KR20150055960A - Dye-sensitized solar cell and method for preparing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell which includes a first substrate, a second substrate which faces the first substrate, a working electrode which is formed on the first substrate, a counter electrode which is formed on the second substrate, and an electrolyte which is filled between the working electrode and the counter electrode and a manufacturing method thereof. The counter electrode includes a conductive polymer layer with an inverse opal structure which is composed of a plurality of hollow parts. The hollow parts are arranged with a hexagonal type. The dye-sensitized solar cell maximizes the surface area of the counter electrode by adopting the conductive polymer layer with the inverse opal structure of a large area as the counter electrode. Thereby, electrochemical activation and light harvesting are improved. Corrosion resistance against iodine electrolytes and economical efficiency are improved by using the conductive polymer by replacing platinum which is used as an existing counter electrode.

Description

[0001] Description [0002] DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL AND METHOD FOR PREPARING THE SAME [0003]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell and a method of manufacturing the dye-sensitized solar cell, and more particularly, to a dye-sensitized solar cell that maximizes the surface area of a counter electrode and has excellent electrochemical activity and light harvesting, .

The counter electrode of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) receives electrons through the external electrode and transfers electrons to the iodide ion in the electrolyte through the oxidation-reduction reaction at the interface with the electrolyte It plays a role. Accordingly, the counter electrode should have a catalytic property with respect to the oxidation-reduction reaction, and should not be deteriorated by reacting with the electrolyte. In addition, the reduction of the oxidation-reduction couple should maintain a low voltage and have a high electrical conductivity. As a material used as such a counter electrode, there are noble metals such as platinum (Pt) and silver (Ag), and platinum is the most widely used. Platinum is an electrochemical catalyst for reducing electrolytes, and exhibits excellent performance as well as excellent durability and can be used together with a corrosive electrolyte. However, there is a limit to increase the surface area for catalysis of the counter electrode, making it difficult to commercialize a dye-sensitized solar cell. In addition, due to the disadvantage of high cost, development of low-cost stable catalyst materials is required.

On the other hand, when a dye-sensitized solar cell is produced for practical purposes, the lifetime is very important factor, so ruthenium-based dyes that have already been approved in terms of stability are mainly used. The role of the electrolyte is to reduce the dye by receiving electrons from the counter electrode. It is known that the iodine electrolyte has the best ability to reduce the ruthenium-based dye. However, various materials that may replace platinum, such as carbon or conductive polymers, are easily corroded when contacted with iodine electrolytes, thereby degrading the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. However, in the dye-sensitized solar cell applied to the carbon-based counter electrode, a cobalt-based electrolyte, which is not an iodine-based electrolyte generally used, is used. Of course, the electrochemical catalysis is much less than platinum. Therefore, researches are actively carried out to improve these.

An object of the present invention is to provide a dye-sensitized solar cell having a large surface area of a counter electrode by introducing a conductive polymer layer having a large area inverse opal structure and thus having excellent electrochemical activity, and a method of manufacturing the same.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a dye-sensitized solar cell having excellent light harvesting by introducing an inverse opal structure having a photonic crystal structure and a method of manufacturing the same.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a dye-sensitized solar cell having excellent economical efficiency by using a conductive polymer instead of platinum or the like used as a counter electrode material and having corrosion resistance to an iodine-based electrolyte, and a method of manufacturing the same. to be.

The above and other objects of the present invention can be achieved by the present invention described below.

One aspect of the present invention includes a conductive polymer layer having an inverse opal structure formed in a plurality of hollows, wherein the plurality of hollows are arranged in a hexagonal type arrangement for a dye-sensitized solar cell Electrode.

The conductive polymer layer may be formed on a conductive layer containing FTO (F-doped SnO ₂ : SnO ₂ : F), ITO, metal nitride, metal oxide, or carbon compound formed on one surface of the substrate.

The conductive polymer layer may comprise PEDOT (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)).

The average diameter of the hollow may be 200 to 1000 nm.

The porosity of the conductive polymer layer may be 25 to 75%.

According to another aspect of the present invention, A second substrate facing the first substrate; A working electrode formed on the first substrate; A counter electrode formed on the second substrate; And an electrolyte filling a space between the working electrode and the counter electrode, wherein the counter electrode includes a conductive polymer layer having an inverse opal structure formed in a plurality of hollows, To a dye sensitized solar cell arrayed in a hexagonal type.

Wherein the working electrode comprises: a first conductive layer formed on one surface of the first substrate; And a light absorbing layer formed on one surface of the first conductive layer, wherein the light absorbing layer includes a metal oxide and a photosensitive dye adsorbed on the metal oxide.

The metal oxide may include at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO ₂ , ZnO, ZrO ₂ , MgO, WO ₃ , Nb ₂ O ₅ and SnO.

Inorganic hybrid dyes may be selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), europium (Eu), lead (Pb) Iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), and a complex thereof. The organic dye may include a dye selected from the group consisting of a coumarin-based dye, an indole-based dye, and a porphyrin-based dye.

The counter electrode may include a second conductive layer formed on one surface of the second substrate; And a conductive polymer layer formed on one surface of the second conductive layer.

The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer may include FTO (F-doped SnO ₂ : SnO ₂ : F), ITO, metal nitride, metal oxide, or carbon compound.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a polystyrene template, comprising: preparing a polystyrene template; Forming PEDOT on the polystyrene template; And removing the polystyrene template, wherein the polystyrene template is prepared by self-aligning polystyrene particles surface-treated with PEDOT: PSS on a conductive substrate .

The polystyrene template may be prepared by adding and dispersing 0.01 to 10% by weight of polystyrene particles in an aqueous solution containing PEDOT: PSS in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight, and then immersing the conductive substrate.

The polystyrene particles may have an average particle diameter (D ₅₀ ) of 200 to 1000 nm.

The step of forming PEDOT on the polystyrene template may include depositing PEDOT on the polystyrene template by polymerizing EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on the polystyrene template.

The step of removing the polystyrene template may be to immerse the PEDOT-formed polystyrene template in an organic solvent to remove the polystyrene template.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a plasma display panel, comprising: forming a working electrode on a first substrate; Forming a counter electrode on a second substrate; And filling a space between the counter electrode and the working electrode with an electrolyte. The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized solar cell.

The dye-sensitized solar cell of the present invention can maximize the surface area of a counter electrode by introducing a conductive polymer layer having a large-area inverted opal structure into a counter electrode, thereby achieving excellent electrochemical activity and light harvesting, The conductive polymer is used in place of platinum, which is conventionally used as a counter electrode material, and thus, it has an economical effect and an excellent corrosion resistance against an iodine electrolyte.

1 is a conceptual diagram of a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 (a) to 2 (c) show steps (S1) to (S3) of manufacturing a counter electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, respectively.
Figure 3 (a) shows the preparation of the polystyrene template according to Example 1 and the PEDOT deposition 　 (B) is a conceptual diagram showing a process of electrodepositing EDOT without using a polystyrene template according to Comparative Example 1. [0050] FIG.
Fig. 4 is a graph showing the results of reflectance measurements of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.

Embodiments of the present application will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the techniques disclosed in the present application are not limited to the embodiments described herein but may be embodied in other forms. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments disclosed herein are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, the width, thickness, and the like of the components are enlarged in order to clearly illustrate the components of each device. In addition, although only a part of the components is shown for convenience of explanation, those skilled in the art will be able to easily grasp the rest of the components. It is to be understood that when an element is described above as being located above or below another element, it is to be understood that the element may be directly on or under another element, It means that it can be done. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In the drawings, the same reference numerals denote substantially the same elements.

Dye-sensitized solar cell

FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG.

A dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate 110; A second substrate 170 facing the first substrate 110; A working electrode 180 formed on the first substrate 110; A counter electrode 190 formed on the second substrate 170; And an electrolyte 140 filling a space between the working electrode 180 and the counter electrode 190. The counter electrode 190 has a plurality of hollow inverse opal structures, The conductive polymer layer 150 may be formed of a conductive polymer.

The conductive polymer layer 150 may have a large area inverse opal structure, thereby maximizing the surface area of the counter electrode, thereby improving electrochemical activity and light havesting.

In the present invention, the inverse opal structure means a structure in which a plurality of hollows formed by a polystyrene template, which will be described later, are arranged with regular regularity.

In one embodiment, the plurality of hollows may be arranged in a hexagonal type of adjacent hollows. In the present invention, a hexagonal type arrangement means a structure in which six adjacent hollows surrounding a hollow are arranged in a hexagonal structure.

The conductive polymer layer may comprise PEDOT (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)).

The conductive polymer layer may include a multi-layered structure in which a plurality of hollows are arranged in a hexagonal pattern on the conductive layer.

The average diameter of the hollow may be 200 to 1000 nm, and the thickness of the conductive polymer layer may be 1 to 50 탆.

The porosity of the conductive polymer layer may be 25 to 75%. The porosity of the conductive polymer layer = (volume of the conductive polymer layer - volume occupied by the hollow) / volume of the conductive polymer layer.

The working electrode 180 includes a first conductive layer 120 formed on one surface of the first substrate 110; And a light absorbing layer 130 formed on one surface of the first conductive layer 120.

The light absorbing layer 130 may include a plurality of metal oxide particles 131 and a photosensitive dye 133 adsorbed to the metal oxide particles 131 as a layer for generating electrons. The thickness of the light absorbing layer may be 1 to 50 mu m.

The metal oxide 131 may include one or more materials selected from the group consisting of TiO ₂ , ZnO, ZrO ₂ , MgO, WO ₃ , Nb ₂ O ₅ and SnO. The shape of the metal oxide particles may be spherical, linear, rod-like or tubular. Preferably, the diameter of the metal oxide particles may be 1 nm to 300 nm.

The photosensitive dye 133 may be a dye capable of absorbing visible light, and may include, for example, an organic-inorganic composite dye including a metal or a metal complex, an organic dye, or a mixture thereof. The organic-inorganic hybrid dyes include, for example, a group consisting of aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), europium (Eu), lead (Pb), iridium (Ir), ruthenium Inorganic composite dyes including an element selected from the group consisting of coumarin dyes, indole dyes and porphyrin dyes, but the present invention is not limited thereto . 　

When the photosensitive dye is adsorbed on the surface of metal oxide particles such as TiO ₂ to form a light absorbing layer and then an external light source in the visible light wavelength region is irradiated to the light absorbing layer, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > electrons. ≪ / RTI >

The counter electrode 190 may be defined as a second conductive layer 160 formed on one side of the second substrate 170 and a conductive polymer layer 150 formed on the second conductive layer 160.

The first substrate 110 and the second substrate 170 may be glass or quartz and may be formed of a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PEN), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyperopylene (PP), polyimide (PI), polycarbornate transparent materials such as polystyrene, polystyrene, poly (methylmethacrylate), polyoxyethylene (POM), AS resin, ABS resin, and TAC (triacetyl cellulose).

The first conductive layer 120 and the second conductive layer 160 may be formed by depositing a transparent conductive material such as FTO (F-doped SnO ₂ : SnO ₂ : F), ITO, metal nitride, metal oxide, Chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, a sputtering process, an e-beam process, a thermal deposition process, a spin coating process, a screen printing process, an inkjet printing process, Or by coating on one side of the substrate or by coating in the form of a film.

The electrolyte 140 is not particularly limited as long as it is an oxidation-reduction derivative that can be used in a conventional dye-sensitized solar cell. Specifically, the redox derivative is iodine (I) system, a bromine (Br) based, cobalt (Co) based, thiocyanate from the group consisting of an electrolyte containing system (SCN ^{- -)} type, selenide cyan (SeCN) It is preferable to select at least one kind.

As described above, the counter electrode including the conductive polymer layer having the inverse opal structure of the present invention can maximize the surface area, thereby improving the electrochemical activity.

The light incident on the working electrode passes through the electrolyte and reaches the counter electrode. When the light arriving from the counter electrode is reflected, the reflected light returns to the working electrode generating electrons and can be reused Therefore, the incident light can be used more efficiently and the amount of light absorbed by the working electrode can be increased.

In addition, since the range of the wavelength to be reflected can be controlled by adjusting the particle diameter of the hollow that forms the inverse opal structure, the light amount can be controlled.

In conclusion, the inverse opal structure described above increases the surface area of the counter electrode, thereby improving the current density and increasing the conversion efficiency. In addition, the inverse opal structure can increase the light harvesting of the working electrode by increasing the reflectance of the short wavelength.

Method for manufacturing dye-sensitized solar cell

A method of fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: forming a working electrode on a first substrate; Forming a counter electrode on a second substrate; And filling a space between the counter electrode and the working electrode with an electrolyte.

Wherein the counter electrode comprises: (S1) preparing a polystyrene template; Forming (S2) PEDOT on the polystyrene template; And removing the polystyrene template (S3).

2 (a) to 2 (c) show steps (S1) to (S3) of manufacturing a counter electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, respectively. 2 (a) shows a polystyrene template prepared according to step (S1). Polystyrene particles surface-treated with PEDOT: PSS are self-aligned on a substrate 170 on which a conductive layer 160 is formed Polystyrene template 155 is formed. Hereinafter, the substrate and the conductive layer formed on the substrate will be defined as a conductive substrate.

In one embodiment, the step (S1) may be performed by adding 0.01 to 10% by weight of polystyrene particles to a solvent containing 1 to 30% by weight of PEDOT: PSS followed by dispersing and then immersing the conductive substrate. As the solvent, distilled water and alcohols such as methanol and ethanol can be used.

The polystyrene particles 151 may have an average particle diameter (D50) of 200 to 1000 nm, and the layer thickness of the polystyrene template 155 may be 1 to 50 mu m.

When the polystyrene particles are surface-treated with PEDOT: PSS as described above, the surface-treated polystyrene particles can be arranged on the conductive substrate with regular regularity. If a polystyrene template is prepared using polystyrene particles not surface-treated with PEDOT: PSS, the non-conductive polystyrene template prevents electro-polymerization of the EDOT, so that the interface between the substrate and the PEDOT may deteriorate as the template sounds . In addition, when EDOT is polymerized on a conductive substrate by electrodeposition or the like without a polystyrene template, PEDOT can be formed on the conductive substrate and a conductive polymer layer having a regular structure like an inverse opal structure can not be produced.

FIG. 2 (b) shows the PEDOT 157 formed on the polystyrene template according to step (S2). PEDOT (157) can be formed by polymerizing EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on a polystyrene template.

2C shows that the polystyrene template is removed according to the step S3. By removing the polystyrene particles 151, a plurality of hollows 153 are generated, thereby forming a conductive polymer layer 150 having an inverse opal structure ).

In the polystyrene template, only the polystyrene template can be selectively removed by immersing the polystyrene template formed with PEDOT in an organic solvent such as toluene by the step (S2). After the low temperature heat treatment, the residual organic solvent is removed, The formed counter electrode can be produced.

The substrate on which the working electrode is formed may be manufactured by coating a paste containing a metal oxide on a conductive substrate, followed by heat treatment, and depositing a photosensitive dye to form a light absorption layer.

Then, the space between the prepared working electrode and the counter electrode is filled with an electrolyte to complete the manufacture of the dye-sensitized solar cell.

Hereinafter, the configuration and operation of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to preferred embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood, however, that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be construed in a limiting sense.

The contents not described here are sufficiently technically inferior to those skilled in the art, and a description thereof will be omitted.

Example 1

Production of counter electrode

Preparation of polystyrene template: To a solution of 0.36 g of a nonionic surfactant (Igepal Co-30, Sigma Aldrich) of 0.5% by weight and 80 ml of 10% PEDOT: PSS (Sigma Aldrich) ) Was added thereto, followed by ultra-sonication for 30 minutes. An FTO glass substrate (Perkington, USA) was vertically placed in the dispersion solution and dried in an oven at 65 ° C (Daihan Scientific, Korea). Then, polystyrene templates self-arrayed with PEDOT: PSS- ≪ / RTI >

Deposition of PEDOT: The prepared template was used as a working electrode, and a platinum (Pt) plate and an Ag / AgCl (sat. KOH) electrode were used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode, respectively. The distilled water in which the above three electrodes were dissolved and 0.05 M of EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, Sigma Aldrich), 0.007 M of sodium dodecyl sulfate (99%, Fluka) and 0.1 M of LiClO ₄ (99.5%, Sigma Aldrich) To form a three-electrode cell.

Cyclic Voltammetry (Autolab potentiostat PGSTAT128N) was driven on the three-electrode cell to electro-polymerize EDOT to deposit PEDOT on the polystyrene template substrate.

Removal of Polystyrene Template: PEDOT-immersed template substrate was immersed in toluene (99.8%, Sigma Aldrich) for 12 hours to dissolve the polystyrene template, then left in an oven at 65 ° C for 24 hours to remove residual toluene to form an inverse opal structure A counter electrode was prepared.

Manufacture of working electrode

TiO ₂ paste (Ti-nanoxide D / SP, manufactured by Solaronix Co.) was printed on an FTO substrate (Perkington, USA) and heat treated at 450 ° C. and then dyed (N719 dye (Ru [LL ' 2 ', L = 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, L' = 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-ditetrabutylammonium carboxylate, 0.5 mM, Solaronix Co.) .

Electrolyte filling

0.6 M of 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (Sigma Aldrich), 0.1 M of LiI (Sigma Aldrich), 0.05 M of I ₂ (Sigma Aldrich), and tert-butyl pyridine (Sigma Aldrich) 0.5 M dissolved in methanol was filled with an electrolyte to prepare a dye-sensitized solar cell.

FIG. 3 (a) is a conceptual view schematically showing a step of preparing a polystyrene template and a step of depositing PEDOT according to the first embodiment. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of measuring the reflectance of the first embodiment.

Comparative Example 1

A dye-sensitized solar cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a PEDOT electrode prepared by only EDOT electrodeposition without a template was used as a working electrode in Example 1.

FIG. 3 (b) is a conceptual diagram showing a process of electrodepositing EDOT without using a polystyrene template according to Comparative Example 1, and FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of measuring the reflectance of Comparative Example 1.

How to measure property

Open-circuit voltage V _oc (V), current density J _{s c} 　 (mA · cm ^-2 ), fill factor and conversion efficiency η (%) were measured using a solar simulator with a 500 W xenon lamp (XIL model 05A50KS source units, JAPAN). 　

The reflectance was measured in the wavelength range of 200 to 900 nm of the counter electrode using a UV / Vis / NIR spectrometer (JASCO V-670, Japan). The measurement results are shown in the graph of FIG.

Polystyrene template and counter electrode inverse opal structure: Scanning with a field-emission electron microscope (FE-SEM, SUPRA 55VP (Carl Zeiss, Germany)).

Example 1 Comparative Example 1
polystyrene
Template

- Counter electrode

V _oc (V) 0.75 0.83 J _sc (mA · cm ^-2 ) 10.59 4.18 FF 0.74 0.70 侶 (%) 5.9 2.4

As can be seen from the results of Table 1, using a polystyrene template 　 The dye-sensitized solar cell of Example 1 including a counter electrode formed of a conductive polymer layer having a large-area inverse opal structure had an open-circuit voltage (&thetas; Voc) is low, the current density (Jsc) is high, and the fill factor and conversion efficiency are excellent.

In addition, as shown in the graph of FIG. 4, the counter electrode of Example 1 has an inverse opal structure, so that the reflectance is excellent at a specific wavelength region, for example, 200 to 400 nm, and light harvesting It can be seen that it is excellent.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (17)

And a conductive polymer layer having an inverse opal structure formed in a plurality of hollows,
Wherein the plurality of hollows are arranged in a hexagonal type.
The method according to claim 1,
The conductive polymer layer
A counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell, which is formed on a conductive layer containing FTO (F-doped SnO ₂ : SnO ₂ : F), ITO, metal nitride, metal oxide, or carbon compound formed on one surface of a substrate.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the conductive polymer layer comprises PEDOT (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)).
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the hollow has an average diameter of 200 to 1000 nm.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the conductive polymer layer has a porosity of 25 to 75%.
A first substrate;
A second substrate facing the first substrate;
A working electrode formed on the first substrate;
A counter electrode of any one of claims 1 to 5 formed on the second substrate; And
An electrolyte filling a space between the working electrode and the counter electrode;
And a dye-sensitized solar cell.
The method according to claim 6,
The working electrode
A first conductive layer formed on one surface of the first substrate; And
And a light absorbing layer formed on one surface of the first conductive layer,
Wherein the light absorbing layer comprises a metal oxide and a photosensitive dye adsorbed on the metal oxide.
8. The method of claim 7,
The metal oxide is _{TiO 2, ZnO, ZrO 2,} MgO, WO 3, Nb 2 O 5 , and the dye-sensitized solar cell, comprising a step of including at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of SnO.
8. The method of claim 7,
The photosensitive dye is an organic-inorganic composite dye, an organic dye or a mixture thereof,
Wherein the organic-inorganic composite dye is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), europium (Eu), lead (Pb), iridium (Ir), ruthenium ≪ / RTI >
Wherein the organic dye comprises a dye selected from the group consisting of coumarin-based dyes, indole-based dyes and porphyrin-based dyes.
The method according to claim 6,
The counter electrode may include a second conductive layer formed on one surface of the second substrate; And a conductive polymer layer formed on one surface of the second conductive layer.
11. The method according to claim 7 or 10,
Wherein the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer include FTO (F-doped SnO ₂ : SnO ₂ : F), ITO, metal nitride, metal oxide, or carbon compound.
Preparing a polystyrene template; Forming a PEDOT on the polystyrene template; And removing the polystyrene template,
The polystyrene template is prepared by self-aligning polystyrene particles surface-treated with PEDOT (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)): PSS (poly (styrenesulfonate)) on a conductive substrate. Type solar cell relative electrode.
13. The method of claim 12,
The polystyrene template is prepared by dispersing 0.01 to 10% by weight of polystyrene particles in an aqueous solution containing 1 to 30% by weight of PEDOT: PSS,
Wherein the electrode is manufactured by dipping a conductive substrate.
13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the polystyrene particles have an average particle diameter (D50) of 200 to 1000 nm.
13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein forming the PEDOT on the polystyrene template comprises:
Wherein PEDOT is deposited on the polystyrene template by polymerizing EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on the polystyrene template.
13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein removing the polystyrene template comprises:
Wherein the polystyrene template having the PEDOT formed thereon is immersed in an organic solvent to remove the polystyrene template.
Forming a working electrode on the first substrate; Forming a counter electrode on a second substrate; And filling a space between the counter electrode and the working electrode with an electrolyte,
Wherein the counter electrode is manufactured by the manufacturing method of any one of claims 12 to 16.

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