KR20190114360A - Method and System for Assaying Genome Using Visually Detectable Particles - Google Patents

Abstract

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for detecting or diagnosing a gene of a target pathogen (specifically, an amplified gene of a target pathogen) in a sample using a visualizable mobile phase particle and a stationary phase particle to which specific functional groups are attached, and a system thereof are described.

Description

Particle-based gene measurement methods and systems that can be read with the naked eye

The present disclosure relates to particle-based gene measurement methods and systems that are visually or visually readable. More specifically, the present disclosure provides a method for detecting or diagnosing a gene of a target pathogen (specifically, an amplification gene of a target pathogen) in a sample by using a visualizable mobile phase particle and a stationary phase particle to which specific functional groups are attached. It is about the system.

In the intestines of all warm-blooded animals, including humans, a very good environment is provided for various pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Pathogens are widely distributed in the environment, and in particular, bacterial pathogens are found in objects of daily life such as soil, animal organs, water kitchens, kitchen utensils, desks, and tableware contaminated by animal stools. The average human body also has more than 150 types of bacteria in and around the body, many of which are harmless to the human body, but some are foodborne (botulism), cholera (diarrhea), diarrhea (emesis), It causes a variety of infectious diseases including pneumonia, typhoid and the like. In particular, more than 200 kinds of diseases can be transmitted through food and drinking water alone. For example , the Escherichia Coli (or E. coli ) family does not cause significant problems when ingested, but some of them are known to produce toxins that cause diarrhea and the like.

In particular, Escherichia coli E. coli O157: H7 is known as a causative agent of food poisoning as intestinal hemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and has been problematic worldwide. Infection also causes hemolytic uremic syndrome, hemorrhagic colitis, diarrhea, kidney failure and seizures, and in severe cases, death (Reisner, A. et al. , 2006. Journal of Bacteriology. 188, 3572-3581). Barrientos, RM et al. , 2009. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 23, 450-454; Schrag, SJ et al. , 2006. PEDIATRICS. 118, 570-576). Salmonella choleraesuis ( Salmonella bongori , Salmonella typhimurium ) is also a typical pathogen causing food poisoning and causes of typhoid fever and paratyphoid, can be contaminated with various livestock and animals. In addition, if proper washing, processing temperature and storage conditions are not observed, Salmonella can grow and cross-contaminate with other foods through such contaminated drinking water and food.

On the other hand, pathogens, in particular food poisoning bacteria, can generally be easily infected by humans through contaminated food. Under normal conditions, the propagation rate of a pathogen is very fast, so even if a small number of pathogens invade the human body, it grows rapidly in the intestine which is very suitable for its growth environment and reaches a level that can threaten human health. Therefore, there is a need for a technology capable of accurately diagnosing the presence of a pathogen (especially E. coli ) from a contaminated environment.

In this regard, research is continuously conducted on a method for diagnosing the presence of a pathogen in a sample (for example, food, drinking water, etc.).

As an example, an ATP measurement method using the principle that ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and luciferin / luciferase react and emit light is mentioned. In the ATP measurement method, luciferin, which is a luminescent material, is activated by reacting with ATP and then activated by luciferase, a luminescent enzyme, which is oxidized by oxygen and converts chemical energy into light energy to emit light. That is, luciferin, a luminescent material, combines with ATP to form a complex of luciferin-ATP to generate two inorganic phosphoric acid (H ₃ PO ₄ ) molecules, wherein luciferin is a reduced form. The reduced luciferin-AMP produced in the reaction is in an unstable energy state as it reacts with oxygen and oxidizes, so that the unstable oxidized product is rapidly decomposed to emit light ( hv ) while generating oxidized luciferin and AMP. do. At this time, by measuring the amount of light emitted can be quantified, ATP is an indicator indicating the existence of living things. That is, when microorganisms are present, ATP, which is essentially contained in the cells, is also present, which can emit light. However, the above-described method has the advantage of detecting not only microorganisms but also other organic substances, but because a small amount of ATP is contained in a sample such as food, for accurate diagnosis, ATP derived from food is removed, Only the microorganism-derived ATP to be detected should be measured. As such, the APT assay itself has fundamental limitations in collecting only harmful microorganisms and performing accurate diagnosis.

Alternatively, detection methods based on nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are widely used. Among the above methods, nucleic acids, particularly DNA, have been widely used because they can increase diagnostic sensitivity by a powerful amplification technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In general, PCR is a molecular biological method for amplifying DNA gene samples in vitro, and is a technique for increasing the amount and concentration of DNA samples to increase the sensitivity to DNA. In particular, PCR is a chemical reaction in which temperature control is very important, and a method in which a target sample is repeatedly heated and cooled in three temperature profiles (typically 55-65 ° C, 72 ° C and 95 ° C, respectively). As such, clinical diagnostic techniques based on genetic analysis typically recover nucleic acids from bacteria, fungus or viruses, perform amplification reactions, and then use various detection means (e.g., optical , Amplicon analysis using an electrochemical or mechanical biosensor device).

On the other hand, in the case of naturally occurring environmental samples, a small amount of a specific (target) bacterium or virus to be diagnosed is generally present. In particular, in the case of environmental samples containing E. coli , since the target pathogen to be diagnosed is present in a limited amount, it is required to efficiently recover the nucleic acid of the biomaterial in the sample for accurate detection. On the other hand, research on the point of care testing (POCT) related technology that can be detected quickly and accurately using a small amount of samples are actively conducted. Since these POCT technologies are widely applied in various hospitals and research institutes, the implementation of POCTs having high sensitivity and accurate diagnosis is one of the main concerns in the clinical and commercial medical fields.

Currently, new biosensing principles are being proposed, and related technologies are being improved to enable the practical use of POCT in terms of biosensing procedures and devices. Despite the fact that recently developed biosensing principles and devices can improve diagnostic reliability compared to the prior art, hospitals and research facilities are still required because the accurate biosensing process requires complex experimental methods and performance by skilled experts. It is happening at the level. Biosensors that require this high level of technology have limitations that are inaccessible to the general patient and user (Mabey et al., 2004; Peeling and Mabey, 2010). Therefore, many researchers are actively researching to develop a practical POCT device.

As such, due to issues related to the simplicity and cost reduction of complex biosensing systems, a simple detection principle is required. In general, however, the fluorescence and colorimetric principles associated with target-specific light sources, filters, prisms, and visualization devices are used to analyze molecular diagnostic techniques, which require complex methods and equipment. There is a need to improve diagnostic convenience.

An embodiment according to the present disclosure is to provide a method and system (or platform) that enables simple and accurate on-site diagnosis of pathogens (eg, food poisoning bacteria) in a sample based on analytical principles capable of visual detection.

According to the first aspect of the present disclosure,

A plurality of mobile phase particles capable of visual identification and modified with a first functional group-containing component; And

A plurality of stationary phase particles activated by a chemical functional group capable of binding to the first functional group-containing component;

Including,

Here, the first functional group-containing component has a binding characteristic with a second functional group-containing component conjugated with a primer specific for the gene of the target pathogen, and the target in which the second functional group-containing component is amplified through the primer When conjugated with a gene of a pathogen, due to steric hindrance, binding between the mobile phase particle and the stationary phase particle is suppressed, and

A mobile phase particle which is not bound to the stationary phase particles is separated by physical means, and a diagnostic system for pathogens is provided that is configured to visually identify the separated mobile phase particles.

According to a second aspect of the present disclosure,

a) providing a plurality of mobile phase particles capable of visual identification and modified with a first functional group-containing component;

b) apart from step a) above, by using a primer conjugated with a second functional group-containing component having binding properties to the first functional group-containing component, the second functional group-containing component is amplified by amplifying the gene of the target pathogen in the sample. Obtaining an amplification gene of the target pathogen conjugated with the component;

c) in a column packed with a plurality of stationary phase particles activated by a chemical functional group capable of binding to the first functional group-containing component, (i) the plurality of modified mobile phase particles, and (ii) the Adding an amplification gene of a target pathogen conjugated with a second functional group-containing component;

d) performing centrifugation in step c) for a column to which (i) the modified mobile phase particles and (ii) a target pathogen conjugated with the second functional group-containing component is added;

As a diagnostic method of pathogens, including

Wherein binding between the mobile phase particle and the stationary phase particle is inhibited due to steric hindrance by an amplification gene of a target pathogen conjugated with the second functional group-containing component, and

Mobile phase particles not bound to the stationary phase particles are separated by centrifugation, and a method for visually identifying the mobile phase particles in the separated state is provided.

According to an exemplary embodiment, an insert can be inserted into the amplification gene to increase the rigidity of the amplification gene, thereby providing an increased steric hindrance.

Methods and systems for diagnosing pathogens by particle-based DNA selective delivery via a functionalized interface according to embodiments of the present disclosure utilize simple physical separation means or manipulation to positive / negative of target pathogens in a sample on site It is possible to provide a new platform that can be easily and accurately judged by the naked eye. In particular, in the past, the measurement method using fluorescence or the method using electrophoresis is generally used. Since the scale and procedure of the apparatus used to perform these methods are complicated and the measurement time is long, it is mainly used in hospitals and research institutes. Methods and systems according to embodiments of the disclosure can be diagnosed in a short time (eg, within about 2 minutes) by simple physical means, specifically, by centrifugation, so that diagnosis of specific pathogens is quicker and easier than conventional methods. Has the advantage of being able to perform.

Therefore, it is expected to be widely used in various fields such as clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring in the future.

1 illustratively illustrates a series of procedures for diagnosing a pathogen by selective delivery of particle-based genes over a functionalized interface according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating elements constituting a diagnostic system in the case of using NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) as a chemical functional agent for activation of stationary phase particles according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG.
3 is a diagram illustrating a diagnostic principle when using NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) as a chemical functional agent for activation of stationary phase particles in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
4 is a diagram schematically illustrating a method of diagnosing a pathogen by selective delivery of a particle-based gene via a functionalized interface according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
5A and 5B are photographs showing the results of a positive test and a negative test, respectively;
6 is a diagram showing experimental results and electrophoretic test results for evaluating detection limits for E. Coli O157: H7 of the diagnostic system according to the embodiment;
7 is a diagram showing a result of a diagnostic analysis on a milk sample containing E. Coli O157: H7 of the diagnostic system according to the embodiment;
FIG. 8 illustrates magnetic particles (MP) alone, amplified genes are conjugated to magnetic particles (MP + DNA), and gelRed is inserted and amplified genes are conjugated to magnetic particles (MP + DNA + GelRed). ) A graph showing the dynamic light scattering (DLS) size for each;
Figure 9a is a photograph showing the results of the concentration optimization experiment of the insertion dye (GelRed) according to the GelRed dilution factor; And
9B is a photograph showing the results of an optimization experiment of the rotational speed during centrifugation.

The present invention can be achieved by the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that the following description describes preferred embodiments of the invention, and the invention is not necessarily limited thereto.

In addition, the accompanying drawings may be somewhat exaggerated relative to the thickness (or height) of the actual layer or the ratio with other layers to facilitate understanding, the meaning of which will be appropriately understood by the specific purpose of the related description to be described later Can be.

The terminology used herein may be defined as follows.

"Binding" may mean that the surface is bonded or connected in a covalent or non-covalent manner.

"Sample" is not limited to any particular kind or form as long as it can contain the target pathogen to be detected. By way of example, the sample may be a biological sample, for example a biological fluid or biological tissue. Examples of biological fluids include urine, blood, plasma, serum, saliva, semen, feces, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, mucus, amniotic fluid, and the like. Biological tissue is a collection of cells, typically a collection of certain kinds of intracellular substances that form one of the structural substances of human, animal, plant, bacterial, fungal or viral structures, as connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nerves. This may be an organization. Examples of biological tissue may also include organs, tumors, lymph nodes, arteries and individual cell (s). In addition, the sample may include an environmental sample containing a low concentration of the biomaterial, and may include various forms and types such as drinking water and food.

"Primer" can mean an oligonucleotide (synthetic or natural) that can act as an initial point of synthesis or replication of a nucleic acid along the complementary strand when the synthesis of the complementary strand is under conditions catalyzed by the polymerase. have.

A "target gene" can consist of hundreds, hundreds, thousands, or millions of nucleotides, as well as fragments of DNA, RNA, and the like.

The term "lysis" may refer to a phenomenon in which the cell membrane is ruptured and the cell contents are exposed as the cell is degraded. In general, "lysis" is commonly used to separate nucleic acids at a stage of an amplification process such as PCR.

"Bacteria" is a Gram-staining reaction that distinguishes the bacterial envelope according to its structure, including a Gram-negative bacterium (which has a thin murine or peptidoglycan layer and a lipid bilayer of the outer membrane). It is classified as Gram-positive bacteria (having a thick murine or peptidoglycan layer and thus a crystal violet). The cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria consists of phospholipids and other glycoproteins, and most of the phospholipids have a negative charge. Examples thereof include Salmonella, meningobacteria, spiroheta cholera, Pest, typhoid, dysentery, E. coli and gonococcus. On the other hand, in the case of Gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall is mainly composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, the surface of which is almost neutral, and has staphylococci, streptococci and anthrax. , Diphtheria bacteria, tetanus bacteria, pneumococci, and the like.

“Amplification” may refer to a reaction that occurs repeatedly to form a plurality of copies of at least one segment of a template molecule.

"PCR" refers to a reaction in which a large number of identical DNA strands are formed from one original template by a cycle process (alternating heating and cooling). Typically, PCR mixtures (i) sequence to be amplified A double-stranded DNA molecule that has a template, (ii) a primer (a single stranded DNA molecule capable of binding to complementary DNA sequences in the template DNA), (iii) a mixture of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP (in PCR amplification Nucleotide subunits that combine to form new DNA molecules), and (iv) an enzyme that synthesizes new DNA molecules using Taq DNA polymerase (dNTP).

The expressions "on" and "on" may be understood to be used to refer to relative positional concepts. Thus, not only when other components or layers are directly present in the layers mentioned, but also other layers (intermediate layers) or components may be interposed or present therebetween. Similarly, the expressions "below", "below" and "below" and "between" may also be understood as relative concepts of position. In addition, the expression "sequentially" may also be understood as a relative positional concept.

Overall disclosure

1 illustratively illustrates a series of procedures for diagnosing a pathogen by selective delivery of particle-based genes (particularly amplified DNA) via a functionalized interface according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 2 and 3 respectively schematically illustrate the components and diagnostic principles of a diagnostic system in the case of using NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) as a chemical functional agent for the activation of stationary phase particles.

Referring to the drawings, the diagnostic system 10 according to an embodiment is capable of visually identifying or recognizing a plurality of highly activated stationary phase particles 2 and a plurality of mobile phase particles modified with a first functional group-containing component. It includes (3). At this time, the diagnosis can be performed in the container 1, the container 1 may be made of a material having a characteristic that can be visually observed from the outside as possible, specifically, a transparent material. As an example, the material of the container 1 may be a transparent polymer, glass, or the like, and the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto.

As shown, the plurality of activated stationary phase particles 2 are each activated by attaching a specific chemical functional group 12 onto the matrix particles 11, and are filled (or packed) in the container 1 so that the column It can be applied in the form.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the matrix particles 11 may be made of a material selected from the group consisting of resin, metal and glass. In this regard, when using a resin, various natural resins (eg, agarose) or synthetic resins (eg, polystyrene) may be used, and may also be applied in the form of resin moldings, gels, and the like. In addition, the matrix particles 11 may have a regular (eg, spherical, elliptical, etc.) or amorphous shape, and may also have a symmetrical or asymmetrical shape. More typically, it may be a sphere.

According to certain embodiments, matrix particles 11 may have a porous structure, specifically a uniform porous structure, typically having flow pores within the matrix particles. At this time, the pore size (diameter) of the porous matrix particles may be in the range of, for example, about 20 to 100 nm, specifically about 30 to 80 nm, more specifically about 40 to 60 nm, which is to be understood as an exemplary meaning. Can be.

In addition, the size (diameter) of the stationary phase particles 2 may vary depending on the material, shape, and the like of the matrix particles, for example, several to several hundred micrometers, specifically about 30 to 400 micrometers, and more specifically about 40 to 250 micrometers. , In particular, in the range from about 45 to 200 μm. However, this may be understood in an exemplary sense.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the matrix particles 11 may be cross-linked bead shaped agarose gels, where agarose is known as a polysaccharide (charged and / or neutral) based material. At this time, the content of agarose in the gel, for example, may be in the range of about 1 to 10% by weight, specifically about 2 to 6% by weight, more specifically about 3 to 5% by weight, It may have a repeating unit displayed.

[Formula 1]

On the other hand, in an exemplary embodiment, as long as the chemical functional group is capable of attaching or bonding to the surface of the matrix particles and capable of binding or coupling (eg, covalent bonding, etc.) with the first functional group-containing component, It can be selected from various kinds.

In this regard, NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) may be typically used as the above-described chemical functional group. Alternatively, at least one moiety selected from an amine group, a carboxy group, a hydroxyl group, a silanol group (eg, methoxy group, ethoxy group, etc.), a maleimide group, a thiol group, an aldehyde group, a PEG (polyethylene glycol), or the like may be used. The functional group which has is applicable. Such chemical functional groups can be used to activate the matrix particles, but it will be understood by way of example as these can vary in various ways depending on the first functional group-containing component.

Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 2, the plurality of mobile phase particles 3 may have a form in which the base particles (specifically, beads or spherical particles) 13 are modified with the first functional group-containing component 14. . At this time, the base particles 13 may be beads of various materials as long as they have a color that can be visually confirmed, specifically visually identifiable. Examples of the base particle 13 may be at least one selected from magnetic particles (magnetic beads), polystyrene beads, gold nanoparticles, metal particles, glass beads, silica beads, and the like. However, the base particle 13 may have a density of a predetermined level or more in order to increase the separation efficiency in the physical separation (specifically centrifugation) process described later, for example, about 0.01 to 10 g / L, specifically To about 0.5 to 5 g / L, more specifically about 1 to 2 g / L range, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

According to an exemplary embodiment, magnetic particles may be used as the base particles 13, which may exhibit temporary or permanent magnetism. As the magnetic particles, for example, magnetic particles containing iron, cobalt, nickel, iron oxide, iron hydroxide and / or other iron alloys, rare earth magnetic particles and the like can be used. Alternatively, particles coated with a magnetic iron core with a polymer (eg dextran) can be used.

The size of the base particles 13 is not limited to a particular range, but may typically be in the nanoscale to micron scale range, for example about 0.01 to 10 μm, specifically 0.1 to 6 μm, more specifically 1 to May range from 3 μm. According to certain embodiments, it is advantageous for the particle 13 size distribution to be as monodispersible as possible in the future to ensure the efficiency and / or diagnostic accuracy of physical separation (specifically centrifugation).

As shown, the mobile phase particles 3 are modified with the base particles 13 as the first functional group-containing component 14. In this case, the first functional group-containing component 14 may be a kind having binding properties (ie, high affinity) with the second functional group-containing component 15 described later. In an exemplary embodiment, the first functional group-containing component 14 is, for example, avidin, streptavidin, biotin, antigen, antibody, aptamer, amine, carboxy, aldehyde, gene (eg For example, DNA capable of complementary binding) may be exemplified, and may be a concept including both a naturally occurring or artificially synthesized compound. More specifically, the first functional group-containing component 14 may be avidin and / or streptavidin as a biomaterial, which corresponds to a glycoprotein having high affinity with a small size of water-soluble biotin. Streptavidin is a protein isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii , which is also a high affinity component for biotin and does not bind to lectin because it is not particularly glycoprotein, and may be preferable to avidin in terms of physical properties. . In this connection, when NHS is used as the chemical functional group 12 in the stationary phase particle 2, and avidin or streptavidin is used as the first functional group-containing component 14, there is a difference between the NHS and the amine group of the avidin. Debonding can be made.

The functionalized mobile phase particles 3 can be added (or loaded) to the column of activated stationary phase particles 2. According to an exemplary embodiment, the functionalized mobile phase particles 3 can be added, for example, in a dispersed form (specifically suspension) in a liquid medium, in particular in an aqueous medium. In this case, the concentration of the mobile phase particles 3 in the suspension may be, for example, in the range of about 1 to 30 mg / mL, specifically about 5 to 20 mg / mL, and more specifically about 8 to 15 mg / mL. In addition, PBS or the like may be further added for the mobile phase's moving efficiency.

At this time, in order to diagnose the gene of the target pathogen, the amplification is performed together with the mobile phase particle 2 (for example in the form of a mixture) or separately through a conjugate of the second functional group-containing component and the primer (if negative) or through the primer. Conjugates of the genes (if positive) can be added. In this case, the second functional group-containing component 15 may be selected from a kind having binding properties with the aforementioned first functional group-containing component 14, and similarly, avidin, streptavidin, biotin, antigen, Antibodies, aptamers, amines, carboxys, aldehydes, genes (eg, DNAs capable of complementary binding) and the like can be used. However, the first functional group-containing component 14 and the second functional group-containing component 15 may be different types from each other, and in an exemplary embodiment, avidin or the first functional group-containing component 14 may be used. Streptavidin can be used and biotin can be used as the second functional group-containing component 15. In this regard, biotin is a type of vitamin, specifically a B-complex vitamin (hexahydro-2-oxo-lH-thieno [3,4] consisting of a ureido (tetrahydroimidazone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. -d] imidazoline-4-valeric acid), having a molecular weight of about 244 g / mol, with valeric acid substituent attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin can specifically bind to avidin or streptavidin by strong affinity, for example, four biotin molecules can bind to one streptavidin molecule.

According to an alternative embodiment, a commercially available product in which the first functional group-containing component 14 is in modified form on the particles 13 may be used, for example the trade name Dynabeads, which is a modified magnetic particle from Life Sciences. ㄾ Myone ™ Streptavidin C1 can be used.

In addition, binding between the first functional group-containing component 14 and the second functional group-containing component 15 can be achieved using an immune response between the antigen-antibody, noncovalent binding, intergene complementary binding, and the like.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the second functional group-containing component 15 is conjugated with a primer 16 specific for the gene of the target pathogen and undergoes amplification of the sample in the presence of such a conjugate.

In this regard, target pathogens are typically biomaterials such as bacteria, viruses, etc., which may include Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, specifically, Escherichia coli E. coli O157: H7 , Salmonella choleraesuis , Salmonella bongori , Salmonella typhimurium ), Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes , Listeria denitrificans , Listeria grayi , Listeria murrayi , Cholera, Lymphocysis , Pertussis, Diphtheria, Typhoid, Pest, Hemolytic Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus Aureus, more specifically E. coli O157: H7 , Salmonella choleraesuis , Salmonella bongori , Salmonella typhimurium , Listeria monocytogenes , Listeria denitrificans , Listeria grayi , Listeria murrayi, S. enteritidis, Y. enterocolitica, S. aureus , B. cereus , L. monocytognes and the like.

On the other hand, the amplification reaction immerses a substrate in which a gene (specifically, DNA) of a target pathogen is immobilized in an amplification mixture (ie, a PCR mixture), wherein the immobilized nucleic acid is exposed to high temperature during the amplification process and separated. The genetic sequence is ready for replication. For the amplification reaction, any amplification technique known in the art may be used, such as PCR (DNA amplification scheme), NASBA (Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification), and the like. For example, the PCR method is described in Korean Patent No. 593687, etc., and the NASBA method is exemplified in EP 0 329 822 B1, US Patent No. 6,110,681, and the like. Included. In addition, as a PCR method, assembly-PCR, asymmetric PCR, digital PCR, endpoint PCR, inverse PCR, methylation-specific PCR, qualitative PCR, quantitative PCR , Real-time PCR, reverse transcription (RT) -PCR, isothermal-PCR and the like can be exemplified.

At this time, when the target pathogen is present in the sample and amplified (positive), the second functional group-containing component 15 is amplified by the action of the primer, and as a result, the second functional group-containing component is amplified. 15 is in a state of being conjugated with the amplification gene 17 of the target pathogen.

As such, the gene of the target pathogen amplified through the primer conjugated with the second functional group-containing component 15 has a longer chain than before the amplification. At this time, the first functional group-containing component 14 on the mobile phase particle 3 is consequently the mobile phase particle 3 due to the strong binding property with the second functional group-containing component conjugated with the amplification gene 17 of the target pathogen. ), And as a result, the size (diameter) of the mobile phase particles 3 increases. This increased size leads to steric hindrance effects that interfere with binding or binding to the stationary phase particles 2. In this regard, on the basis of measurement by dynamic light scattering (DLS), the size of the amplification gene attached to the mobile phase particle 3 is, for example, about 10 to 150 nm, specifically about 30 to 100 nm, more specifically In the range of about 50 to 80 nm, the bulky amplification gene attachment increases the size of the mobile phase particles to a level capable of providing steric hindrance or spatial interference effects. However, this increase in size may be understood as an exemplary meaning, as may vary depending on the type of the base particle 13, the degree of amplification reaction, and the like.

On the other hand, if no target pathogen is present in the sample (negative), some of the first functional group-containing component 14 on the mobile phase particle 3 may have a second functional group-containing component 15 and a primer 16. ), While the remaining part is bound (e.g., covalently) with the chemical functional groups present in the stationary phase particles 2, resulting in the mobile phase particles 3 being fixed to the stationary phase particles 2 Will be on.

Thereafter, the stationary phase particles 2 and the mobile phase particles 3 may be subjected to a separation operation step by physical means, but examples of the physical separation means may include centrifugal separation and physical compression, but are not necessarily limited thereto. . However, in the present embodiment, it may be advantageous to apply a centrifugal separation method so as to be able to perform a diagnostic process by a simple operation.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the centrifugation conditions may be sufficient to transport only the mobile phase particles 3 which are not bound to the stationary phase particles 2 to the bottom of the vessel by centrifugal force while suppressing the column structure in the diagnostic system. have. In this regard, the rotational speed in the centrifugation process is variable depending on the length, radius, etc. of the fixed bed column, for example, in the range of about 500 to 1500 rpm, specifically about 600 to 1400 rpm, more specifically about 800 to 1200 rpm In addition, the centrifugation time may be determined in consideration of the acceleration of gravity and the like, for example, about 0.5 to 5 minutes, specifically about 1 to 4 minutes, and more specifically about 1.5 to 3 minutes. It may be, but it may be understood in an exemplary manner. However, the above-described centrifugal separation may be repeated one or more times as necessary.

As such, the mobile phase particles 3 associated with the amplified target pathogen genes tend to be spatially spaced apart from the stationary phase particles 2 by an amplification gene conjugated with a first functional group-containing component present on its surface. Since it does not bind to the stationary phase particles (2). Therefore, in the centrifugal separation process, it may be precipitated by moving to the lower side, for example, to the bottom of the column while passing through the column of the plurality of stationary phase particles 2.

As a result, the precipitation of the mobile phase particle 3 can be visually confirmed or identified, and in this case, it can be determined as positive. On the other hand, when the sample does not contain the gene of the target pathogen, since the mobile phase particles 3 are bound to the stationary phase particles 2, they are distributed in the column of the stationary phase particles, specifically the upper column of the stationary phase particles even by centrifugation. This can be confirmed with the naked eye. In this case, it can be judged by voice.

On the other hand, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, the mobile phase particles (3) bound to the amplified gene by additionally giving rigidity to the amplified gene chain using an insertion material, specifically, an insertion dye, during or after the amplification reaction. The diameter of can be increased substantially to provide greater steric hindrance.

In particular, when the target gene is DNA (specifically, double stranded DNA), the degree of increase in diameter due to the amplified gene chain is increased as the insertion material or the insertion dye is inserted into the double helix structure to increase the rigidity. More remarkable.

According to exemplary embodiments, prior to the amplification step, the insert material or insert dye may be mixed with or added to the amplification mixture or amplification product prior to or during the amplification process. In this case, when the amplification target is double stranded DNA, the insertion dye may be inserted between the double stranded DNA (dsDNA).

Insert dyes are dyes that can be inserted into a double strand of gene (specifically DNA) after amplification process or after amplification, such as GelRed, ethidium bromide, GelGreen, SYBR Green, PicoGreen, Hoechst series, BOBO, TOTO, YOYO, JOJO, POPO, LOLO, PO-PRO, BO-PRO, YO-PRO, TO-PRO, JO-PRO, LO-PRO, SYTO series, and the like, and the like, and these may be used alone or in combination. In this regard, it may be advantageous to use a kind of insertion dye having a specific reactivity to the double helix gene. In view of the above, GelRed may be used as the insertion dye, but is not necessarily limited thereto. The present invention is not limited to the above-described insertion material, and various kinds may be used as long as it can be inserted into a double strand of an amplification reaction process or an amplification product to increase the rigidity of the amplification gene chain. In addition, the intercalation material is applicable in a dissolved (diluted) state in a liquid medium, in particular in an aqueous medium. By way of example, the concentration of the intercalating substance in the diluted medium (solution) may be in the range of, for example, about 6-19x, specifically about 7-18x, more specifically about 8-15x. However, the concentration range of the insertion material is not necessarily limited to the numerical range as it varies depending on the type of target pathogen (specifically, bacteria, viruses, etc.).

In addition, the volume ratio of the amplification product (when the gene is contained in the amplification mixture) to the intercalation material is, for example, within the range of about 2 to 8, specifically about 3 to 6, more specifically about 3.5 to 5 It may be understood, but this may be understood as illustrative. In this regard, when the amount of the insert material is excessively used, it may be difficult to insert the intended gene chain due to an aggregation reaction or the like, whereas when the amount of the insert material is too low, the desired stiffness increasing effect and / or additional color or As long as it is difficult to exhibit a fluorescence expression effect, it may be advantageous to adjust and use suitably within the above-mentioned range.

As such, the insertion material is incorporated (inserted) in the amplification gene of the target pathogen, and as the stiffness of the gene chain increases, the diameter of the conjugate to be measured increases as compared with the case where the insertion material is not inserted. Thus, higher steric hindrance can be imparted, which makes it easier to visually identify the mobile phase particles 3 by quickly separating and moving them by physical means such as centrifugation when pathogens are present in the sample (positive). It can be done. For example, based on the measurement by the DLS, the rate of increase in the size of the amplified gene attached to the mobile phase particle after the incorporation (insertion) of the insert material compared to the size of the amplified gene attached to the mobile phase particle without incorporation (insertion) of the insert material is For example, it may be in the range of at least about 20%, specifically about 30 to 80%, more specifically about 40 to 50%, but this can be understood in an illustrative sense.

As described above, diagnostic systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure can visually determine positive and negative in the field by simple physical separation operations (specifically using only centrifugal force). In particular, it is possible to alleviate the problems of conventional methods based on fluorescence or electrophoresis (i.e., have good sensitivity, but device scale and procedures are complicated and require relatively long diagnostic time), and are caused by pathogens such as food poisoning bacteria. Infection can be diagnosed quickly on site.

In this regard, a diagnostic system according to an exemplary embodiment may have a low detection limit (LOD) of, for example, about 10 to 10 ⁶ CFU / mL, even 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU, but is not necessarily limited thereto. no.

Furthermore, when the insertion material is used, the efficiency of separation of the mobile phase particles due to steric hindrance can be further increased by increasing the rigidity of the amplified gene chain when the amplified gene of the target pathogen and the mobile phase particle are conjugated.

Hereinafter, preferred examples are provided to aid in understanding the present invention, but the following examples are provided only for better understanding of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto.

Example 1

A. Materials and Devices

The materials and devices used in this example are as follows:

The N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl sepharose® 4 Fast Flow (4B) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Cat # H 8280).

- it was purchased from the American Life Science captivity (Cat # 65001) magnetic particles ^{(Dynabeads ® Myone ™ Streptavidin C1)} .

Axygen, Cat # AXY-MCT-060 was used as a test tube.

Qiagen HotStartTaq ^® Plus Master Mix Kit was used as PCR mixture (Valencia, USA, Cat # 203643).

Modified primer composites were purchased from Bioneer (Daejeon, Korea).

GelRed ™ Nucleic Acid Gel stain (10,000 ×) was purchased from Biotium (Cat # 41002)

Centrifuge was purchased from Hanil (Combi-514R) and used.

DLS was purchased from Malvern and used (Zetasizer nano zs).

NMR or IR, Quick Exrtact ™ DNA Extraction Solution 1.0 was used under the trade name Epicentri ^® (Cat # QE09050, USA).

PBS buffer was used by storing Gibco (Cat # 70013-032) at 4 ℃.

The C1000 Touch ™ thermal cycler PCR System (Bio-rad, CA, USA) was used as the PCR device.

B. Experimental Procedure

E.coli O157: H7  Manufacture and DNA Extraction

E. coli were incubated for 16 hours at 37 ° C. in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. Then, the colony forming unit (CFU) of E. coli was identified using a colony counting method. E. coli were collected in test tubes using a centrifuge (13000 rpm) and DNA was extracted from E. coli pellets over 15 minutes at 98 ° C. using Quick Exrtact ™ DNA Extraction Solution 1.0.

E.coli O157: H7 PCR reaction against

To demonstrate the concept of rapidly visually identifying target DNA amplicons, PCR for E. coli was performed. Primers were designed based on stx 2 gene DNA (ref). Reverse primers were labeled with Cy3 at the 5 'end of the nucleotide sequence. Biotin was labeled at the 5 'end of the forward primer so that it could be captured by streptavidin-labeled magnetic beads. Each base sequence of the forward primer and the reverse primer is shown in Table 1 below.

primer Sequence Forward direction 5′-GGG CAG TTA TTT TGC TGT GGA-3 ′ Reverse 5′-TGT TGC CGT ATT AAC GAA CCC-3 ′

For amplification of E. coli , it was performed using a HotStartTaq ^® Plus Master Mix Kit. The reaction mixture contained 2 × master mix, 0.08 μM forward primer, 0.08 μM reverse primer, 1 μL of extracted DNA and deionized water. For DNA amplification, the C1000 Touch ^™ thermal cycler PCR System was used. The thermal cycle conditions are 35 minutes of thermal cycle of 95 minutes at 95 ° C., 95 ° C. for 30 seconds, 60 ° C. for 30 seconds and 72 ° C. for 30 seconds, followed by final extension at 72 ° C. for 5 minutes Was performed to complete the gene amplification reaction. Target DNA was amplified against 120-bp size amplicons using biotin-labeled forward and reverse primers.

Visualization of Amplified DNA

After the, PCR amplification reactions as shown in Figure 4, 4 μL of biotinylated amplified DNA, of 4 μL magnetic bead suspension ^{(10 mg / mL, Dynabeads ®} Myone ™ Streptavidin C1) and 1 μL of GelRed (20x, Biotium, Hayward, CA, USA) was pipetted into individual gel columns (Ortho BioVue system polycassettes) and incubated at 37 ° C. for 5 minutes. After incubation, the gel card was centrifuged once at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes. Visual confirmation was performed at 30 seconds, 60 seconds, 120 seconds and 300 seconds. The loading site corresponding to the flat line in the gel matrix indicates no influx has occurred and shows negative results. Positive results indicate that amplicon-bearing magnetic beads (sensitized-treated magnetic beads) passed through the gel matrix and migrated to the bottom of the gel column.

C. Result Analysis

Biosensing Principles for Functionalized Sepharose-based Optical Analysis

In order to analyze PCR products without a specific assay device, a visually identifiable sensing principle was designed and a ligand affinity chromatography-based optical sensing platform was developed. Streptavidin-conjugated magnetic particles (MP) were used as mobile phases and also for molecular signals based on their inherent reddish brown color. For gene amplification by the PCR method, biotinylation primers were synthesized to bind directly to MP and PCR products. NHS-functionalized Sepharose was used as the stationary phase. In order to establish a visually identifiable optical sensing system, genes from pathogens were first amplified and mixed with the prepared magnetic particles using conventional PCR apparatus, so that the moieties on the MP surface bound the amplified genes from the PCR. Changed accordingly. The mixture of MP and PCR was then applied to the NHS-modified Sepharose column.

In the negative test, streptavidin on the magnetic particle surface was exposed and the amine groups on streptavidin could react with the NHS group of Sepharose. However, in the positive test, streptavidin was coated by the amplified gene, and the magnetic particles were then separated from the Sepharose network structure. Based on these characteristics, the migration range of the magnetic particles in the Sepharose gel gradually changed during the centrifugation, and the movement of the magnetic particles could be visually observed due to the reddish brown color of the magnetic particles.

As a result, the target gene could be diagnosed simply by visual observation without complicated analysis device.

Analysis of PCR Products by Visual Observation

In this example, E. coli was selected as a biomarker for food-derived pathogens. 1.0 × 10 ⁵ CFU of E. coli was prepared and its genetic DNA (gDNA) was extracted and purified. Deionized water was used as a negative control test and the solution was mixed with magnetic particles for 30 minutes. Then, 10-fold diluted GelRed was allowed to react for 10 minutes. The prepared 200 μL NHS-modified Sepharose was carefully packed in a test tube. Due to the Sepharose suspended in solution, the test tubes were centrifuged for 30 seconds. Each prepared test sample was then applied to a Sepharose column, and the column was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes. As a result, in the positive test, the magnetic particles clearly moved through the Sepharose column as shown in FIG. 5A, and reddish brown particles were also visually observed. In contrast, in the negative test, the movement of the magnetic particles was not observed as in FIG. 5B, indicating that the magnetic particles are firmly bound to Sepharose.

The results show that the sensing system according to the example operates successfully as intended, and that genes amplified from the target pathogen can be readily identified with the naked eye.

E.coli Limit of detection (LOD)

Bacteria containing extremely small amounts of E. coli in foods are required to exhibit high sensitivity because they cause food poisoning. E. coli was serially diluted from 1.0 × 10 ⁶ CFU to 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU to confirm the detection limit in E. coli analysis, and DNA was extracted as described above. The PCR system amplified from each sample was applied to the analysis system according to the present example under the same conditions, and the results are shown in FIG. 6 together with the electrophoretic test results. According to the figure, except for the negative control test, the movement of the magnetic particles was observed, which indicates that E. coli can be diagnosed by visual observation when using the detection system according to the present embodiment. In addition, E. coli less than 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU. At concentration, the magnetic particles moved slightly. Even at low E. coli concentrations, the MP levels changed and were clearly distinguished from the negative sample test (control) for visual evaluation. Therefore, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU.

Visual observation analysis based on real samples

Since E. coli is the main cause of food poisoning, E. coli assays based on real samples were performed to evaluate the applicability of the diagnostic system according to this embodiment. In this example, an actual infected sample was prepared by injecting E. coli from 1.0 × 10 ⁶ CFU to 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU into 10 μL of milk. Bacteria-infused milk samples were dissolved and the dissolved solutions were subjected to routine PCR. The PCR product was applied to the system according to the present embodiment, and the assay was performed at least three times under the same conditions to ensure reproducibility. The results are shown in FIG.

Referring to the figure, the movement of the MP was observed in the whole picture, which supports the effective detection of E. coli based on the actual food sample in the system according to the present embodiment. Specifically, MP E. coli more than 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU There was a clear shift in concentration, whereas no change in MP was observed in the negative control. At 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU concentration, the magnetic particles migrated slightly, but a distinct shift was observed compared to the negative control. Therefore, the detection limit in the actual sample can be determined as 1.0 × 10 ¹ CFU E. coli .

Evaluation of DNA Flexibility Using Dynamic Light Scattering

According to the biosensing principle presented in this example, the amplified PCR product attached on the magnetic particles in the positive test interferes with the binding of the amine group of streptavidin and the NHS group on sepharose by steric hindrance. Therefore, maintaining the structure of the double stranded DNA (dsDNA) in rigid form is important for increasing the reaction efficiency. However, double strands of DNA have high flexibility in water systems, which prevents accurate analysis. DNA flexibility changes upon binding of dsDNA-specific inserts (molecules), which was evaluated using GelRed in this Example.

Since GelRed can be stacked between base pairs, DNA movement can be confined within the aqueous phase. In order to evaluate the DNA flexibility according to the GelRed reaction, the DNA size change was analyzed by the DLS method, which measures the dynamics of the biomolecules and observes the size change. For DNA templates amplified as about 100 base pairs, 100 nm of streptavidin-conjugated magnetic particles were used to clearly detect small changes in length. 1.0 × 10 ⁵ CFU E. coli was extracted and purified, and the prepared genes were mixed with a PCR mixture containing biotinylated primers. After PCR, the amplified gene was reacted with 100 nm magnetic particles, and then GelRed was mixed with the solution, and DLS (dynamic light scattering) size was measured and the results are shown in FIG. 8.

As shown in the figure, the interval between the initial magnetic particles was 158 nm. Given the total streptavidin size (about 20 nm) on the magnetic particle surface and the hydrodynamic diameter of the particle, the size is reliable. In addition, MP bound DNA was measured at 191 nm. The amplified genes averaged 100 bs and the theoretical size was about 34 nm. Assuming that the amplified DNA is uniformly bound to the MP surface, the overall size is increased by 68 nm. However, as mentioned above, as the DNA length is variable in aqueous solution, the results obtained support the flexibility of the DNA. The observed size for the GelRed, DNA and MP test results was 224 nm. The results show that GelRed was successfully inserted between base pairs of dsDNA and GelRed effectively reduced the flexibility of the amplified DNA.

Optimization of GelRed concentration and reaction time

Considering GelRed's functionality as a change in the flexibility of double stranded DNA, the MP binding affinity with Sepharose is closely related to the concentration of GelRed in genetic analysis. To optimize GelRed concentrations, Sepharose-filled (packed) test tubes and 1.0 × 10 ⁵ CFU E. coli were prepared by the same method as the previous test. Genes amplified by PCR were reacted with the same concentration of MP. GelRed diluted 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 times were then applied sequentially for 10 minutes, and the test tubes thus prepared were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes.

As shown in FIG. 9A, the aggregation phenomenon of MP was observed in the 5-fold diluted GelRed test. As such, excessively high concentrations of GelRed aggregated on Sepharose so that the movement of MP is disturbed regardless of the reaction of amine on MP with NHS on Sepharose. However, in the 10-fold diluted GelRed test, MP clearly moved in the positive test, whereas no change in the movement of MP was observed in the negative control test.

In the GelRed test diluted 20-fold, 50-fold and 100-fold, the MP level in the negative control did not change effectively, and the MP in the positive test was similar to the initial state, indicating that GelRed was used in the amplified target gene. Insufficient signal differentiation. As a result of the test described above, it can be concluded that it is suitable to use GelRed diluted about 10-fold.

Meanwhile, experiments were conducted to derive optimized centrifugation conditions, and the results are shown in FIG. 9B.

As shown in the figure, of all the test results, the movement level of the magnetic beads in the positive test was changed sequentially, while no significant change in the magnetic bead movement was detected in the negative test, which is the biosensing proposed in the present disclosure. Point out that the principle is appropriate. This may be due to the difference in surface functional groups due to conjugation of the PCR product and the magnetic beads. Although the change in the movement of the magnetic beads with the positive test and the negative test was observed at the reaction time from 30 to 60 seconds, the change in the magnetic bead movement was insufficient to determine the disease infection. On the other hand, when the reaction was performed for 120 seconds, the bead change in both the positive test and the negative test was clearly confirmed, which allows the naked eye to reliably diagnose the E. coli PCR product. Sufficient diagnostic results were obtained with a response time of 300 seconds, but these centrifugation conditions are not suitable for field tests. In the case of E. coli , a reaction time of about 2 minutes is most ideal.

Simple modifications and variations of the present invention can be readily used by those skilled in the art, and all such variations or modifications can be considered to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (21)

A plurality of mobile phase particles capable of visual identification and modified with a first functional group-containing component; And
A plurality of stationary phase particles activated by a chemical functional group capable of binding to the first functional group-containing component;
Including,
Here, the first functional group-containing component has a binding characteristic with a second functional group-containing component conjugated with a primer specific for the gene of the target pathogen, and the target in which the second functional group-containing component is amplified through the primer When conjugated with a gene of a pathogen, due to steric hindrance, binding between the mobile phase particle and the stationary phase particle is suppressed, and
And the mobile phase particles not bound to the stationary phase particles are separated by physical means, and configured to visually identify the separated mobile phase particles. The diagnostic system for pathogens according to claim 1, wherein the physical means is centrifugation. The diagnostic system for pathogens according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of stationary phase particles has a surface of a matrix particle attached with a chemical functional group, and the matrix particle is a material selected from the group consisting of resin, metal, and glass. . 4. The pathogen diagnostic system according to claim 3, wherein the matrix particles are porous matrix particles having a pore size in the range of 20 to 100 nm. The diagnostic system for pathogens according to claim 1, wherein the size (diameter) of the stationary phase particles is in the range of 30 to 400 mu m. 5. The pathogen diagnostic system according to claim 4, wherein the matrix particles are crosslinked bead shaped agarose gels. The diagnostic agent of claim 1, wherein the chemical functional group is a functional group having at least one moiety selected from an amine group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, a silanol group, a maleimide group, a thiol group, an aldehyde group, and a PEG. system. The diagnostic system for pathogens according to claim 1, wherein the chemical functional group is NHS. The method of claim 1, wherein the first functional group-containing component and the second functional group-containing component are different from each other, and include avidin, streptavidin, biotin, antigen, antibody, aptamer, amine, carboxy, aldehyde and A diagnostic system for pathogens, characterized in that it is selected from the group consisting of genes. 10. The diagnostic system for pathogens according to claim 9, wherein the first functional group-containing component is avidin or streptavidin and the second functional group-containing component is biotin. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile phase particles are formed by modifying the base particles into a first functional group-containing component, wherein the base particles are composed of magnetic particles, polystyrene beads, gold nanoparticles, metal particles, glass beads, and silica beads. At least one selected from the group of pathogens diagnostic system. 12. The diagnostic system of claim 11, wherein the base particles have a size of 0.01 to 10 [mu] m. a) providing a plurality of mobile phase particles capable of visual identification and modified with a first functional group-containing component;
b) apart from step a) above, by using a primer conjugated with a second functional group-containing component having binding properties to the first functional group-containing component, the second functional group-containing component is amplified by amplifying the gene of the target pathogen in the sample. Obtaining an amplification gene of the target pathogen conjugated with the component;
c) in a column packed with a plurality of stationary phase particles activated by a chemical functional group capable of binding to the first functional group-containing component, (i) the plurality of modified mobile phase particles, and (ii) the Adding an amplification gene of a target pathogen conjugated with a second functional group-containing component;
d) performing centrifugation in step c) for a column to which (i) the modified mobile phase particles and (ii) a target pathogen conjugated with the second functional group-containing component is added;
As a diagnostic method of pathogens, including
Wherein binding between the mobile phase particle and the stationary phase particle is inhibited due to steric hindrance by an amplification gene of a target pathogen conjugated with the second functional group-containing component, and
Mobile phase particles not bound to the stationary phase particles are separated by centrifugation, and visually identifying the mobile phase particles in the separated state. The method of claim 13, wherein an insert is inserted into the amplification gene to increase the stiffness of the amplification gene, thereby providing an increased steric hindrance. The method of claim 13, wherein the insertion material is an insertion dye, GelRed, EtBr (ethidium bromide), GelGreen, SYBR Green, PicoGreen, Hoechst series, BOBO, TOTO, YOYO, JOJO, POPO, LOLO, PO-PRO At least one selected from the group consisting of BO-PRO, YO-PRO, TO-PRO, JO-PRO, LO-PRO, and SYTO series. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the insert material is applied in a diluted state in an aqueous medium, wherein the concentration of the insert material in the diluted medium is in the range of 6 to 19x. The method of claim 13, wherein the rotational speed during the centrifugation is in the range of 500 to 1500 rpm. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the centrifugation time ranges from 0.5 to 5 minutes. The method of claim 13, wherein (i) the plurality of modified mobile phase particles, and (ii) the amplification gene of the target pathogen conjugated with the second functional group-containing component is added in the form of a mixture. The method of claim 13, wherein the amplification gene of the target pathogen conjugated with the second functional group-containing component is transferred to the mobile phase particle by binding of the second functional group-containing component to the first functional group-containing component of the mobile phase particle. The particle size after fixation is increased by at least ...% compared to before fixation. The method of claim 13, wherein the target pathogen is E. coli O157 : H7 , Salmonella choleraesuis , Salmonella bongori , Salmonella typhimurium , Listeria monocytogenes , Listeria denitrificans , Listeria grayi , Listeria murrayi, S. enteritidis, Y. enterocolitica, S. aureus, B. cereus , or L. monocytognes Way.

Images