KR20100073628A - Optical pipe and illuminating apparatus comprising the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: An optical pipe and a lighting device thereof are provided to improve light distribution efficiency by forming a prism part on the base film of an optical film. CONSTITUTION: An optical pipe(520) comprises a supporting member(524) and an optical film(523). The supporting member has the surface roughness of 3um to 30um. The optical film is inserted into the supporting member into a roll type. The optical film comprises a base film and a prism part. The prism part is formed on the base film in order to face the supporting member. A first thickness of one spot of the base film is different from the second thickness of the other spot of the base film.

Description

Optical pipe and illuminating apparatus comprising the same

The present invention relates to an optical pipe and a lighting apparatus having the same, and more particularly, to an optical film including a base film having a different first thickness T ₁ from an arbitrary point and a second thickness T ₂ from any other point. It relates to an optical pipe and a lighting device having the same.

Lighting devices using light pipes that can transmit light to a far distance with relatively low transmission loss can be applied to a variety of interior and exterior buildings. Light pipes, also called light conduits, light guides or light tubes, are used to effectively distribute decorative or functional light over a relatively large area.

Light pipes are used for the purpose of illuminating any area, as well as the use of point illumination for illuminating a particular point. Light traveling inside the light pipe can be distributed to the outside to illuminate specific areas or to maximize decorative effects.

However, in general, the lighting apparatus using the light pipe may remain in the light pipe without some of the light generated from the light source unit. This causes a decrease in the efficiency of the light pipe.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to maximize the efficiency of the light pipe by releasing the light existing inside the light pipe to the outside as much as possible, and the light pipe that can emit a uniform light throughout the light pipe and the illumination having the same The purpose is to provide a device.

The optical pipe according to the present invention for achieving the above object includes a support member and an optical film inserted into the support member in a roll form, the optical film includes a base film and a prism portion located on the base film, The first thickness T ₁ at any point of the base film is different from the second thickness T ₂ at another point of the base film.

In addition, the lighting apparatus according to the present invention for achieving the above object includes a light source for generating light and an optical pipe for transmitting and distributing the light generated by the light source, the light pipe is in the form of a roll in the support member and the support member; And an optical film inserted into the optical film, wherein the optical film includes a base film and a prism portion positioned on the base film, and the first thickness T ₁ at any point of the base film is the second at another point of the base film. It is different from the thickness T ₂ .

In addition, the optical pipe according to the present invention for achieving the above object includes an optical film inserted in a roll form in the support member and the support member, the optical film is located on the base film and the base film a plurality of acid and valleys And a prism portion including a height, wherein the height H ₁ of the first peak of the prism portion is different from the height H ₂ of the second peak.

According to the present invention, by including an optical film with a non-uniform thickness of the base film, it is possible to emit light existing inside the light pipe to the outside as possible to maximize the efficiency of the light pipe, and also throughout the light pipe Uniform light can be emitted.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

1 and 2 are views showing a part of an optical film to explain the transmission and reflection of light in the light pipe according to an embodiment of the present invention.

1 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of an optical film for transmitting and reflecting light in a light pipe, and FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a portion of an optical film for transmitting and reflecting light in a light pipe. However, for ease of understanding, the structured outer surface is shown as the upper side and the structured outer surface is shown as the lower side.

Looking at the transmission and reflection of the light in the light guide with reference to Figures 1 and 2, the light generated by the light source is refracted (1 point) to the unstructured inner surface of the optical film like an arrow, and the structured outer prism The light is totally reflected at both sides of (2 and 3 points), whereby the light directed outward is refracted at the inner surface (4 points) and input back into the inside.

When the total reflection process is repeated, the light proceeds substantially along the longitudinal direction of the light guide, and almost no loss of light occurs in the air inside the light guide. Thus, light can be transmitted through the light guide with little loss not only in the short distance but also in the distance.

3 and 4 illustrate a portion of an optical film according to an embodiment of the present invention.

First, referring to FIG. 3, the optical film 300 may include a base film 310 and a prism portion 320 positioned on the base film 310, and the prism portion 340 may have a base portion below. 340 may be included.

The base film 310 may be formed of a transparent material to transmit light, and the material of the base film 310 may be any one or more of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyepoxy. .

Meanwhile, the first thickness T ₁ at any point of the base film 310 may be different from the second thickness T ₂ at another point of the base film 310. That is, the base film 310 may be different from the thickness of one point and the thickness of one point other than the constant thickness. When the base film 310 is formed in a shape having different thicknesses, the light is incident on the prism portion at an angle at which total reflection does not occur by changing the direction of incident light due to the effect of the thickness difference of the base film 310. There is an effect of increasing the amount of light emitted. This will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 5.

The prism part 320 may be formed on the base film 310. The prism portion 320 may be an isosceles triangle, an isosceles triangle, a trapezoid, or an equilateral triangle, and may preferably be an isosceles triangle having an approximately vertex angle of about 90 degrees.

The prism part 320 may be a UV curable resin series, and the prism part 320 is formed on the base film 310 and then cured by UV or heat. The prism unit 320 reflects or refracts light, thereby transmitting light to an area spaced apart from a light source unit (not shown).

Meanwhile, referring to FIG. 4, the prism portion 420 may include a plurality of peaks 422 and a plurality of valleys 424, and may further include a base 440 below the valley 424.

At this time, the height H ₁ of any first mountain of the prism portion 420 may be different from the height H ₂ of the second mountain. This is because the first thickness T ₁ of one point of the base film 310 described above with reference to FIG. 3 is different from the second thickness T ₂ of another point of the base film 310, so that light in the optical fiber (not shown) is more visible. It has the same effect as efficient release to the outside.

On the other hand, the base portion 440 is located below the valley 424 in the prism portion 420 may be integral with the prism portion 420.

The base portion 440 connects the base film 410 and the prism portion 420, and the prism portion 420 may be easily formed because the base portion 440 exists. The thickness T of the base 440 is a distance from the valley 424 of the prism 440 to the base film 410, as shown in the figure.

Table 1 below shows the relationship between the adhesion of the base film 410 and the prism portion 420 and the yellowing of the optical film 400 according to the thickness ratio of the base 440.

In Table 1, the thickness ratio T / H × 100 of the base 440 is the ratio of the thickness T of the base 440 to the height H of the peak 422 of the prism 420. The height H of the mountain means the distance from the base film 410 to the mountain 422 of the prism portion 420. On the other hand, the height (H) of the mountain may be uniform, and may not be uniform as shown in Figure 4, if not uniform is the average of the height of each mountain 422 of the prism portion 420.

In the following, the height H of the acid was measured to be 180 μm.

Thickness ratio of base part (%)
(T / H × 100) Base film and prism part
Adhesion Yellowing phenomenon of optical film 0.3 × × 0.4 × × 0.5 ○ × One ○ × 5 ○ × 10 ○ × 15 ○ × 20 ○ × 25 ○ × 28 ○ × 30 ○ × 31 ◎ ○ 32 ◎ ○

Referring to Table 1, when the thickness ratio of the base portion 440 is less than 0.5%, it can be seen that the adhesion between the base film 410 and the prism portion 420 is not sufficient. In addition, when the thickness T of the base portion 440 is too thin, when the prism portion 420 is formed, the prism-shaped mold enters the base film 410, so that the prism portion 420 is transferred to the base film 410. It cannot be formed effectively on the phase.

On the other hand, when the thickness ratio of the base portion 440 is greater than 30%, a yellowing phenomenon may occur in which the optical film 400 turns yellow, and the optical film 400 does not have sufficient ductility and is broken when processing in a roll form. May occur.

Therefore, the thickness T of the base portion 440 preferably has a ratio of 0.5% to 30% with respect to the height H of the peak 422 of the prism portion 420, and the base film ( The coupling force between the 410 and the prism portion 420 is sufficient, and the optical properties of the optical film 400 can be prevented from being lowered.

5 to 7 is a view showing a lighting device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5 is a perspective view showing a lighting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to the drawings, the lighting device 500 according to the present embodiment may include a light source unit 510, a light pipe 520, and may further include a reflective cap 530.

The light source unit 510 is a module that generates light and inputs it to the light pipe 520, and may include at least one lamp (not shown) that generates light. Light generated by the light source unit 510 is input to the light pipe 520 and output to the outside.

The light pipe 520 outputs light to the outside by receiving and transmitting and distributing light generated by the light source unit 510. The light pipe 520 may include an optical film 523 which evenly distributes the light generated by the light source unit 510 by reflecting or refracting the light.

The optical film 523 may include a surface that is structured by a prism or the like, and may transmit light to an area spaced apart from the light source 510 by reflecting or refracting the light generated by the light source 510.

Meanwhile, as mentioned in FIG. 3, in the base film of the optical film 523, the thickness T ₁ of any one point may be different from the thickness T ₂ of the other point. When the base film is formed in a shape having different thicknesses, the light is incident on the prism part at an angle at which total reflection does not occur by changing the direction of incident light due to the effect of the thickness difference of the base film. It has a lot of effect. Therefore, the light in the light pipe 520 is emitted to the outside more efficiently.

Table 2 below is a result of measuring the light distribution efficiency and the uniformity of the surface roughness of the light pipe 520 according to the difference between the thickness T ₁ and T ₂ of any two points of the base film. The light distribution efficiency is a value obtained by dividing the light emission by the incident amount, and the uniformity of the surface roughness is the surface roughness of one end C close to the light source of the light pipe 520 and the surface roughness of the other end D far from the light source. It is a result of a measurement. According to an exemplary embodiment, the plasma light 1Kw is used as a lamp for generating light in the light source unit 510, and the light pipe 520 having a length of 10 m is used for the experiment.

Value of │H ₁ -H ₂ │ Light distribution efficiency (%) Surface roughness uniformity C surface roughness (cd / ㎡) D surface roughness (cd / ㎡) 0.2 70 5500 5490 0.4 70 5500 5490 0.5 88 5500 5490 0.7 88 5500 5490 One 88.5 5520 5480 5 89.2 5620 5480 10 90.1 5500 5470 15 92 5600 5470 20 94 5600 5470 25 96 5800 5470 27 96.1 5800 5460 29 96.4 5900 5450 30 96.7 5900 5450 30.5 97 5900 5450 30.7 97 6000 5450 30.8 97.2 7000 5000 31 97.2 7900 5000 32 97.1 8700 4980

Referring to Table 2, if 0.5㎛≤T ₁ -T ₂ |, the light distribution efficiency is improved to 88% or more, so that the light existing in the light pipe 520 can be discharged as efficiently as possible. On the other hand, when T ₁ -T ₂ | ≤ 30.7 µm, the difference in the surface roughness of the C portion and the D portion of the drawing becomes 2000 cd / m 2 or more, making it difficult to emit uniform light as a whole of the light pipe 520.

Therefore, the absolute value of the difference between the thicknesses T ₁ and T ₂ of any two points of the base film of the optical film 523 preferably has a value of 0.5 μm to 30.7 μm, and the light pipe 520 as a whole in this range. The uniform light may be emitted and at the same time, the remaining light in the light pipe 520 may be emitted to the outside to maximize the efficiency of the light pipe 520.

On the other hand, even when the desired height of the first mountain of the prism unit 420 is described in 4 different H ₁ and the height H ₂ of the second acid it can provide the same effects as described above. Here, the difference between the height H ₁ of the first mountain and the height H ₂ of the second mountain may be 0.5 μm to 30.7 μm, which is a preferable range of the difference between the thicknesses T ₁ and T ₂ of any two points of the base film described above. .

The reflective cap 530 is attached to one end of the light pipe 520 to reflect light transmitted and distributed by the light pipe 520. The reflective cap 530 is preferably attached to one end of the light pipe 520 that is not connected to the light source unit 510, that is, opposite the light source unit 510, and reflects light to the inside connected to the light pipe 520. It is provided with a reflector that reflects the light transmitted from the light pipe 520 into the light pipe 520. By confining the light in the light pipe 520 using the reflective cap 530, the brightness of the light output from the lighting device 500 can be increased.

6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA ′ of the lighting apparatus of FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 6, the light source unit 510 includes a lamp 512 for generating light, a reflector 514 disposed behind the lamp, a blocking filter 518 positioned in front of the lamp, and the lamp and the reflector. Housing 516 and the like.

The lamp 512 is supplied with power applied from the outside to provide predetermined light, and may include a high-pressure discharge lamp, an electrodeless lamp, a solid state lamp, a metal halide lamp, or a plasma lighting.

The lamp 512 may be accompanied by a high temperature when light is generated, and this high temperature may thermally deform the optical film 523 made of a polymer material. The optical film 523 has a sophisticated prism portion, and the total reflection process is caused by the prism portion. Therefore, when the prism portion of the optical film 523 is deformed by the high temperature, the total reflection process does not occur, and the efficiency of the light pipe 500 may be significantly reduced.

The blocking filter 518 may be made of glass or the like, and may protect the optical film 523 by blocking heat generated from the lamp 512.

The reflector 514 is disposed behind the lamp 512 and reflects the light generated by the lamp 512 to enter the light pipe 520. The structure of the reflector 514 will vary depending on the length of the light pipe 520 into which light is input, but is generally an aspheric reflector. The reflector 514 may be fabricated from a metal or plastic material having excellent workability, and the surface may include a film including a metal material such as aluminum or silver having excellent light reflectance.

The housing 516 has a space for accommodating the lamp 512 and the reflector 514 therein. The housing 516 is preferably made of a material having excellent strength and excellent heat dissipation and workability, for example, metal.

Light generated by the light source unit 510 is input into the light pipe 520, and the light pipe 520 transmits the input light along its length direction and distributes the light to the outside. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the light pipe 520 may include an optical film 523, a support member 524, and the like.

The optical film 523 is cut to have a size corresponding to the length of the support member 524 and processed into a roll to be inserted into the support member 524. The optical film 523 has a good transmittance and has a balance of mechanical and electrical properties, for example, a material such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or polycarbonate (PC). It can be configured as.

The structured surface of the optical film 523 may have a prism portion. The prism portion may be an isosceles triangle, an isosceles triangle, a trapezoid or an equilateral triangle, preferably an isosceles triangle with approximately a vertex angle of 90 degrees.

The material of the support member 524 is preferably a thermoplastic resin material having good light transmittance and having a good balance of mechanical properties, heat resistance, and electrical properties. The support member 524 is made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), poly Carbonate (PC) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Most preferably, the support member 524 is made of polymethyl methacrylate. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is high in strength and not easily broken and easily deformed. In addition, its high visible light transmittance is suitable as a light source material.

The reflective cap 530 includes a cap portion 534 and a reflector 532 located inside the cap portion. The reflector 532 is disposed inside the reflective cap 530 and is positioned at the end of the light pipe 520 to reflect the light reaching the end of the light pipe 520. The surface of the reflector 532 may include a coating film made of a material having excellent light reflectance, for example, a metal material such as aluminum or silver.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB ′ of FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 7, one surface of the optical film 523 may include a prism portion 522 in which a plurality of linear prisms are arranged, and the prism portion 522 may be disposed toward the support member. The prism shape may be an isosceles triangle, an isosceles triangle, a trapezoid or an equilateral triangle, preferably an isosceles triangle with approximately a vertex angle of 90 degrees.

On the other hand, the base film of the optical film 523 so as to emit a uniform light as a whole of the light pipe 520 and to maximize the efficiency of the light pipe 520 by emitting the remaining light in the light pipe 520 to the outside (maximum) 521) The absolute value of the difference between the thicknesses T ₁ and T ₂ at any two points preferably has a value of 0.5 µm to 30.7 µm.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the B-B 'cross section of the lighting apparatus shown in FIG. 3, and FIG. 9 is a plan view of the lighting apparatus shown in FIG.

Referring to FIG. 9, the lighting apparatus 500 may further include at least one of a reflective film 560 and an emission film 570.

The reflective film 560 reflects light so as to emit light only on one side of the light pipe 520, and the emission film 570 changes the angle of the light that is totally reflected so that light is emitted to the outside without total reflection. To help.

Referring to FIG. 9, the emission film 570 may increase in size in proportion to the distance from the light source unit 510. When the size of the emission film 570 is increased in proportion to the distance from the light source unit 510, the amount of light emitted can be increased as the distance from the light source unit 510 increases, so that the light pipe 520 is uniform throughout the light pipe 520. Light can be emitted.

10 to 12 is a perspective view of a lighting device showing another embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 10, the surface treatment may be performed such that at least one of the protrusion 1040 and the groove 1050 is formed on any one of an outer surface and an inner surface of the support member of the light pipe 1020 according to an embodiment of the present invention. have.

By forming the projections 1040 and the grooves 1050 on the surface of the support member, it is possible to induce diffuse reflection and scattering of the light generated from the lamp of the light source unit 1010 to emit uniform light through the entire light pipe 1020. .

In addition, by increasing the density of the projection 1040 and the groove 1050 in proportion to the distance of the light source unit 1010, the greater the distance from the light source unit 1010, the greater the scattering of light through the entire light pipe 1020. It can be made to emit uniform light.

The protrusion 1040 and the groove 1050 may be formed by injection, extrusion, thermosetting, or UV curing of the support member. Through the surface treatment, the protrusions 1040 and the grooves 1050 may be formed on the surface of the support member, and the support member having the surface treatment has a constant surface roughness.

Surface roughness is also called surface roughness, and surface roughness is used to describe surface uniformity. Of the surface roughness, the maximum surface roughness (peak to vally, PV) means the difference between the maximum protrusion 1040 and the minimum groove 1050 of the surface, as shown in FIG.

Table 1 below shows the experimental results for surface roughness, brightness and light transmittance.

Surface roughness
(PV) Surface luminance of light source
(cd / ㎡) Light Pipe Termination Luminance
(cd / ㎡) Light transmittance 2㎛ 11000 5000 ◎ 3㎛ 6000 5450 ○ 4㎛ 5900 5450 ○ 10 탆 5800 5470 ○ 20 ㎛ 5700 5490 ○ 27 ㎛ 5620 5500 ○ 28 μm 5600 5500 ○ 30 μm 5500 5400 ○ 31 μm 5500 5400 ×

As shown in Table 3, when the surface roughness is less than 3 μm, the diffuse reflection effect is reduced, so that the surface roughness of the light source part, that is, the surface roughness and the light pipe end at one end C of the light pipe near the light source Roughness, that is, far from the light source and a difference in surface roughness at the other end D of the light pipe becomes large, making it difficult to emit uniform light through the entire surface of the light pipe 1020.

On the other hand, when the surface roughness is greater than 30 μm, the light transmittance of the light pipe 1020 is lowered, so that the light pipe 1020 cannot effectively emit light.

Therefore, it is desirable to have surface roughness in the range of 3 μm to 30 μm. Within this range, the light pipe 1020 can efficiently transmit light to the end of the light pipe 1020, and the light transmittance is also good.

Meanwhile, the surface treatment may be performed not only on the outer surface of the support member but also on the inner surface, and may be surface treated on the inner surface and the outer surface, and may form any one of the protrusions 1040 and the grooves 1050, or the protrusions 1040 and The grooves 1050 may be formed at the same time.

The protrusions 1040 and the grooves 1050 may be formed relatively densely in an area adjacent to the reflective cap 1030 where the amount of light is less than that of the area adjacent to the light source unit 1010 where the amount of light is high. Light may be uniformly emitted throughout the pipe 1020.

Referring to FIG. 11, in addition to forming protrusions and grooves on the surface of the light pipe 1120 support member, only the protrusions 1140 may be formed. In addition, although not shown in the drawing, only the grooves can be formed on the contrary.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 12, in order to have a surface roughness in the range of 3 μm to 30 μm, a diffusion layer including the diffusion particles 1240 and the resin 1250 may be applied to the surface of the support member. have. The diffusion particles 1240 induce diffuse reflection and scattering of light, and the resin 1250 attaches the diffusion particles 1240 to the surface of the support member.

The diffusion particles 1240 may include any one of silica-based and poly butylmethacrylate (PBMA), and the resin (1250) is transparent and has excellent mechanical properties and has good balance of heat resistance, cold resistance, and electrical properties (PE), Polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polyester and acryl can be included.

The diffusion layer is mixed with the diffusion particles 1240 and the resin 1250 to form a paste or slurry, and then applied to the surface of the support member. After applying the diffusion layer, UV light may be evenly applied to the diffusion layer to cure the diffusion layer, or may be thermally cured.

Such surface treatment may be performed on the inner surface as well as on the outer surface of the support member, and may be surface treated together on the inner surface and the outer surface.

While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments of the present invention, without departing from the spirit of the invention as claimed in the claims. Various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art, and these modifications should not be individually understood from the technical spirit or the prospect of the present invention.

1 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of an optical film for transmitting and reflecting light in a light pipe.

2 is a perspective view showing a portion of an optical film for transmitting and reflecting light in the light pipe.

3 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of an optical film according to an embodiment of the present invention.

4 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of an optical film according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5 is a perspective view showing a lighting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA ′ of the lighting apparatus shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B 'of the lighting apparatus shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the B-B 'cross section of the lighting apparatus shown in FIG.

9 is a plan view of the lighting apparatus shown in FIG.

10 to 12 are perspective views showing a lighting apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.

Claims (16)

Support member; And An optical film is inserted into the support member in the form of a roll, The optical film, Base film; And A prism portion positioned on the base film, And a first thickness T ₁ at any point of the base film is different from a second thickness T ₂ at another point of the base film. The method of claim 1, And the first thickness T ₁ and the second thickness T ₂ satisfy a relational expression of 0.5 μm ≦ H ₁ -H _{2 |} ≦ 30.7 μm. The method of claim 1, The prism portion is an optical pipe facing the support member. The method of claim 1, The light pipe further comprises at least one of a reflective film and an emission film. The method of claim 1, And at least one of protrusions and grooves formed on at least one of an inner surface and an outer surface of the support member. The method of claim 1, An optical pipe having a diffusion layer coated with a resin including one or more diffusion particles on at least one of an inner surface and an outer surface of the support member. The method according to claim 5 or 6, An optical pipe having a surface roughness of 3 μm to 30 μm of the support member. A light source unit generating light; And And a light pipe for transmitting and distributing the light generated by the light source unit. The light pipe, Support member; And An optical film is inserted into the support member in the form of a roll, The optical film, A base film and a prism portion positioned on the base film, And a first thickness T ₁ of any point of the base film is different from a second thickness T ₂ of another point of the base film. The method of claim 8, And the first thickness T ₁ and the second thickness T ₂ satisfy a relational expression of 0.5 μm ≦ H ₁ -H _{2 |} ≦ 30.7 μm. The method of claim 8, And the prism portion faces the support member. The method of claim 8, Lighting device further comprising at least one of a reflective film and an emission film. The method of claim 8, At least one of protrusions and grooves is formed on at least one of an inner surface and an outer surface of the support member. The method of claim 8, Lighting device is applied to the diffusion layer of a resin containing at least one of the diffusion particles on at least one of the inner surface and the outer surface of the support member. The method according to claim 12 or 13, Illumination apparatus of the support member has a surface roughness of 3㎛ 30㎛. Support member; And An optical film is inserted into the support member in the form of a roll, The optical film, A prism part disposed on the base film and the base film and including a plurality of peaks and valleys, The height H ₁ of the first peak of the prism portion is different from the height H ₂ of the second peak. The method of claim 15, And a height H ₁ of the first acid and a height H ₂ of the second acid satisfy a relational expression of 0.5 μm ≦ H ₁ -H _{2 |} ≦ 30.7 μm.

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