KR20190110551A - Stabilized active material for lithium ion batteries - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material 42 for a positive electrode 22 of an electrochemical cell, comprising a mixed oxide 52 containing lithium and nickel, wherein a coating material 62 comprising LiMnO ₂ is the mixed oxide. It is applied to at least part of the surface of the. The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such a positive electrode active material 42.

Description

Stabilized active material for lithium ion batteries

The present invention relates to a stabilized positive active material for a positive electrode of a battery cell comprising a mixed oxide comprising lithium and nickel, in particular for a positive electrode of a lithium battery cell. A coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ is applied on at least a portion. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a cathode active material. The present invention also relates to a positive electrode of a battery cell comprising the positive electrode active material according to the present invention, and a battery cell including at least one positive electrode according to the present invention.

The storage of electrical energy has become increasingly important in recent decades. Electrical energy can be stored using a battery. Batteries convert chemical reaction energy into electrical energy. In this case, the primary battery and the secondary battery are distinguished. The primary battery operates only once, while the secondary battery, also called the accumulator, is rechargeable. The battery includes one or more battery cells.

In accumulators in particular, so-called lithium battery cells are used. The lithium battery cell may be a lithium ion battery cell or a lithium metal battery cell. They are particularly characterized by high energy density, thermal stability and extremely low self discharge.

The lithium battery cell includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The positive electrode and the negative electrode include a current collector coated with a positive electrode or a negative electrode active material, respectively. The positive electrode and the negative electrode active material are particularly characterized in that the reversible storage and release of lithium ions.

The negative electrode active material is, for example, amorphous silicon capable of forming an alloy compound with a lithium atom. However, carbon compounds such as graphite or lithium metal are also used as the active material for the negative electrode. Lithium ions or lithium atoms are mixed in the active material of the negative electrode.

Generally as a positive electrode active material, lithium containing metal oxide or lithium containing metal phosphate is used. Especially in applications where high energy density is required, HE (high energy) -NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) electrodes (e.g. LiMO ₂ : Li ₂ MnO ₃ , where M = Ni, Co, Mn) So-called high energy materials are used. Mixed oxides have a layered structure and are characterized by low cost, high thermal stability and high capacitance compared to nickel and manganese free LiCoO ₂ based active materials.

Conventional HE-NCM materials provide relatively high capacitance at the beginning of the life of the cell, but suffer from significant losses over the life of the cell. This so-called capacitance loss is due to the loss of nickel atoms from the active material. In particular, a loss occurs on the surface of the positive electrode active material due to interaction with the electrolyte of the battery cell. To prevent this loss, the prior art proposes surface coating of nickel rich positive electrode active materials, for example as manganese rich coating materials [see, for example, F. Wu et al., J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 1489-1497]. These manganese rich phases are particularly known for their thermal stability [P. Rozier, J.M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem, Soc. 2015, 162, A2490-A2499].

J.-K. Noh et al., Scientific Reports 2014, 4, 4847, report on the mechanical chemical synthesis of core / shell nanocomposites. A shell consisting of Li ₂ MnO ₃ is provided to the core consisting of LiMO ₂ (M = Ni, Co, Mn). H. Zhang et al., RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 22625-22632 report improved properties of nickel rich active materials provided with Li ₂ Mn0 ₃ containing coatings. However, a disadvantage of the Li ₂ Mn0 ₃ containing coating material is that the material is activated while releasing oxygen during cycling in use in the electrochemical cell. In this case, Li ₂ O and MnO ₂ are formed into a stable (and therefore preferred) spinel structure. However, the formed oxygen is undesirable because it can cause side reactions in the electrochemical cell, in particular with the electrolyte.

As an alternative, the surface coating having the spinel structure may be formed from an inert coating material (eg AlF ₃ ) [B. Song et al., Scientific Reports 2013, 3, 3094. However, since these materials do not contribute to energy storage, they negatively affect the capacitance of the battery cell.

US 2014/0038052 A1 discloses a surface coating of a nickel containing active material with a manganese containing material having a spinel structure, in particular LiMn ₂ O ₄ . The coating material is applied to the surface in the form of a suspension. This method has the disadvantage that the integration between the different crystal structures of the nickel rich active material (layer structure) and the manganese rich coating material (spinel structure) is insufficient. Due to the different mechanical properties of the materials (e.g. volume expansion during decalation / intercalation of lithium ions), damage may occur at the interface if the oxygen lattice does not grow perfectly with each other .

C. Liu et al. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2012, 7, 7152-7164], there has been reported a process for producing LiMnO ₂ of the orthorhombic system consisting of Mn ₂ O ₃ and LiOH and H ₂ O. In addition, it has been reported that tetragonal LiMnO ₂ is converted to spinel type LiMn ₂ O ₄ when used as an active material in a lithium ion battery.

An object of the present invention is to provide a nickel-containing positive electrode active material for a positive electrode having a low capacitance loss and high stability. The problem is solved by the coated cathode active material described below.

A positive electrode active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell containing at least one mixed oxide (hereinafter also referred to as mixed oxide) containing lithium and nickel, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the mixed oxide includes a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ . A positive electrode active material to be applied is proposed.

The at least one mixed oxide is preferably a mixed oxide comprising at least one metal, lithium and nickel, selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese and aluminum.

In a preferred embodiment, the mixed oxide comprises a material of the formula Li _{1 + y} Ni _{1 - x} M _x O ₂ , in particular lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide or lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) and mixtures thereof Wherein M is selected from one or more of the elements Co, Mn and Al, and 0 ≦ x <1 and 0 ≦ y ≦ 0.3.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide is an NMC material of the formula Li _{1 + y} Ni _1-pq Mn _p Co _q O ₂ , wherein the following formula is cumulative:

0 <p <1, 0 <q <1 and 0 <p + q <1;

And 0 ≦ y ≦ 0.3.

Mixed oxide the formula _{Li 1 + y Ni 1 -x- z} Mn p Co q O 2 with the more preferred the lithiated a high energy (HE) -NMC materials and embodiments, the following equations are established cumulatively:

0 <p <1, 0 <q <1 and 0 <p + q <1;

In the above formula, 0 <y ≦ 0.3.

Preferred HE-NMC materials are perlimitized, layered oxides of the general formula n (Li ₂ MnO ₃ ) .1-n (LiNi _{1 -m- r} Co _r Mn _m O ₂ ), where 0 <n <1, 0 < r <1, m + r <1 and 0 <m <1.

Examples of suitable lithiated and the mixed oxide is _{Li 1 .17 Ni 0 .17 Co 0} .1 Mn 0 .56 O 2, Li 1.1 Ni 0.233 Co 0.233 Mn 0.433 0 2 and _{Li 1.166 Ni 0.166 Co 0.166 Mn 0.499} 0 2 to be.

In addition, y = 0 of the formula Li _{1 + y} Ni _{1 -} by way of example for a compound of the _x M _x O _2, has as a suitable embodiment of the mixed oxide following _{example: LiNi 0 .8 Co 0 .15 Al} 0 .05 O 2 _{(NCA), LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1} Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC (811)), LiNi 0 .33 Mn 0 .33 Co 0 .33 0 2 (NMC (111)), LiNi 0 .6 Mn 0 .2 Co 0 _{.2 0 2 (NMC (622)} ), LiNi 0 .5 Mn 0 .3 Co 0 .2 0 2 (NMC (532)), LiNi 0 .4 Mn 0 .3 Co 0 .3 0 2 (NMC (433 )) And mixtures thereof.

The positive electrode active material may in principle have any form that appears appropriate and meaningful to those skilled in the art. For example, the positive electrode active material may be formed in the form of a freestanding foil provided with a coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ at least partially on the surface. In a preferred embodiment, the positive electrode active material comprises active material particles in the form of core / shell particles, the core comprises at least one mixed oxide, and the shell is formed by a coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ . The shell, ie the coating material, preferably in this embodiment completely surrounds the core. Thus, extensive protection of the mixed oxides is achieved.

The average particle size of the core particles consisting of at least one mixed oxide is in the range of 1 nm to 10 μm, preferably 1 nm to 300 nm. In this case, the core / shell particles are nanocomposites.

The layer thickness of the shell (ie the coating layer) is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 nm, in particular in the range of 0.1 to 10 nm.

The particle size of the core / shell particles is preferably in the range from 1.2 nm to 10200 nm, in particular in the range from 1.2 nm to 120 nm.

The present invention also relates to a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell containing a mixed oxide containing lithium and nickel, wherein a coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ is applied to at least a portion of the surface of the mixed oxide. , LiMnO ₂ is obtained from solid phase reaction of Mn ₂ O ₃ and LiOH.H ₂ O. LiMnO ₂ and mixed oxides of the coating material have a layer structure. Thus, the two materials are particularly well compatible with each other and form a firm bond at the interface.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the first step, Mn ₂ O ₃ and LiOH.H ₂ O are preferably in stoichiometric ratios of 1: 1 to 1: 1.1, especially stoichiometric amounts of 1: 1.02 to 1: 1.07. In intensive terms, for example intensive stoichiometric ratios of 1: 1.05. Mixing can be carried out in a mechanical mixer, in particular a ball mill, over 0.1 to 20 hours, preferably 5 to 15 hours. Preferably a solvent may be added to the mixing process. In this case, the solvent content should be kept low. Preferably, the solvent should be at most 20% by weight, in particular at most 10% by weight of the mixture. Suitable solvents are all solvents that do not react with the reactants Mn ₂ O ₃ and LiOH.H ₂ O. Preferably, anhydrous solvents such as anhydrous alcohols, in particular methanol or ethanol, or anhydrous acetone are selected. The mixture thus obtained is subsequently heated to a temperature of preferably 400 to 1000 ° C., preferably 600 to 800 ° C. and at this temperature for 1 to 48 hours, preferably 5 to 36 hours, in particular 10 to 32 hours. maintain. The pure LiMnO ₂ obtained is cooled to room temperature. No further processing is necessary. Pure LiMnO ₂ can be used without modification in further steps. However, LiMnO ₂ can be ground to fine powder if necessary.

In the next step, the powdered LiMnO ₂ is treated with a pastelike material, preferably using a solvent. Preferably, anhydrous solvents such as anhydrous alcohols, in particular methanol or ethanol, or anhydrous acetone are selected. The material containing paste-like LiMnO ₂ may be applied to at least part of the surface of the mixed oxide to be coated by any method known to those skilled in the art. Coating methods are, for example, dip coating, knife coating, spray coating or spin coating.

In a preferred embodiment, the mixed oxide to be coated is used in the form of particles, in particular in the form of nanoparticles. The coating is in this case preferably carried out by a method of mixing the mixture of coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ , solvent and mixed oxides with each other for 0.5 to 10 hours, in particular 1 to 5 hours, in a mechanical mixer, in particular a ball mill. The stoichiometric ratio of coating material to mixed oxide is preferably in the range from 1: 1 to 1: 1000, in particular in the range from 1: 100 to 1: 500. Subsequent drying at a temperature of 50 to 500 ° C. provides the desired core / shell nanocomposite material.

In a preferred embodiment, solid phase synthesis of LiMnO ₂ and coating of layered metal oxides are carried out in a single step. For this purpose, the solvent and the particulate mixture from the stoichiometric ratio with the oxide material Mn ₂ O _3, LiOH and H ₂ O from 0.1 to 20 hours in a ball mill, preferably mixed together intensively for 3 to 15 hours do. The mixture thus obtained is subsequently heated to a temperature of 400 to 1000 ° C., preferably 600 to 800 ° C. and held at this temperature for 1 to 48 hours, preferably 5 to 36 hours, in particular 10 to 32 hours. After cooling, the product is a core / shell nanocomposite material. It can optionally be ground to a fine powder before subsequent use.

The positive electrode active material may be used as an active material for electrodes, particularly as an active material for positive electrodes of lithium battery cells.

The invention also relates to an electrode comprising a positive electrode active material comprising a mixed oxide containing lithium and nickel, wherein a coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ is applied to at least a portion of the surface of the mixed oxide. The electrode includes at least one positive electrode active material composition and at least one current collector. The positive electrode active material composition is applied to at least a part of the surface of the current collector. As the current collector, preferably a metal foil such as copper foil or aluminum foil is used. In addition to the positive electrode active material according to the present invention, the active material composition may further include an additive that positively affects the properties of the active material. The additives include in particular conductive additives such as conductive carbon black or graphite, and styrene-butadiene-copolymer (SBR), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers. Binders such as coalescence (EPDM).

The present invention also relates to a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode active material containing a composite oxide containing lithium and nickel, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the composite oxide is LiMn ₂ O ₄ . A coating material is applied, the method comprising first applying a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ to the surface of the mixed oxide. Mixed oxides coated with a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ are prepared according to one of the methods described above and are substantially free of LiMn ₂ O ₄ . That is, the coating material comprises ≦ 10% by weight, in particular ≦ 5% by weight of LiMn ₂ O ₄ . In a subsequent step, the cathode active material thus obtained is subjected to a galvanostatic process in which at least a portion of LiMnO ₂ is converted to LiMn ₂ O ₄ from the LiMnO ₂ containing coating material of the cathode active material. Preferably the content of LiMn ₂ O _{4 in} the coating is ≧ 70% by weight, in particular ≧ 80% by weight after the conversion. The coated mixed oxide obtained in this way is LiMn ₂ O ₄ It is particularly stable due to the good engagement of the containing material with the oxygen lattice of the mixed oxides.

In a preferred embodiment, the constant current conversion of the coating material is achieved during formation and / or cycling of the positive electrode active material. Thus, preferably in the first step, an electrochemical cell is provided which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte and optionally a separator.

In this case, the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material composition made of a positive electrode active material including a mixed oxide containing lithium and nickel, and a coating material including LiMnO ₂ is applied to at least a part of the surface of the mixed oxide. In addition, the active material composition optionally includes conductive additives and / or binders. The active material composition is applied to the current collector to form a positive electrode. Suitable methods for this are known to those skilled in the art.

The battery cell also includes at least one cathode and an electrolyte that allows the transport of lithium ions between the electrodes. The electrolyte can be, for example, a liquid electrolyte comprising at least one aprotic organic solvent and at least one conductive salt, in particular lithium salt. In order to prevent direct contact between the electrodes, the battery cell preferably further comprises at least one separator disposed between the electrodes. Preferably, the separator contains polymers such as polyolefins, polyesters and fluorinated polymers. Particularly preferred polymers are polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). As an alternative, the battery cell may also comprise a solid electrolyte, in particular a polymer electrolyte. These include at least one polymer and at least one conductive salt, in particular lithium salts. Suitable polymers include polyalkylene oxides such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO).

The solid electrolyte may ideally function as a separator in such a way that the solid electrolyte is disposed between the electrodes and separates them from each other. In this aspect, the use of the separator can be omitted.

In order to activate the battery cells, the positive electrode active material is formed and / or cycled in principle by methods known to those skilled in the art. Formation and / or cycling of the battery cell occurs, for example, by first applying a prescribed voltage to the battery cell, the first specified current being supplied into the battery cell. In a preferred embodiment, the forming / cycling is performed at a voltage of 2.0 to 4.2 volts for NCM based batteries or at a voltage of 2.0 to 4.7 volts for HE-NCM based batteries.

By this method, LiMnO ₂ from the coating of the positive electrode active material is at least partially converted to LiMn ₂ O ₄ while releasing lithium ions. This conversion results in structural variation of the coating into the spinel structure, which further increases the thermal and mechanical stability of the coating due to the intensive engagement of the layers. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a positive electrode active material comprising a mixed oxide, wherein a coating material comprising LiMn ₂ O ₄ obtained by the above-described method is disposed on at least part of the surface of the mixed oxide.

A battery cell comprising at least one positive electrode according to the invention is also proposed.

The battery cells according to the invention are preferably used in electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), tools or household appliances. Here, the tool means a home tool and a gardening tool. Home appliances in particular mean mobile phones, tablet PCs or laptops.

The above-described positive electrode active material comprising a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ is very good with the mixed oxide to be coated, in which the coating material can be prepared by simple solid phase synthesis from an inexpensive reactant, which is likewise given a layer structure due to its layer structure. It is characterized by having compatibility. There is no interface damage effect that affects the performance of the battery cell using the positive electrode active material. In addition, the coating protects the nickel containing mixed oxides from loss of nickel atoms and associated capacitance losses from the positive electrode active material. Manganese rich LiMnO ₂ has thermal stability. By conversion of LiMnO ₂ to LiMn ₂ O ₄ during the formation and / or cycling of the battery cell, a coating having a spinel structure on at least part of the surface of the mixed oxide is obtained, which not only functions as a stabilizing action, but also simultaneously as a positive electrode active material Participate in energy storage. By tight engagement of the structure of the coating material with the mixed oxide, a very stable composite material is produced.

Aspects of the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings and the following description.

1 is a schematic diagram of active material particles according to the present invention.
2 is a schematic diagram of a battery cell.

1 is a schematic diagram of active material particles 1 in the form of core / shell particles. The core 52 of the active material particles 1 is formed of a nickel containing mixed oxide, in particular a superlithiated high energy nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (HE-NMC). Here, for example, a _{.17 Li 1 .17 Ni 0 Co 0} .1 Mn 0 .56 O 2 is used. The particles of mixed oxides preferably have an average particle size of 1 nm to 100 nm, here about 10 nm. On the surface of the mixed oxide particles, a coating comprising LiMnO ₂ forming a shell 62 of core / shell particles is applied. This completely surrounds the core 52 made of mixed oxides with an average layer thickness of, for example, 0.1 to 2 nm. A coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ was prepared by a solid phase synthesis process from Mn ₂ O ₃ and LiOH.H ₂ O, which was carried out in the presence of mixed oxide particles, so that the synthesis of LiMnO ₂ and the coating of the mixed oxide particles were carried out in a single Is achieved in stages. The obtained composite material can subsequently be used for the production of the anode 22.

2 schematically shows a battery cell 2. The battery cell 2 comprises a cell housing 3. In this case, the cell housing 3 is electrically conductive and is made of aluminum, for example. The cell housing 3 may also be made of an electrically insulating material such as plastic.

The battery cell 2 includes a negative terminal 11 and a positive terminal 12. Through the terminals 11, 12, the voltage provided by the battery cell 2 can be tapped. In addition, the battery cell 2 may be charged through the terminals 11 and 12. The terminals 11, 12 are arranged apart from each other on the cover face of the pyramidal cell housing 3.

Inside the cell housing 3 of the battery cell 2, an electrode winding comprising two electrodes, namely a cathode 21 and an anode 22, is disposed. The cathode 21 and the anode 22 are each implemented in the form of a foil, and wound around the separator 18 to form an electrode winding. It is also possible for a plurality of electrode windings to be provided in the cell housing 3. Instead of electrode windings, for example, an electrode stack can also be provided.

The negative electrode 21 includes a negative electrode active material 41 implemented in the form of a foil. The negative electrode active material 41 is based on silicon or a silicon-containing alloy, for example.

The negative electrode 21 also includes a current collector 31 formed like foils. The negative electrode active material 41 and the current collector 31 are connected in surface contact with each other. The current collector 31 of the negative electrode 21 has electrical conductivity and is made of a metal such as copper. The current collector 31 of the negative electrode 21 is electrically connected to the negative terminal 11 of the battery cell 2.

In this case, the anode 22 is a HE (high energy) -NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) electrode. The positive electrode 22 includes a positive electrode active material composition including the positive electrode active material 42 in the form of the active material particles 1 according to FIG. 1. An additive, in particular conductive carbon black and a binder, is disposed between the active material particles 1 of the positive electrode active material 42. In this case, the positive electrode active material composition is formed in the form of a foil.

The positive electrode 22 further includes a current collector 32 formed in the form of a foil. The positive electrode active material composition including the positive electrode active material 42 and the current collector 32 is connected in surface contact with each other. The current collector 32 of the positive electrode 22 is electrically conductive and is made of a metal such as aluminum. The current collector 32 of the positive electrode 22 is electrically connected to the positive terminal 12 of the battery cell 2.

The cathode 21 and the anode 22 are separated from each other by the separator 18. The separator 18 is also formed in the form of a foil. The separator 18 is electronically insulating but ionically conductive. That is, lithium ions can be permeated.

The cell housing 3 of the battery cell 2 is filled with a liquid aprotic electrolyte composition 15 or a polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte composition 15 surrounds the negative electrode 21, the positive electrode 22, and the separator 18. The electrolyte composition 15 has ion conductivity, for example at least one cyclic carbonate (eg, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC)), and at least one linear carbonate (E.g., dimethylene carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC)) as a solvent and a mixture containing lithium salts (e.g. LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ ) as an additive Include.

The invention is not limited to the aspects described herein and the aspects shown herein. Rather, within the scope given by the claims, many variations are possible without departing from the practice of those skilled in the art.

Claims (12)

A positive electrode active material 42 for a positive electrode 22 of an electrochemical cell containing a mixed oxide containing lithium and nickel, wherein a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ is applied to at least a portion of the surface of the mixed oxide ( 42). The method of claim 1, wherein the positive electrode active material 42 includes active material particles 1 in the form of core / shell particles, the core 52 includes at least one mixed oxide, and the shell 62. ) Is formed by the coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ . A method for producing a positive electrode active material 42 for positive electrode 22 of an electrochemical cell, wherein the positive electrode active material 42 comprises a mixed oxide containing lithium and nickel, and a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ is selected from the mixed oxide. and applied to at least a portion of the surface, the LiMnO ₂ is a method of producing a positive electrode active material 42 is obtained from the solid state reaction of Mn ₂ O ₃ and LiOH and H ₂ O. A method for producing a positive electrode active material 42 for positive electrode 22 of an electrochemical cell, wherein the positive electrode active material 42 comprises a mixed oxide containing lithium and nickel, and a coating material containing LiMnO ₂ is selected from the mixed oxide. Applied to at least a portion of the surface, the method comprising first applying a coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ to the surface of the mixed oxide. The method of claim 4, wherein the coating material comprising LiMnO ₂ is Mn ₂ O _3. The method of the positive electrode active material 42 is obtained from the solid state reaction of LiOH and H ₂ O. A method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the method comprises the formation and / or cycling of the active material. The method of claim 6, wherein the forming and / or cycling is in an electrochemical cell. The cathode active material 42 obtained by the method according to any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein the cathode active material comprises a mixed oxide, and at least a part of the surface of the mixed oxide comprises LiMn ₂ O ₄ . The positive electrode active material 42, which is applied with a coating material. Use of the positive electrode active material (42) according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 8 for producing the positive electrode (22) of an electrochemical cell or battery. A positive electrode (22) comprising the positive electrode active material (42) according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 8. A battery cell (2) comprising at least one positive electrode (22) according to claim 10. Use of the battery cell (2) according to claim 11 in an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid vehicle (HEV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), a tool or a household appliance.

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