 120 , the second electrode 220 , the buffer layer 420 , the base part 350 , and the partition wall part 310 are provided. A hole may be formed sequentially passing through the light conversion part 300 , and a sealing material may be disposed inside the hole to form the first sealing part 510 .

Accordingly, the first sealing part 510 may be disposed in contact with the side surface of the second substrate 120 . Also, the first sealing part 510 may be disposed in contact with a side surface of the second electrode 220 . In addition, the first sealing part 510 may be disposed in contact with the side surface of the buffer layer 420 . In addition, the first sealing part 510 may be disposed in contact with the side surface of the base part 350 . In addition, the first sealing part 510 may be disposed in contact with a side surface of the partition wall part 310 .

The first sealing part 510 may be disposed at one end and the other end of the accommodating part to seal the light conversion material 330 disposed inside the accommodating part 320 .

For example, before forming the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512, the inside of the hole in which the 1-1 sealing part 511 is disposed is used as the injection part of the receiving part. and the inside of the hole in which the 1-2 sealing part 512 is disposed may be defined as the exit part of the receiving part. Then, the light conversion material 330 may be disposed in the receiving part by injecting the light conversion material through the injection part and vacuum sucking the light conversion material through the outlet part.

Then, by forming the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 in the injection part and the exit part area to seal one end and the other end of the receiving part 320, the The light conversion material 330 in the accommodating part 320 may be sealed in the accommodating part 320 .

In this case, the light conversion material remaining after the injection process may be present in the injection part and the exit part area, and thus, at least one of the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 . One sealing part may include a light conversion material together with the sealing material. That is, at least one sealing part of the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 is formed by mixing the sealing material and the light conversion material, or the sealing material and the light conversion material. The materials may be phase-separated and included together.

That is, as shown in FIG. 4 , after injecting the light conversion material 330 into the receiving unit 320 , before filling the sealing material for sealing the light conversion material 330 , the injection unit and the outlet unit A portion of the light conversion material may remain in the

In this case, when the sealing material is formed in the injection part and the exit part, the light conversion material remaining in the injection part and the exit part and the sealing material may be mixed, whereby the sealing material is cured to form the sealing material. A light conversion material may be partially mixed in at least one of the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 .

Accordingly, at least one of the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 may include a sealing material 510a and a light conversion material 330 . For example, in at least one of the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 , the sealing material 510a and the light conversion material 330 are not mixed with each other and are separated. It may be included, or the sealing material 510a and the light conversion material 330 may be included together with the mixed material 510b in which the sealing material 510a and the light conversion material 330 are mixed.

In this case, at least one of the 1-1 sealing part 511 and the 1-2 sealing part 512 may include more sealing material than the light conversion material. In detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 10% or less with respect to the total material obtained by adding the light conversion material and the sealing material. In detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 0.01% to 10% with respect to the total material. In more detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 1% to 8% with respect to the total material. In more detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 3% to 5% with respect to the total material.

When the light conversion material is included in more than 10% with respect to the total material of the sealing part, the curing characteristics of the sealing part are deteriorated, and accordingly, the sealing properties of the first sealing part and the second sealing part sealing the accommodation part are reduced. can be lowered Accordingly. An external impurity may be introduced into the accommodating part or a light conversion material inside the accommodating part may leak to the outside, and thus the reliability of the optical path control member may be deteriorated.

In addition, when the amount of the light conversion material is less than 0.01% of the total material of the sealing portion, the sealing portion may not have any light conversion characteristics, so that the light conversion area in the light path control member may be reduced.

That is, in the light path control member according to the embodiment, since 0.01% or more of the light conversion material for inducing the light conversion characteristic is included in the sealing portion with respect to the total material of the sealing portion, the voltage is also applied to all or a part of the first sealing portion. Transmission mode and light blocking mode can be implemented according to the application of Therefore, the light path control member can be driven in various modes in various environments and uses.

FIG. 5 is a view showing a cross-sectional view taken along a line C-C′ of FIG. 1 . That is, FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one partition wall portion of the light path control member cut in the second direction.

Referring to FIG. 5 , the partition wall part 310 is disposed in an area corresponding to the partition wall part 310 , and the partition wall part 310 is entirely removed from the second substrate 120 to remove the first sealing part. 510 may be formed.

That is, the first sealing part 510 may be disposed even in an area where the partition wall part is disposed. Accordingly, the area of the first sealing part 510 may be increased by a size in which the partition wall part is removed.

Accordingly, the arrangement area of the first sealing part 510 can be increased and the contact area of the first sealing part 510 can be increased without increasing the thickness of the first sealing part 510 . Adhesive properties of the first sealing part 510 may be improved.

Accordingly, sealing characteristics of the light conversion material according to the first sealing part 510 may be improved.

Below. A light path control member according to a second embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 to 8 . In the description of the optical path control member according to the second embodiment, descriptions of the same and similar descriptions as those of the optical path control member according to the first embodiment described above will be omitted. In addition, in the description of the light path control member according to the second embodiment, the same reference numerals are given to the same and similar components as those of the light path control member according to the first embodiment described above.

Referring to FIG. 6 , in the light path control member according to the second exemplary embodiment, unlike the first exemplary embodiment described above, the receiving unit 320 of the light conversion unit may be tilted at a predetermined angle to be disposed.

6 and 7 , the accommodating part 320 may extend in a direction different from the first direction 1A and the second direction 2A.

Accordingly, one end and the other end of at least one receiving unit among the receiving units 320 may be in contact with the first sealing unit 510 , and at least one receiving unit may have one end and the other end of the first sealing unit 510 . and the second sealing part 520 .

As the accommodating part is tilted at a predetermined inclination angle, and when the light path control member is coupled to a display panel to form a display device, moire is generated by overlapping the accommodating part of the light path controlling member and the pattern part of the display panel. phenomenon can be prevented.

That is, the accommodating part 320 according to the second embodiment may have one end and the other end formed on both the outer surface of the light path control member in the first direction and the outer surface in the second direction.

8 is a view illustrating a cross-sectional view taken along a line D-D' of FIGS. 6 and 7 .

Referring to FIG. 8 , a light conversion material 330 may be disposed inside the accommodating part 320 . In addition, a first sealing part 510 may be disposed at one end of the accommodating part 320 , and a second sealing part 520 may be disposed at the other end thereof.

At least one of the first sealing part 510 and the second sealing part 520 may include a light conversion material together with the sealing material. That is, at least one sealing part of the first sealing part 510 and the second sealing part 520 is formed by mixing the sealing material and the light conversion material, or the sealing material and the light conversion material are phase-separated. can be included together.

That is, as shown in FIG. 8 , after injecting the light conversion material 330 into the receiving unit 320 , before filling the sealing material for sealing the light conversion material 330 , the injection unit and the outlet unit A portion of the light conversion material may remain in the

In this case, when the sealing material is formed in the injection part and the exit part, the light conversion material remaining in the injection part and the exit part and the sealing material may be mixed, whereby the sealing material is cured to form the sealing material. A light conversion material may be partially mixed in the 1-1 sealing part 511 .

In addition, even in the region adjacent to the second sealing part 520 , the light-converting material partially moves in the direction of the second sealing part, and the light-converting material is also formed in the second sealing part 520 by curing the sealing material. Some of these may be mixed.

Accordingly, at least one of the first sealing part 510 and the second sealing part 520 may include a sealing material 510a and a light conversion material 330 . For example, in at least one of the first sealing part 510 and the second sealing part 520 , the sealing material 510a and the light conversion material 330 are not mixed with each other, but are included separately, Alternatively, a mixed material 510b in which the sealing material 510a and the light conversion material 330 are mixed together with the sealing material 510a and the light conversion material 330 may be included.

In this case, at least one of the first sealing part 510 and the second sealing part 520 may include more sealing material than the light conversion material. In detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 10% or less with respect to the total material obtained by adding the light conversion material and the sealing material. In detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 0.01% to 10% with respect to the total material. In more detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 1% to 8% with respect to the total material. In more detail, the light conversion material may be included in an amount of 3% to 5% with respect to the total material.

When the light conversion material is included in more than 10% with respect to the total material of the sealing part, the curing characteristics of the sealing part are deteriorated, and accordingly, the sealing properties of the first sealing part and the second sealing part sealing the accommodation part are reduced. can be lowered Accordingly. An external impurity may be introduced into the accommodating part or a light conversion material inside the accommodating part may leak to the outside, and thus the reliability of the optical path control member may be deteriorated.

In addition, when the amount of the light conversion material is less than 0.01% of the total material of the sealing portion, the sealing portion may not have any light conversion characteristics, so that the light conversion area in the light path control member may be reduced.

That is, in the light path control member according to the second embodiment, since 0.01% or more of the light conversion material for inducing the light conversion characteristic is included in the sealing portion with respect to the total material of the sealing portion, the first sealing portion and/or the second sealing portion Transmission mode and light blocking mode may be implemented according to the application of voltage even in all or part of the region where the additional portion is disposed. Since a partial region may be used as an effective region having light conversion characteristics as necessary, the light path control member may be driven in various modes in various environments and uses.

Below. A display device and a display device to which the light path control member according to the embodiment is applied will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 13 .

9 and 10 , the light path control member 1000 according to the embodiment may be disposed on or under the display panel 2000 .

The display panel 2000 and the light path control member 1000 may be disposed to adhere to each other. For example, the display panel 2000 and the light path control member 1000 may be bonded to each other through an adhesive member 1500 . The adhesive member 1500 may be transparent. For example, the adhesive member 1500 may include an adhesive or an adhesive layer including an optically transparent adhesive material.

The adhesive member 1500 may include a release film. In detail, when the light path member and the display panel are adhered, the light path control member and the display panel may be adhered after the release film is removed.

The display panel 2000 may include a first' substrate 2100 and a second' substrate 2200 . When the display panel 2000 is a liquid crystal display panel, the light path control member may be formed under the liquid crystal panel. That is, when the user-viewed side of the liquid crystal panel is defined as the upper portion of the liquid crystal panel, the light path control member may be disposed under the liquid crystal panel. In the display panel 2000, a first substrate 2100 including a thin film transistor (TFT) and a pixel electrode and a second substrate 2200 including color filter layers are bonded to each other with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. It can be formed in a structured structure.

In addition, in the display panel 2000, a thin film transistor, a color filter, and a black electrolyte are formed on a first substrate 2100, and the second substrate 2200 has a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. It may be a liquid crystal display panel having a color filter on transistor (COT) structure that is bonded to the liquid crystal display panel. That is, a thin film transistor may be formed on the first substrate 2100 , a protective film may be formed on the thin film transistor, and a color filter layer may be formed on the protective film. In addition, a pixel electrode in contact with the thin film transistor is formed on the first substrate 2100 . In this case, in order to improve the aperture ratio and simplify the mask process, the black electrolyte may be omitted, and the common electrode may also serve as the black electrolyte.

Also, when the display panel 2000 is a liquid crystal display panel, the display device may further include a backlight unit 3000 that provides light from a rear surface of the display panel 2000 .

That is, as shown in FIG. 9 , the light path control member is disposed below the liquid crystal panel and above the backlight unit 3000 , and the light path control member is disposed between the backlight unit 3000 and the display panel 2000 . can be placed in

Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 10 , when the display panel 2000 is an organic light emitting diode panel, the light path control member may be formed on the organic light emitting diode panel. That is, when the surface viewed by the user of the organic light emitting diode panel is defined as the upper portion of the organic light emitting diode panel, the light path control member may be disposed on the organic light emitting diode panel. The display panel 2000 may include a self-luminous device that does not require a separate light source. In the display panel 2000 , a thin film transistor may be formed on a first substrate 2100 , and an organic light emitting diode contacting the thin film transistor may be formed. The organic light emitting device may include an anode, a cathode, and an organic light emitting layer formed between the anode and the cathode. In addition, a second 'substrate 2200 serving as an encapsulation substrate for encapsulation may be further included on the organic light emitting device.

Also, although not shown in the drawings, a polarizing plate may be further disposed between the light path control member 1000 and the display panel 2000 . The polarizing plate may be a linear polarizing plate or an external light reflection preventing polarizing plate. For example, when the display panel 2000 is a liquid crystal display panel, the polarizing plate may be a linear polarizing plate. Also, when the display panel 2000 is an organic light emitting diode panel, the polarizing plate may be an external light reflection preventing polarizing plate.

In addition, an additional functional layer 1300 such as an anti-reflection layer or anti-glare may be further disposed on the light path control member 1000 . In detail, the functional layer 1300 may be adhered to one surface of the first substrate 110 of the light path control member. Although not shown in the drawings, the functional layer 1300 may be bonded to the first substrate 110 of the light path control member through an adhesive layer. In addition, a release film for protecting the functional layer may be further disposed on the functional layer 1300 .

Also, a touch panel may be further disposed between the display panel and the light path control member.

Although the drawing illustrates that the light path control member is disposed above the display panel, the embodiment is not limited thereto, and the light control member is positioned at a position where light can be controlled, that is, below the display panel or the display panel. It may be disposed in various positions, such as between the second substrate and the first substrate.

In addition, in the drawings, the light conversion unit of the light path control member according to the embodiment is shown in a direction parallel or perpendicular to the outer surface of the second substrate, but the light conversion unit is formed to be inclined at a predetermined angle from the outer surface of the second substrate. may be Accordingly, a moire phenomenon occurring between the display panel and the light path control member may be reduced.

11 to 13 , the light path control member according to the embodiment may be applied to various display devices.

11 to 13 , the light path control member according to the embodiment may be applied to a display device displaying a display.

For example, when power is applied to the light path controlling member as shown in FIG. 11 , the receiving unit functions as a light transmitting unit, so that the display device can be driven in the open mode, and power is supplied to the light path controlling member as shown in FIG. 12 . When not applied, the receiving unit functions as a light blocking unit, so that the display device may be driven in a light blocking mode.

Accordingly, the user can easily drive the display device in the privacy mode or the normal mode according to the application of power.

The light emitted from the backlight unit or the self-luminous device may move from the first substrate to the second substrate. Alternatively, the light emitted from the backlight unit or the self-luminous device may also move from the second substrate to the first substrate.

Also, referring to FIG. 13 , the display device to which the light path control member according to the embodiment is applied may also be applied to the interior of a vehicle.

For example, the display device including the light path control member according to the embodiment may display vehicle information and an image confirming the moving path of the vehicle. The display device may be disposed between a driver's seat and a passenger seat of the vehicle.

In addition, the light path control member according to the embodiment may be applied to an instrument panel that displays a vehicle speed, an engine, and a warning signal.

In addition, the light path control member according to the embodiment may be applied to the windshield FG or left and right window glass of a vehicle.

Features, structures, effects, etc. described in the above-described embodiments are included in at least one embodiment of the present invention, and are not necessarily limited to only one embodiment. Furthermore, features, structures, effects, etc. illustrated in each embodiment can be combined or modified for other embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the embodiments belong. Accordingly, the contents related to such combinations and modifications should be interpreted as being included in the scope of the present invention.

In addition, although the embodiments have been described above, these are merely examples and do not limit the present invention, and those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains are exemplified above in a range that does not depart from the essential characteristics of the present embodiment. It can be seen that various modifications and applications that have not been made are possible. For example, each component specifically shown in the embodiments may be implemented by modification. And the differences related to these modifications and applications should be construed as being included in the scope of the present invention defined in the appended claims.

Claims (10)

a first substrate on which a first direction and a second direction are defined;
a first electrode disposed on the first substrate;
a second substrate disposed on the first substrate and defining the first direction and the second direction;
a second electrode disposed under the second substrate; and
and a light conversion unit disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode,
The light conversion unit includes a plurality of barrier rib portions and a plurality of accommodation portions arranged alternately,
A light conversion material is disposed in the receiving part,
A 1-1 sealing part is disposed at one end of the receiving part,
At the other end of the accommodating part, a first 1-2 sealing part is disposed,
At least one sealing part of the 1-1 sealing part and the 1-2 sealing part is an optical path control member including a sealing material and a light conversion material. The method of claim 1,
and at least one sealing part of the 1-1 sealing part and the 1-2 sealing part contains more of the sealing material than the light conversion material. 3. The method of claim 2,
An optical path in which the light conversion material is included in an amount of 0.01% to 10% based on the total material of the light conversion material and the sealing material in at least one of the 1-1 sealing portion and the 1-2 sealing portion lack of control. The method of claim 1,
A light path control member in which a portion of the sealing unit is changed into a light transmitting unit and a light blocking unit depending on whether a voltage is applied. a first substrate on which a first direction and a second direction are defined;
a first electrode disposed on the first substrate;
a second substrate disposed on the first substrate and defining the first direction and the second direction;
a second electrode disposed under the second substrate; and
and a light conversion unit disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode,
The light conversion unit includes a plurality of barrier rib portions and a plurality of accommodation portions arranged alternately,
A light conversion material is disposed in the receiving portion,
A first sealing part extending in a first direction is disposed at one end of the receiving part,
A second sealing part extending in the second direction is disposed at the other end of the receiving part,
At least one sealing part of the first sealing part and the second sealing part includes a light conversion material. 6. The method of claim 5,
The accommodating part is a light path control member extending in a direction different from the first direction and the second direction. 6. The method of claim 5,
At least one sealing part of the first sealing part and the second sealing part contains more sealing material than the light conversion material,
The light path controlling member in which at least one of the first sealing part and the second sealing part contains the light conversion material in an amount of 0.01% to 10% based on the total material obtained by adding the light conversion material and the sealing material. a panel including at least one of a display panel and a touch panel; and
A display device comprising the light path control member of any one of claims 1 to 6 disposed on or under the panel. 9. The method of claim 8,
The panel includes a backlight unit and a liquid crystal display panel,
the light path control member is disposed between the backlight unit and the liquid crystal display panel;
The light emitted from the backlight unit moves from the first substrate to the second substrate. 9. The method of claim 8,
The panel includes an organic light emitting diode panel,
The light path control member is disposed on the organic light emitting diode panel,
The light emitted from the panel moves from the first substrate to the second substrate.

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