KR20170037797A - A Hydrogel-based Energy Harvester with Broad Bandwidth Driven by Ambient Vibration - Google Patents
A Hydrogel-based Energy Harvester with Broad Bandwidth Driven by Ambient Vibration Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
- H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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Abstract
Description
The present invention relates to a hydrogel-based energy harvester that effectively recycles electric energy from external environment vibrations. More specifically, the operation mechanism of the energy harvester is based on the concept of an electric double layer capacitor, in which a hydrogel is located between the capacitors It is a structure harvesting energy from ambient vibration.
An energy harvester is a device that acquires energy that is transformed or dissipated in its natural state and converts it into a form of energy available. It is also called an energy scavenger in the sense of collecting energy that is discarded.
The energy harvester has used the term itself relatively recently, and it can be said that the water turbine and the windmill are also the energy harvester of the broad, because mankind is in line with the energy acquisition method used from ancient times, In order to distinguish it from industrial power generation facilities that require large-scale facilities such as power generation or wind power generation, the energy harvesters of the consultation are classified into the means for producing a small amount of electric power per unit device with a relatively simple configuration.
In recent years, the world has focused on the development of pollution-free alternative energy. Examples of alternative energies are harvesting energy sources that can be obtained from the environment, such as the sun, heat, wind, and vibration. Harvesting Energy Technology is an eco-friendly green technology that does not emit pollutants while extracting energy from surrounding environment. It is a main application field of low power communication devices, sensor networks, implantable devices and mobile devices that can be driven by a small amount of electric power to be.
However, among the above-mentioned alternate energies, power generation methods using solar, heat, wind, and the like have not yet achieved high conversion efficiency, and facilities and management costs are also low. In addition, these energy generation methods have limitations in energy sources for portable, wearable and mobile electronic devices.
On the other hand, the energy conversion method using vibration can be applied particularly as a small power source device, and there is an advantage that the device is not required to be exposed to the outside, so that the device can be attached to or inserted into the apparatus. Also, due to the possibility of continuous use without restriction of time and place, researches are actively carried out for use as a power device such as a small electronic device, a wireless sensor node (WSN) and a medical device.
Typical power generation technologies that collect energy using vibration include piezoelectric, electromagnetic and electrostatic, depending on the material and the conversion method.
Piezoelectric materials such as PZT or PVDF (polyphenyldendifluoride) are used for the piezoelectric type, and it is easy to miniaturize and an external power supply is unnecessary. However, there is a risk that the piezoelectric material can be easily broken by a strong shock that is instantaneously input from the outside, operating at a high impedance and a high frequency of several hundreds of Hz.
The electromagnetic type is a method of using a relative movement between an induction coil and a permanent magnet. The electromagnetic type has a simple structure and fabrication but is difficult to integrate and has a very low output voltage level.
On the other hand, the electrostatic method is disadvantageous in that it is easy to integrate according to a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) manufacturing process, but it is not suitable as a small power source because it requires a low energy conversion efficiency and an external voltage source at the beginning. However, considering that the vibration frequency generated in daily life is less than 100 ㎐, it is desirable that the vibratory energy harvester is designed to have a low frequency of electromagnetic waves, and the electrostatic type can utilize such low daily frequency vibrations.
Recently, in connection with the electrostatic vibration energy harvester, a method of generating electricity in a vibration environment using a water droplet has been proposed. Unfortunately, this method is very limited in that the vibration bandwidth of these droplets, on which the energy harvester is based, is below 30 Hz due to the deformation of the water bridge due to the hydrodynamic effects that occur in the exitation state due to the high frequency do. Also, due to the nature of water evaporating at room temperature, it is limited to use the water on which the energy harvester is based.
An example of related prior art discloses a technique for improving energy harvesting efficiency using microfluid with two phases and different permittivities in Ender Yildirim's article "Elecrostatic energy harvesting by droplet-based multi-phase microfluidics" There is one. However, due to the use of water droplet, the drawbacks of bandwidth have still not been overcome.
In order to overcome these limitations and obtain excellent performance, we have invented a new energy harvester design based on a hydrogel rather than a droplet, and completed the invention.
Because of its excellent flexibility and elastic properties, hydrogels can withstand higher vibrations than liquid droplets can withstand, allowing hydrogel-based energy harvesters to have wider operating bandwidth and minimize moisture evaporation, resulting in higher reliability . Due to these improved properties, it is likely to be used in various fields.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to solve the problems of the conventional energy harvester based on a water droplet as described above and to solve the problem that the bandwidth of the energy harvester based on the droplet is limited to 30 Hz or less, And because of the nature of the water evaporating at room temperature, there is a problem in that the energy harvester can not be reliably made and practically applied. The present invention provides a solution to this problem.
In order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: two conductive plates facing each other at regular intervals; A dielectric material layer on one of the two conductive plates, the dielectric material layer on the surface facing the gap; At least one hydrogel positioned in the gap and in contact with the conductive plate without the dielectric material layer of the two conductive plates; And an electric wire connecting the two conductive plates, wherein the electric harvester uses environmental vibration.
And the conductive flat plate is a metal.
And the metal is aluminum.
The dielectric material is PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethene).
Wherein the at least one hydrogel is arranged in an array form.
The hydrogel is hemispherical and is characterized in that the upper surface of the hemisphere is in contact with a conductive plate having a dielectric material layer among the two conductive plates.
Wherein the hydrogel is cuboid and is not in contact with a conductive flat plate having a dielectric material layer among the two conductive flat plates and is attached to a conductive flat plate without a dielectric material layer.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a battery-less sensor including an energy harvester using the environmental vibration.
According to the present invention, due to the excellent flexibility and elasticity, hydrogels can withstand higher vibrations than can withstand water droplets. Thus, hydrogel-based energy has a wider operational vibration bandwidth and is more reliable. This is likely to be used in various fields.
Specifically, in experiments to see feasibility, a wide oscillation bandwidth of 0-120 Hz was used and the average output voltage was measured up to 100 mV for a single hydrogel. It has also been shown that it is also possible to operate an LCD screen with an energy-harvester based on an array of hydrogels.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating the operation principle and circuit concept of a hydrogel-based energy harvester according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the operation principle and circuit of a hydrogel-based energy harvester and a water droplet-based energy harvester according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the static attraction force when various dielectric materials are used in the case of using the hydrogel and the droplet in the energy harvester structure of the present invention.
Figure 4 is a graph comparing the evaporative properties of the hydrogel and the droplets in different humidity environments
5 is an explanatory diagram of an experimental apparatus for measuring vibration frequency bandwidth and output performance characteristics of a hydrogel-based energy harvester
FIG. 6 is a graph showing frequency-dependent output voltage performance of a droplet-based energy harvester and a hydrogel-based energy harvester
7 is a graph showing experimental results for load optimization of a hydrogel-based energy harvester at 60 Hz
FIG. 8 is a structural concept diagram illustrating an LCD screen illuminated by an array-shaped hydrogel-based energy harvester
9 is a graph showing that the peak of the output voltage is increased according to the number of hydrogels in the array-type hydrogel-based energy harvester
FIG. 10 is a graph showing a comparison between the output voltage and the amount of charge energy when (a) a hemispherical hydrogel is used and (b) a cuboid hydrogel is used;
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a conductive flat plate comprising two conductive plates facing each other at regular intervals; A dielectric material layer on one of the two conductive plates, the dielectric material layer on the surface facing the gap; At least one hydrogel positioned in the gap and in contact with the conductive plate without the dielectric material layer of the two conductive plates; And an electric wire connecting the two conductive plates, wherein the electric harvester uses environmental vibration.
The conductive plate may be a metal.
The metal is preferably aluminum with a high conductivity and light weight. However, other metals than aluminum can be applied.
The dielectric material may be PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethene). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can also be used as a dielectric material, but PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethene) has a better dielectric effect.
The at least one hydrogel may be arranged in an array form. Arranged in an array form, the output voltage can be increased. Many hydrogels can hold a large number of charges.
The hydrogel may be hemispherical. When the hollow hemispherical hydrogel is hollow, the environmental vibration can be effectively utilized and a large amount of electric charge can be obtained. At this time, the upper surface of the hemisphere is in contact with the conductive plate having the dielectric material layer among the two conductive plates, and the lower surface of the hemisphere is attached to the conductive plate without the dielectric material layer.
The hydrogel may be cuboid. From a side view, it is possible to make the output voltage instantly higher by using a square cuboid hydrogel. At this time, one of the two conductive plates is not in contact with the conductive plate having the dielectric material layer, but is attached to the conductive plate having no dielectric material layer.
The hydrogel may be encapsulated. Encapsulated hydrogels are less likely to evaporate, thus increasing the stability and practicality of hydrogel-based energy harvesters.
The environmental vibration may have a wide bandwidth of 0 to 120 Hz. A water droplet-based energy harvester is compared to not using oscillation frequencies above 30 Hz.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a battery-free sensor including an energy harvester using the environmental vibration. Such a non-cell sensor can be used as a power source device for wireless sensor nodes such as WSN (Wireless Sensor Nodes) and medical devices.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this embodiment is for illustrative purposes only and that the scope of the present invention is not construed as being limited by these embodiments.
As can be seen in (a) and (b) of FIG. 1, the hemispherical hydrogel is located as a bridge between two parallel conductive plates. The distance between two parallel conductive plates can be controlled by environmental vibration in the vertical direction. The surface of the upper conductive plate that is in contact with the hydrogel is coated with a thin dielectric layer. In this configuration, two EDLC capacitors are formed between the hydrogel and the conductive plate. In this case, there is a non-equilibrium capacitance between the upper layer and the lower layer, resulting in a voltage difference between the two layers. By doing so, electricity can be generated and used. To measure the output current and voltage of these energy harvesters, a load resistor R L is connected between the two capacitors. During the period of regular vibration, the contact surface between the upper plate of the capacitor and the hydrogel A T changes. On the contrary, due to the small contact angle, the contact surface between the lower layer plate and the hydrogel A B hardly changes. If two capacitors C T and C B linearly increase in accordance with the contact surfaces A T and A B ,
Where d and ε P are the thickness and the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer, respectively. λ P is the width of the upper layer EDL, and ε d is the dielectric constant of the hydrogel. Considering that the value of d / ε P is much larger than the value of λ P / ε d , the approximate calculation of Eq. (1) is true. Therefore, in a circuit equivalent to the circuit model as shown in Figs. 1 (c) and (d), C T and C B are out of balance during vertical motion of the underlying conductive plate. This results in a non-equilibrium state of the voltage between the upper plate and the lower plate. In this case, the charge is redistributed through the connected load resistors, and electricity can be generated from the vibrational state of the surrounding environment. (C) and (d) of FIG. 1 show the current generation process. The total charge stored in the upper EDLC is changed due to the periodic change of the upper EDLC. Thus, free charge flows from the bottom EDLC to the top EDLC (increase in top EDLC charge) or free charge flows from top EDLC to bottom EDLC (top EDLC charge reduction). In order to return to the equilibrium state, electrons are repeatedly moved between the upper conductive plate and the lower conductive plate in the oscillating process, and AC electricity is generated in this process.
The upper conductive plate and the lower conductive plate have a constant charge and the hydrogel has another constant charge. In the case of the lower layer conductive plate, the amount of charge of the lower layer conductive plate electrode is constant even if there is external impact because the contact area change with the hydrogel is relatively small. However, in the case of the upper conductive plate, the contact area with the hydrogel is changed by the external force, and thus the amount of charge in the upper conductive plate electrode changes. That is, since the charge amount of the upper conductive plate varies due to the external force, the parallel state of the upper and lower conductive plate charges continues to change. As a result, depending on the external force, electric charge flows depending on the area of the hydrogel contacting the upper conductive plate.
Due to the shape mentioned above, the hydrogel can be used as a core of the energy harvester driven by the vibration of the surrounding environment. In addition, hydrogel materials have excellent elasticity, allowing equipment to withstand vibrations at frequencies higher than 30 Hz, thus increasing the operational viability. Therefore, hydrogel-based energy harvesters under vibration conditions can be expected to utilize wider bandwidth. Due to the porous structure of the hydrogel, it is possible to obtain a wide contact surface, which makes it possible to use not only the voltage output but also the area change.
The porous nature of the hydrogel is characterized in that it is easy to absorb water and this moisture does not evaporate readily into the atmosphere, and in the case of droplets, the region in contact with the conductive plate is a water droplet- The area in contact with the conductive plate may be limited in the case of a hydrogel as compared to a point that is not completely perfect (such as a water repellent material can not be completely used). In addition, due to its high absorption capacity for the moisture module, the hydrogel solved the problem of evaporation, which was generally a problem when using a previous droplet. On the other hand, it can be used in an array form for further voltage generation.
Experimental Example 1. Identification of Hydrogen-based Energy Harvester and Selection of Genetic Material
In order to test the fact that a hydrogel-based energy harvester of the same shape as in FIG. 1 (FIG. 1) actually produces electricity, aluminum is used as the material of the conductive plate, and a PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethene) And coated to serve as a dielectric layer inside. The hydrogel was placed between two parallel conductive plates to produce power from the vibrations of the surrounding environment.
In order to investigate suitable materials with dielectric materials, static attraction force is measured with hydrogel and water droplet with each of PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethene), PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane), Steel, and PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) Respectively.
In the experiment, the hydrogel beads were 3 mm in diameter and 14 μl in volume, and the volume of the droplets was also equal to 14 μl.
Because the static attraction force is a force according to Coulomb's law, the approaching dielectric material and the hydrogel bead (or droplet) reflect the ability to hold the charge, You can measure your ability. If a larger attraction distance appears, there is a stronger static attraction and the ability to hold a larger charge. The maximum attraction distance is obtained when using the most suitable dielectric material. (Fig. 3), droplets are not attracted at the same distance, compared to the hydrogel beads being pulled toward a brick of PTFE material at a distance of 4 mm. Is reduced to 2.2 mm, the droplet is attracted toward the brick made of PTFE material by the static attraction. Even with the same dielectric material, the hydrogel exhibits a larger attraction distance than the droplet, indicating that it has the ability to hold a larger charge than the droplet. In addition, PTFE is found to be the most suitable dielectric material for hydrogel-based or droplet-based energy harvesters compared to the other three materials, because PTFE is found to have a larger work distance than other dielectric materials .
Experimental Example 2: Comparison of evaporation phenomena between a hydrogel and a water droplet
To make this principle practical for a variety of real-world conditions, the reliability of the energy harvester, which can continuously power the WSN to the sensor, is important. However, the reliability of the energy harvester is largely influenced by whether or not the evaporation phenomenon occurs at the critical operating part. Therefore, in order to observe the effect of evaporation on two types of energy harvesters, the evaporation characteristics were investigated under different humidity conditions. The temperature of 20 ℃ was applied in the same manner. The volume of 25μl droplets and hydrogel were tested under 20% and 40% humidity conditions. For convenience of comparison, a normalized weight value (FIG. 4), which is a value obtained by dividing the weight according to time by the initial weight, is used in the graph. In this way, the effect of evaporation can be observed. (Fig. 4), the droplet quickly evaporated and completely disappeared after 2 hours. This causes the droplet-based energy harvester to stop operating. In contrast, hydrogel based energy harvesters are found to be less affected during the same time. This is due to its water absorption capacity, which makes hydrogels more resistant to evaporation than droplets. In order to avoid the inefficient operation caused by the evaporation phenomenon, it is preferable to use the hydrogel for the energy harvester rather than the droplet for practical use. Applying appropriate encapsulation techniques to the hydrogel for practical use can also help prevent evaporation.
Experimental Example 3. Use of a hydrogel-based energy harvester based on a water droplet vibration frequency measurement
To measure the output performance and characteristics of a hydrogel based energy harvester in a vibrating environment, a measurement system such as (Figure 5) was used. A hydrogel-based energy harvester was placed on the shaker TIRA Vib VAA and tested using the Agilent 33120A funtion generator to create a sinusoidal excitation at various frequencies. The output voltage and power generation frequency were measured with a Tektronix TDS 2014B oscilloscope.
For convenience of comparison, the output values of the droplet-based energy harvester and the hydrogel-based energy harvester were measured under the same test conditions. For the convenience of observation, a large contact area change necessitated a high voltage output, so that a hemispherical hydrogel having a volume of 90 μl was used. The droplet size was also the same.
(FIG. 6), the droplet-based energy harvester (WEH) can only operate at a narrow bandwidth of 0 to 25 Hz under the influence of the hydrodynamic effect in a state of exitation at a high frequency. At an excitation frequency of 25 Hz or more, the output decreases to nearly zero. In comparison, the hydrogel based energy harvester (HEH) maintains a steadily high output over a wide range of 0-120 Hz. Not only is the frequency bandwidth wide, but the hydrogel-based energy harvester's output is much higher than the droplet-based energy harvester's output. This is because the hydrogel has a high charge retention capability.
Experimental Example 4. Optimization of Hydrogen-Based Energy Harvester Load Resistance
To obtain maximum output power, load resistance optimization was performed on a hydrogel based energy harvester. After applying the input oscillation frequency constantly at 60 Hz (0.1 g acceleration), the other load resistors were connected to the energy harvester system. In this way, the 'effective output voltage' derived from the RMS voltage was measured. The RMS voltage was obtained from the waveform data. (Fig. 7), the maximum effective output voltage was measured to be 66 nW when the load resistance was 0.4 M ?.
Experimental Example 5: Voltage rise due to hydrogel-based energy harvester arrayed in an array
In order to further increase the output voltage, hemispherical hydrogels are arrayed in the same shape as shown in Fig. 8. The output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of hydrogels as shown in FIG. In order to show the end result of this application possibility, it succeeded to connect the LCD screen and illuminate the screen.
Experimental Example 6. Comparison of Hemispherical Hydrogel and Cuboid Hydrogel
In order to see how the energy harvester performance varies with the shape of the hydrogel, an energy harvester made of a hemispherical hydrogel (see FIG. 10 a) and a cuboid hydrogel made an energy harvester (See Fig. 10B) were compared.
The energy harvester output voltage when using the hemispherical hydrogel is as shown in Fig. 10C, and the energy harvester output voltage when using the hexahedral hydrogel is as shown in Fig. 10D. When the rectangular parallelepiped hydrogel is used, the change of the output voltage is larger than that of the hemispherical hydrogel because the upper portion contacts the upper conductive plate instantaneously in the absence of contact.
On the other hand, the hemispherical hydrogel has a larger total charge amount, which is the energy accumulated as shown in FIG. 10E, than in the case of using a rectangular parallelepiped hydrogel (FIG. 10F).
The energy harvester using the hemispherical hydrogel and the energy harvester using the rectangular parallelepiped hydrogel are each advantageous and can be selected and used as needed.
Having described specific portions of the present invention in detail, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this specific description is only a preferred embodiment and that the scope of the present invention is not limited thereby. It will be obvious. Accordingly, the actual scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (8)
Two conductive plates facing each other at regular intervals;
A dielectric material layer on one of the two conductive plates, the dielectric material layer on the surface facing the gap;
At least one hydrogel positioned in the gap and in contact with the conductive plate without the dielectric material layer of the two conductive plates; And
And an electric wire connecting the two conductive plates.
Energy harvester using environmental vibration.
Wherein the conductive flat plate is a metal.
Wherein the metal is aluminum.
Wherein the dielectric material is PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethene).
Wherein the at least one hydrogel is arranged in an array form.
Wherein the hydrogel is hemispherical and the upper surface of the hemisphere is in contact with a conductive plate having a dielectric material layer of the two conductive plates.
Wherein the hydrogel is a cuboid and is in contact with a conductive flat plate having no dielectric material layer and not contacting a conductive flat plate having a dielectric material layer among the two conductive flat plates. Harvester.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108599619A (en) * | 2018-07-06 | 2018-09-28 | 北京中微融通科技有限公司 | A kind of hemispherical energy gathering apparatus based on piezoelectric element |
| WO2023075047A1 (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-05-04 | 부경대학교 산학협력단 | Ionic hydrogel-based energy harvester |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR102085846B1 (en) | 2018-07-06 | 2020-03-06 | 광운대학교 산학협력단 | Non-resonant high power hybrid energy harvester |
| KR102618544B1 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2023-12-27 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Low frequency kinetic energy harvester |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108599619A (en) * | 2018-07-06 | 2018-09-28 | 北京中微融通科技有限公司 | A kind of hemispherical energy gathering apparatus based on piezoelectric element |
| CN108599619B (en) * | 2018-07-06 | 2023-09-08 | 北京中微融通科技有限公司 | Hemispherical vibration energy collecting device based on piezoelectric element |
| WO2023075047A1 (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-05-04 | 부경대학교 산학협력단 | Ionic hydrogel-based energy harvester |
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