KR20120109037A - System and mothod for selecting the optimal design for building using lcc and lcco2 analysis - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A system and a method for determining optimal design of a building are provided to evaluate a building LCC at various points through analysis of LCC and LCCO2. CONSTITUTION: A base data input unit(110) receives base setting data for LCC(Life Cycle Cost) calculation. A matching unit(130) matches a maintenance cycle and a maintenance rate with a specification item stored in specification database(120). An LCC analyzer(140) analyzes LCC and LCC0O2 of the specification item. A final specification determining unit(150) determines a specification set having the optimal LCC according to an analysis result of the LCC analyzer. [Reference numerals] (100) System for determining an optimum design of a building; (110) Base data input unit; (120) Specification database; (130) Matching unit; (140) LCC analyzer; (150) Final specification determining unit; (160) Display unit

Description

SYSTEM AND MOTHOD FOR SELECTING THE OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR BUILDING USING LCC AND LCCO2 ANALYSIS}

The present invention relates to a system and method for determining an optimal proposal details of the design details for the proposed building. In particular, the present invention relates to systems and methods for analyzing LCC and LCCO2 to determine optimal design alternatives for buildings with optimal life cycle costs that meet preconditions.

In accordance with various policies related to building greenhouse gas reduction, academia and industry are trying to study various energy saving techniques and apply them to practical practice. In this process, some energy saving techniques may be applied alone, or various energy saving techniques may be applied in combination. For example, various design alternatives may be proposed in the design process of a new building, and various improvement scenarios may be proposed in the maintenance phase of an existing building. Quantitative evaluation techniques need to be introduced in order to calculate the costs (initial construction cost, repair cost, replacement cost, energy costs such as electricity and gas, decommissioning and disposal costs, and residual value) that occur during the life cycle of the building to which these various scenarios are applied. have.

The life cycle cost (LCC) methodology is mainly used as such an evaluation technique. The LCC methodology is a method of converting expenses incurred according to the life cycle of a building to its present value. The cost variables considered here are divided into deterministic and probabilistic cost variables. Deterministic cost variables include initial investment costs, decommissioning and disposal costs, and residual values. Probabilistic cost variables include replacement costs, repair costs, energy costs (electricity), and energy costs (gas).

However, in order to calculate repair costs, replacement costs, and other expenses incurred during the life cycle of a building, it is necessary to match the details of the facility items with the repair cycle and repair rate calculation criteria as specified in the Housing Act Enforcement Rule.

In addition, as described above, the existing LCC methodology considers only economic values and does not reflect environmentally friendly values. For example, the cost of energy costs (electricity) and energy costs (gas) can not only evaluate economic value, but also eco-friendly value by converting CO2 emissions into economic value (Life Cycle CO2). (Hereinafter referred to as LCCO2).

On the other hand, since the basic concept of the LCC methodology is to convert the costs incurred in the future to present values, various assumptions must be made in order to apply the LCC methodology. For example, basic assumptions such as analysis period (40 years), inflation rate, interest rate, real discount rate, electricity rate rate, and gas rate rate should be reflected. Assumptions should be reflected. In addition, in order to apply the LCCO2 methodology, assumptions about the CO2 government purchase price should be reflected.

There are various ways to determine the optimal proposal in bids for various buildings ordered by the government, local governments, construction companies or construction consulting companies. The final bid price may be determined solely, but the price may include a life cycle cost. In bid proposals that consider GHG costs, there is a need for an evaluation method for determining an optimal alternative and a method for determining an optimal alternative.

The system and method for analyzing the LCC and LCCO2 according to the present invention to determine the optimal design alternative for a building aims to solve the following problems.

First, the LCCO2 methodology, as well as the LCC methodology, is applied to evaluate design alternatives in terms of eco-friendly value.

Second, in establishing the assumptions for the LCC and LCCO2 analysis, the LCC and LCCO2 analysis will be performed by reflecting the decision on whether to apply deterministic or stochastic methodology.

Third, through the analysis to determine the optimal alternative of the proposal details for the building.

The solution to the problem of the present invention is not limited to those mentioned above, and other solutions not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the following description.

The system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to the present invention includes a basic data input unit for receiving basic setting data for calculating a life cycle cost, and a statement database for storing a plurality of sets of statements for the building. Matching unit for matching repair cycle and repair rate to the statement items stored in the statement database, life cycle cost analysis unit and life cycle cost for which LCC and LCC02 analysis is performed for each expense item for the statement items with the matching repair cycle and repair rate According to the analysis result of the analysis unit includes an optimal statement determination unit for determining a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost.

The cost items of the life cycle cost analysis unit according to the present invention include deterministic cost variables including initial investment cost, dismantling cost and residual value and stochastic cost variables including replacement cost, repair cost, electric energy cost and gas energy cost.

Life cycle cost analysis unit is characterized by performing the LCCO2 analysis by analyzing the CO2 cost generated during the service life of the building using the electrical energy and gas energy costs.

The system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building according to the present invention may further include a display unit for displaying a result value for a life cycle cost analyzed for each cost item for a plurality of statement sets.

The optimum statement determination unit according to the present invention is characterized in that the statement set having the optimal life cycle costs according to the priority set for each cost item.

The basic setting data according to the present invention includes the start year of the life cycle cost calculation, the service life, the interest rate, the inflation rate, the electric energy cost, the gas energy cost, the energy usage time, the energy usage period, the energy unit price or the greenhouse gas reduction performance unit price. It includes one or more.

The method of determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to the present invention includes a step S1 in which basic setting data for calculating a life cycle cost (LCC) is input, and a plurality of sets of statements for the building are input. Steps S3 and S4 in which the repair period and the repair rate are matched to the statement items selected in steps S2 and S2, and steps S4 and S4 in which LCC and LCC02 analysis is performed for each cost item on the statement items matching the repair period and the repair rate in step S3. In step S5, a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost is determined according to the analysis result performed in the step.

The cost item of the step S4 according to the present invention includes a definite cost variable including an initial investment cost, a dismantling cost and a residual value, and a stochastic cost variable including a replacement cost, a repair cost, an electric energy cost, and a gas energy cost.

Step S4 according to the present invention is characterized in that the LCCO2 analysis is performed by analyzing the CO2 cost generated during the service life of the building using the electrical energy and gas energy costs.

The method of determining an optimal design alternative according to the present invention further includes a step S6 in which a result value for a life cycle cost analyzed for each cost item is displayed for each of a plurality of statement sets.

Step S5 according to the present invention is characterized in that the statement set having the optimal life cycle cost is determined according to the priorities set for each cost item.

Systems and methods for analyzing the LCC and LCCO2 according to the present invention to determine the optimal design alternative for a building have the following effects.

First, when evaluating building LCCs, building LCCs can be evaluated from various perspectives through not only economic value analysis (LCC) but also environmental value analysis (LCCO2). It will be possible to make a decision that reflects this and make this analysis easy, fast and accurate.

Second, in performing LCC and LCCO2 analysis, various assumptions are reflected, which can be set as a fixed value to perform deterministic analysis, or to establish probability distribution for each assumption to perform stochastic analysis. It may be.

Third, it is possible to easily determine the optimal proposal details according to the conditions desired by the client through the analysis.

The effects of the present invention are not limited to those mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the following description.

1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating the configuration of a system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 illustrates a screen on which basic setting data is input.
3 is to establish a repair cycle and a repair rate calculation criteria (e.g., Annex 5 of the Housing Act Enforcement Rules, or Annex 6 of the Korea Housing Corporation Housing Management Regulations) for the item details of buildings in the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system and method according to the present invention; The process for an example is shown.
4 (a) is an example showing a result as a probability density function in the probabilistic analysis method, Figure 4 (b) is an example showing a result as a cumulative distribution function in the probabilistic analysis method.
Figure 5 (a) shows an example of the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system according to the present invention and the life cycle cost value according to the design alternatives according to the method and the results presented by the bar graph.
FIG. 5 (b) shows an example in which a time series graph of life cycle cost for each design alternative according to the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system and the method according to the present invention is output.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments, but includes all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

The terms first, second, A, B, etc. may be used to describe various components, but the components are not limited by the terms, but merely for distinguishing one component from other components. Only used as For example, without departing from the scope of the present invention, the first component may be referred to as a second component, and similarly, the second component may also be referred to as a first component. And / or < / RTI > includes any combination of a plurality of related listed items or any of a plurality of related listed items.

As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is to be understood that the present invention means that there is a part or a combination thereof, and does not exclude the presence or addition possibility of one or more other features or numbers, step operation components, parts or combinations thereof.

Hereinafter, with reference to the drawings will be described in detail with respect to the system (100) and method for analyzing the LCC and LCCO2 to determine the optimal design alternative for the building.

Prior to the detailed description of the drawings, it is to be clear that the division of the components in the present specification is only divided by the main function of each component. That is, two or more components to be described below may be combined into one component, or one component may be provided divided into two or more for each function. Each of the components to be described below may additionally perform some or all of the functions of other components in addition to the main functions of the components, and some of the main functions of each of the components are different. Of course, it may be carried out exclusively by. Therefore, the presence or absence of each component described through this specification should be interpreted functionally, and for this reason, the configuration of the components according to the wireless power transmission apparatus of the present invention is within the limits to achieve the object of the present invention. Clearly, it may be different from 1.

1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a system 100 for analyzing an LCC and LCCO2 according to an example of the present invention to determine an optimal design alternative for a building.

The system 100 for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to the present invention includes a basic data input unit 110 for receiving basic setting data for calculating a life cycle cost, and a plurality of statements for the building. LCC by cost item for the statement database 120 in which the set is stored, the matching unit 130 for matching the repair period and the repair rate to the statement items stored in the statement database 120, and the statement items with the repair period and the repair rate matched. And an optimal statement determination unit 150 for determining a statement set having an optimal life cycle cost according to the analysis results of the life cycle cost analysis unit 140 and the life cycle cost analysis unit 140 in which the LCC02 analysis is performed. .

LCC refers to all costs incurred during the lifetime of a facility, including initial investment costs, maintenance costs (energy costs, maintenance costs, replacement costs), decommissioning and disposal costs, and residual values.

Preference data include one or more of: the start year of the life cycle cost calculation, the age of use, the rate of interest increase, the rate of inflation, the cost of electrical energy, the cost of gas energy, the amount of energy used, the duration of energy use, the cost of energy, or the rate of greenhouse gas reduction. . 2 illustrates an example in which basic setting data is input. In FIG. 2, an area marked in yellow is an item related to basic setting data. The basic setting data may be input by a user, or may be read in a batch from a server in which the basic setting is stored in advance.

The start year is the year from which the life cycle cost is calculated for a specific building that is the subject of life cycle cost analysis, and the year of use is the period in which the building under analysis is used. Inflation can be used as an average of past inflation over a period of time as published in the Bank of Korea's economic statistics system. Electric energy costs and gas energy costs can also use averages over a period of rise. Energy use time refers to the time when energy is used on a monthly or daily basis, and energy use period refers to the period during which the air conditioners and heaters are driven. The energy price refers to the cost of energy such as electricity and gas at the present time. If the electric charge is to be applied in consideration of the progressive system, the rate system may vary depending on the season.

GHG reduction performance unit price refers to the government purchase price for greenhouse gas (CO2) that should be reduced in Korea or the country to which the invention is applied in accordance with international agreements. This may vary depending on international conventions or government initiatives. This section will be described later in detail in the description of LCCO2 analysis.

On the other hand, interest rate of increase, electricity rate increase rate, gas cost increase rate, and greenhouse gas unit price increase rate are the discount rate because the value of the cost changes over time. The discount rate applied to the LCC analysis is based on the real daily rate.

The discount rate is the rate that represents the change in the value of the cost over time. There are nominal dicounted rates that take into account both price changes and expected profits, and real discounted rates that do not consider the effects of price changes. .

Figure 3 is the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system 100 in accordance with the present invention and the method for calculating the repair cycle and repair rate for the statement of buildings in the method (for example, Annex 5 of the Housing Act Enforcement Rules or Annex 6 of the Korea Housing Corporation Housing Management Regulations) It shows the process for an example of establishing.

The statement database 120 stores a statement item for a building which is a life cycle cost analysis target. The details of the statement can be broadly divided into the exterior of the building, the interior of the building, electricity, fire extinguishers, and intelligent home network equipment, water supply, sanitation, gas and ventilation equipment, heating and hot water supply facilities, outdoor supplementary facilities, and outdoor welfare facilities. Various classifications may be possible, but basically, it is desirable to follow the contents of building codes.

The statement database 120 is to store the proposed statement items for the building, and to find the best alternative, two or more sets of statements will have to be stored. A statement set is a statement of proposal made by the proposer for a building.

The exterior of the building includes roofs, exteriors, exterior windows and doors, and other parts. The interior of the building includes ceilings, interior walls, floors, interior windows and doors, stairs, and other parts. Electric, fire extinguishers, and intelligent home network equipments are equipped with spare power (self-powered) equipment, substation equipment, indoor power distribution equipment, automated re-detection equipment, fire extinguishing equipment, elevators and lifting equipment, lightning protection equipment, outdoor lighting, security and security facilities. Include. Water supply, sanitation, gas and ventilation equipment includes water supply equipment, water supply equipment, drainage equipment, sanitary equipment equipment and ventilation equipment. Heating and hot water supply facilities include general heating and hot water supply facilities, and outdoor subsidiary facilities and outdoor welfare facilities include sidewalk blocks, concrete pavement, septic tanks, bicycle storage, parking blockers, and information signs.

The matching unit 130 performs a role of matching the repair period and the repair rate to the statement items stored in the statement database 120. In another aspect of the present invention, the statement items stored in the statement database 120 may include a repair period and a repair rate. In such an embodiment, the matching unit 130 is not necessary.

The cost items of the life cycle cost analysis unit 140 include deterministic cost variables including initial investment costs, dismantling costs, and residual values, and stochastic cost variables including replacement costs, repair costs, electrical energy costs, and gas energy costs. Initial investment costs include materials costs for each construction, labor costs for construction, and various expenses.

Life cycle cost analysis can be divided into deterministic analysis and probabilistic analysis.

Definitive analysis is an approach that establishes and applies specific values without considering the variability or uncertainty of the underlying data of the LCC analysis, such as maintenance intervals and costs. The deterministic analysis method has the advantage that it is easy to apply and to recognize the analysis result intuitively when the specific value is determined and applied, but it does not deal with the uncertainty according to the specification of the basic data. In order to make up for the shortcomings of the definite analysis method, a sensitivity analysis (probability analysis method) that analyzes the difference between the LCC analysis results and some basic data may be performed in parallel.

Probabilistic analysis method is applied to the LCC analysis basic data, the probability characteristic value following a certain distribution rather than a specific value, and the computer simulation is performed, the LCC analysis results are also presented as the probability characteristic value and LCC can be each value It is an analysis method that presents the probability together.

Probabilistic analysis method is a method to set the probabilistic characteristic values (distribution type, expected value, volatility, etc.) of each basic data of LCC analysis, and to simulate LCC based on them, and to consider uncertainty of variables affecting LCC analysis. This methodology is more advanced than the definite analysis method, but it is necessary to secure reliable data on the stochastic characteristics of the LCC analysis basic data.

The probabilistic approach can express LCCs in the form of a probability density function (PDF) and a cumulative distribution function (CDF) rather than a fixed value, so that the expected value and the risk can be considered together. 4 (a) is an example showing a result as a probability density function in the probabilistic analysis method, Figure 4 (b) is an example showing a result as a cumulative distribution function in the probabilistic analysis method.

In the present invention, a life cycle cost may be analyzed by selecting a deterministic analysis method or a probabilistic analysis method, or the deterministic analysis method and the probabilistic analysis method may be applied to different groups by grouping the cost items.

In LCC analysis, there are two methods of converting all costs to present values and annual average investment costs, and the present value conversion method is the most common. The present value conversion method is a method of converting future cost to current cost by multiplying the next present worth factor (PWF) based on the discount rate and the period from the present point to the future cost incurred. . PWF is represented by Equation 1 below.

Where i is the discount rate and n is the period from now to the future cost incurred.

On the other hand, in the case of expenses incurred equally each year, the expenses incurred every year can be converted into present value collectively by multiplying the present Worth of Anuity Factor (PWAF) expressed by Equation 2 below. have.

Where i is the discount rate and n is the period from now to the future cost incurred.

Meanwhile, the life cycle cost analysis unit 140 may exclude unnecessary details from the statement items stored in the statement database 120 according to the purpose of the analysis. For example, for a comparison of two building details, it is simpler to determine the comparative advantage only with the remaining values except for the same applied costs.

The system 100 for determining an optimal design alternative for a building may further include a display unit 160 displaying a result value for a life cycle cost analyzed for each cost item for a plurality of statement sets. This allows the user (consumer) to compare the proposed details in detail.

5 (a) to 5 (f) is an example of a graph showing the results of the life cycle cost and the results for each analysis item according to the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system 100 and the method. The main items are the initial construction costs and the maintenance costs for 40 years.

Figure 5 (a) shows an example of the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system according to the present invention and the life cycle cost value according to the design alternatives according to the method and the results presented by the bar graph. FIG. 5 (b) shows an example in which a time series graph of life cycle cost for each design alternative according to the LCC and LCCO2 analysis system and the method according to the present invention is output.

The optimal statement determining unit 150 may determine a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost according to the priorities set for each cost item. For example, the orderer may prioritize the details of the building to determine the optimal details of the proposed details. That is, the optimal statement determination unit 150 may be based on the entire life cycle cost, but may also determine the optimal statement according to the option specified in advance by the client.

Hereinafter, a method for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to the present invention will be described. The system 100 for determining the optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing the aforementioned LCC and LCCO2 and Duplicate content will be briefly described.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The method of determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a step S1 in which basic setting data for calculating a life cycle cost (LCC) is input, and a plurality of statement sets for the building. In step S2, where the repair period and the repair rate are matched to the statement item selected in the step S2 and the step S2, and the SCC analysis of LCC and LCC02 for each cost item is performed on the statement item whose repair period and the repair rate are matched in the step S3. And step S5 in which a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost is determined according to the analysis result performed in step S4 and step S4.

S4 cost items include definite cost variables including initial investment costs, decommissioning costs and residual values, and stochastic cost variables including replacement costs, repair costs, electrical energy costs and gas energy costs.

Among the probabilistic cost variables, replacement costs, repair costs, electrical energy costs, and gas energy costs, other carbon emissions can be calculated for electricity and gas (city gas, etc.) usage. For example, the petroleum conversion coefficient (TOE) for each of the city gas and the electric power may be obtained as shown in Table 1 below.

By using the petroleum conversion coefficient, the carbon emission coefficient for each energy may be calculated as shown in Table 2 below.

When the carbon emission coefficient is calculated, the carbon emission factor is calculated by multiplying the gas or electricity used by the carbon emission factor, and the final conversion price is calculated by multiplying the carbon purchase price by the carbon emission. This process is briefly described in Table 3 below.

The method of determining an optimal design alternative according to the present invention may further include step S6 in which a result value for a life cycle cost analyzed for each cost item is displayed for each of a plurality of statement sets.

In step S5, a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost may be determined according to the priorities set by the cost items.

The embodiments and drawings attached to this specification are merely to clearly show some of the technical ideas included in the present invention, and those skilled in the art can easily infer within the scope of the technical ideas included in the specification and drawings of the present invention. Modifications that can be made and specific embodiments will be apparent that all fall within the scope of the present invention.

100: system for determining optimal design alternatives for buildings
110: basic data input unit 120: statement database
130: matching unit 140: life cycle cost analysis unit
150: optimal statement determination unit 160: display unit

Claims (12)

A basic data input unit for receiving basic setting data for calculating a life cycle cost;
A statement database in which a plurality of statement sets for the building are stored;
A matching unit matching the repair period and the repair rate to the statement items stored in the statement database;
A life cycle cost analysis unit for performing LCC and LCC02 analysis for each cost item on the statement items in which the repair period and the repair rate are matched; And
A system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing an LCC and LCCO2, characterized in that it comprises an optimal statement determination unit for determining a statement set having an optimal life cycle cost according to the analysis results of the life cycle cost analysis unit. The method of claim 1,
The cost items of the life cycle cost analyzer
Definite cost variables, including initial investment, decommissioning and residual value,
A system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCCs and LCCO2s comprising stochastic cost variables including replacement costs, repair costs, electrical energy costs and gas energy costs. The method of claim 2,
The life cycle cost analysis unit
A system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2, characterized in that to perform LCCO2 analysis by analyzing the CO2 cost generated in the service life of the building using the electrical energy and gas energy costs . The method according to claim 1 or 2,
The system for determining the optimal design alternative for the building
A system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing the LCC and LCCO2, characterized in that it further comprises a display unit for displaying the result value for the life cycle cost analyzed for each cost item for each of the plurality of statement set. The method of claim 1,
The optimal statement determination unit
A system for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2, characterized in that a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost is determined according to a predetermined cost item priority. The method of claim 1,
The basic setting data may include at least one of a start year, a service life, an interest increase rate, an inflation rate, an electric energy cost, a gas energy cost, an energy use time, an energy use period, an energy price, or a greenhouse gas reduction performance price. A system for analyzing the LCC and LCCO2 to determine the optimal design alternative for the building. Step S1 of inputting basic setting data for calculating a life cycle cost (LCC);
S2 step of inputting a plurality of sets of statements for the building;
A step S3 in which a repair period and a repair rate match the statement of statements selected in the step S2;
Step S4 in which the LCC and LCC02 analysis for each cost item is performed on the statement items in which the repair period and the repair rate are matched in the step S3; And
The method of determining the optimal design alternative for the building by analyzing the LCC and LCCO2 characterized in that it comprises a step S5 step of determining the statement set having an optimal life cycle cost according to the analysis performed in step S4. The method of claim 7, wherein
The cost item in step S4 is
Definite cost variables, including initial investment, decommissioning and residual value,
A method of determining optimal design alternatives for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2, comprising stochastic cost variables including replacement, repair, electrical and gas energy costs. 9. The method of claim 8,
The step S4
LCCO2 analysis is performed by analyzing the CO2 cost generated during the service life of the building using the electrical energy and gas energy ratio to determine the optimal design alternative for the building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2 . 9. The method according to claim 7 or 8,
The method of determining the optimal design alternative
A method for determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2, further comprising S6 step of displaying a result value for a life cycle cost analyzed for each cost item for each of the plurality of statement sets. The method of claim 7, wherein
The step S5
A method of determining an optimal design alternative for a building by analyzing LCC and LCCO2, characterized in that a set of statements having an optimal life cycle cost is determined according to a predetermined cost item priority. The method of claim 7, wherein
The basic setting data may include at least one of a start year, a service life, an interest increase rate, an inflation rate, an electric energy cost, a gas energy cost, an energy use time, an energy use period, an energy price, or a greenhouse gas reduction performance price. Analyzing LCC and LCCO2 to determine the optimal design alternative for the building.

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