KR20170002204A - Membrane electrode assembly, fuel cell comprising the same, battery module comprising the fuel cell and method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell comprising the same, a battery module comprising the fuel cell, and a method for manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly. The fuel cell comprises: a catalyst layer of an air electrode; a catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; and an electrolyte membrane formed between the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode. According to the present invention, transfer of a fuel and a reactant is easy so battery performance is improved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention relates to a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly, a battery module including the fuel cell, and a method of manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly. BACKGROUND ART A MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, FUEL CELL COMPRISING THE SAME, BATTERY MODULE COMPRISING THE FUEL CELL AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY }

The present invention relates to a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly, a battery module including the fuel cell, and a method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly.

Recently, as the exhaustion of existing energy resources such as oil and coal is predicted, interest in energy that can replace them is increasing. As one of such alternative energies, fuel cells have attracted particular attention due to their advantages such as high efficiency, no emission of pollutants such as NOx and SOx, and abundant fuel.

A fuel cell is a power generation system that converts the chemical reaction energy of a fuel and an oxidant into electric energy. Hydrogen, hydrocarbons such as methanol and butane are used as fuel, and oxygen is used as an oxidant.

BACKGROUND ART Fuel cells include a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC), a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), an alkaline fuel cell (AFC), a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) And a battery (SOFC). Among them, polymer electrolyte fuel cells have been actively studied because they have high energy density and high output. Such a polymer electrolyte fuel cell differs from other fuel cells in that it uses a solid polymer electrolyte membrane instead of a liquid electrolyte.

Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2003-0076057

The present invention relates to a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly, a battery module including the fuel cell, and a method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly.

 The present disclosure relates to a catalyst layer of an air electrode; A catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; And an electrolyte membrane provided between the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode, wherein at least one of the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode includes a through hole penetrating the catalyst layer.

Further, the present specification provides a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly.

The present invention also provides a battery module including the fuel cell as a unit cell.

Further, the present specification is concerned with a catalyst layer of an air electrode; A catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; And an electrolyte membrane provided between the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode, the method comprising the steps of: applying a catalyst layer composition on a substrate to form a membrane; Forming a through hole through the formed film; And a step of forming a catalyst layer of the air electrode and a catalyst layer of the fuel electrode by laminating the membrane and the electrolyte membrane so that the membrane is in contact with the membrane and removing the base material.

The fuel cell of the present invention is advantageous in that fuel and reactants can be easily moved, thereby improving battery performance.

The fuel cell of the present invention is advantageous in that the amount of catalyst used in the catalyst layer is reduced and the cost is reduced.

1 is a schematic view showing an electricity generation principle of a fuel cell.
2 is a schematic view showing the structure of a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell.
3 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a battery module.
Fig. 4 shows a catalyst layer including through holes in this specification.
5 shows a membrane electrode assembly provided with a catalyst layer including through holes in this specification.
6 is a performance comparison graph of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 at a relative humidity of 100%.
7 is a performance comparative graph of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 at a relative humidity of 50%.
8 is a performance comparative graph of Example 4 and Comparative Example 2 at a relative humidity of 100%.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst layer of an air electrode; A catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; And an electrolyte membrane provided between the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode, wherein at least one of the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode includes a through hole penetrating the catalyst layer.

The through hole is a hole passing through the catalyst layer and is a side hole-free hole connected to one through hole without bending or breaking in a direction penetrating from the one surface to the other surface of the catalyst layer. In this case, since the fuel or air can directly move to the inside of the catalyst layer, it is easy to move from the macro through hole to the micro catalyst layer pores, so that the efficiency of the catalyst layer can be increased and the connection to the electrolyte membrane can be more directly controlled .

The line connecting the centers of the cross-sections of any one of the through-holes in a direction parallel to the plane of the catalyst layer through which the through-holes are passed may be straight in any one of the through-holes. The line connecting the centers of the cross-sections of any one of the through holes may be the center axis of any one of the through holes.

When the through-hole penetrates from one surface to the other surface of the catalyst layer, the angle formed by the center axis of the through-hole and the surface through which the through-hole is formed in the catalyst layer may be vertical or non-perpendicular acute or obtuse angle.

When the through hole according to one embodiment of the present invention penetrates from one surface to the other surface of the catalyst layer, the angle formed between the central axis of the through hole and the surface through which the through hole on the catalyst layer passes may be vertical. That is, the central axis of the through-hole may be parallel to the thickness direction of the catalyst layer.

In this specification, the central axis of the through-hole is the center-of-gravity axis of the through-hole, and may be the axis of rotation of the through-hole.

The cross-section of the through-hole may have a shape of at least one of a circular shape and a polygonal shape in a direction parallel to the surface through which the through-hole on the catalyst layer penetrates. Specifically, the cross-section of the through-hole may be circular.

The shape of the cross-section of the through-hole in the direction parallel to the surface of the catalyst layer through which the through-hole penetrates may be the same or different depending on the thickness direction of the catalyst layer. Specifically, the shape of the cross-section of the through-hole may be the same depending on the thickness direction of the catalyst layer. More specifically, the shape of the cross-section of the through-hole is the same depending on the thickness direction of the catalyst layer, but the diameter or the length of the sides may be different.

The cross-sectional area of the through-hole may be constant or different in a thickness direction of the catalyst layer in a direction parallel to a surface through which the through-hole is passed on the catalyst layer. Specifically, the cross-sectional area of the through-hole may be different depending on the thickness direction of the catalyst layer.

The cross-sectional area of the through-hole is narrowed in a direction parallel to the surface through which the through hole on the catalyst layer passes, or the closer to the electrolyte membrane, the more the cross- The cross-sectional area of the through-hole can be increased. Specifically, the closer to the electrolyte membrane, the narrower the cross-sectional area of the through-hole in a direction parallel to the surface through which the through-hole on the catalyst layer penetrates.

The number per unit area of the through holes may be from 20 / cm ² to 200 / cm ² . When the number of perforations per unit area is less than 200 / cm ² , water can be preserved and reactant supply / discharge can be reduced. When the number of through holes per unit area is more than 20 / cm ² , water discharge is facilitated and reactants are easily introduced . However, if the number per unit area of the through holes exceeds 200 pieces / cm ² , the amount of water discharged in the low humidification region increases, which may result in a poor humidification performance of the fuel cell.

The size of the through-hole may be 50 nm or more and 400 占 퐉 or less. Specifically, the size of the through-hole may be 25 占 퐉 or more and 150 占 퐉 or less. When the size of the through-hole is 25 μm or more and 150 μm or less, there is an advantage that supply of fuel or air and management of water as a reactant are smooth.

Here, the size of the through-hole means the length of the longest line passing through the center of the hole in a cross-section in a direction parallel to a plane passing through the through-hole on the catalyst layer. When the cross-section of the through-hole is caused, the size of the through-hole may be the diameter of the through-hole.

The pitch of the through holes may be determined according to the number of perforations, that is, the density of the through holes. The pitch of the through holes is not particularly limited, but may be 100 탆 or more and 5 mm or less.

Here, the pitch of the through holes means the distance from the center of one of the through holes closest to the center of one of the through holes in the cross section in the direction parallel to the plane passing through the through holes on the catalyst layer.

The pitch of the through holes may be constant. That is, the through holes may be formed at equal intervals.

The catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode may include through holes penetrating the catalyst layer.

And a through hole may be formed in only one of the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode. In other words, the through hole may be provided only in the catalyst layer of the air electrode or the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode.

And a through hole may be formed only in the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode. In other words, the through hole may be provided through the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode.

And a through hole may be formed only in the catalyst layer of the air electrode. In other words, the through hole may be provided through the catalyst layer of the air electrode.

FIG. 1 schematically shows an electricity generating principle of a fuel cell. In a fuel cell, the most basic unit for generating electricity is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which includes an electrolyte membrane M and an electrolyte membrane M, (A) and an air electrode (C) formed on both sides of the anode (A). Referring to Fig. Showing the electricity generating principle of a fuel cell 1, the anode (A) in the hydrogen or methanol, up the oxidation of the fuel (F) of the hydrocarbons, such as butane hydrogen ions (H ⁺⁾ and electron (e ^-) And the hydrogen ions move to the air electrode C through the electrolyte membrane M. In the air electrode C, hydrogen ions transferred through the electrolyte membrane M react with an oxidizing agent (O) such as oxygen, and water W is produced. This reaction causes electrons to migrate to the external circuit.

2 schematically shows the structure of a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell. The membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane 10, an air electrode 50 positioned opposite to the electrolyte membrane 10, And a fuel electrode 51 may be provided.

The air electrode is provided with an air electrode catalyst layer 20 and an air electrode gas diffusion layer 40 sequentially from the electrolyte membrane 10 and a fuel electrode catalyst layer 21 and a fuel electrode diffusion layer 41 are successively provided from the electrolyte membrane 10 to the fuel electrode .

In a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, it is essential that a certain amount of water is present in a polyelectrolyte membrane serving as an electrolyte in order for the ions to move smoothly in the presence of a certain amount of water. In addition, the performance of the electrode is important for efficient reaction mass transfer to the catalyst.

However, too much moisture prevents the reactants in the electrode from approaching the catalyst, resulting in degradation of performance, so that a certain amount of moisture must be discharged to the outside.

The conventional electrode structure is different from an environment in which the catalyst layer near the polymer electrolyte membrane and the catalyst layer close to the gas diffusion layer, the region into which the reaction gas is introduced, and the discharged region are locally reacted with each other. In particular, in the case of an electrode layer closer to the electrolyte membrane as compared with the catalyst layer nearer to the gas diffusion layer in which the reactive gas is initially introduced, the resistance of the material resistance is large, leading to a deterioration in the overall performance of the cell.

On the other hand, the membrane electrode assembly of the present invention has an advantage of facilitating water management through the through holes provided in the catalyst layer and facilitating the fuel to reach the catalyst.

The membrane electrode assembly of the present invention can improve the efficiency of mass transfer and discharge by controlling the shape of the through hole.

The fuel cell of the present invention is advantageous in that fuel and reactants can be easily moved, thereby improving battery performance.

The fuel cell of the present invention is advantageous in that the amount of catalyst used in the catalyst layer is reduced and the cost is reduced.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrolyte membrane may be a polymer electrolyte membrane.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrolyte membrane may be a hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte membrane or a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte membrane.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the polymer electrolyte composition forming the polymer electrolyte membrane may include a solvent and a polymer.

The polymer is not particularly limited as long as it is an ion-conducting polymer, and the polymer may be a hydrocarbon-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, or a partially fluorine-based polymer, and conventional materials known in the art may be used.

The solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance capable of reacting with the polymer to dissolve the polymer, and conventional materials known in the art can be used.

The electrolyte membrane may be formed using the polymer electrolyte composition by a conventional method known in the art. For example, an electrolyte membrane may be formed by casting using the polymer electrolyte composition.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the electrolyte membrane may be 1 탆 or more and 50 탆.

The catalyst layer of the fuel electrode is a catalyst where oxidation of the fuel occurs and a catalyst selected from the group consisting of platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy and platinum- Can be used.

The catalyst layer of the air electrode is where the reduction reaction of the oxidizing agent occurs, and platinum or a platinum-transition metal alloy can be preferably used as a catalyst.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the catalyst layer may be 1 탆 or more and 30 탆 or less. At this time, the thickness of the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode and the thickness of the catalyst layer of the air electrode may be the same or different from each other.

The catalysts can be used not only by themselves but also by being supported on a carbon-based carrier.

Examples of the carbon-based material include graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, denka black, cacao black, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, , Carbon nanowire, fullerene (C60), and super P black (a mixture of two or more) may be preferable examples.

The process of introducing the catalyst layer may be performed by a conventional method known in the art. For example, the catalyst composition may be coated directly on the electrolyte membrane or coated on the gas diffusion layer to form the catalyst layer. Here, the method of coating the catalyst composition is not particularly limited, but spray coating, tape casting, screen printing, blade coating, die coating or spin coating may be used. The catalyst composition typically comprises a catalyst, an ionomer and a solvent.

The ionomer is a polymer having an ion, and the ionomer provides a path for transferring ions generated by the reaction between the fuel such as hydrogen or methanol and the catalyst to the polymer electrolyte membrane.

The ionomer may be a fluoropolymer such as a Nafion ionomer or a sulfonated polymer such as sulfonated polytrifluorostyrene. However, the ionomer is not limited thereto.

The ionomer may be the same as or different from the ion conductive polymer contained in the polymer electrolyte membrane.

Examples of the solvent included in the catalyst composition include water, butanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butyl acetate and ethylene glycol, Can be used.

The gas diffusion layer serves as a current conductor and serves as a passage for reacting gas and water, and has a porous structure. Therefore, the gas diffusion layer may include a conductive base material.

As the conductive base material, any conventional materials known in the art can be used. For example, carbon paper, carbon cloth or carbon felt can be preferably used. It does not.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the gas diffusion layer may be 50 탆 or more and 500 탆 or less.

The membrane electrode assembly can be produced by a conventional method known in the art in the form of a catalyst layer of a fuel electrode and a catalyst layer of an air electrode in contact with an electrolyte membrane.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a fuel cell including a membrane electrode assembly.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a membrane electrode assembly according to the present disclosure; A fuel supply unit for supplying fuel to the membrane electrode assembly; And an oxidant supplier for supplying the oxidant to the membrane electrode assembly.

The present specification provides a battery module including the fuel cell as a unit cell.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a stack comprising a separator provided between two or more fuel cells and a fuel cell according to the present specification; A fuel supply unit for supplying fuel to the stack; And an oxidant supply part for supplying the oxidant to the stack.

3 schematically shows a structure of a battery module, which includes a stack 60, an oxidizer supply part 70, and a fuel supply part 80. [

The stack 60 includes one or more of the membrane electrode assemblies described above and includes a separator interposed therebetween when two or more membrane electrode assemblies are included. The separator serves to prevent the membrane electrode assemblies from being electrically connected and to transfer the fuel and oxidant supplied from the outside to the membrane electrode assembly.

The oxidant supply part 70 serves to supply the oxidant to the stack 60. As the oxidizing agent, oxygen is typically used, and oxygen or air can be injected into the pump 70 and used.

The fuel supply unit 80 serves to supply the fuel to the stack 60 and includes a fuel tank 81 for storing the fuel and a pump 82 for supplying the fuel stored in the fuel tank 81 to the stack 60 Lt; / RTI > As the fuel, gas or liquid hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel may be used. Examples of hydrocarbon fuels include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or natural gas.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst layer of an air electrode; A catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; And an electrolyte membrane provided between the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode, the method comprising the steps of: applying a catalyst layer composition on a substrate to form a membrane; Forming a through hole through the formed film; And a step of forming a catalyst layer of the air electrode and a catalyst layer of the fuel electrode by laminating the membrane and the electrolyte membrane so that the membrane is in contact with the membrane and removing the base material.

The method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly may include forming a catalyst layer of an air electrode and a remainder of a catalyst layer of a fuel electrode on a catalyst side where no through holes are formed when the catalyst layer is formed of a catalyst layer of an air electrode or a catalyst layer of a fuel electrode .

In the method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly, the step of forming the catalyst layer on the electrolyte membrane may be a step of laminating the membrane formed with the electrolyte membrane so as to be in contact with each other, and removing the base material to form both the catalyst layer of the cathode and the catalyst layer of the anode.

4 and 5, a method of manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: forming a catalyst layer 100 by applying a catalyst layer composition on a substrate 200; Forming a through hole (110) parallel to the thickness direction of the formed catalyst layer; And forming the catalyst layer 310 of the air electrode and the catalyst layer 320 of the fuel electrode by stacking the electrolyte membrane 400 and the formed catalyst layer 100 so that they are in contact with each other.

The description of the membrane electrode assembly described above can be referred to in the production method of the membrane electrode assembly.

Before the step of forming the film, the step of preparing the catalyst layer composition may be further included.

The catalyst layer composition may include an ionomer, a catalyst, and a solvent.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples. However, the following embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the specification.

[Example]

[Example 1]

A catalyst layer is coated and dried on a substrate by mixing and dispersing an ionomer (Nafion D2021), a monoalcohol and a Pt / C-Tanaka 10V50E catalyst, and a through hole is formed did. At this time, the density of the through holes was about 20 pieces / cm ² .

The two catalyst layers were laminated so as to be in contact with both surfaces of the hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane, and they were bonded by hot-pressing. Thereafter, the base material on the catalyst layer was removed, and a gas diffusion layer was laminated on the surface from which the base material was removed, thereby producing a membrane electrode assembly.

[Example 2]

The catalyst layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the density of the through holes was increased to about 80 pieces / cm ² , and the two catalyst layers thus prepared were laminated so as to be in contact with both surfaces of the hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane, Junction. Thereafter, the base material on the catalyst layer was removed, and a gas diffusion layer was laminated on the surface from which the base material was removed, thereby producing a membrane electrode assembly.

 [Example 3]

The catalyst layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the density of the through holes was increased to about 120 pieces / cm ² , laminated so that the two prepared catalyst layers were in contact with both surfaces of the hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane, and hot- Junction. Thereafter, the base material on the catalyst layer was removed, and a gas diffusion layer was laminated on the surface from which the base material was removed, thereby producing a membrane electrode assembly.

[Example 4]

The anode side catalyst layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the density of the through holes was increased to about 60 / cm ² .

Except that no through holes were formed in the catalyst layer.

An anode side catalyst layer having a through hole having a density of about 60 / cm ² was laminated on one side of the nafion electrolyte membrane, and an air electrode side catalyst layer having no through hole on the other side of the nafion electrolyte membrane was laminated and bonded using a hot-press. Thereafter, the base material on the catalyst layer was removed, and a gas diffusion layer was laminated on the surface from which the base material was removed, thereby producing a membrane electrode assembly.

 [Comparative Example 1]

A catalyst layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no through holes were formed. Two catalyst layers without through holes were laminated so as to be in contact with both surfaces of the hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane, and they were bonded by hot-pressing. Thereafter, the base material on the catalyst layer was removed, and a gas diffusion layer was laminated on the surface from which the base material was removed, thereby producing a membrane electrode assembly.

 [Comparative Example 2]

A slurry was prepared by mixing and dispersing an ionomer (Nafion D2021), a mono alcohol and a platinum / carbon catalyst (Pt / CTanaka 10V50E), and then a 10 μm thick nonconductive porous support (having a polyester porosity of 85% Size 4 占 퐉) was coated on both surfaces of the slurry to prepare a catalyst layer. The two catalyst layers were laminated so as to be in contact with both surfaces of the nafion electrolyte membrane, and they were bonded by hot-pressing. Thereafter, a gas diffusion layer was laminated on each of the catalyst layers to produce a membrane electrode assembly.

[Experimental Example 1]

6 (RH 100%) and FIG. 7 (RH 50%) show the results of comparing the performances according to the relative humidity (RH) of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1, The results are shown in Fig. 8. The results are shown in Fig.

In particular, the current density measured at 0.6 V was relatively compared based on Comparative Example 1, as shown in Table 1 below.

[Experimental Example 2]

The reduction amount of the catalyst according to the density of the through holes is shown in Table 2 below.

10: electrolyte membrane
20, 21: catalyst layer
40, 41: gas diffusion layer
50: air electrode
51: anode
60: Stack
70: oxidant supplier
80: fuel supply unit
81: Fuel tank
82: Pump
100: catalyst layer
110: Through hole
200: substrate
310: catalyst layer of the cathode
320: catalyst layer of the anode
400: electrolyte membrane

Claims (20)

A catalyst layer of an air electrode; A catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; And an electrolyte membrane disposed between the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode,
Wherein at least one of the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode includes a through hole penetrating the catalyst layer. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein a line connecting the centers of the cross-sections of any one of the through-holes in a direction parallel to the plane of the catalyst layer through which the through-holes are passed is straight in any one of the through- Junction. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the through-hole has no side branch connected to one through-hole without bending or breaking in a direction penetrating from one side to the other side of the catalyst layer of the through-hole. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein an angle formed by a central axis of the through-hole and a plane passing through the through-hole on the catalyst layer is perpendicular, acute, or obtuse. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cross-section of the through-hole has at least one of a circular shape and a polygonal shape in a direction parallel to a plane through which the through-hole on the catalyst layer penetrates. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein a cross-sectional area of the through-hole in a direction parallel to a plane passing through the through-hole on the catalyst layer is different depending on a thickness direction of the catalyst layer. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the closer the membrane is to the electrolyte membrane, the smaller the cross-sectional area of the through-hole is in a direction parallel to the surface through which the through-hole penetrates the catalyst layer. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the closer the membrane is to the electrolyte membrane, the larger the cross-sectional area of the through-hole is in a direction parallel to the surface through which the through-hole is passed. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst layer of the air electrode or the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode comprises the through-hole. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the through-hole is provided through the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the through-hole is provided through the catalyst layer of the air electrode. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the number of through-holes per unit area is 20 / cm ² to 200 / cm ² . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the through hole has a size of 50 nm or more and 400 m or less. The membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein a pitch of the through-holes is 100 m or more and 5 mm or less. The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst layer of the air electrode and the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode each comprise an ionomer and a catalyst. A fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 15. A battery module comprising the fuel cell of claim 16 as a unit cell. A catalyst layer of an air electrode; A catalyst layer of a fuel electrode; And an electrolyte membrane disposed between the catalyst layer of the cathode and the catalyst layer of the anode, the method comprising:
Applying a catalyst layer composition on a substrate to form a film;
Forming a through hole through the formed film; And
And forming a catalyst layer of the air electrode and a catalyst layer of the fuel electrode by laminating the electrolyte membrane and the formed membrane so that they are in contact with each other and removing the substrate. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of fabricating the catalyst layer composition prior to the step of forming the membrane. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the catalyst layer composition comprises an ionomer, a catalyst, and a solvent.

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