KR20190094279A - Polyester film with excellent anti-bloking property - Google Patents
Polyester film with excellent anti-bloking property Download PDFInfo
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- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
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- C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2333/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
- C08J2333/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08J2333/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
- C08J2333/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
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- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
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- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
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- C08J2433/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2433/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
- C08J2433/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08J2433/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
- C08J2433/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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Abstract
Description
본 발명은 유기입자인 PMMA를 코팅층에 포함하여 블로킹 장지 효과와 투명성이 우수한 내블로킹성이 우수한 폴리에스테르 필름에 관한 것이다. The present invention relates to a polyester film having excellent blocking resistance by including PMMA, which is an organic particle, in a coating layer and having excellent blocking effect and transparency.
폴리에스테르 필름은 일반적으로 다른 고분자 물질과 접착성이 부족하여 표면 코팅을 통하여 접착성을 부가시킨다. 일반적으로 코팅의 주 원료인 바인더는 수분산 폴리우레탄 수지, 수분산 에스터 수지, 아크릴 수지 중에서 선택하여 사용한다. 그 중에서 수분산 폴리우레탄 수지는 광학용에서 가장 많이 이용되는데, 이는 폴리에스테르 필름 및 UV 경화형 아크릴계수지와 접착성이 가장 우수하기 때문이다.Polyester films generally lack adhesion with other polymeric materials and add adhesion through surface coating. In general, the binder, which is the main raw material of the coating, is selected from among water-dispersed polyurethane resins, water-dispersed ester resins, and acrylic resins. Among them, the water-dispersed polyurethane resin is most used for optical use because it has the best adhesion with the polyester film and the UV curable acrylic resin.
그러나 폴리우레탄 수지를 적용한 필름은 블로킹성이 아크릴 수지에 비해서 상대적으로 부족하여 블로킹 불량이 발생할 수 있다. 블로킹성은 보통 제품 권취 후 필름 간에 붙어서 불량이 발생하는 것을 의미한다. 그래서, 우레탄 수지의 경우에는 보통 무기입자인 안티블로킹(Anti-blocking)제를 넣거나 Knurling 처리 등 다양한 방법으로 블로킹을 방지 하고 있다. 아크릴 수지는 블로킹성이 가장 우수하지만, 광학용에서 후가공시 접착성이 부족한 문제가 있다. However, the film to which the polyurethane resin is applied is relatively poor in blocking property as compared to the acrylic resin, and thus blocking failure may occur. Blocking usually means that defects occur due to sticking between the films after the winding of the product. Therefore, in the case of urethane resin, blocking is prevented by various methods such as anti-blocking agent, which is usually inorganic particles, or knurling treatment. The acrylic resin has the best blocking property, but there is a problem in that the adhesive is insufficient in post-processing in optical applications.
대한민국 공개특허 제10-2014-0091814호(2014.07.23.)은 폴리우레탄 수지, 이소시아네이트 경화제, 옥사졸린 경화제, 계면활성제 및 입자조액을 함유하는 코팅액을 폴리에스테르 필름에 도포한 내블로킹성이 우수한 광학용 폴리에스테르 필름에 관하여 개시하고 있으나, 여전히 접착성이 부족한 문제가 있다. Republic of Korea Patent Application Publication No. 10-2014-0091814 (July 23, 2014) is a good optical resistance to blocking coating the coating liquid containing a polyurethane resin, an isocyanate curing agent, an oxazoline curing agent, a surfactant and a particle bath solution to the polyester film Although it discloses about the polyester film for, there exists still a problem that adhesiveness is lacking.
본 발명은 상기 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 안출된 것으로, 폴리에스테르 필름의 코팅층에 수분산 폴리우레탄을 적용하면서도, 아크릴 수지에 비해 상대적으로 부족한 블로킹성을 향상시키는 내블로킹성이 우수한 폴리에스테르 필름을 제공하는 것을 해결과제로 한다. The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, while applying a water-dispersed polyurethane to the coating layer of the polyester film, to provide a polyester film having excellent blocking resistance to improve the blocking resistance that is relatively insufficient compared to the acrylic resin To be a challenge.
전술한 과제를 해결하기 위한 수단으로서, As a means for solving the above problem,
본 발명의 내블로킹성이 우수한 폴리에스테르 필름은, 폴리에스테르계 기재필름의 적어도 일면에 폴리우레탄 수지를 바인더로 포함하는 코팅층이 형성되고, 상기 코팅층에 PMMA 유기입자를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다. The polyester film having excellent blocking resistance of the present invention is characterized in that a coating layer containing a polyurethane resin as a binder is formed on at least one surface of the polyester base film, and the coating layer comprises PMMA organic particles.
또한, PMMA의 입자크기는 500nm 초과 2㎛ 미만인 것을 특징으로 한다. In addition, the particle size of PMMA is characterized in that more than 500nm less than 2㎛.
또한, PMMA의 함량은 코팅액 총량 대비 0.05 초과 0.3 이하 중량% 인 것을 특징으로 한다. In addition, the content of PMMA is characterized in that more than 0.05% by weight or less relative to the total amount of the coating liquid.
또한, 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 80 내지 90 중량%, 폴리우레탄 수지 9.34 내지 15.45 중량%, 경화제 0.5 내지 3 중량%, 촉매 0.01 내지 0.05 중량%, 음이온계 계면활성제 0.1 내지 1.0 중량% 및 PMMA 입자 0.05 내지 0.5 중량%를 혼합한 것을 특징으로 한다. In addition, the coating liquid forming the coating layer is 80 to 90% by weight of water, 9.34 to 15.45% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.5 to 3% by weight of curing agent, 0.01 to 0.05% by weight of catalyst, 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of anionic surfactant and PMMA It is characterized by mixing 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of the particles.
본 발명은 필름의 블로킹 발생을 방지함과 더불어 필름의 투명성 개선 효과를 더해 우수한 품질의 폴리에스테르 필름을 높은 수율로 생산이 가능하고, 그로 인해 매출 증대에 기여하는 효과도 있다. The present invention prevents the occurrence of blocking of the film as well as the effect of improving the transparency of the film can be produced in a high yield of a polyester film of high quality, thereby contributing to the increase in sales.
이하, 본 발명의 내블로킹성이 우수한 폴리에스테르 필름에 관하여 보다 상세하게 설명한다. Hereinafter, the polyester film excellent in the blocking resistance of this invention is demonstrated in detail.
본 발명은 폴리에스테르계 기재필름의 적어도 일면에 폴리우레탄 수지를 바인더로 포함하는 코팅층이 형성되고, 상기 코팅층에 PMMA(Polymethylmethacrylate) 유기입자를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 내블로킹성이 우수한 폴리에스테르 필름에 관한 것이다. The present invention is a coating layer comprising a polyurethane resin as a binder is formed on at least one surface of the polyester base film, the coating layer to the polyester film excellent blocking resistance, characterized in that it comprises PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) organic particles It is about.
본 발명은 무기입자 대신 유기입자인 PMMA를 코팅층에 포함하여 필름의 내블로킹성을 향상시키는 것을 특징으로 한다. PMMA 입자는 실리카와 같은 무기 입자보다 굴절률이 높아서 블로킹 방지 효과가 우수하고, 폴리에스테르 필름의 외관을 기존보다 투명하게 하는 효과가 있다. The present invention is characterized by including the PMMA, which is an organic particle instead of the inorganic particles in the coating layer to improve the blocking resistance of the film. PMMA particles have a higher refractive index than inorganic particles such as silica, and thus have an excellent antiblocking effect, and have an effect of making the appearance of a polyester film transparent than before.
상기 PMMA의 입자크기는 500 nm 초과 2 ㎛ 미만인 것이 바람직하다. 500nm 이하인 경우 내블로킹성이 저하되고, 2 ㎛ 이상인 경우 내블로킹성은 우수하나 투명성이 떨어진다. The particle size of the PMMA is preferably more than 500 nm and less than 2 ㎛. In the case of 500 nm or less, blocking resistance falls, and in the case of 2 micrometers or more, blocking resistance is excellent but transparency is inferior.
상기 PMMA의 함량은 코팅액 총량 대비 0.05 초과 0.3 이하 중량% 인 것이 바람직하다. 0.05 중량% 이하인 경우 내블로킹성 개선 효과가 없고, 0.3 중량%를 초과할 경우 투명성이 급격히 떨어진다.The content of the PMMA is preferably greater than 0.05 and less than 0.3% by weight based on the total amount of the coating liquid. If it is 0.05 wt% or less, there is no effect of improving blocking resistance, and if it exceeds 0.3 wt%, transparency is sharply dropped.
본 발명의 폴리에스테르계 기재필름은 폴리에틸렌테레프탈레이트, 폴리에틸렌나프탈레이트 및 폴리카보네이트 중에서 선택되는 어느 하나일 수 있다. The polyester-based substrate film of the present invention may be any one selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, and polycarbonate.
본 발명에서 폴리우레탄계 수지는 폴리이소시아네이트와 폴리올을 중합하고, 사슬 연장제로 연장시킨 공지의 폴리우레탄계 수지를 사용할 수 있다. 구체적으로 폴리이소시아네이트는 페닐렌디이소시아네이트, 4,4′-디페닐메탄 디이소시아네이트, 헥사메틸렌디이소시아네이트, 크실렌 디이소시아네이트, 4,4′-디사이클로헥실메탄 디이소시아네이트, 이소포론 디이소시아네이트 등 이다. 또한, 폴리올은 폴리옥시에틸렌글리콜, 폴리옥시프로필렌 글리콜, 폴리옥시테트라메틸렌 글리콜 등의 폴리에테르 폴리올류, 폴리에틸렌 아디페이트, 폴리에틸렌-부틸렌 아디페이트, 폴리카프로락톤 등의 폴리에스테르 폴리올류, 아크릴계 폴리올, 폴리카보네이트계 폴리올 등이 예시된다. 또한, 사슬 연장제로서 에틸렌글리콜, 프로필렌 글리콜, 부탄디올, 디에틸렌글리콜, 트리메티롤프로판, 하이드라진, 에틸렌디아민, 디에틸렌 트리아민, 4,4′-디아미노디페닐메탄, 4,4′-디아미노디사이클로헥실메탄 등을 예로 들 수 있다.In the present invention, the polyurethane resin may be a known polyurethane resin polymerized with a polyisocyanate and a polyol and extended with a chain extender. Specifically, polyisocyanate is phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'- diphenylmethane diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, xylene diisocyanate, 4,4'- dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, etc. The polyol may be polyether polyols such as polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, polyester polyols such as polyethylene adipate, polyethylene-butylene adipate, polycaprolactone, acrylic polyol, Polycarbonate-based polyols and the like are exemplified. Further, as a chain extender, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, diethylene glycol, trimetholpropane, hydrazine, ethylenediamine, diethylene triamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4'-dia Minodicyclohexyl methane etc. are mentioned, for example.
본 발명의 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 80 내지 90 중량%, 폴리우레탄 수지 9.34 내지 15.45 중량%, 경화제 0.5 내지 3중량%, 촉매 0.01 내지 0.05 중량%, 음이온계 계면활성제 0.1 내지 1.0 중량% 를 혼합하고, PMMA 입자를 0.05 내지 0.5중량%를 혼합하여 제조한다.The coating liquid for forming the coating layer of the present invention is 80 to 90% by weight water, 9.34 to 15.45% by weight polyurethane resin, 0.5 to 3% by weight curing agent, 0.01 to 0.05% by weight catalyst, 0.1 to 1.0% by weight anionic surfactant The mixture is prepared by mixing 0.05 to 0.5 wt% of the PMMA particles.
이하, 구체적인 실시예 및 비교예를 통하여 본 발명을 상세히 설명하며, 이러한 실시예들은 단지 본 발명을 예시하기 위한 것으로 본 발명의 범위를 제한하는 것으로 해석되어서는 안된다.Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail through specific examples and comparative examples, and these examples are only to illustrate the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
실시예Example 1 One
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.45 중량%와 12.0 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5 중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, PMMA 입자(1㎛)를 0.1 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다.For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming a coating layer is 86.45% by weight of water and 12.0% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, 0.05% by weight of catalyst, 0.5% by weight of anionic surfactants were mixed, and PMMA particles (1 μm) were prepared by mixing 0.1% by weight.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛ 의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액은의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution of silver was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
실시예Example 2 2
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.25 중량%와 12 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5 중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, PMMA 입자(1㎛)를 0.3 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다.For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is 86.25% by weight of water and 12% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, 0.05% by weight of catalyst and 0.5% by weight of anionic surfactants were mixed, and PMMA particles (1 μm) were prepared by mixing 0.3% by weight.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액은의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution of silver was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
비교예Comparative example 1 One
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.25 중량%와 12 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, 0.5㎛ 의 PMMA 입자 0.3 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다.For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is 86.25% by weight of water and 12% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, It was prepared by mixing 0.05 wt% catalyst, 0.5 wt% anionic surfactant, and 0.3 wt% of 0.5 μm PMMA particles.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
비교예Comparative example 2 2
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.25 중량%와 12 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, 2 ㎛ 의 PMMA 입자 0.3 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다.For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is 86.25% by weight of water and 12% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, It was prepared by mixing 0.05 wt% catalyst, 0.5 wt% anionic surfactant, and 0.3 wt% of 2 μm PMMA particles.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
비교예Comparative example 3 3
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.25 중량%와 12 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, 4 ㎛ 의 PMMA 입자 0.3 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다.For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is 86.25% by weight of water and 12% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, It was prepared by mixing 0.05 wt% catalyst, 0.5 wt% anionic surfactant, and 0.3 wt% of 4 μm PMMA particles.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
비교예Comparative example 4 4
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.5 중량%와 12.0 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5 중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, PMMA 입자(1㎛)를 0.05 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다. For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming a coating layer is 86.5% by weight of water and 12.0% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, 0.05 wt% of a catalyst and 0.5 wt% of anionic surfactant were mixed, and PMMA particles (1 μm) were prepared by mixing 0.05 wt%.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액은의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution of silver was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
비교예Comparative example 5 5
본 발명의 코팅층을 구성한 폴리에스테르 필름의 제조를 위해 연신된 폴리에스테르 필름을 기재필름으로 하고 코팅층을 형성하는 도포액은 물 86.05 중량%와 12 중량%의 폴리우레탄 수지와, 0.9 중량%의 경화제, 0.05 중량%의 촉매, 0.5 중량%의 음이온계 계면활성제를 혼합하고, PMMA 입자(1㎛)를 0.5 중량%를 혼합하여 제조하였다.For the production of the polyester film constituting the coating layer of the present invention as a base film, the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is 86.05% by weight of water and 12% by weight of polyurethane resin, 0.9% by weight of a curing agent, 0.05% by weight of catalyst, 0.5% by weight of anionic surfactants were mixed, and PMMA particles (1 μm) were prepared by mixing 0.5% by weight.
제조한 도포액은 두께 50㎛의 상기 연신된 폴리에스테르 기재필름에 도포하여 폴리에스테르 필름을 제조하였다. 상기 도포액은의 도포는 #3 Wire bar를 이용하여 도포하였다.The prepared coating liquid was applied to the stretched polyester base film having a thickness of 50 μm to prepare a polyester film. The coating solution of silver was applied using a # 3 wire bar.
상기 실시예와 비교예의 폴리에스테르 필름의 ΔHaze와 Blocking 특성을 측정하여 하기 표 1에 나타내었다. ΔHaze and blocking properties of the polyester film of the above Examples and Comparative Examples were measured and shown in Table 1 below.
ΔHaze : 코팅 전/후 Haze 차이ΔHaze: Haze difference before / after coating
Blocking : Lv.1 (좋음) > Lv.5 (나쁨)Blocking: Lv.1 (Good)> Lv.5 (Bad)
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