KR20140003528A - Method for producing electrodes for lithium-sulphur batteries - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for producing an electrode for a lithium-sulfur battery. The present invention mixes one or more sugars selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in (A) sulfur, (B) electrically conductively modified carbon and (C) acidic aqueous media, The obtained mixture is applied to the flat carrier (D) and then selectively dried.

Description

The manufacturing method of the electrode for lithium-sulfur batteries {METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM-SULPHUR BATTERIES}

The present invention

(A) sulfur,

(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and

(C) at least one sugar selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium.

Mixing the, and

Applying the obtained mixture to a flat carrier (D) and then selectively drying it

It relates to a method for producing a negative electrode, including.

In addition,

(A) sulfur,

(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and

(C) at least one sugar selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium.

Mixture of

(D) one or more flat carriers

It relates to an electrode included in the phase.

Secondary cells, accumulators or "chargers" are some embodiments that can be stored and used (consumed) only after the electrical energy has been generated as needed. Because of the much better power density, there has recently been a shift to the development of batteries in which charge transport is carried out by lithium ions from aqueous secondary batteries.

However, the energy density of conventional lithium ion accumulators having a carbon anode and a cathode based on a metal oxide is limited. A new horizon is opened by lithium-sulfur batteries. In lithium-sulfur cells, sulfur in the sulfur anode is reduced to S ^{2 -} ions, which pass through polysulfide ions and are oxidized again when the cell is charged.

However, it is often observed that sulfur is irregularly distributed in the electrode. This can lead to disadvantageous properties, for example poor contact of sulfur and thereby low utilization of the electrode. This disadvantage can lead to electrodes with low capacitance and / or capacitance loss.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention was to provide a lithium-sulfur battery that can avoid the above problem. It was a further object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a lithium-sulfur battery which does not have the disadvantages described above.

Thus, a method as defined in the technical field has been found.

1 shows a schematic structure of an electrochemical cell that has been decomposed for testing a novel electrode.

Sulfur (A) is known per se and may also be referred to as sulfur in the context of the present invention.

Carbon (B) in the electrically conductive polymorph can also be referred to as carbon (B) in the context of the present invention. Carbon (B) may be selected from, for example, graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene or mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned materials.

In one embodiment of the invention, carbon (B) is carbon black. The carbon black may be selected from, for example, lamp black, furnace black, flame black, thermal black, acetylene black and industrial black. have. Carbon black may comprise impurities, for example hydrocarbons, especially aromatic hydrocarbons, or oxygen containing compounds or oxygen containing groups, for example OH groups. In addition, sulfur or iron containing impurities are possible in carbon black.

In one variation, carbon (B) is partially oxidized carbon black.

In one embodiment of the invention, carbon (B) comprises carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes (CNT for short), for example single-walled carbon nanotubes (SW CNT) and preferably multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MW CNT) are known per se. Methods for their preparation and some properties are described, for example, in A. Jess et al ., Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2006 , 78 , 94-100.

In the context of the present invention, graphene is understood to mean two-dimensional hexagonal carbon crystals which have a structure that is almost ideally or ideally similar to individual graphite layers.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, carbon (B) is selected from graphite, graphene, activated carbon and especially carbon black.

Carbon (B) may be present, for example, as particles having a diameter of 0.1 to 100 μm, preferably 2 to 20 μm. Particle diameter is understood to mean the average diameter of secondary particles determined by volume average.

In one embodiment of the invention, carbon (B) and especially carbon black have a BET surface area of 20-1500 m ² / g, measured according to ISO 9277.

In one embodiment of the invention, two or more, for example two or three different kinds of carbon (B) are mixed. Different kinds of carbon (B) may vary depending on, for example, particle diameter or BET surface area or degree of contamination.

In one embodiment of the invention, the selected carbon (B) is a combination of carbon black and graphite.

Further starting materials for carrying out the process according to the invention are at least one saccharide (C) selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium, and also in short sugars (C). It is referred to as). Preferred are sugars which can be dissolved in an acidic aqueous medium.

Acidic aqueous media are understood to mean aqueous solutions having a pH of 6.9 or less, for example 1 to 6.9, preferably 3 to 6.5.

Acetylcellulose, which can be dissolved in basic aqueous media but does not dissolve or swell in acidic aqueous media, is not an example of sugars (C). Starch also does not dissolve or swell in acidic aqueous medium, and is not an illustration of sugars (C) in the context of the present invention.

In the context of the present invention "water-soluble" sugar compounds are understood to mean those which form a clear visible solution in an acidic aqueous medium. “Water swellable” sugar compounds in the context of the present invention are understood to mean those capable of reversibly absorbing at least 100% of their weight of water at a temperature of 20 to 90 ° C.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharide (C) is selected from glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose and maltose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharides (C) are selected from monosaccharides, in particular glucose and fructose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharides (C) are selected from disaccharides, in particular sucrose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharide (C) is selected from polysaccharides, in particular amylopectin.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharides (C) are from partially oxidized sugars, in particular partially oxidized monosaccharides or disaccharides, in particular caramelized sugars such as caramelized sucrose, caramelized glucose and caramel Selected from fructose that has been oxidized.

The procedure for carrying out the process according to the invention is the process of first mixing sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) with one another and then applying the mixture to be obtained on the flat carrier (D) and then drying will be.

Mixing can be carried out by methods known per se, for example by crushing sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) with one another, in particular in a ball mill, or with sulfur (A), Carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) may be carried out by stirring each other in an aqueous suspension. It is also possible to knead sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) with the addition of water to obtain an aqueous paste. Preference is given to combining two or more mixing methods with each other. The most preferred procedure is to grind sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C), for example in a ball mill, to one another and then to suspend them in water or an aqueous formulation. In another very particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more saccharides (C) are first stirred with one another in a liquid, for example water or a water / alcohol mixture and then for example In a ball mill, it is ground.

In one variant of the method according to the invention, the chosen mixing method is the action of ultrasound.

The result of the mixing is to obtain a mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C), which may have one or more additional components, for example water or one or more organic solvents.

Embodiments in which the mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) further comprise water, are also referred to as aqueous formulations in the context of the present invention. Aqueous formulations may consist of paste or ink.

Aqueous formulations may, for example, comprise from 0.1 to 70% by volume, in particular from 5 to 60% by volume, of one or more organic solvents, based on water. Suitable organic solvents are, for example, water soluble alcohols, in particular methanol, ethanol and isopropanol.

In another embodiment of the invention, the aqueous formulation does not contain any organic solvents.

In another embodiment of the invention, the mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) contains neither water nor organic solvents, but rather is a powder mixture.

In the context of the present invention, those which are aqueous formulations which preferably have a solids content of 1.1 to 20% by weight are referred to as inks. Those which are aqueous formulations which preferably have a solids content of more than 20% by weight but up to 45% by weight, preferably at least 20.1% by weight are referred to as pastes.

In one embodiment of the invention, the paste comprises 12 to 20% by weight, preferably 13 to 15% by weight of sulfur (A), 8 to 20% by weight, preferably 8 to 12% by weight of carbon (B), A total of 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of sugars (C), wherein the values in% by weight are based on the total paste respectively and include sulfur (A), carbon (B) and sugars ( The sum of the weight percents of C) is greater than 20, preferably at least 20.1.

In one embodiment of the invention, the ink comprises 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3.0 to 3.5% by weight of sulfur (A), 0.5 to 9% by weight, preferably 2.5 to 3% by weight of carbon (B), A total of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 0.5% by weight of sugars (C), wherein the values in% by weight are based on the total ink, respectively, and include sulfur (A), carbon (B) and sugars ( The sum of the weight percents of C) is from 1.1 to 20.

Applying a mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) prepared in the first step to the flat carrier (D), for example spraying (for example spraying or spraying) and knife coating can be achieved by knifecoating, printing, in particular screen printing, or compression. In the context of the present invention, spraying also includes applying with the aid of a spray gun, and is often referred to as an "airbrush method" or in short "airbrushing".

If it is desired to apply the mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) prepared in the first step onto the flat carrier (D) by spraying, the mixture is preferably formulated in ink.

If the mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) prepared in the first step is to be applied onto the flat carrier (D) by knife coating or screen printing, it is necessary to formulate the mixture into a paste. desirable.

In one embodiment of the invention, the flat carrier (D) is a medium for conducting current, for example an output conductor.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flat carrier (D) is chemically inert to the reactions which proceed in standard processes, ie during charging and discharging, in an electrochemical cell.

In one embodiment of the invention, the flat carrier (D) has an internal BET surface area of 20-1500 m ² / g, which is preferably measured in the apparent BET surface area.

In one embodiment of the invention, the flat carrier (D) is selected from metal meshes, for example steel meshes, in particular stainless steel meshes, and also nickel meshes or tantalum meshes. The metal mesh can have coarse or fine pores.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the flat carrier (D) is selected from electrically conductive fibers of carbon or organic polymers including metal filaments, for example tantalum filaments or nickel filaments, for example mats, felts or nonwovens.

Particularly suitable flat carriers (D) are, for example, metal foils, in particular aluminum foils. The metal foil may, for example, have a thickness of 4 kPa to 200 kPa, in particular 20 to 50 kPa.

The type of flat carrier D can be selected in the form of a continuous ribbon which can be processed within a wide range, for example by the battery manufacturer. In other embodiments, the flat carrier D can be configured, for example, in the form of a round, oval or square sheet, or in the form of a cubic, or in the form of a flat electrode.

In one embodiment of the invention, the mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more saccharides (C) is, for example, a flat carrier (D) at a pressure of 0.1 to 300 kPa and a temperature of 0 to 150 ° C. ) Can be compressed. For this purpose, it is possible to proceed from a paste or preferably a powder mixture, the layer height of which is adjusted with the aid of shims on the flat carrier D.

In one embodiment of the invention, a mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) is applied to one side of the flat carrier (D).

In one embodiment of the invention, a mixture comprising sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) is applied to only one side of the flat carrier (D).

In one embodiment of the invention, a mixture of sulfur (A), carbon (B) and one or more sugars (C) is 30 to 200 μm per layer (preferably after drying) on the flat carrier (D), preferably 60 To a layer thickness of from 120 μm.

Selective drying can be carried out, for example, at a temperature of 30 to 100 ° C, preferably 40 to 50 ° C.

Selective drying can be carried out at standard pressure or preferably at reduced pressure, for example from 1 to 500 mbar.

Suitable devices for the drying step include coolers, in particular vacuum coolers.

In one embodiment of the invention,

(A) sulfur,

(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and

(C) one or more sugars

The aqueous formulation comprising a is applied to a metal film and then dried.

The coated flat carrier (D) can be used as an electrode in an electrochemical cell.

Of course, further steps can be carried out for this purpose, for example a connection to the output conductor.

Flat carriers (D) coated by the process according to the invention show many advantages as electrodes in electrochemical cells. Examples include homogeneous sulfur distributions, good binding and contact with flat carriers (D) and high sulfur utilization.

In addition,

(A) sulfur,

(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and

(C) at least one sugar selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium.

Mixture of

(D) one or more flat carriers

It provides on an electrode, included in the phase.

Sulfur (A), carbon (B) and sugars (C) are as defined above.

In one embodiment of the invention, carbon (B) is selected from graphite, graphene, carbon black and activated carbon, preferably from carbon black.

In one embodiment of the invention, the novel electrode comprises two or more, for example two or three different kinds of carbon (B). Different kinds of carbon (B) may differ, for example, depending on particle diameter or BET surface area or degree of contamination.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharide (C) is selected from glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose and maltose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharides (C) are selected from monosaccharides, in particular glucose and fructose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharides (C) are selected from disaccharides, in particular sucrose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharide (C) is selected from polysaccharides, in particular amylopectin.

In one embodiment of the invention, the saccharides (C) are from partially oxidized sugars, in particular from partially oxidized monosaccharides or disaccharides, in particular caramelized sugars such as caramelized sucrose, caramelized glucose and Caramelized fructose.

In one embodiment of the invention, the coating of the flat carrier (D) with sulfur (A), carbon (B) and saccharides (C) is 30-200 μm μm per layer (preferably measured after drying), preferably 60-120 It has a thickness of 탆, that is, when applied to both sides, the total thickness is 60 to 400 탆, preferably 120 to 240 탆.

The novel electrodes are particularly suitable as components of lithium-containing batteries. The present invention provides the use of novel electrodes as components of an electrochemical cell or for the manufacture of an electrochemical cell. The present invention also provides an electrochemical cell comprising one or more novel electrodes.

In one embodiment of the invention, the novel electrode is a cathode, which may also be referred to as a sulfur cathode or an S cathode. In the context of the present invention, the electrode referred to as the cathode is where the reduction reaction takes place during discharge.

The novel electrode can have a thickness of, for example, 60 to 230 μm, preferably 90 to 150 μm. They may, for example, have a rod-shaped shape or may be configured in the form of circular, elliptical or square pillars, or in the form of a cuboid or in the form of planar electrodes.

In one embodiment of the invention, the novel electrochemical cell comprises not only a new electrode, but also one or more electrodes comprising metallic lithium or lithium alloys, such as alloys of tin, silicon and / or aluminum of lithium. .

In one embodiment of the invention, the new electrochemical cell is preferably a polymer, a cyclic or acyclic ether, a cyclic and acyclic acetal, which can be liquid or solid at room temperature, as well as a novel electrode and an additional electrode, One or more non-aqueous solvents selected from cyclic or acyclic organic carbonates and ionic liquids.

Examples of suitable polymers are in particular polyalkylene glycols, preferably poly-C ₁ -C ₄ -alkylene glycols, in particular polyethylene glycols. These polyethylene glycols may comprise up to 20 mol% of one or more C ₁ -C ₄ -alkylene glycols in copolymerized form. Polyalkylene glycols are preferably polyalkylene glycols double-capped with methyl or ethyl.

Suitable molecular weight M _w of polyalkylene glycols, particularly suitable polyethylene glycols, may be at least 400 g / mol.

The molecular weight M _w of suitable polyalkylene glycols, in particular suitable polyethylene glycols, may be up to 5,000,000 g / mol, preferably up to 2,000,000 g / mol.

Examples of suitable acyclic ethers are, for example, diisopropyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, preferably 1,2-di Methoxyethane. Further suitable acyclic ethers are diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol diethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol diethyl ether.

Examples of suitable cyclic ethers are tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane.

Examples of suitable acyclic acetals are, for example, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane and 1,1-diethoxyethane.

Examples of suitable cyclic acetals are 1,3-dioxane, in particular 1,3-dioxolane.

Examples of suitable acyclic organic carbonates are dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate.

Examples of suitable cyclic organic carbonates are the compounds of formulas I and II:

(I)

≪ RTI ID = 0.0 &

Where

R ¹ , R ² and R ³ may be the same or different and represent hydrogen and C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl And tert-butyl, and R ² and R ³ are preferably not both tert-butyl.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, R ¹ is methyl and R ² and R ³ are each hydrogen or R ¹ , R ² and R ³ are each hydrogen.

The solvent is preferably used in anhydrous state, that is, known to have a water content of 1 ppm to 0.1% by weight, for example, measurable by Karl Fischer titration.

In one embodiment of the invention, the novel electrochemical cell comprises at least one conductive salt, preferably lithium salt. Examples of suitable lithium salts include LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ , LiClO ₄ , LiAsF ₆ , LiCF ₃ SO ₃ , LiC (C _n F _{2n +1} SO ₂ ) ₃ , lithium imides such as LiN (C _n F _{2n +1} SO ₂ ) ₂ (where salts of n is an integer of 1 to 20), LiN (SO ₂ F) _2, Li ₂ SiF _6, LiSbF _6, LiAlCl _4, and a formula (C _n F _{2n +1} SO _{2) m} XLi ( Where m is as defined below:

When X is selected from oxygen and sulfur, m = 1;

When X is selected from nitrogen and phosphorous, m = 2; And

When X is selected from carbon and silicon, m = 3)

to be.

Preferred conductive salts are selected from LiC (CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₃ and LiN (CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ , particularly preferably LiN (CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ .

In one embodiment of the invention, the electrolyte of the novel electrochemical cell may comprise one or more additives, for example one or more ionic liquids.

In one embodiment of the invention, the novel electrochemical cell comprises one or more separators that mechanically separate the electrodes. Suitable separators are polymer films, in particular porous polymer films, which are unreactive to metallic lithium and to lithium sulfide and lithium polysulfide. Particularly suitable materials for the separator are polyolefins, in particular porous polyethylenes in the form of films and porous polypropylenes in the form of films.

Separators made from polyolefins, in particular polyethylene or polypropylene, may have a porosity of 35 to 45%. Suitable pore diameters are, for example, 30 to 500 nm.

In another embodiment of the invention, the separator selected may be a separator prepared from a PET nonwoven fabric filled with inorganic particles. Such a separator may have a porosity of 40 to 55%. Suitable pore diameters are, for example, 80 to 750 nm.

It is noteworthy that the novel electric cell has a particularly high capacitance, high performance even after repeated charging, and the battery life is significantly improved. The novel electric cells are well suited for use in automobiles, aircraft, ships or stationary energy stores. This use forms an additional part of the idea of the present invention.

The present invention is illustrated by the following examples.

General Preface: Unless expressly stated otherwise, in the context of the present invention, the% figures are based on weight percent.

The following carbon blacks were used:

Commercially available as carbon black (B.1), Ketjen®, BET surface area: 900 m ² / g (measured according to ISO 9277), average particle diameter: 10 μm

Carbon black (B.2), commercially available as Printex®, BET surface area: 100 m ² / g (measured according to ISO 9277), average particle diameter: 10 μm

I. Preparation of Aqueous Formulations

I.1 Preparation of Water-Based Ink, WT1.1

A solution of 0.26 μg of caramelized sucrose (C.1) in 73.5 μg of water-isopropanol mixture (weight ratio 65:35) was stirred in a glass jar. Thereafter, 2.8 g of sulfur flower (A.1), 1 g of carbon black (B.1) and 1 g of carbon black (B.2) were added, followed by stirring. The suspension thus obtained was ground in a ball mill (Pulverisette 6 from Fritsch) at 300 rpm over 30 minutes. The balls were then removed to give an aqueous ink, which was also referred to herein as WT1.1 and had a creamy consistency.

I.2 Preparation of Water-Based Ink, WT1.2

A solution of 8.54 grams of 3 wt% aqueous amylopectin solution (C.2) in 77.5 grams of water-isopropanol mixture (weight ratio 65:35) was stirred in a glass jar. Thereafter, 2.73 g of sulfide (A.1), 1 g of carbon black (B.1) and 1 g of carbon black (B.2) were added, followed by stirring. The suspension thus obtained was ground in a ball mill (Pulverisette 6 from Frisch) at 300 rpm over 30 minutes. The balls were then removed to give an aqueous ink, which was also referred to herein as WT1.2 and had a creamy consistency.

II. Preparation of new electrodes

II.1 Application of a Novel Ink WT1.1 and Preparation of a Novel Electrode electr.1

The substrate used was aluminum foil with a thickness of 30 μm. The new ink WT1.1 was then sprayed onto the aluminum foil at a temperature of 75 ° C. on a vacuum table using a spray gun and nitrogen was used for the spray. One side coated aluminum foil was obtained with a coating of 4 mg / cm ² , calculated based on the sum of (A.1), (B.1) and (C.1).

Thereafter, one side coated aluminum foil was carefully laminated between two rubber rollers. Low contact pressures were chosen to maintain the porosity of the coating.

Thereafter, heat treatment was followed in the drying cabinet, temperature: 40 ° C.

This obtained a novel electrode electr.1.

II.2 Application of New Ink WT1.2 and Preparation of New Electrode electr.2

Example II.1 was repeated except that new ink WT1.2 was used instead of new ink WT1.1 to obtain a new electrode electr.2.

III. Fabrication and Testing of New Electrochemical Cells

For electrochemical characterization of the novel electrodes electr.1 and electr.2, an electrochemical cell was constructed according to FIG. 1. For this purpose, as well as novel electrodes, the following were used:

Anode: Li foil, thickness 50 μm,

Membrane: Polyethylene film, 15 μm thick, porous,

The negative electrode according to Example II,

Electrolyte: 8 wt% LiN (SO ₂ CF ₃ ) ₂ , 46 wt% 1,3-dioxolane and 46 wt% 1,2-dimethoxyethane.

New electrochemical cell EZ.1 (based on the new electrode electr.1) or new electrochemical cell EZ.2 (based on the new electrode electr.2) were obtained.

The new electrochemical cell showed an open circuit potential of 2.6-2.9 kV. During discharge (C / 10), the cell potential decreased to 2.2 to 2.3 V (first ballast) and then to 2.0 to 2.1 V (second ballast). The battery was discharged to 1.7 V and then charged. During the charging operation, the cell potential rose to 2.2 mA and charged until it reached 2.5 V. Then, the discharge operation was restarted. The electrochemical cell produced achieved more than 30 cycles with only a very small loss of capacity.

1, 1 'die
2, 2 'nut
3, 3 'sealing ring - double in each case, second in each case a somewhat smaller airtight ring, not shown in FIG. 1
4 spiral springs
5 Output conductors made from nickel
6 Housing

Claims (13)

(A) sulfur,
(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and
(C) at least one sugar selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium.
Mixing the, and
Applying the obtained mixture to the flat carrier (D) and then optionally drying
It includes, the manufacturing method of the negative electrode. The method of claim 1,
Carbon (B) is selected from graphite, graphene, carbon black and activated carbon. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2,
Wherein the saccharide is selected from amylopectin. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2,
Wherein the sugar is selected from glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose and maltose. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
Wherein the saccharide is selected from partially oxidized sugars. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
(A) sulfur,
(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and
(C) at least one sugar selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium.
After applying the aqueous formulation comprising a metal film to dry,
Way. (A) sulfur,
(B) carbon in the electrically conductive polymorph, and
(C) at least one sugar selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, which can be dissolved or swelled in an acidic aqueous medium.
Mixture of
(D) one or more flat carriers
Included on, the electrode. The method of claim 7, wherein
The carbon (B) is selected from graphite, graphene, carbon black and activated carbon. 9. The method according to claim 7 or 8,
Wherein the saccharide is selected from amylopectin. 9. The method according to claim 7 or 8,
Wherein the saccharide is selected from glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose and maltose. 11. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10,
And the sugar is selected from partially oxidized sugars. Use of an electrode according to any one of claims 7 to 11 in an electrochemical cell. An electrochemical cell comprising at least one electrode according to claim 7.

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