KR20090089127A - Stress dispersion type microfile - Google Patents

Stress dispersion type microfile Download PDF

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KR20090089127A
KR20090089127A KR1020080014514A KR20080014514A KR20090089127A KR 20090089127 A KR20090089127 A KR 20090089127A KR 1020080014514 A KR1020080014514 A KR 1020080014514A KR 20080014514 A KR20080014514 A KR 20080014514A KR 20090089127 A KR20090089127 A KR 20090089127A
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rock
stress
ground
tread bar
layer
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KR1020080014514A
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Korean (ko)
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KR100956879B1 (en
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이재민
김준홍
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이재민
김준홍
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E02D5/80—Ground anchors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
    • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
    • E02D5/10—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of concrete or reinforced concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/62—Compacting the soil at the footing or in or along a casing by forcing cement or like material through tubes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2200/00—Geometrical or physical properties
    • E02D2200/16—Shapes
    • E02D2200/1671—Shapes helical or spiral

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)

Abstract

A distributing stress type micro-pile is provided to reduce the time and cost for the construction by satisfying the tension and the necessary compressive stress. A distributing stress type micro-pile comprises a pressing plate(20), a casing(40), a thread-bar(10) and a distributing stress flange(30). The end part of the micro-pile is exposed to the surface of the ground and connected with the pressing plate. The casing is installed at a soil layer(60) of the weak soil foundation. The thread-bar is inserted into a rock layer(50) through the inside of the casing. Two or more distributing stress flanges are combined to a rock insertion part of the thread-bar. The distributing stress flanges maximizes the frictional force and the tension and the compressive force acting on thread-bar at the same time. The top part of the distributing stress flange is an incline and the bottom part is plane.

Description

응력분산형 마이크로파일{Stress dispersion type microfile}Stress dispersion type microfile

본 발명은 마이크로파일을 구성함에 있어서, 더욱 상세하게는 지지층이 깊은 지층에 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위한 앵커 및 말뚝으로 지표면에 노출되는 단 부에는 지압플레이트가 결합되며, 암반층에 매립되는 부위에 상면이 45°경사면을 형성한 다수의 플랜지를 결합구성하여 마찰력을 극대화함과 동시에 마이크로파일에 작용하는 인장 및 압축력을 분산하여 마이크로파일의 시공깊이가 짧으면서도 지압에 효과적으로 하중을 전이하도록 한 응력분산형 마이크로파일에 관한 것이다.In the present invention, in the construction of a micropile, more specifically, a pressure bearing plate is coupled to an end portion exposed to the ground surface with anchors and piles for obtaining tensile and compressive force in a deep layer, and the upper surface is embedded in a rock layer. Multiple flanges with 45 ° inclined surface maximize the frictional force and distribute the tensile and compressive forces acting on the micropile, so that the micropile's construction depth can be effectively transferred to the pressure while stress distribution type micro It's about files.

일반적으로 마이크로파일의 시공시 연약지반의 붕괴로 그라우팅홀이 메워지는 것을 방지하기 위하여 암반층에 도달할 수 있을 깊이까지 일정길이의 케이싱을 삽입하는 케이싱작업과, 상기 케이싱작업이 끝나면 케이싱의 내부를 통하여 암반층까지 각종 천공기를 이용하여 천공하는 천공작업과, 천공작업에서 천공한 곳에 트레드바를 삽입하는 트레드바 삽입작업과, 트레드바가 삽입된 천공부위에 그라우팅 믹서기를 이용하여 그라우팅액을 주입하는 그라우팅작업의 순서로 이루어진다.In general, in order to prevent the grouting hole from filling up due to the collapse of the soft ground during the construction of the micropile, a casing operation of inserting a casing of a certain length to a depth that can reach the rock layer, and after the casing operation is completed, Sequence of drilling using various punching machines to rock layer, inserting tread bar to insert tread bar at the punching work, and grouting operation to inject grouting liquid using grouting mixer into the drilled part where tread bar is inserted Is made of.

상기한 작업으로 주입된 그라우팅액은 케이싱 내부 및 하단 부위의 암반층까지 채워져서 트레드바와 함께 지반과 일체로 경화된다.The grouting liquid injected by the above operation is filled up to the rock layer in the casing and the lower part and hardened integrally with the ground together with the tread bar.

상기와 같은 마이크로파일의 시공은 지반의 지지층이 깊은 지반에 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위한 수단으로써 수행되는 것으로, 이는 트레드바와 그라우팅으로 암반층의 주면 마찰력만을 고려하여 인장 및 압축력에 저항하는 공법이다.The construction of the micropile as described above is performed as a means for obtaining tensile and compressive forces in the deep support of the ground layer, which is a method of resisting tensile and compressive forces in consideration of only the main surface frictional force of the rock layer by tread bars and grouting.

따라서 지금까지는 구조물에서 요구되는 하중에 따른 주면 마찰력을 얻기 위해 마이크로파일의 암반정착의 길이를 늘이는 방법을 사용하였기에 지반을 천공하는데 소요되는 비용과 시간이 늘어나고 이에 따른 시공비 상승의 원인이 되었다.Therefore, until now, the method of increasing the length of rock fixation of the micropile has been used to obtain the main surface frictional force according to the load required in the structure, which increases the cost and time required for drilling the ground and thus increases the construction cost.

이에 상기의 마이크로파일의 암반정착 길이를 최소화하면서도 현장에서 필요한 인장과 압축 응력을 갖도록 하는 것이 공사에 소요되는 공기와 비용을 줄이는 직접적인 효과를 얻을 수 있는 가장 큰 원인이 되는바, 이를 감안하여 개발된 것이다.Therefore, minimizing the rock anchoring length of the micropile while having the necessary tensile and compressive stress in the field is the biggest cause of the direct effect of reducing the air and cost required for construction. will be.

본 발명은 상기한 지금까지의 연약지반이나 지지층이 깊은 지반에서 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위한 수단으로써 수행되던 트레드바와 그라우팅으로 암반층의 주면 마찰력만을 고려하여 인장 및 압축력에 저항하는 공법에서 구조물에서 요구되는 압축하중과 인장하중에 따른 주면 마찰력을 얻기 위해 마이크로파일의 암반정착의 길이를 늘이는 방법으로 인하여 암반을 천공하는데 소요되는 비용과 시간이 늘어나고 이에 따른 시공 및 자재비 상승의 원인이 되었던 것을 개선하여서 마이크로파일의 암반정착 길이를 최소화하면서도 현장에서 필요한 인장과 압축 응력을 갖도록 함으로써, 공사에 소요되는 공기와 비용을 줄이는 직접적인 효과를 얻기 위함에 그 목적이 있다.The present invention is the compression required for the structure in the method of resisting the tensile and compressive forces in consideration of only the main surface frictional force of the rock layer by the tread bar and grouting as a means for obtaining the tensile and compressive force in the soft ground or the support layer deep so far The method of increasing the length of rock fixation of the micropile in order to obtain the principal frictional force according to the load and the tensile load increases the cost and time required for drilling the rock, thereby improving the construction and material costs. The goal is to achieve the direct effect of reducing the air and cost of construction by minimizing the length of rock settlement and having the necessary tensile and compressive stress in the field.

상기의 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명은, 지지층이 깊은 지반에서 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위한 앵커 및 말뚝으로써 사용되는 마이크로파일을 구성함에 있어서, 지표면에 노출되는 단부에는 지압플레이트가 결합되며, 연약지반에 삽입설치되는 케이싱의 내부를 통하여 암반층에 삽입설치되는 트레드바의 암반삽입부에 상면이 45°경사면을 형성하고 저면은 평면을 형성하며 보스를 일체로 형성함과 동시에 그라우트주입기를 삽입하는 천공을 형성한 응력분산플랜지를 설계상 필요한 응력에 따라 적어도 두 개 이상 결합구성하여 마찰력을 극대화함과 동시에 마이크로파일에 작용하는 인장 및 압축력을 분산하여 마이크로파일의 시공깊이가 짧으면 서도 지반에 효과적으로 저항하도록 한 응력분산형 마이크로파일에 관한 것이다.The present invention for achieving the above object, the support layer is a micropile used as an anchor and a pile for obtaining the tension and compression force in the deep ground, the pressure plate is coupled to the end exposed to the ground surface, the soft ground The upper surface forms a 45 ° inclined surface, the bottom forms a flat surface, forms a boss integrally, and forms a perforation to insert a grout injector through the inside of the casing to be inserted into the rock insertion portion of the tread bar inserted into the rock layer. At least two stress dispersion flanges are combined according to the stress required for the design to maximize the frictional force and to distribute the tensile and compressive forces acting on the micropile to effectively resist the ground even though the construction depth of the micropile is short. It relates to distributed microfiles.

상술한 바와 같이 본 발명은 트레드바의 암반삽입부에 상면이 45°경사면을 형성하고 저면은 평면을 형성하며 중앙의 상,하 양측으로 보스를 일체로 형성한 응력분산플랜지를 설계상 필요한 응력에 따라 적어도 두 개 이상 결합구성하여 암반층에 일체로 접착성형되는 그라우트의 마찰력을 극대화함과 동시에 파일 상부의 하중이 마이크로파일로부터 지반으로 작용하는 인장 및 압축력을 분산하여 마이크로파일의 시공깊이가 짧으면서도 지반에 효과적으로 저항하게 되어 마이크로파일의 암반정착 길이를 최소화하면서도 현장에서 필요한 인장과 압축 응력을 만족시킴으로써, 공사에 소요되는 공기와 비용을 줄이는 직접적인 효과를 얻을 수 있는 신규 한 발명이다.As described above, in the present invention, the upper surface forms a 45 ° inclined surface, the bottom surface forms a flat surface, and the stress dispersion flange integrally formed with bosses on both upper and lower sides of the tread bar. Accordingly, at least two joints are formed to maximize the frictional force of the grout integrally bonded to the rock layer, and at the same time, the load of the upper pile distributes the tensile and compressive forces acting from the micropile to the ground. It is a new invention that can achieve the direct effect of reducing the air and cost of construction by meeting the tensile and compressive stress required in the field while minimizing the rock anchoring length of the micropile effectively.

연약지반이나 지지층이 깊은 지반에 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위한 앵커 및 말뚝으로 사용되는 마이크로파일을 구성함에 있어서, 도 1내지 도 2에 도시한 바와 같이, 표면에 노출되는 단 부에는 지압플레이트(20)가 결합되며, 연약지반의 토사층(60)에 삽입설치되는 케이싱(40)의 내부를 통하여 암반층(50)에 삽입설치되는 트레드바(10)의 암반삽입부(11)에 응력분산플랜지(30)를 설계상 필요한 응력에 따라 적어도 두 개 이상 결합구성하는데, 이때 상기 응력분산플랜지(30)는, 상면이 45°경사면(31)을 형성하고 저면은 평면(32)을 형성하며 보스(33)를 일체로 형성함과 동시에 그라우트주입기를 삽입하는 천공을 형성한다.In constructing a micropile used as an anchor and a pile for obtaining a tensile and compressive force in a soft ground or a support layer in a deep ground, as shown in Figs. 1 to 2, the acupressure plate 20 is provided at the end exposed to the surface. Is coupled to the stress distribution flange 30 to the rock insertion portion 11 of the tread bar 10 is inserted into the rock layer 50 through the interior of the casing 40 is inserted into the soil layer 60 of the soft ground According to the stress required in the design of at least two combinations, wherein the stress dispersion flange 30, the upper surface forms a 45 ° sloped surface 31, the bottom surface forms a plane 32 and the boss 33 At the same time forming a unitary and forming a perforation to insert the grout injector.

이와 같이 구성된 응력분산플랜지(30)는 마찰력을 극대화함과 동시에 트레드바(10)에 작용하는 인장 및 압축력을 분산하여 트레드바(10)의 시공깊이가 짧으면서도 지반에 효과적으로 저항하도록 구성한다. The stress dispersion flange 30 configured as described above is configured to effectively resist the ground while shortening the construction depth of the tread bar 10 by maximizing frictional force and dispersing tensile and compressive forces acting on the tread bar 10.

이와 같이 구성한 본 발명을 실시 예 따른 작용상태를 살펴보면 다음과 같다.Looking at the operating state according to an embodiment of the present invention configured as described above are as follows.

지지층이 깊은 지반에서 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위해 마이크로파일 공법을 수행하고자 하면, 먼저 연약지반의 토사층(60)에 케이싱(40)을 그 단 부가 암반층(50)에 도달하도록 강제로 삽입설치하여 작업중 연약지반이 붕괴되어 그라우팅홀을 메우는 것을 방지한다.If the support layer is to perform the micropile method in order to obtain the tensile and compressive force in the deep ground, first, the casing 40 is forcibly inserted into the soil layer 60 of the soft ground so that the end portion reaches the rock layer 50 and is soft during operation. Prevents the ground from collapsing and filling grouting holes.

이와 같이 케이싱(40) 설치 작업시 상기 케이싱(40)의 내부에 잔존하는 토양을 파내고 이와 연통 되도록 암반층(50)을 뚫어서 트레드바(10)를 설치할 암반홀(51)을 확보한다.As such, when the casing 40 is installed, the rock layer 50 is drilled into the rock layer 50 to dig out the soil remaining in the casing 40 and communicate with it, thereby securing a rock hole 51 in which the tread bar 10 is installed.

상기한 작업이 완료되면 외부면에 나선형돌기(15)나 기타 마찰력을 최대화하기 위한 돌기를 형성한 트레드바(10)의 암반층삽입부(11)에, 지반의 변화에 따라 발생하는 지지력에 대응하도록 설계된 응력에 부합하도록 상면이 45°경사면을 형성한 응력분산플랜지(30)를 일정한 간격으로 다수 개 결합하여서 상기 다수의 응력분산플랜지(30)가 결합 된 암반층삽입부(11)가 암반층(50)에 천공한 암반홀(51)에 삽입되도록 케이싱(40) 내부를 통하여 삽입설치한다.When the above operation is completed, the rock layer inserting portion 11 of the tread bar 10 having a projection for maximizing the frictional force 15 or other frictional force on the outer surface thereof, so as to correspond to the bearing force generated by the change of the ground. The rock layer layer inserting portion 11 to which the plurality of stress dispersion flanges 30 is coupled by combining a plurality of stress dispersion flanges 30 having a 45 ° inclined surface at regular intervals so as to correspond to a designed stress is a rock layer 50. Inserted through the casing 40 to be inserted into the rock hole (51) perforated.

상기한 상태에서 액상의 그라우트(70)를 그라우트주입기를 상기 플랜지의 천공을 통하여 암반홀(51) 내부까지 삽입하고 그라우트(70)를 주입하면, 암반홀(51) 부터 충진되는 그라우트(70)는 트레드바(10)는 물론 트레드바(10)에 결합된 응력분산플랜지(30)와 암반을 일체로 결속하여 양생함과 동시에, 연약지반의 토사층(60)에 삽입설치된 케이싱(40) 내부까지 충진된다. In the above state, when the grout 70 is injected into the rock hole 51 through the boring of the flange and the grout 70 is injected, the grout 70 filled from the rock hole 51 is As well as the tread bar 10, the stress distribution flange 30 coupled to the tread bar 10 and the rock united together to cure, and filled to the inside of the casing 40 inserted into the soil layer 60 of the soft ground. do.

상기한 상태로 트레드바(10)의 장착이 끝나면 지표면으로 돌출되는 트레드바(10)의 단부(12)에 지압플레이트(20)를 결합하고 지면 상에 상기 지압플레이트(20)가 함몰되도록 계산된 두께의 철근콘크리트푸팅(80)을 형성하면 시공은 완료된다. When the mounting of the tread bar 10 is completed in the above state, the pressure plate 20 is coupled to the end 12 of the tread bar 10 protruding to the ground surface, and the pressure plate 20 is calculated to be recessed on the ground. Construction is completed by forming the reinforced concrete footing 80 of thickness.

이와 같이 본 발명의 트레드바(10)를 그라우팅 작업으로 시공한 연약지반에 변형이 일어나면, 트레드바(10)의 지표면 위로 노출된 단부(12)에 결합한 지압플레이트(20)가 함몰되도록 지표면에 구성한 철근콘크리트푸팅(80)에 의하여 변형이 중지되는데 이때 발생한 응력은 트레드바(10)에 작용한다.As described above, when deformation occurs in the soft ground constructed with the tread bar 10 of the present invention by grouting, the surface of the tread bar 10 coupled to the end portion 12 exposed to the exposed surface 12 is configured to be recessed. Deformation is stopped by the reinforced concrete footing 80, the stress generated at this time acts on the tread bar (10).

이와 같이 트레드바(10)에 작용한 응력은 트레드바(10)를 통하여 암반층(50)과 연약지반의 토사층(60)으로 전달되는데 이때 트레드바(10)의 암반층삽입부(11)에 결합한 응력분산플랜지(30)에서 대부분 응력을 흡수하여 암반층(50)으로 분산 작용함으로써 연약지반의 붕괴 등 변형을 억제하게 된다. The stress acting on the tread bar 10 is transmitted to the rock layer 50 and the soil layer 60 of the soft ground through the tread bar 10, and the stress coupled to the rock layer inserting portion 11 of the tread bar 10. By absorbing most of the stress in the dispersion flange 30 to disperse into the rock layer 50 to suppress deformation such as collapse of the soft ground.

이때 트레드바(10)에 작용된 응력이 응력분산플랜지(30)에 의하여 작용하는 상태를 살펴보면 도 3에서와 같이 45°경사면에서 수직방향과 수평방향으로 분산되어 화살표로 표시한 것과 같이 작용하게 되어 응력을 분산하므로 암반층(50)에 뚫는 암반홀(51)의 깊이가 크지 않아도 연약지반의 변형을 충분히 억제하게 된다.In this case, when the stress applied to the tread bar 10 is acted on by the stress distribution flange 30, as shown in FIG. Since the stress is dispersed, the deformation of the soft ground is sufficiently suppressed even if the depth of the rock hole 51 drilled in the rock layer 50 is not large.

도 1은 본 발명의 전체구성 및 실시상태 예시도.1 is a view illustrating the overall configuration and embodiment of the present invention.

도 2는 본 발명의 마이크로파일의 구성상태 예시도.Figure 2 is an illustration of the configuration of the microfile of the present invention.

도 3은 본 발명의 응력 분산 플랜지의 힘의 작용상태 예시도.Figure 3 is an illustration of the state of action of the force of the stress distribution flange of the present invention.

* 도면의 주요부호에 대한 설명** Explanation of the major symbols in the drawings *

10:트레드바. 11: 암반삽입부. 15: 나선형돌기.10: Tread bar. 11: Rock insert. 15: spiral projection.

20: 지압플레이트. 20: Acupressure plate.

30: 응력분산플랜지. 31: 45°경사면. 32: 평면.30: stress distribution flange. 31: 45 ° sloped surface. 32: flat.

33: 보스.33: Boss.

40: 케이싱. 40: Casing.

50: 암반층. 51: 암반홀.50: rock bed. 51: Bedrock Hall.

60: 토사층60: soil layer

Claims (2)

지지층이 깊은 지반에서 인장 및 압축력을 얻기 위한 앵커 및 말뚝으로 사용되는 마이크로파일을 구성함에 있어서,In constructing a micropile in which the support layer is used as anchors and piles for obtaining tensile and compressive forces in deep soils, 지표면에 노출되는 단부에는 지압플레이트(20)가 결합되며, 연약지반의 토사층(60)에 삽입설치되는 케이싱(40)의 내부를 통하여 암반층(50)에 삽입설치되는 트레드바(10)의 암반삽입부(11)에, 응력분산플랜지(30)를 설계상 필요한 응력에 따라 적어도 두 개 이상 결합구성하여 마찰력을 극대화함과 동시에 트레드바(10)에 작용하는 인장 및 압축력을 분산하여 트레드바(10)의 암반시공깊이가 짧으면서도 지반에 효과적으로 저항하도록 구성함을 특징으로 하는 응력분산형 마이크로파일.Acupressure plate 20 is coupled to the end exposed to the ground surface, the rock insertion of the tread bar 10 is inserted into the rock layer 50 through the interior of the casing 40 is inserted into the soil layer 60 of the soft ground At least two stress distribution flanges 30 are coupled to each other according to the necessary stress in design to maximize the frictional force and at the same time disperse the tension and compression forces acting on the tread bar 10. Stress distribution type micro pile, characterized in that it is configured to effectively resist the ground while the rock construction depth of the). 제1항에 있어서,The method of claim 1, 상기 응력분산플랜지(30)는 상면이 45°경사면(31)을 형성하고 저면은 평면(32)을 형성하며 보스(33)를 일체로 형성함과 동시에 그라우트주입기를 삽입하는 천공을 형성하여 마찰력을 극대화함과 동시에 트레드바(10)에 작용하는 인장 및 압축력을 분산하여 트레드바(10)의 시공깊이가 짧으면서도 지반에 효과적으로 저항하도록 구성함을 특징으로 하는 응력분산형 마이크로파일. The stress dispersion flange 30 has a 45 ° inclined surface 31 on the top surface and a flat surface 32 on the bottom surface, and forms a boss 33 integrally with the punch 33 to insert a grout injector to provide frictional force. Stress distribution type micropile, maximizing and dispersing the tensile and compressive force acting on the tread bar (10) to effectively resist the ground while the construction depth of the tread bar (10).
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KR102054157B1 (en) * 2019-06-10 2019-12-10 안효석 Micropile with Stress Constraining Member, Micropile Foundation improved Frictional Resistance and Construction Methods thereof
KR102666033B1 (en) * 2023-05-16 2024-05-14 (주)아이원이앤씨 micropile with anchorage reinforcing device for transforming load

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KR101398687B1 (en) * 2012-05-10 2014-05-27 주식회사 파일웍스 Micro pile with improved end bearing capacity and its construction methods thereof
KR101680872B1 (en) * 2014-07-01 2016-11-30 이기환 Inner inserted member for micropile and structure of micropile and construction method thereof
KR20190123854A (en) 2018-04-25 2019-11-04 송관권 Micropile
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CN108425642A (en) * 2018-04-18 2018-08-21 邱实 Drilling rod basis
KR102054157B1 (en) * 2019-06-10 2019-12-10 안효석 Micropile with Stress Constraining Member, Micropile Foundation improved Frictional Resistance and Construction Methods thereof
KR102666033B1 (en) * 2023-05-16 2024-05-14 (주)아이원이앤씨 micropile with anchorage reinforcing device for transforming load

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