KR20050118879A - Cremation furnace and method for crystallizing meltage remained after cremation - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a cremation chamber and a cremation method for cremating a corpse to make ashes, reburning it to a high temperature and burning it, and then recrystallizing the melt into crystals.

Funerals for dealing with bodies have a variety of procedures and funeral methods, depending on the styles and customs established for each race or religion.

The present invention proposes a cremation furnace and a cosmetic method for cremating a corpse, the crematorium comprising a first combustion chamber for burning and ossifying the body and a second combustion chamber for heating the ashes in the first combustion chamber to a high temperature again. It is composed of a cremation furnace, and is composed of a recrystallization apparatus for salicifying a solution obtained by melting ashes in a molten state in a second combustion chamber.

The cremator has a rail and a moving trolley which can enter and exit the first combustion chamber, and is formed of an intermediate support, an upper prevention zone, and a fireproof support thereon, and a plurality of burners for heating the first combustion chamber are located outside the first combustion chamber. The ashes burned in the first combustion chamber are moved to the second combustion chamber by tilting the fireproof base through the height adjusting mechanism between the moving cart and the intermediate support, and melting the ashes in the up and down two crucibles having the second combustion chamber. The present invention relates to a cosmetic furnace and a cosmetic method of dissolving it at a high temperature up to and dissolving the molten bone melt to a recrystallization apparatus.

Description

Creme furnace and method for crystallizing meltage remained after cremation

The present invention relates to a cremation furnace and a cosmetic method for cremating a corpse to make ashes and reburning it to a high temperature to melt and recrystallize the melt.

For human beings, death is as important as birth, and the body treatment of the dead is done according to the styles and customs determined by each nation or religion.

Funeral rituals in Korea are mostly favored by placing the dead in the cemetery due to traditional Confucian or Feng Shui thoughts.

In order to solve the problems caused by the increase of the cemetery, it can be seen that the government or social organizations recommend the ossuary and cremation funeral where the body is cremated and the collected ashes are stored in containers.

Most people, however, prefer a cemetery following traditional funeral ceremonies, and the public sentiment is that they do not prefer to cremate their bodies and store them in the ossuary.

In particular, when the body was cremated and the ashes were collected, and the containers were stored in the ossuary, the ossuary ashes were more unsightly in color and shape than the ashes in the ossuary. .

The present invention is intended to change the mindset that ordinary people are reluctant to cremate the body, change the way of thinking prefers the use of the cemetery due to the coarse color and shape of the remains after cremation, and to overcome the negative prejudice about cremation funeral The present invention has been devised.

In general, preferring the funeral process of buried the body and making the cemetery over the funeral of cremating the body and placing it in the ossuary is also caused by the unsanitary form and color of the ashes, but the cremation burns the body. It is said that the graveyard is favored by the idea of killing twice and the graveyard of ancestors.

However, in a limited and narrow land like Korea, it is also a challenge to restrain the increasing number of graveyards every year.

Even before the present application, a number of techniques for making crystals from ashes and prior patents and utility models thereof can be seen.

In other words, Patent Application No. 10-1999-0009064 (name of the invention: a device for making crystals from the remains of cosmetics) and Utility Model Application No. 20-2002-00247476 (name of the design: Crystal molding of the crystal production system using the bones Prior art).

Such a patent and utility model can be seen that the first cosmetic cremation by cremating the body and dissolving the ashes using a crystal manufacturing apparatus, which is a separate high-temperature combustion apparatus, and then re-crystallize it into crystals.

In contrast, the present invention simultaneously constitutes a first combustion chamber for burning and coagulating the body in one crematorium and a second combustion chamber for heating and melting the ashes in the first combustion chamber at a high temperature again. It is possible to simultaneously perform ossification burning and a series of operations for melting and recrystallizing ashes into crystals.

The present invention has been made to improve the conventional makeup and makeup method.

The ashes generated by conventional cremation are stored in the ossuary complex and stored in the ossuary complex, the ossuary grave or other places.However, after a long time or careless storage, the ashes are difficult to store, such as decay, odor, and bacteria. As the color or shape is disgusting, there are many difficulties in preserving the ashes semi-permanently.

In view of this, the present invention has been conceived, and the present invention is a cremation and a cosmetic method for cremating and coordinating a corpse, refining and re-crystallizing a liquefied liquefied thing in a molten state by heating it to a high temperature again. To provide.

In particular, the crematorium used in the present invention is to reburn the body and burned the ashes to a high temperature again to be heated in a molten state in a single toilet, by recrystallizing the melt of the ashes into crystals In order to resolve the negative accidents related to the conventional cremation funeral, the purpose of making the cremation funeral is to be preferred. As a result, the cone effect is expected to prevent the narrow country from being encroached into the cemetery. Instead of the disgusting ashes that have been generated, they provide a jade-like color and a bead-like fern to induce a positive change of thinking about the cremation, and instead of placing the remains after the traditional cremation in the ossuary or ossuary, etc. To provide a new funeral culture for the deceased by keeping them in bottles The present invention is a development.

The present invention comprises a first combustion chamber (11) for oscillating the body by primary combustion, and a crematory (10) composed of a second combustion chamber (12) for remelting the ashed body at a high temperature to melt in a molten state and the molten ashes It is composed of a crystal forming apparatus 60 for recrystallizing the crystal into crystals.

In the present invention as described above, a part of the makeup furnace 10 having the first combustion chamber 11 and the second combustion chamber 12 will now be described.

The entrance of the toilet 10 has an opening door 15 which is slid up and down at the entrance of the first combustion chamber 11, and the opening door 15 supports the left and right doors and guides the shanghai 16. It is configured to open and close up and down by a wire (19) wound on a winding drum (18) located above the motor 17 and the opening and closing door 15, which is attached to one side of the door support 16, the opening and closing door (15) It has a see-through window 15-1 which can see the inside and the air injection hole 15-2 which blows air inward, and the moving cart 22 which moves on the rail 21 below the 1st combustion chamber 11 is carried out. It has a middle support 23 and the upper prevention zone 24 on the moving trolley 22, between the moving trolley 22 and the intermediate support 23, the height adjusting mechanism 25 for raising the intermediate support 23 inclined. ) Is installed, and on the upper prevention zone 24 has a fireproof support 26, and on the left and right of the fireproof outer wall 27 constituting the first combustion chamber 11. Has a plurality of burner nozzle holes 28 and respective burners 29, and has an exhaust port 30 above the fireproof outer wall 27, and a waste heat recovery water jacket 31 outside the exhaust port 30. The second combustion chamber 12 has a second combustion chamber 12 behind the first combustion chamber 11, and the second combustion chamber 12 is separated from the first combustion chamber 11 by an insulating wall 33 which moves up and down, and is insulated from each other. Above the wall 33, the wire 34 and the wire guiding drum 35 and the motor 36 for driving the heat discharge hole 33A and the heat insulating wall 33 are opened and closed. 37), and below the heat insulation wall 33 has up and down heat resistant crucibles 41 and 42 which are two up and down, and the upper heat resistant crucible 41 is connected to the heat insulation wall 33 below, It is movable up and down together with (33), the lower heat-resistant crucible 42 is to be moved up and down by the connecting rod 46, the lower heat-resistant crucible 42 is tilted up and down The connecting rod 46 for moving the fork is connected to the motor 47 and the gear mechanism 48, and the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are melted on one side of the discharge port 43 and the flame input on the opposite side and the one side. The heat dissipation hole 54 is formed in the upper heat-resistant crucible 41 which has the hole 44, respectively, and the high temperature generation burner 49 which heats the inside of the said upper-down heat-resistant crucible 41 and 42 is the 2nd It is provided with two to three outside the combustion chamber 12, and below the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 has a solution discharge guide inclined plate 51, the melt discharge guide inclined plate 51 is a crystal forming apparatus ( 60) is to be connected to the inlet (65).

The structure of the crystal forming apparatus 60 is as follows.

Crystal forming apparatus 60 is recrystallized from the molten hot bone powder solution to a predetermined size of crystals, it is preferable that the crystals are determined to have a strength that is not easily broken by the impact.

Therefore, the present crystal forming apparatus 60 has a hot air blower (62) (63) for supplying hot air below and above the corrugated plate 61 is installed to be inclined in the inner surface of the corrugated plate 61, the exhaust port 64 and the inlet 65 and the discharge port 66 to be provided below.

In addition, the wrinkled corrugated plate 61 on the surface may be configured to form a plurality of holes (61-1) on the surface, so that hot air of the downward heat blower 62 is injected through the hole (61-1). . In the above, the up and down heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42, which are two up and down sides, are made of a refractory to withstand a high temperature of at least 2500 ° C., and constituted of zirconia and alumina composites known as refractory materials.

In the above, the plurality of burners 29 for heating the first combustion chamber 11 is composed of a burner 29 for injecting a flame of at least 1000 ° C or more, and the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 of the second combustion chamber 12 ( The two to three extra high temperature burners 49 for heating 42 are operated back and forth by the motor 50, the angle of which can be arbitrarily adjusted, and generates a flame of high temperature of 2000 to 2500 ° C. In order to prevent the nozzle of the burner 49 from melting, the burner body and especially the tip nozzle portion have a water cooling device in which water is circulated.

In addition, the exhaust gas exhaust port 30 provided in the first combustion chamber 11 is provided with a water jacket 31 for cooling the exhaust heat and recovering the exhaust heat, and inside the exhaust port 30 to completely burn and decompose the exhaust gas. The combustion promoting corrugated wall 30-1 is provided.

Melt melted at high temperatures in the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 is a melt discharge port 43 formed at one side in the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 when the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are inclined inclined. And discharged into the crystal forming apparatus 60 along the melt discharge guide inclined plate 51, and are recrystallized into a crystal having a predetermined size of about 2 to 10 mm in diameter.

The solution discharge guide inclined plate 51 has an angular shape 51A so that its inner circumferential surface does not adhere to the hot melt, and rotates to the left and right by a motor 52 on the bottom thereof, so that hot melt is poured. It is conveyed while being distributed without sticking.

In this way, the molten film conveyed by the guide inclined plate 51 is introduced into the crystal forming apparatus 60 to be recrystallized in the form of a bead. The crystal forming apparatus 60 is preferably linked to the crematory 10. Preferably, the melt is gradually cooled and the structure is firmly recrystallized. To this end, the present invention provides a high-temperature exhaust heat exhausted from the first combustion chamber 11 or the second combustion chamber 12 of the makeup furnace 10 to a blower. The molten liquid is cooled and determined in a state of high temperature. That is, the crystal forming apparatus 60 installs the corrugated plate 61 to be recrystallized in the form of beads while the molten liquid flows down inside the slanted plate. Injecting a high-temperature exhaust heat discharged from the toilet 10 to allow the molten liquid to recrystallize gradually, and a plurality of minute holes 61-1 are formed in the wrinkle plate 61 to form a hot air blower 62 under the corrugated plate 61. High) Air is discharged upward through the hole 61-1 of the corrugated plate 61, so that the melt liquid rolling on the corrugated plate 61 is directly contacted with the corrugated plate 61, thereby recrystallization into a crystal close to the spherical shape. In the drawings, reference numeral 100 denotes a tube to be cremated.

Looking at the present invention having such a structure in more detail and at the same time look at the operation as follows.

The present invention comprises a crematorium 10 having a double combustion chamber that cremates and co-curses the body and reheats to a high temperature so that the ashes melt. The first heating chamber 11 has an opening and closing door 15 that moves up and down at its entrance, and the opening and closing door 15 is connected to the wire 19 and is wound up by winding the wire 19. The opening and closing door 15 is moved up and down by the rotation of the drum 18, and the opening and closing door 15 is moved up and down along the guide grooves of the left and right supporters 16. The wire ( The winding drum 18 winding and winding 19 is rotated by the motor 17. As described above, the opening / closing door, which operates up and down, monitors the combustion of the first combustion chamber 11 and is transparent. ) And can insert air nozzle or working rod to blow air into the first combustion chamber (11). It has one or two air injection holes 15-2. The first combustion chamber 11 has a moving trolley 22 which moves along the rail 21, and has an intermediate support 23 on the moving trolley 22. It has an upper prevention zone 24 and a height adjusting mechanism 25 is installed between the moving cart 22 and the intermediate support 23 to incline the intermediate support 23 and operates the height adjusting mechanism 25 to support the intermediate support. (23) When one side (rear) is raised, the fire prevention base 24 and the fireproof support 26 on the upper prevention zone 24 are inclined inclined. The opening door 15 is first opened in the first combustion chamber 11. After lifting, the moving cart 22 is retracted along the rails 21, and a pipe (body) 100 to be cremated is placed on the fireproof support 26 on the upper prevention zone 24 and the moving cart 22 is mounted. The tube 100 is advanced to the first combustion chamber 11, and the plurality of burners 29 located on the left and right sides of the first combustion chamber 11 are burned to burn the operation tube 100 (the body). Normally, there is a slight difference depending on the temperature of the flame until the body burns in the ashes, but when it burns for about 1 hour at 800 ℃ ~ 1000 ℃, the body burns, leaving only the ashes. 30) and the relatively heavy ash remains on the fireproof support 26. When the body is burned in this way, the foreign matter remains together with the ashes. Foreign substances, such as teeth, etc., which are generated from metal components contained in the corpse, or accessories that are placed in the coffin, are left together. As described above, the coffin 100 (the body) is burned in the first combustion chamber 11 to be ossified and then moved. When operating the height adjustment mechanism 25 between the bogie 22 and the intermediate support 23 to raise the rear of the intermediate support 23 to incline the intermediate support 23 and the upper prevention zone 24 and the inside. The rear of the fire support 26 is raised at the same time, so that the fireproof support 26 is inclined. When the fire support 26 is inclined, the relatively light ash bone is rolled down and moved to the second combustion chamber 12. The air injection nozzle is inserted into the air injection hole 15-2 formed in the opening and closing door, and the ash fragments are sorted by high pressure air and transferred to the second combustion chamber 12. Instead of the air injection nozzle in the air injection hole 15-2, Looking at the viewing window 15-1, the bone fragments can be selected using a long pole and transferred to the second combustion chamber 12. As such, the bone fragments selectively transferred to the second combustion chamber 12 are heat-resistant downwards (42). Then, the upper heat resistant crucible 41 is lowered at the same time as the heat insulating wall 33, and the ashes in the upper and lower heat resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are heated again. The upper heat resistant crucible 41 is It is spilled below the heat insulation wall 33 which forms a 1st combustion chamber and a partition. When the heat wall 33 is lowered, the upper heat-resistant crucible 41 is lowered to match the lower heat-resistant crucible 42, and the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are raised to the special high temperature burner 49 on the side. The ashes in the heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are heated to the melting temperature. The ashes burned for about 1 hour at 1000 ° C. in the first combustion chamber 11 are all organic matter combusted to ash and discharged. The remains remain in the form of ashes, but when they are heated again at high temperatures of 1600 to 2200 ° C for 30 to 50 minutes in the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles (41) and (42), the ashes are burned again and their volume becomes smaller. The upper and lower heat resistant crucibles 41 and 42 melt the ashes at a high temperature, such as high temperature of 1600 to 2200 ° C., and the inner heat forms an elliptical shape and the heat discharge port 45 is formed in the upper heat resistant crucible 41. ) And up and down the heat-resistant crucibles (41) and (42) sides, that is, the flame Has a flame injection hole 44 and a melt discharging opening 43 for pouring and discharging the molten liquid. When the ashes inside the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are heated with the molten liquid, One side is lifted and inclined to pour out the melt.

The machine configuration for lifting and inclining one side of the lower heat-resistant crucible 42 can invent various devices, but when the motor 47 shaft end is rotated, the connecting rod is operated up and down by the gear mechanism 46 connected thereto to the lower heat-resistant crucible ( 42) The inner and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42, which are heated at high temperature until the ashes are melted in a molten state, are made of zirconia and alumina as their main components. It is composed of high temperature refractory material of synthetic material, and its inner circumferential surface has an elliptical structure that is easy to collect heat. Thus, the ashes of upper and lower heat resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are heated to 1600 to 2200 ° C. The three extra high pressure burners 49 are formed of a heat resistant alloy steel to prevent melting of the nozzles of the burner by heat, and have a heat resistant structure to prevent melting by high temperature by including water-cooled cooling means. Melted in the molten state melted in the lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 is discharged through the melt discharge port 43 by tilting the lower heat-resistant crucible 42, and the discharged melt is passed through the guide inclined plate 51 to form a crystal forming apparatus. It is introduced into the 60 is recrystallized to the size of the beads of about 2 ~ 10mm. The guide inclined plate 51 is attached to the motor 52 mechanism for shaking the guide inclined plate 51 left and right on the bottom of the guide inclined plate ( 51) The surface is composed of an angular shape (51A) to prevent the hot melt from adhering to the surface of the guide inclined plate 51. Thus, the melt flowing through the guide inclined plate 51 is cut into a predetermined size while the crystal forming apparatus It is introduced into the inlet (65) of the (60) and is formed in a spherical shape while descending while rolling on the inclined corrugated plate (61) in the crystal forming apparatus (60). Momentary decision When the quenching is performed, the binding force of the crystal is weak, and when it is subjected to an impact, it is easily broken into powder. In order to prevent this, in the present invention, a high temperature hot air is applied into the crystal forming apparatus 60 to prevent the crystal from being quenched. The exhaust heat generated in the first combustion chamber 11 and the second combustion chamber 12 of the makeup furnace 10 is supplied through the upper and lower heat blowers 62 and 63. In particular, the corrugated plate 61 When forming a plurality of holes (61-1), the hot hot air from the lower heat blower 62 is injected through the hole (61-1) to raise the melt liquid rolling on the corrugated plate 61 in the air The crystals formed through the crystal forming apparatus 60 have gloss on the surface and give violet or light green color (jade color), and the remains of the ashes can be seen in the shape and shape of the ashes. No stereotypes Recrystallized from the new crystals that were excluded.

The present invention performs a series of processes to recrystallize the crystals of the body by burning and ossifying the body and re-burning it to a high temperature in a single furnace in a single toilet to quickly cremate the body and unsightly bones Instead of morphology it is to provide a crystal with a variety of light and luster.

For human beings, death is as important as birth, and the treatment of the dead is done in a variety of styles and customs, depending on the nation and religion.

The most common funeral method is the graveyard where the bodies are buried and distributed, and the growing cemetery is becoming cemetery due to the growing cemetery every year.

On the other hand, the cremation funeral process is a common prejudice that many people do not prefer cremation funeral due to the negative prejudice that the body is burned and the color of the remains after the cremation and the hassle of the procedure of placing the ashes in the ossuary. can see.

On the contrary, the cremator according to the present invention remains after conventional cremation due to cremation and ossification of the body and re-burning at a high temperature to melt and recrystallization into a jade-like saree when re-crystallizing the melt into beads of a certain size. Compared to the ashes, the color or shape is not disgusting and it can be stored in the house without having to store it in the ossuary.

In addition, the present invention has the effect of changing the negative thinking about the cremation funeral, such as cremating the body of the ordinary person having a cremation and placing it in the ossuary, etc. It is a very useful invention that the process of recrystallization of crystals from the ashes is carried out at the same time in the crematorium to simplify the cremation funeral procedure.

1-longitudinal section view of the present invention;

Figure 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the state just before introducing the tube to be cremated into the present invention.

3-Longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the transfer of ashes remaining after burning the tube (body) of the first combustion chamber to the second combustion chamber in the present invention.

4-Longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the first combustion chamber and the second combustion chamber partitioned and heating the second combustion chamber in the present invention.

Figure 5-Cross section view of the present invention.

6-schematic top view of the present invention;

Fig. 7-A partial sectional view showing the operation of the heating crucible part in the present invention.

8 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the operation of pouring and discharging the melt in the heating crucible according to the present invention.

9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an inclined guide plate for transferring a melt of a heating crucible to a recrystallization device in the present invention.

10 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a crystal forming apparatus in the present invention.

11 is a schematic perspective view of a corrugated plate in a crystal forming apparatus in the present invention.

Claims (6)

The entrance of the toilet 10 has an opening door 15 which is slid up and down at the entrance of the first combustion chamber 11, and the opening door 15 supports the left and right doors and guides the shanghai 16. It is configured to open and close up and down by a wire (19) wound on a winding drum (18) located above the motor 17 and the opening and closing door 15, which is attached to one side of the door support 16, the opening and closing door (15) It has a see-through window 15-1 which can see the inside and the air injection hole 15-2 which blows air inward, and the moving cart 22 which moves on the rail 21 below the 1st combustion chamber 11 is carried out. It has a middle support 23 and the upper prevention zone 24 on the moving trolley 22, between the moving trolley 22 and the intermediate support 23, the height adjusting mechanism 25 for raising the intermediate support 23 inclined. ) Is installed, and on the upper prevention zone 24 has a fireproof support 26, and on the left and right of the fireproof outer wall 27 constituting the first combustion chamber 11. Has a plurality of burner nozzle holes 28 and respective burners 29, and has an exhaust port 30 above the fireproof outer wall 27, and a waste heat recovery water jacket 31 outside the exhaust port 30. The second combustion chamber 12 has a second combustion chamber 12 behind the first combustion chamber 11, and the second combustion chamber 12 is separated from the first combustion chamber 11 by an insulating wall 33 which moves up and down, and is insulated from each other. Above the wall 33, the wire 34 and the wire guiding drum 35 and the motor 36 for driving the heat discharge hole 33A and the heat insulating wall 33 are opened and closed. 37), and below the heat insulation wall 33 has up and down heat resistant crucibles 41 and 42 which are two up and down, and the upper heat resistant crucible 41 is connected to the heat insulation wall 33 below, It is movable up and down together with (33), the lower heat-resistant crucible 42 is to be moved up and down by the connecting rod 46, the lower heat-resistant crucible 42 is tilted up and down The connecting rod 46 for moving the fork is connected to the motor 47 and the gear mechanism 48, and the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 are melted on one side of the discharge port 43 and the flame input on the opposite side and the one side. The heat dissipation hole 54 is formed in the upper heat-resistant crucible 41 which has the hole 44, respectively, and the high temperature generation burner 49 which heats the inside of the said upper-down heat-resistant crucible 41 and 42 is the 2nd It is provided with two to three outside the combustion chamber 12, and below the upper and lower heat-resistant crucibles 41 and 42 has a solution discharge guide inclined plate 51, the melt discharge guide inclined plate 51 is a crystal forming apparatus ( 60) a cremation furnace which extracts crystals and at the same time cremating the body characterized in that it is connected to the inlet 65 The crystal forming apparatus (60) according to claim 1 has a hot air blower (62) (63) for supplying hot air under and above the corrugated plate (61), the corrugated plate (61) having a curved surface inside thereof is inclined. A cremation furnace which makes up the body and simultaneously extracts crystals, characterized by having an exhaust port 64, an inlet 65, and a discharge port 66 below. The curved corrugated plate 61 of the crystal forming apparatus 60 according to claim 1 forms a plurality of holes 61-1 on the surface thereof, so that the hot air of the downward hot air blower 62 opens the holes 61-1. A cremation furnace that extracts crystals and at the same time cremates the body, characterized by being sprayed up through. The cremator according to claim 1, wherein the burner (49) has a water-cooling device at the burner body and the tip of the nozzle to make up the body and extract crystals. The cremator according to claim 1, wherein the melt discharge guide inclined plate (51) has a angular shape (51A) on its inner circumferential surface and has a motor mechanism for rotating the body left and right. A first combustion chamber (11) for burning and ossifying the body in one crematory (10) and a second combustion chamber (12) for dissolving the ashes, the body in the first combustion chamber (11) 800 ℃ ~ 1000 After burning for 1 hour at ℃ and ossified, the ossified was heated to 1600 ~ 2200 ℃ 30 to 50 minutes in the second combustion chamber (12) to make a molten state and poured into the guide inclined plate 51 diameter 2 Separating about ~ 10mm into the crystal forming apparatus 60, and the body heat to the melt forming apparatus characterized in that the molten liquid is gradually determined in a spherical shape by introducing the exhaust heat of the crematorium 10 into the crystal forming apparatus (60). Way.