KR20170118597A - Two-photon fluorescent probe for detection of Cysteine - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a two-photon fluorescent probe compound represented by the following formula (1) for selectively recognizing cysteine by distinguishing between homocysteine and glutathione in living cells and tissues. The two- It has permeability and low photo-cytotoxicity. TPM can selectively identify cysteine distribution in living tissues without interfering with other biologically relevant substances. It can be used as an effective tool for recognition of intracellular cysteine, ≪ RTI ID = 0.0 > and / or < / RTI >
[Chemical Formula 1]

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a two-photon fluorescent probe for detection of cysteine,

The present invention relates to a two-photon fluorescent probe compound that selectively recognizes cysteine by distinguishing homocysteine and glutathione from living cells and tissues.

Cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) are similar in structure but have physiologically different functions, and are the most important low molecular weight aminothiol that plays a crucial role in maintaining the biological system. Among them, cysteine plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis, cytotoxicity and posttranslational control as a core component of cells.

The concentration of cysteine in the plasma is in the range of 80 - 200 μM and the average is about 100 μM in rats and about 200 μM in humans. Lack of cysteine is responsible for a variety of medical problems such as hair discoloration, liver damage, growth retardation, lethargy, muscle and fat loss, skin lesions and Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, if the cysteine concentration is too high, neurotoxicity and cardiovascular disease may result. Thus, detection of intracellular cysteine in living cells is a fundamental and important approach to identifying possible pathological correlations in the future. Thus, over the past several years, a variety of cysteine fluorescent probes have been developed based on a variety of strategies, including Michael addition reactions, cyclization reactions between aminothiol and aldehydes, thiol-induced cleavage reactions and ligand exchange.

Fluorescence-based methods have advantages such as high selectivity, sensitivity, low instrument cost and simple work processes. However, since cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione tend to resemble each other and rapidly become involved in glutathione, protein or coenzyme A, only a few probes can distinguish them. Thus, creating a simple and effective fluorescent probe to identify cysteine under physiological conditions remains a challenging task, and it is in desperate need to develop effective fluorescent probes capable of identifying only Cys. In 2010, Strongin et al. Reported a pioneering approach, which resulted in a highly selective detection of cysteine and homocysteine by attaching one acrylate moiety to the fluorophore as a recognition moiety (XF Yang, YX Guo and RM Strongin, YS Guo, XF Yang, L. Hakuna, A. Barve, JO Escobedo, M. Lowry and RM Strongin, Sensors (Basel), 2012, 12, 5940 .). More recently, several other research groups have developed cysteine sensors with various properties by applying this strategy (HL Wang, GD Zhou, HW Gai and XQ Chen, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 8341; ZQ Guo S. Nam, S. Park and J. Yoon, Chem. Sci., 2012, 3, 2760.).

On the other hand, there is a limitation in the way that tissue is labeled using one-photon microscopy (OPM), which limits the depth of incorporation of probes into biological specimens. Biomolecular imaging using two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) has considerable advantages over OPM, including deep penetration, low self-fluorescence, reduced phototoxicity, And the observation time is prolonged. TPEF imaging can also be applied to the analysis of deep tissue cysteine distribution.

However, there has been a limited report to date on the development of two-photon probes specific for cysteine, and little has been reported on the development of effective cysteine-specific two-photon probes.

In order to solve the problems of the prior art, the present invention is to provide a two-photon fluorescent probe compound having a very high selective specificity to cysteine, and a method for producing the same, separately from homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH).

The present invention also provides a method for detecting cysteine in living cells and tissues using the two-photon fluorescent probe compound.

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a two-photon probe for cysteine detection represented by the following formula (1).

[Chemical Formula 1]

The two-photon probe for cysteine detection according to the present invention has deep tissue permeability and low photo-cytotoxicity, and can selectively identify cysteine distribution in living tissue without interfering with other biologically relevant substances through TPM, It can be used as an effective tool for the recognition of my cysteine, and can be useful for various biological and clinical applications such as cancer diagnosis.

1A and 1B are UV / visible light (FIG. 1A) and fluorescence spectrum (FIG. 1B) of probe 1 and probe 2 (10 μM) according to the present invention when cysteine (100 μM) This spectrum is obtained after excitation at 444 nm at 37 DEG C after 15 minutes after addition of the analyte to ethanol-phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4, 2: 8 v / v).
1c is a fluorescence excitation and emission spectrum of probe 1 (10 μM) according to the present invention. The analyte is dissolved in ethanol-phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4, 2: 8 v / v) in the presence of cysteine (100 μM) And after 15 minutes and after excitation at 509 nm at 37 [deg.] C.
Figure 1D shows the results of the fluorescence intensity of probe 1 in the presence of cysteine at various pHs and was measured at 509 nm in the absence (red) and absence (black) of Cys (100 [mu] M) in ethanol- 444 nm, slit: 1.5 nm / 1.5 nm).
Figure 2a is the one-photon fluorescence spectrum of probe 1 (10 [mu] M) when the cysteine concentration is increased under excitation conditions at 444 nm, and the inset shows the change in fluorescence intensity as a function of cysteine concentration at 509 nm.
FIG. 2B is a graph showing changes in fluorescence response with time for probe 1 (10 μM) for cysteine (20 μM), homocysteine (20 μM) and glutathione (100 μM).
The spectra of Figures 2a and 2b were obtained by adding the analyte to ethanol-phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4, 2: 8 v / v) and after 15 minutes at 37 ° C.
FIG. 2C is a graph showing the calculated detection limits between the fluorescence intensity ( I ₅₀₉ ) and the cysteine concentration, and the detection limit of probe 1 for cysteine is the normalized fluorescence change using the equation Log [Cys] = - intercept / slop (509 nm).
2d is a fluorescence intensity (509 nm) histogram when the probe 1 (10 μM) was exposed to each biological analysis sample (1 mM). 2 is Val; 3 is Tyr; 4 is Thr; 5 is Tau; 6 is Ser; 7 is Pro; 8 is Phe; 9 is Met; 10 is Lys; 11 is Leu; 12 is Ile; 13 is His; 14 is Gly; 15 is Gluc; 16 is Glu; 17 is Gln; 18 is Asp; 19 is Asn; 20 is Arg; 21 is Ala; 22 is Trp; 23 is K (I); 24 is Na (I); 25 is Ca (II); 26 is Cu (II); 27 is Fe (II); 28 is Fe (III); 29 is Mg (II); 30 is Zn (II); 31 includes Cys.
3A is an OPM image of HepG2 cells obtained using the probe 1 according to the present invention, wherein (a) shows the incubation of cells for 1 hour using probe 1 (10 μM), (b) Cells were incubated for 30 minutes, washed, and then treated with probe 1 (10 μM) for 1 hour. (C) cells were incubated in glucose-free medium for 2 hours before probe 1 (10 μM) For 1 hour (magnification: 400x).
3B is a two-photon fluorescence spectrum obtained through 740 nm excitation using a two-photon microscope, and is a two-photon fluorescence spectrum of Probe 1 (10 μM) in the presence (red) of Cys (100 μM) (10 mM, pH 7.4, 2: 8 v / v) at 37 DEG C for 15 minutes.
FIG. 3C is a graph showing the cytotoxic effect of the probe 1 according to the present invention in HeLa, HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7, MDA-MB-231 and BJ. The cytotoxic effect of MTT was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, Different concentrations of probe 1 (0, 1, 5, 10 and 50 [mu] M) were identified for 24 hour cultures. (b) the control cells are 100% live, and more than 75% of the cells treated with the probe 1 according to the invention are in a concentration of 50 [mu] M Of survival after 24 hours of incubation. This shows that probe 1 is not toxic to various cell lines.
(B) the cells were incubated with 500 [mu] M NEM (100 [mu] M) for 1 hour in the HepG2 cells as the OPM image of the probe 1 according to the invention After 30 min preincubation and washing, cells were treated with probe 1 (10 μM) for 1 h, (c) cells were cultured in glucose-free DMEM for 2 h and then treated with 1 (10 μM) for 1 h , (d) the relative fluorescence intensities of (a), (b) and (c), and the fluorescence intensity was significantly reduced in the presence of NEM (** p <0.005).
Figure 3 (e) shows the TPM fluorescence image of probe 1 according to the invention in HepG2 cells (magnification 400x), (a) cells were incubated with probe 1 (10 [mu] M) for 1 hour, Pre-incubated with 500 μM NEM, washed and then treated with probe 1 (10 μM) for 1 h.
4A is an OPM image of probe 1 obtained from four carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, Hep3B, Huh7, MDA-MB-231). Cells were cultured with probe 1 (10 μM) for 1 hour (magnification 400 ×).
4 (a) to 4 (d) are OPM images of probe 1 in four live carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, Hep3B, Huh7 and MDA-MB-231), and Figure 4b (e) Fluorescence intensity. The mean fluorescence intensity of HeLa was significantly higher than the other tested cell lines (* p <0.05).
Figure 5a shows OPM (a ~ e) and TPM (f ~ j) images (magnification 100x) of frozen incised xenografted mouse tumors and organs stained with probe 1 (10 [mu] M) k) is a three-dimensional TPM image of the tumor labeled with probe 1 (10 μM) at 10-60 μm depth (left) and a series of Z-section tumor tissue TPM images taken at different depths (right) , Images are representative of 30 cross-sectional images obtained at depths of 10 - 60 μm. The TPEF image was recorded after excitation at 740 nm, the emission was collected at 450-600 nm, and the scale bar was 300 μm.
(A) to (d) are TPM images (magnification 400X) for the tissues of organs (liver, heart, spleen and testes) stained with probe 1 (10 μM) The liver has the highest fluorescence intensity among other major organs.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to specific examples of the present invention.

Example

Fluorescence and UV / Vis absorption spectra were measured using a Shimadzu RF-5301PC and an Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer, and ¹ H and ¹³ C NMR spectra were measured with CDCl ₃ on a Varian 300 and 400 MHz spectrometer. The chemical shifts were measured in terms of ppm using the residual proton signal peak of TMS as an internal reference, and HRMS data was confirmed by the Korea Basic Science Institute. In addition, fluorescent images of cells and tissues were obtained using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl-Zeiss LSM 5 Exciter, Oberko, Germany), all analytes were purchased from Aldrich, Analytical reagents were used. All DMSOs for spectral detection were HPLC reagent grade free of fluorescent impurities and H ₂ O was used by deionization.

Synthesis Example 1

The reactants and conditions of the reaction formula (i) are imidazole, water, THF and RT, and the reactants and conditions of the reaction formula (ii) are triethylamine, acryloyl chloride, THF, Deg.] C and 2 hours, and the reactants and conditions in the reaction formula (iii) are triethylamine, methacryloyl chloride, THF, 0 ° C and 2 hours.

(1) Synthesis of 6-hydroxy-2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-1H-xanthen-1-one [3]

To a solution of salicylaldehyde (553 mg, 4 mmol) (THF, 3 mL) was added 1.5 equivalents of 2-cyclohexen-1-one (576 mg, 6 mmol) and 1.5 equivalents of imidazole mg, 6 mmol) was added and after mixing with deionized water (3 mL), the mixture was stirred at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was treated with 1 M HCl (20 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was dried over Na ₂ SO ₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification on silica gel (hexane / EtOAc = 100% to 30%) gave 432 mg (50% yield) of the pure product as a light yellow solid.

(2) Synthesis of 1-oxo-2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-1H-xanthen-6-yl acrylate [1]

(100 mg, 0.93 mmol) and triethylamine (151 mg, 1.5 mmol) obtained in the above Synthesis Example 1- (1) (THF, 20 mL) were added acryloyl chloride (84 mg, mg, 0.93 mmol), the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated after the completion of the reaction vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate washed with water and brine, dried over Na ₂ SO _4. The concentrated residue was purified by column chromatography (10% ethyl acetate / methylene chloride) to give a light yellow solid (236 mg, 95%).

_{^{1 H NMR (CDCl 3) δ}} (ppm): δ 1.65-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.95-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.61 (m, 3H), 5.00-5.04 (m, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.26-6.33 (m, 1H), 6.58-6.75 (m, 2H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H);

_{^{13 C NMR (CDCl 3) δ}} (ppm): 18.16, 29.82, 39.01, 75.06, 110.05, 115.71, 120.24, 127.84, 130.14, 130.65, 131.01, 133.37, 149.64, 153.35, 164.25, 197.62;

HRMS: m / z = 270.0892 [M].

(3) Synthesis of 1-oxo-2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-1H-xanthen-6-yl methacrylate [2]

(200 mg, 0.93 mmol) and triethylamine (151 mg, 1.5 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 1- (1) (THF, 20 mL) were added methacryloyl chloride 97 mg, 0.93 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo after completion of the reaction and dissolving the residue in ethyl acetate washed with water and brine and dried with Na ₂ SO _4. The concentrated residue was purified by column chromatography (10% ethyl acetate / methylene chloride) to give a pale yellow solid (243 mg, 92%).

^{_{1 H NMR (CDCl 3) δ}} (ppm): δ 1.65-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.94-2.09 (m, 5H), 2.33-2.60 (m, 3H), 4.99-5.03 (m, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 6.32 (s, 1H), 6.68-6.74 (m, 2H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H);

^{_{13 C NMR (CDCl 3) δ}} (ppm): 18.16, 18.58, 29.80, 39.00, 75.03, 110.12, 115.80, 120.11, 127.96, 130.06, 130.62, 131.05, 131.46, 135.80, 153.75, 156.94, 165.55, 197.59;

HRMS: m / z = 284.1049 [M].

Experimental Example 1

As a result of observing the spectroscopic characteristics of the probes 1 and 2 according to the present invention under physiological conditions, the probe 1 and probe 2 solutions were observed at 302 nm and 358 nm in the absence of cysteine Showed similar UV / visible spectra showing absorption peaks of.

When cysteine (100 μM) was added to the solution of probe 1, absorption peaks at 302 nm and 358 nm decreased rapidly (15 min), broad side-by-side absorption peaks at 398 nm and 444 nm, respectively, and a shoulder peak was observed. 1C is a fluorescence excitation and emission spectrum of probe 1 (10 [mu] M) according to the present invention. When probe 1 is excited at 444 nm through this excitation and emission spectrum, the best fluorescence response to cysteine is 509 nm (See Fig. 22 times).

However, probe 2 showed no change in fluorescence and absorption spectra even when cysteine was added.

The above phenomenon can be explained through the following mechanism.

The fluorescence response of probe 1 in the presence of cysteine involves a nucleophilic addition reaction in which cysteine is added to acrylate and the subsequent rapid intramolecular cyclization reaction induces the release of chromene fluorophore And ultimately increases fluorescence. In the case of the probe 2, after the nucleophilic addition reaction in which cysteine is added to the acrylate, the added methyl group induces a much stronger steric hindrance so that the intramolecular cyclization reaction does not occur.

In addition, the fluorescence intensity of probe 1 at 509 nm in the presence of cysteine was confirmed at various pH values, and the results are shown in FIG. 1d.

As can be seen in FIG. 1d, the fluorescence spectrum of probe 1 in the absence of cysteine did not show a significant change in the wide pH range (pH 69). However, in the presence of cysteine, fluorescence changes can be detected between pH 6.5 and 9, and the best response can be obtained between pH 7.4 and 9. These results indicate that probe 1 can be applied to detect cysteine at physiological pH.

Experimental Example 2

Probe 1 (10 [mu] M) was treated with different concentrations of cysteine using fluorescence titration (Fig. 2a). The fluorescence intensity at 509 nm gradually increased as the amount of cysteine increased after 15 minutes of incubation. The change in fluorescence ( I ₅₀₉ ) is plotted as a function of cysteine concentration.

The linearity between the fluorescence intensity ( I ₅₀₉ ) and the cysteine concentration was good at a concentration range of 0 to 20 μM and the calculated measurement limit was 53.1 nM (FIG. 2c), which was used to measure cysteine in cells and human blood It will be enough.

Experimental Example 3

Cysteine selectivity of other thiol-containing amino acids was tested by comparing the rate of reaction of probe 1 (10 μM) with cysteine (20 μM), homocysteine (20 μM) and glutathione (100 μM) 2B.

As can be seen in Figure 2b below, the reaction of the probe with cysteine was faster than with homocysteine or glutathione, resulting in a significant increase in fluorescence after 15 minutes, but only a slight increase in fluorescence in the case of homocysteine and glutathione . These results show that probe 1 can be used to selectively and rapidly measure cysteine by distinguishing it from homocysteine or glutathione.

In addition, to evaluate the selectivity of probe 1 to cysteine, probe 1 was exposed to various bio-related solutes in an aqueous medium to monitor fluorescence intensity ( I ₅₀₉ ). Gly, Gluc, Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, Arg, Ala (Val, Tyr, Thr, Tau, Ser, Pro, Phe, Met, Lys, Leu, Ile, His, Gly, Gluc, , Trp) and biological metal ions (K (I), Na (I), Ca (II), Cu (II), Fe , Even at very high concentrations (1 mM), no significant fluorescence changes were seen (Fig. 2d).

This shows that probe 1 according to the present invention is useful for very high selectivity measurement of cysteine in the field of biological applications.

Experimental Example 4

To identify the potential for using probe 1 according to the present invention for TPEF (two-photon excitation fluorescence) imaging, the inventors of the present invention tested the fluorescence response through a 740 nm excitation using a two-photon microscope (FIG. 3B).

Addition of cysteine (100 μM) to the solution of probe 1 resulted in a significant increase in fluorescence (approximately 13-fold), consistent with the results obtained using OPM. Thus, Probe 1 can be used to fluoresce cysteine in living individuals through both OPM and TPM.

Experimental Example 5

Taking these characteristics into account, a series of cell-based experiments were performed to investigate the ability of probe 1 to selectively image cysteine in living cells.

As shown in FIG. 3A, when incubated with live HepG2 cells (1 hour), the cell permeability of probe 1 (10 μM) was good and the cytotoxicity was as low as 50 μM (FIG. 3c). Furthermore, it showed intracellular cysteine distribution in HepG2 cells in which bright green fluorescence was alive. This green fluorescence was significantly decreased when intracellular cysteine concentration was decreased by N- ethylmaleimide (NEM, thiol-specific inhibitor) and increased when cells were incubated in a glucose-free medium to allow accumulation of intracellular cysteine (B) and (c) in FIG.

These results confirm that the change in fluorescence measured in the cells is due to the reaction of probe 1 with intracellular cysteine.

The inventors of the present invention also conducted imaging studies on living HepG2 using TPM (FIG. 3E). The TPEF image was recorded under excitation conditions at 740 nm. These results demonstrate that probe 1 can be used to track both high sensitivity and select endogenous cysteine concentrations using both OPM and TPM.

Experimental Example 6

Whether the probe 1 can be practically used for intracellular cysteine determination was examined using various cancer cell lines. Probes were used to measure cysteine in all tested cells, and confocal images are shown in Figures 4a and 4b. The average fluorescence intensity was measured and compared to previously reported data for each cell line (Fig. 4B).

Of these, HeLa cells showed the highest fluorescence response. The differences in observed fluorescence were consistent with differences in cysteine concentrations reported in the prior art. Thus, probe 1 can accurately detect changes in cysteine in various cancer cell lines.

Experimental Example 7

After identifying these characteristics, the inventors of the present invention applied probe 1 to visualize endogenous cysteine in various cryopreserved mouse tissues. As can be seen in FIG. 5A, the frozen tissues from various organs (liver, kidney, kidney, heart, testis) and wild-type cancer tissues and xenografted mice were stained with 10 μM of probe 1 for 2 hours Respectively.

When OPM and TPM were used, strong fluorescence was observed in cancer tissues (Figure 5a) and liver tissues (Figure 5a and Figure 5b (a)), which express a significant amount of cysteine It is known. In addition, the result data of the present invention (Figs. 5A and 5B) is consistent with the results of previous studies that the concentration of cysteine is in the range of 10 to 100 mM in the mouse tissues with various concentrations and the liver has the highest concentration. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensities detected in OPM and TPM in cancer tissues and tissues of various types of organ (liver, heart, liver, testis) were similar to those detected for intracellular cysteine, but generally TPM The separation resolution is lowered. Thus, the inventors of the present invention applied probe 1 to reveal natural cysteine distribution in cancer tissues under biological conditions using a three-dimensional TPM with a deeper tissue penetration depth but lower phototoxicity. After staining cancer tissue using probe 1, a series of two-photon images (30 sections) with Z-shaped cross-sections were obtained. The three-dimensional TPM images showed the difference between the bright and dark portions at depths ranging from 10 to 60 μm (FIG. 5 (k)).

Previous reports have shown that thiol is expressed in cancer cells, but not in the interior of living cancer cells or in the deep parts of healthy organs.

The inventors of the present invention have developed a novel two-photon fluorescent probe for measuring cysteine with high selectivity, high sensitivity and low toxicity in biological specimens. Probe 1 according to the present invention has been widely used in various living cancer cells, At a depth of 60 [mu] m, cysteine changes in the pouch can be monitored.

Because of this deep tissue penetration and low photo-cytotoxicity, TPM using probe 1 can selectively identify the distribution of cysteine in living tissue without interference of other biologically relevant materials. In conclusion, the fluorescent probe according to the present invention can be used as an efficient tool for the recognition of intracellular cysteine, and can be useful in various biological and clinical application fields such as cancer diagnosis.

Claims (2)

A double-photon probe compound for detecting cysteine represented by the following formula (1): &lt; EMI ID =
[Chemical Formula 1]

A method for detecting cysteine in a living cell or a living tissue using the two-photon probe compound according to claim 1.

Images