KR20120028130A

KR20120028130A - Wind power generation using drive wind force of car

Info

Publication number: KR20120028130A
Application number: KR1020100090159A
Authority: KR
Inventors: 김중옥
Original assignee: 주식회사 삼영이엔지
Priority date: 2010-09-14
Filing date: 2010-09-14
Publication date: 2012-03-22
Also published as: KR101197322B1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a wind power generator using a running wind of a vehicle, and more particularly, to a wind power generator capable of generating power by using a driving wind generated when a vehicle is installed on a road structure such as a central separator or a guide rail of a road. will be.
Wind turbine of the present invention is installed on the vertical axis of rotation and the road structure including a central separator or guard rail and a support frame for supporting the lower portion of the rotating shaft so that the rotating shaft is rotatable, and is installed on one side of the rotating shaft A first blade having a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in one direction, and a half arc installed on the other side of the rotating shaft so as to be symmetrical with the first blade about the rotating shaft and opened in a direction opposite to the opening direction of the first blade; And a second blade having a curved surface portion, the blade portion generating a rotation moment by the drag force, and installed to surround the wing portion, and the wind blowing around the wing portion in the direction of the first or second blade. It is provided with a guide for inducing wind.

Description

Wind power generation using drive wind force of vehicle

The present invention relates to a wind power generator using the driving wind of a vehicle, and more particularly, it is possible to generate power by using the driving wind generated when the vehicle is installed on a road structure such as a middle separator of a road, a guardrail, a bridge, a tunnel, or the like. It relates to a wind power generator.

In modern society, electricity is an essential form of energy that has become part of life, and this electrical energy is already obtained by using various methods such as thermal power, hydropower, and nuclear power, and its characteristics are excellent. However, there are many problems such as exhaustion of resources due to continuous energy production, the limitation of energy production, high cost, and pollution of the environment caused by power generation system.

Therefore, countries that have recently recognized this problem have been steadily increasing their investment in alternative energy development, and the results have been shown in part in domestic and foreign countries. Wind power generation is in the spotlight.

With the development of technology, the possibility of wind power generation is increasing more than ever, and it is currently being used in various places. However, in order to be able to generate wind power, more than 5-6 m / sec of wind must be blown at all times, so much of the wind power depends on natural phenomena.

In this regard, a number of wind power generators using a traveling wind generated by a vehicle traveling on the road by installing a fan in a central separator of the road are known.

Thus, in order to use the driving wind generated from the rear of the vehicle due to the driving of the vehicle on the road to install a wind generator on the central separator of the road.

Conventional technology in which a wind power generator is installed in a central separator of a road is disclosed as a wind power generator using a traveling wind of a vehicle of Korean Utility Model Publication No. 20-0192828.

The wind power generator is a rotary shaft press-fitted to the upper end of the central separator, a windmill consisting of a plurality of blades provided on the outer peripheral surface of the rotary shaft, and located inside the central separator is a rotor, power generation coil, voltage regulator, etc. It is provided with a power generation unit consisting of, the storage battery is provided to charge the generated electricity.

As described above, in the related art, the driving wind generated at the rear of the vehicle due to the driving of the vehicle generates a rotation moment on the blade, and the rotating shaft is rotated, and the power generation unit provided at the lower end of the rotating shaft is developed by the rotating force of the rotating shaft.

However, the driving wind generated at the rear of the vehicle due to the running of the vehicle is not continuously formed in a constant direction, the direction is irregular, there is a problem that the power generation efficiency is low.

In addition, the blades installed on the upper part of the median divider can generate rotational force on the blades when a large vehicle such as a truck or a bus passes, generating a horizontal wind over the median separator. Horizontal winds are generated at. Therefore, the wind hit the median is formed vertical wind rising on the wall of the median, such a vertical wind has a problem that can not generate a rotation moment in the conventional blade.

The present invention has been made to improve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a wind power generator that can increase the generation efficiency by inducing a traveling wind generated in an irregular direction in a certain direction.

In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a wind power generator that can be used for power generation even up the vertical wind coming up on the wall of the middle separator.

Wind turbine of the present invention for achieving the above object and the rotation shaft is installed vertically; A support frame installed on an upper portion of a road structure including a center separator or a guard rail and supporting a lower portion of the rotating shaft so that the rotating shaft is rotatable; A first blade having one side of the rotating shaft and having a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in one direction, and installed at the other side of the rotating shaft so as to be symmetrical with the first blade with respect to the rotating shaft and A wing portion including a second blade having a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in an opposite direction and generating a rotation moment by drag; And wind induction means installed to surround the wing to guide the wind blowing around the wing in the direction of the first or second blades.

The wind guide means is disposed so as to face each other with the wing portion therebetween, the first and second guide panel to induce the wind inwards in the opposite direction with respect to the rotation axis and at the end of the first guide panel A first switching panel which is formed and extends in the direction of the second guide panel and changes the direction of wind induced by the first guide panel, and is formed at an end of the second guide panel and extends in the direction of the first guide panel; And it characterized in that it comprises a second switching panel for changing the direction of the wind induced by the second guy panel.

The first and second guide panel, the first and second switching panel, characterized in that the traffic display means for identifying the driver of the vehicle is provided on at least one of the outer surface.

The first and second blades may each further include a planar portion extending in a planar shape at an end of the curved portion and extending in a length greater than a radius of curvature of the curved portion.

And an auxiliary power generation means capable of generating power by vertical wind rising along the wall of the central separator.

The auxiliary power generating means accommodates the rotary shaft therein, and is formed on both sides of the auxiliary shaft rotatable independently of the rotary shaft and on the opposite sides of the first and second blades and opposed to each other about the auxiliary shaft. It has an arc-shaped air guide and has a third and fourth blade formed in a screw shape of the twisted state at a predetermined angle from the upper side to the lower side.

As described above, according to the present invention, it is installed in various road structures such as a central separator, a guard rail, a street lamp, a bridge, a tunnel, and the like, and guides the driving wind in a predetermined direction by wind inducing means to increase power generation efficiency.

In addition, the wind guidance means may be formed to surround the first and second blades to prevent the driver's eyes from being disturbed, and the traffic display means may be provided for safe driving.

In addition, since the spiral third and fourth blades are further provided, both horizontal and vertical winds can be used, thereby greatly improving the power generation capacity.

1 is a perspective view showing a wind power generator according to an embodiment of the present invention,
2 is a perspective view illustrating main parts of FIG. 1;
3 is a cross-sectional view of the wind power generator applied to FIG.
Figure 4 is a perspective view for showing the main part of the wind power generator according to another embodiment of the present invention,
5 is a plan view of the wing portion applied to FIG.
Figure 6 is a perspective view for showing the main part of the wind power generator according to another embodiment of the present invention,
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a power generation unit applied to FIG. 6.
8 is a perspective view showing a state in which the generator of the present invention is installed.

Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings will be described in detail a wind power generator using the driving wind of a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention.

1 to 3, the wind power generator of the present invention is installed on the central separator 1 of the road to generate power using the driving wind generated when the vehicle travels. In FIG. 1, the wind power generator is installed in the central separator 1, but as shown in FIG. 8, the wind power generator is supported by the pedestal 3 provided at the upper portion of the guide rail 2 or installed in various ways such as a street lamp, a bridge, a tunnel, and the like. Of course, it can be installed in the road structure.

The wind turbine of the present invention is largely provided with a rotary shaft 5, a support frame 30, a wing portion, and a wind guide means.

The rotating shaft 5 is formed vertically, and the lower part is supported to be rotatable to the support frame 30. The support frame 30 is fixedly installed on the top of the center separator 1 by using a fixing member. To this end, fixing brackets 35 are formed on four surfaces of the support frame 30, respectively. The support frame 30 is formed in a rectangular tubular shape, and a power generation unit is installed therein to receive rotational force from the rotation shaft 5. In the present embodiment, since the power generation unit may use a power generation unit applied to a conventional vertical axis wind power generator, detailed description thereof will be omitted.

The rotary shaft 5 is provided with a wing that generates a rotation moment by the running wind. In general, vertical axis windmills are known as drag type that rotates the windmill by drag generated on the blade such as paddle type or savonius type, and lift type that rotates the windmill by lifting force generated on the blade such as Darius type or Gyromill type. have.

In the wind turbine of the present invention, the wing portion applies a drag type blade. That is, the resistance of the blades toward the wind blowing side is made small and the rotating shaft is rotated by the drag difference. Lifting types such as Darius and Gyro-Mill type can improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the windmill at the main speed ratio (blade speed / wind speed) of 1 or higher, but the aerodynamic characteristics of the windmill deteriorate at the main speed ratio of 1 or less. The moment to rotate the windmill becomes smaller. In addition, there is a problem that the starting moment is so small that starting from a stationary state is very difficult, so the drag type is suitable as a windmill using traveling wind.

In the present invention, the wing is provided with first and second blades 10 and 20 which are symmetrical with respect to the rotation axis 5. The first and second blades 10 and 20 are preferably manufactured using lightweight members such as aluminum alloy in order to reduce the centrifugal force.

The first blade 10 is installed on one side of the rotation shaft 5 and is formed of a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in one direction. The first blade 10 is formed with a curvature of the garden having a constant radius.

The second blade 20 is installed opposite the first blade 10 so as to be symmetrical with the first blade 10 about the rotation shaft 5. The second blade 20 is formed of a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in a direction opposite to the opening direction of the first blade 10. The second blade 20 is also formed with a curvature of the garden having a constant radius. Preferably, the radius of curvature of the first blade 10 and the second blade 20 is designed to be the same.

One side of each of the first and second blades 10 and 20 is coupled to the rotation shaft 5. In the illustrated example, a first groove is formed in a dovetail-shaped fitting groove formed on the outer circumferential surface of the rotation shaft 5 to facilitate engagement. And coupling parts 11 and 21 formed at edges of the second blades 10 and 20, respectively. The fitting groove is formed to a certain depth on the outer circumferential surface of the rotary shaft 5, it is formed to extend by the height of the first or second blade 10, 20 at the top of the rotary shaft. Two fitting grooves are formed at intervals of 180 degrees on the rotating shaft in the same manner as the number of blades. In addition, the coupling parts 11 and 21 are formed to gradually increase in thickness as the shape corresponds to the shape of the fitting groove, that is, the end portion thereof. Therefore, in order to couple the first blade 10 to the rotary shaft 5, the coupling part 11 is inserted into the upper part of the fitting groove in the state in which the first blade 10 is lifted above the rotary shaft 5, and then pushed downward. Fit the part 11 to the fitting groove. The second blade 20 is also inserted into the fitting groove by fitting the coupling portion 21 to the fitting groove. same.

Meanwhile, the support 7 is provided to increase the strength of the first and second blades 10 and 20. The support 7 is radially spaced apart from the upper portion of the rotary shaft 5 by a predetermined interval in the downward direction. One end of the support 7 is coupled to the outer circumferential surface of the rotary shaft 5 and the other end of the support 7 is coupled to the edge side of the first blade 10 or the second blade 20.

The wing having the above-described configuration generates rotation moments by the drag generated from the first and second blade parts 10 and 20 when the wind blows horizontally to rotate the rotation shaft 1.

Wind turbine of the present invention is provided with a wind induction means for guiding the direction of the wind in one direction.

As the wind is initially pushed out of the vehicle by the positive pressure generated from the front of the vehicle, wind is formed from the vehicle towards the center separator, and later, the pressure is reduced by the negative pressure generated at the rear of the vehicle. As the wind is formed. As such, when the vehicle passes, the initial and late wind directions are reversed. As a result, turbulence is formed, and thus the wind directions are dispersed in various directions, thereby becoming inconsistent. In addition, the wind direction is irregular without being continuously formed in a constant direction by various variables such as driving of the vehicle in the opposite lane and natural wind blowing around the road. Therefore, by guiding the wind in a certain direction by the wind induction means can increase the power generation efficiency.

The illustrated wind guidance means is installed in the upper portion of the central separator 1 to surround the wing portion to guide the wind blowing around the wing portion in the direction of the first or second blade (10) (20).

Specifically, the wind induction means is formed at the end of the first and second guide panels 41, 45 and the first guide panel 41 to face the blades therebetween and guide the wind inwards. A first switching panel 43 extending in the direction of the second guide panel 45 and shifting the direction of wind induced by the first guide panel 41; and formed at an end of the second guide panel 45; And a second switching panel 47 extending in the direction of the first guide panel 41 and changing the direction of the wind induced by the second guide panel 45.

The first switching panel 43 extends at right angles to the first guide panel 41. In addition, the extension length of the first switching panel 43 is formed to be smaller than the distance between the first and second guide panels 41 and 45. Therefore, the end portion of the first switching panel 43 is spaced apart from the second guide panel 45 to form an inlet through which wind can flow into the wing side. In addition, the second switching panel 47 is also extended to form a right angle with the second guide panel 45, the extension length of the second switching panel 47 is the interval between the first and second guide panels 41, 45. It is formed to be smaller than the end of the second switching panel 47 is spaced apart from the first guide panel 41 to form an inlet through which the wind can enter the wing side.

In addition, the first guide panel 41 and the second guide panel 45 are installed so as to face each other with the wing portion therebetween, wherein the first guide panel 41 and the second guide panel 45 are the rotating shaft (5) The centers are arranged so as to be eccentric in opposite directions. That is, the first guide panel 41 is formed to be biased toward the front direction of the center separator 1 with respect to the rotation shaft 5, and the second guide panel 45 is formed with the center separator 1 centered on the rotation shaft 5. It is formed to be biased in the rear direction. This allows the first guide panel 41 to protrude further to the outside of the center separator 1 than to the position of the second switching panel 47 so that the wind can be guided to the inlet more easily. In addition, the second guide panel 45 also protrudes outward from the center separator 1 more than the position of the first switching panel 43 can easily guide the wind to the inlet.

The first and second guide panels 41 and 45 and the first and second switching panels 43 and 47 are supported at the lower portion of the center separator 1 by a fixing bracket formed on the support frame although not shown. Likewise, a fixing bracket is formed at the lower portions of the first and second guide panels 41 and 45 and the first and second switching panels 43 and 47 to be supported by the center separator 1 by the fixing member. have. The first and second guide panels 41 and 45 and the first and second switching panels 43 and 47 are formed to be at least higher than the top height of the first and second blades 10 and 20. . This is to prevent the eyes of the vehicle driver from being disturbed by preventing the rotating first and second blades 10 and 20 from being visible from the outside.

Even if the running wind is turbulent by the above-described wind inducing means, the first and second guide panels 41 and 45 guide the wind in the inlet direction to enter the wing, thereby improving power generation efficiency.

In the illustrated example, the cover 49 is further provided on the first and second guide panels 41 and 45 and the first and second switching panels 43 and 47 as wind guide means. By installing the cover 49, it is possible to prevent foreign matters from flowing into the wind induction means. And unlike shown, the cover 49 may be omitted.

On the other hand, the traffic display means that can be identified by the driver of the vehicle on the outer surface of at least one of the first and second guide panel 41, 45, the first and second switching panel 43, 47 It is preferable that this is provided.

As the traffic display means, a reflector for displaying various signals, a road sign bottle, or the like may be used. In the illustrated example, the reflecting plate 50 for guiding the curved direction in the curved path is formed on the outer surfaces of the first and second switching panels 43 and 47, respectively. By such various traffic display means, safe driving of the vehicle driver can be achieved. In addition, a plurality of light emitting diodes are disposed in a predetermined pattern on the outer surface of at least one of the first and second guide panels 41 and 45 and the first and second switching panels 43 and 47 as a traffic display means. Can be configured. In this case, the electricity generated by the wind power generator may be used as the driving power of the light emitting diode.

4 and 5 show the wing portion applied to the wind power generator according to another embodiment of the present invention. Other components than the wing are the same as in the previous embodiment.

Looking at the wing portion shown, the first blade 10 is a half arc-shaped curved portion 13 which is opened in one direction, and extends in a planar shape at the end of the curved portion 13, the curvature of the curved portion 13 It consists of a planar section 15 extending to a length greater than the radius.

The second blade 20 is installed on the other side of the rotation shaft 5 so as to be symmetrical with the first blade 10 about the rotation shaft 5 and opens in a direction opposite to the opening direction of the first blade 10. And a flat portion 25 extending in a planar shape from an end of the curved portion 23 to a length larger than the radius of curvature of the curved portion 23.

The relationship between the curved portion and the flat portion of each blade 10, 20 is as shown in FIG. 5. The first blade 10 will be described by way of example. When the center of the circle constituting the curvature of the curved portion 13 is C, the radius of the curved portion is A. And if the length of the planar portion 15 extending from the end of the curved portion 13 is B, B is formed longer than A. Preferably the length of the curved portion is 110 to 120% of the radius of the curved portion.

By the above-described configuration, the wing portion can easily generate a rotation moment even where wind blows from all directions. That is, as shown in FIG. 5, when the wind blows in the D or E direction, the curved portions 13 and 23 of the first and second blades 10 and 20 receive the wind to generate a rotation moment, and F or G When wind blows in the direction, the flat parts 15 and 25 of the first and second blades 10 and 20 receive the wind to generate a rotation moment. At this time, since the flat portions 15 and 25 of each blade are formed to protrude further outward than the curved portions 13 and 23, the drag force can be greatly increased.

By the wing having the above-described configuration, the design of the wind guidance means is relatively free. That is, the wind can be used in all directions so that the inlet of the wind induction means can be formed in various directions, so that the size and shape of the first and second guide panels and the first and second switching panels can be variously modified. .

On the other hand, another embodiment of the present invention further includes a secondary power generation means capable of generating by vertical wind.

In the above-described embodiments, the wind blowing horizontally with respect to the road surface of the driving wind, that is, the wing portion capable of generating a horizontal wind has been described. In the present embodiment, a wind power generator having a wing that can generate power in addition to the horizontal wind, that is, the wind blowing in the vertical direction, that is, the vertical wind, will be described.

The height of the median installed on the road is 127 cm for the concrete median. There are even lower medians, but the trend is to raise the medians to prevent vehicles from crossing the median in the event of an accident and to block the headlights in the opposite lane.

Considering the height of the median separator, most of the driving wind when driving a small car such as a passenger car occurs at a position lower than the height of the median separator. Therefore, when a small car runs, the driving wind generated in the horizontal direction hits the wall of the center separator, and thus the vertical wind is formed on the wall of the center separator. In this embodiment, the wind generator is configured to use the vertical wind generated at this time.

6 and 7, the support frame 30 is installed on the upper portion of the center separator, and the rotation shaft 5 is vertically installed on the support frame 30 so as to be rotatable. The rotary shaft 5 is provided with first and second blades 10 and 20. The first and second blades are the same as the embodiment of FIG. 1.

The auxiliary shaft 60 accommodates the rotating shaft 5 therein as an auxiliary power generating means for using the vertical wind, and is rotatable independently of the rotating shaft 5, and the lower portions of the first and second blades 10 and 20. Third and the third is formed on both sides facing each other with respect to the auxiliary axis 60 and having an arc-shaped air guide portion 51 inwardly and twisted at a predetermined angle from the upper side to the lower side Four blades 50 and 55 are provided.

The auxiliary shaft 60 has a hollow structure with an empty inside. The rotating shaft 5 is accommodated in the auxiliary shaft 60 to form a concentric circle with the auxiliary shaft 60 and is formed higher than the auxiliary shaft 60. A plurality of bearings are placed between the rotary shaft 5 and the auxiliary shaft 60 so that the rotary shaft 5 and the auxiliary shaft 60 are rotatable independently. First and second power generation units 97 and 95 are connected to lower portions of the rotary shaft 5 and the auxiliary shaft 60, respectively, to generate power.

The third and fourth blades 50 and 55 are installed on the auxiliary shaft 60 so as to face each other with respect to the auxiliary shaft 60, and the third and fourth blades 50 and 55 are inward. Air guides 51 and 56 are respectively formed to allow the wind to pass through. The third and fourth blades 50 and 55 are formed in a screw shape that is twisted at a predetermined angle from the upper side to the lower side. At this time, the twist angle is preferably 180 to 270 degrees. This is to increase the power generation efficiency for the same time by effectively responding to the wind direction and wind speed. At a wind speed of 40 m / s, the rotational speed of the blade was reduced to 39 revolutions per minute at 40 degrees and 40 revolutions per minute at 270 degrees, but 20 to 30 revolutions below 180 degrees. When the speed exceeds 270 degrees, the rotation speed tends to decrease.

On the other hand, the third and fourth blades 50, 55 are connected at regular intervals up and down by the support 70 formed on the auxiliary shaft 60 for reinforcement.

When the third and fourth blades 50 and 55 are exposed to the vertical wind, the wind is blown into the air guides 51 and 56 inside the third and fourth blades 50 and 55 and twisted. The third and fourth blades 50 and 55 are rotated while being guided along the angle. When the fluid flowing vertically acts at the micro position of each of the third and fourth blades 50 and 55 which are inclined spirally, a horizontal drag is applied to the third and fourth blades 50 and 55 of the component force of the force. Generate a rotation moment.

As described above, in the present embodiment, the first and second blades 10 and 20 generate rotation moments by horizontal wind, and the third and fourth blades 50 and 55 rotate moments by vertical wind. Generates. In addition, the rotary shaft 5 and the auxiliary shaft 60 are connected to the first and second power generation units 97 and 95, respectively, to generate power independently. As described above, the present invention can use both the horizontal wind and the vertical wind to efficiently use the traveling wind, thereby greatly improving the power generation capacity.

On the other hand, although the wind induction means is not shown in this embodiment, the wind induction means as shown in FIG. 1 may be applied. However, in this case, it is preferable that the wind inducing means is installed at a height corresponding to the first and second blades so that the vertical wind flows into the third and fourth blades 50 and 55. At this time, the lower portion of the wind induction means may be installed to be spaced apart from the top of the center separator by installing a support bar (not shown) of a predetermined height. For example, four support rods are placed around the axis of rotation. At this time, the bottom of each support rod is fixed to the top of the center separator. And the upper end of each support rod is fixed to the lower portion of the first and second guide panel, the first and second switching panel of the wind guidance means. And the cover is preferably omitted.

In addition, although it is possible to install the wind power generator having the auxiliary power generating means of FIG. 6 on the top of the central separator, it may be installed on the upper wall side of the central separator.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

Therefore, the true scope of protection of the present invention should be defined only by the appended claims.

5: axis of rotation 7: support
10: first blade 20: second blade
30: support frame 41: first guide panel
43: first switching panel 45: second guide panel
47: second switching panel

Claims

A rotating shaft installed vertically;
A support frame installed on a road structure and supporting a lower portion of the rotating shaft such that the rotating shaft is rotatable;
A first blade having one side of the rotating shaft and having a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in one direction, and installed at the other side of the rotating shaft so as to be symmetrical with the first blade with respect to the rotating shaft and A wing portion including a second blade having a half arc-shaped curved portion opened in an opposite direction and generating a rotation moment by drag;
Wind driving means installed on the road structure to enclose the wing to guide the wind blowing around the wing in the direction of the first or second blade; Wind power generator.

The first and second guide panels of claim 1, wherein the wind induction means is disposed to face each other with the wing portion interposed therebetween, and to be inclined in opposite directions with respect to the rotation axis, and to guide the wind inward. A first switching panel which is formed at an end of the first guide panel and extends in the direction of the second guide panel and changes a direction of wind induced by the first guide panel, and is formed at an end of the second guide panel and And a second switching panel extending in the direction of the first guide panel and switching the direction of the wind induced by the second guide panel.

3. The vehicle according to claim 2, wherein traffic display means for identifying by the driver of the vehicle is provided on an outer surface of at least one of the first and second guide panels and the first and second switching panels. Wind power generator using a running wind.

The driving wind of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second blades further includes a planar portion extending in a planar shape from an end portion of the curved portion and extending in a length greater than a radius of curvature of the curved portion. Wind power generator.

The wind turbine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising an auxiliary power generation means capable of generating power by vertical wind rising along the wall of the central separator.

The auxiliary power generating means of claim 5, wherein the auxiliary power generating means accommodates the rotating shaft therein, and is rotatable independently of the rotating shaft, and is disposed below the first and second blades and opposed to each other about the auxiliary shaft. And a third blade and a fourth blade formed in a screw shape in a state of being twisted at a predetermined angle from the upper side to the lower side, each having an arc-shaped air guide portion inwardly.