KR200409598Y1 - A Conclusion Type Variable Revolution Angle Connector - Google Patents

Abstract

 The present invention forms a pair of binding bodies by integrally forming a variable angle generating tube and a curved angle generating tube integrally at one end of the connecting pipe to which the pipe (distribution pipe) is connected, but generates a variable angle of each binding body. Inserted into the inner and outer sides to freely rotate the tube and the curved angle generating tube, and coupled to the variable angle generating tube located on the outer side from the curved angle generating tube located inside the screw to be located inside and outside The present invention relates to a fastening fastening type variable angle joint tube capable of simultaneously holding a curved angle generating tube and a variable angle generating tube, wherein a pair of fastening bodies and a fastening cap for detaining or releasing both binding bodies are connected. The structure can be easily manufactured at low cost, easy to install, and curved angle provocations coupled to the inside and the outside. By forming the outer surface and the inner surface of the tube and the variable angle generating tube into a curved surface maintained in a spherical shape, the angle of the connecting tube can be easily adjusted in any direction up, down, left, and right by seeing from one side. It can be reduced to ensure that the fluid flows smoothly.

Binding. Connector. Variable angle generator. Curved angle generator tube. Tightening cap. Surface.

Description

A Conclusion Type Variable Revolution Angle Connector

1 is an exploded perspective view of a fastening type variable angle joint tube according to the present invention.

Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the combined fastening type variable angle joint pipe according to the present invention.

Figure 3 is an explanatory view of the installation and operation of the fastening type variable angle joint pipe according to the present invention.

Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a coupling state of another embodiment of the fastening type variable angle joint pipe according to the present invention.

              Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawings

1: fastening fastening type variable angle pipe 2.3: binding body

4.5: pipe 10.20: connection pipe 11: variable angle generating pipe

12: stop protrusion 13.33: screw portion 14.24: step

15.25: curved surface 21: curved angle generating tube 22.34: uneven portion

30: tightening cap 31: outer pipe 32: detaining ring

The present invention connects the ends of the separated pair of pipes to each other using a pair of fasteners and fastening caps, the angle of the pipe connected to the binder can be arbitrarily adjusted according to the degree of rotation of the fasteners, The present invention relates to a fastening type variable angle joint tube improved by forming a curved surface maintained in a circular or elliptical shape connected to each other so as to secure a large distribution space and allow a fluid to flow more smoothly.

In more detail, a pair of bundling is formed by integrally forming a variable angle generating tube or a curved angle generating tube having a spherical shape and having different sizes (large and small) at one end of the connecting pipe to which the pipe (distribution pipe) is connected. Form a sieve, and insert a curved angle generating tube, which is a small sized binding body, into the inside of the variable angle generating tube, which is a large sized binding body, and combine it so that it can be rotated freely up, down, left, and right (360 degrees) from the side, By screwing the fastening cap into the variable angle generating tube located at the outer side from the curved angle generating tube located at the inner side, the curved angle generating tube and the variable angle generating tube located at the inner side and the outer side can be detained at the same time. The inner surface of the angle generating tube coupled to the outside and the outside is formed into a curved surface maintained in a spherical shape and is connected while maintaining the angle of the connecting tube. The purpose of this invention is to provide a fastening fastening variable angle fitting tube that allows the fluid to flow smoothly by securing a large space inside and reducing friction.

As a conventional one that can be installed while adjusting the angle of the pipe arbitrarily as in the present invention, domestic utility model registration No. 284649 "Inverter installation easy to adjust the angle of pipe joints" and Utility Model Registration No. 296562 "variable" Joint pipe "and utility model registration No. 311190" variable elbow for sewage pipe "and patent application No. 2002-45671" pipe connection device for water and sewage pipe "and US Patent No. 4917408" control fluid fitting device for fluid distribution " Known.

Utility Model Registration No. 284649 (Inverter installation easy to adjust the angle of pipe joints) is formed at the ends of the inlet pipe and the outlet pipe to form the same shape grooves inside and outside to combine with each other, the angle of the combined grooves Can be changed arbitrarily, but if the angle of the groove is changed (adjusted), the space of the outer groove that is closed by the inner groove increases according to the size of the angle. There is a problem that is gradually narrowed, there is a problem that the fluid to be distributed is not smoothly flowing while colliding with the inner groove.

Utility Model Registration No. 296562 (Variable Joint) forms a communication port (angle generating tube) integrally in the cylindrical tube in forming the first body and the second body, but is not included in the communication hole (angle generating tube) of the first body. Forming a connection cap and the communication port (angle generating tube) of the second body is to form a connection portion to insert the connection portion to the connection cap to be coupled.

Utility Model Registration No. 311190 (variable elbow for sewage pipe) forms a pair of pipe joints, and each pipe joint forms an angle generating tube integrally in the cylindrical pipe, but corresponds to the arc joint and arc protrusion at the end of each pipe joint. Formed so that it can be bound and released while rotating in the forward and reverse state in the combined state of the arc coupling portion and the arc projection.

However, when they are coupled to the body or pipe joints to which the pipes are connected, they are connected by inserting the joints into the connection caps, or by rotating them in the forward and reverse directions with the corresponding arc-shaped joints and arc protrusions inserted. Since there is no coupling (fastening) means for inserting and connecting and firmly coupling, there is a problem in that the binding force is weak and cannot be firmly coupled (fastening). There is a problem that, even if the installation by adjusting the angle there is a problem that not only the watertight action is lowered due to vibration or water hammer (Water Hammer phenomenon) action but also the adjustment angle is deformed.

In addition, Patent Application No. 2002-45671 (pipe connection device for water and sewage pipe) and U.S. Patent No. 4917408 (fluid ball adjusting device for fluid flow) have a curved portion at the end of the pipe extension portion to which one pipe (pipe) is connected. The inside of the curved part is formed with a movable part which is rotated along the inner surface, but the inside of the movable part is connected to the other pipe (pipe), and when the other pipe (pipe) is rotated to change the angle, the movable part rotates inside the curved part. As the angle is changed.

However, since the movable part is simply inserted in the inside of the curved part, even if the sealed state is maintained by the packing, if the installed state is long or the pressure inside is strongly applied, the sealing ability of the packing is reduced and water leakage occurs. When the angle of the pipe (pipe) to be connected is changed, since the movable part built in the inside of the curved part reduces the internal space (area) of the curved part, there is a problem that fluid cannot flow smoothly. When the fluid discharged from the (pipe) collides with the inner surface of the curved portion, there is a problem that the fluid does not flow smoothly, as well as vibration and noise, and the watertight action may be reduced due to the vibration or water hammer action. In addition, there is a problem that the problem that the adjustment angle is deformed occurs. .

Another conventionally known materials port of Japanese Utility Model Publication Nos. 5-1088 and 6-80092 are known, which form an enlarged diameter part and an annular sphere at each end of a pair of splices, but are annular. The ball is inserted into the enlarged diameter part to allow free sliding (rotation). A packing is provided on the opposite surface of the enlarged diameter part and the annular sphere to have a sealing ability.

However, if the installation state is long or the internal pressure is strong, the sealing capacity of the packing may be lowered and water leakage may occur.If the angle of the pipe (pipe) to be connected is changed, the diameter of the pipe and the annular sphere may be reduced. Since the edges are generated between the fluids that flow into the corners, the fluids not only flow smoothly, but also cause vibrations and noises, and the water-tightness of the fluids decreases due to vibration or water hammer. There is a problem that the problem that the adjustment angle is deformed occurs.

The present invention is to provide an improved fastening type variable angle joint tube to solve the above problems.

The present invention is to form a pair of bundling body by integrally forming a variable angle generating tube and a curved angle generating tube of different size (large and small) and a curved angle generating tube at one end of the connecting pipe to which the pipe (distribution pipe) is connected. Combining the curved angle generating tube and the variable angle generating tube having different sizes to each other inward and outward to insert and combine the curved angle generating tube so that the curved angle generating tube can be freely rotated up, down, left, and right (360 degrees), and the curved position located inside Fastening fastening type variable angle joint pipe which is able to detain the curved angle generating pipe and the variable angle generating pipe located at the inside and the outside at the same time by screwing the fastening cap to the variable angle generating pipe located at the outside of the angle generating pipe. The purpose is to provide.

Another object of the present invention is to simplify the structure of a pair of fasteners coupled to each other and a fastening cap for detaining or releasing both of the fasteners can be easily manufactured at low cost, easy to install The purpose is to provide a fastening type variable angle joint tube.

Another object of the present invention is to form an outer surface of the curved angle generating tube and the inner surface of the variable angle generating tube which are coupled to the inside and the outside as a curved surface that is maintained in a spherical shape to secure a large internal space even when the connection tube is connected while maintaining the angle. The present invention is to provide a fastening type variable angle joint tube that allows fluid to flow smoothly by reducing frictional force.

The above and other objects of the present invention,

At the distal end of the connecting pipes 10 and 20 to which the ordinary pipes 4 and 5 are respectively coupled, the binding bodies 2 and 3 in which the angle generating tubes are integrated are formed, and each binding member 2 Inserting and engaging the angle generating tube of 3) to be detained or released by the fastening means;

The binding body 2 integrally forms a variable angle generating tube 11 at the distal end of the connecting pipe 10 to which the conventional pipe 4 is coupled, and the binding body 3 is a conventional pipe 5. Is formed integrally with the curved angle generating tube 21 at the distal end of the connecting tube 20, and one of the curved angle generating tube 21 is inserted inside the other variable angle generating tube 11 Combined;

It is characterized in that to be held or released at the same time by the fastening means for screwing the fastening cap 30 to one side of the curved angle generating tube 21 and the other variable angle generating tube 11 coupled to each other; It is achieved by the fastening fastening type variable angle fitting (1).

The above and other objects and features of the present invention will be more clearly understood by the following detailed description based on the accompanying drawings.

1 to 4 show a specific embodiment of the fastening type variable-angle joint tube 1 according to the present invention, Figures 1 and 2 of the fastening type variable-angle joint tube 1 according to the present invention Figure 3 is an exploded perspective view and a cross-sectional view of the coupling state, Figure 3 is an explanatory view of the installation and operation relationship of the fastening type variable angle joint pipe 1 according to the present invention, Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the present invention.

Fastening type variable-angle joint pipe 1 according to the present invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 detains or releases a pair of binding bodies 2 and 3 and these binding bodies 2 and 3. Fastening cap 30 was formed as follows.

The pair of binding bodies 2, 3 forms the connecting pipes 10 and 20 in a cylindrical shape, and inserts the pipes 4 and 5 formed in a generally cylindrical shape in the inner side thereof. Steps 14 and 24 are formed at the inner end of the inner surface 20) so that the ends of the pipes 4 and 5 to be inserted are caught and stopped.

At the tip of each of the connecting pipes 10 and 20, a variable angle generating tube 11 or a curved angle generating tube 21 having a hemispherical shape and a large and small size is formed integrally with each other, thereby generating a small curved angle. The tube 21 was inserted into the inside of the variable angle generating tube 11 on the other side to be large and joined.

The curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 coupled inside and out are connected to the connecting tube 10 and 20 and the variable angle generating tube 11 when the connecting tube 10 and 20 are kept horizontal. And the connection point with the curved angle generating tube 21 is maintained at an angle of θθ1, that is, 25 to 50 degrees with respect to the vertical center line 01 passing through the center point 0, so as to increase the angle adjustment range. In addition, the distribution space (area) can be secured as large as possible, and the fluid can be smoothly distributed.

In addition, the variable angle generating tube 11 located on the outside has a θθ2, that is, 0 in the direction toward the other curved angle generating tube 21 on the basis of the vertical center line 01 whose tip passes through the center point 0. The front end of the curved angle generating tube 21 positioned at the inner side of the variable angle generating tube 11 on the side of the variable angle generating tube 11 on the side of the vertical center line 01 passing through the center point (0) Direction θθ3, that is, overlapped (maintained) by an angle of 15 to 30 degrees, and the angle formed by the front end of the variable angle generating tube 11 and the tip of the outer circumferential surface of the detaining ring 32 forming the fastening cap 30. Θθ4) was to be maintained at 7 to 15 degrees.

By combining as described above, the angle (adjustment range) of the curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 coupled to the inside and the outside can be greatly generated, and even if the angle is generated, the variable angle generating tube ( 11) and the angle of curvature tube 21 can be separated or separated from each other, it is possible to maintain the internal space (area) as it is to allow the fluid to flow smoothly.

In particular, a conventional O-ring 23 is embedded at the tip of the outer circumferential surface of the curved angle generating tube 21 located inside, so as to contact the inner surface of the variable angle generating tube 11 having the upper circumference outside thereof to maintain a closed state. It was.

The fastening cap 30 which is screwed to the front end of the variable angle generating tube 11 in the curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 coupled to the inside and the outside was formed as follows.
On one end of the outer circumferential tube 31 coupled to the outer circumference of the front end of the variable angle generating tube 11 was formed a detaining ring 32 inward, the inner circumferential surface of the outer circumferential tube 31 and the variable angle generating tube 11 Threaded parts 33 and 13 are formed on the outer circumference of the outer circumferential surface so as to be screwed together, and circular uneven portions 34 and 22 are formed on the inner circumferential surface of the detaining ring 32 and the outer circumferential surface of the curved angle generating tube 21. To form a corresponding to be coupled or separated, and the stop angle (12) formed on the inner side of the screw portion 13 in the variable angle generating tube (11) to interrupt the screw coupling state of the fastening cap 30. It was made.

In particular, the diameter R2 formed by the inner circumferential surface of the distal end portion of the detention ring plate 32 that forms the fastening cap 30 is smaller than the diameter R1 of the outer circumferential surface of the curved angle generating tube 21 {R2 = R1 × Cos (∠θ2 + ∠θ4)} was formed so that the inner circumferential surface of the detaining ring plate 32 supported and supported the outer circumferential surface of the curved angle generating tube 21.

In addition, in the curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 coupled to the inner and outer sides, the inner circumferential surface 15 of the variable angle generating tube 11 located outside and the curved angle generating tube 21 located inside ), The outer circumferential surface and the inner circumferential surface 25 were formed in a circular shape so as to be easily combined and rotated, and also to secure a large internal space.

Fastening type variable-angle joint pipe (1) of another embodiment according to the present invention illustrated in Figure 4 is a fastening for detaining or releasing a pair of the binding body (2) (3) and these binding body (2) (3) Form the tightening cap 30, but was formed by changing only the structure of the binding member 2 and the fastening cap 30.

The binding body 2 is formed in the same manner as illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, except that a hemispherical variable angle generating tube 11 is formed at the tip of the connecting tube 10, and the variable angle generating tube 11 is formed. An inner circumferential tube 17 supported by the expansion disc 16 is formed outwardly at the distal end thereof so that the space 18 is formed at the front of the expansion disc 16 (lower side of the inner circumference tube 17). 35) and to be able to accommodate the binding ring 33 of the fastening cap 30 to be described later, and formed on the outer circumferential surface of the inner circumferential pipe 17, a stop protrusion 12 and a threaded portion (13).

Fastening cap 30 is also formed in the same manner as illustrated in Figures 1 to 3, except that the binding ring 33 is integrally formed on the lower end (inner circumferential surface) of the detaining ring plate 32, the outer peripheral pipe 31 and The space 34 is formed between the binding ring 33 so that the inner peripheral pipe 17 of the binding body 2 can be accommodated.

The operation relationship (installation state) is described below.

In the fastening-type variable-angle joint pipe 1 according to the present invention, the connection pipe 10 of one binding body 2 is inserted into the outer side of the end of the pipe 4 to be installed, and the end of the pipe 4 is joined. Insert until the part is hooked to the step (14) to engage, the other fastening body 3 is coupled to the fastening cap 30 to the outside, the outer pipe 31 so that the connection pipe 20 facing forward The coupling angle cap (21) in the coupling, the fastening cap 30 is located on the outer side of the bending angle generating tube 21 is coupled to the screw portion 13 of the other variable angle generating tube (11).

 Before the fastening cap 30 is completely coupled to the threaded portion 13 of the other variable angle generating tube 11, the angle of the binding body 3 is adjusted. Only the connection tube 20 is rotated or the connection tube 20 is rotated. In the state in which the other pipe (5) is inserted into and coupled to the pipe (5) to rotate in a predetermined direction with the connection pipe 20, the tightening tightening tightened loosely when the pipe (5) toward the predetermined position The cap 30 is completely screwed together to completely screw the threads 13 and 33 to complete the installation.

In particular, as illustrated in FIG. 4, an inner circumferential tube 17 supported by the expansion disc 16 is formed outwardly at the tip of the variable angle generating tube 11 forming the binding body 2, and is expanded. The O-ring 35 is loaded in the space portion 18 formed in front of the disc 16 (lower side of the inner circumferential pipe 17), and the fastening cap 30 is disposed at the lower end (inner circumferential surface) of the detaining ring plate 32. The binding ring 33 is integrally formed so that the space 34 is formed between the outer circumferential pipe 31 and the binding ring 33 as follows.

The screw portion 13 formed in the inner circumferential pipe 17 of the variable angle generating tube 11 has a screw portion 33 formed in the outer circumferential pipe 31 of the fastening cap 30 located outside the curved angle generating tube 21. When coupled to the inner peripheral pipe 17 of the binding body (2) is received (inserted) in the space portion 34 of the fastening cap 30, the binding ring 33 of the fastening inserting cap 30 is the binding body It is coupled while compressing the loaded O-ring 35 while being accommodated (inserted) in the space 18 of (2).

When the fastening cap 30 is completely fastened as described above, the concave-convex portion 34 formed on the inner circumferential surface of the detaining ring plate 32 is coupled with the concave-convex portion 22 formed on the outer circumferential surface of the curved angle generating tube 21. Since the curved angle generating tube 21 is pushed, the curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 are closely coupled to maintain a closed state.

As described above, the fluid is circulated in the state in which the pipes 4 and 5 are connected by using the fastening-type variable-angle joint pipe 1 according to the present invention, and the fluid supplied through the pipe 4 is a binder ( The fluid introduced into the variable angle generating tube 11 of 2) and the fluid introduced into the variable angle generating tube 11 pass through the curved angle generating tube 21 of the other binding body 3 to connect to the connecting tube ( It is discharged through the pipe (5) coupled to 20).

In particular, since the inner surface (inner circumferential surface) of the variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21 is formed with a circular or oval curved surface 15 and 25 to secure a large space, the fluid flowing in smoothly without resistance. It will be distributed.

In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 3, when the other binding body 3 is rotated up or down while the other binding body 2 is fixed, the vertical center line passing through the center point 0 is changed. The connection point of the connection tube 10, 20, the variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21, which maintains the angle (1θ1) of 25 to 50 degrees based on (01), is fastened. Since the end of the curved angle generating tube 21 is stopped in contact with the lower end of the detaining ring plate 32 forming the tightening cap 30, so as not to be out of the range of the curved surface 15 of the other variable angle generating tube 11 do.

In addition, the space (area) formed by the variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21 does not decrease, but maintains the original ecology, so that the fluid is smoothly induced by the overlapping surfaces 15 and 25. It will be distributed (passed).

Although the present invention has been described in detail only with respect to the specific examples described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made within the technical scope of the present invention, and such modifications and modifications belong to the appended claims of utility model registration. It is natural.

Fastening type variable angle joint pipe according to the present invention is formed by forming a pair of bundling body by integrally forming a variable angle generating tube or curved angle generating tube of circular or oval shape at one end of the connecting pipe connected to the pipe (distribution pipe) Formed, but inserted and coupled so as to be able to freely rotate the inside of the variable angle generating tube of the other binding body to the inside of the variable angle generating tube of the other binding body, and the variable angle generated on the outside in the curved angle generating tube located inside By screwing the fastening cap to the pipe to be able to detain the curved angle generating tube and the variable angle generating tube located at the inside and the outside at the same time, a pair of binding body and the two binding body coupled to each other detained or By simplifying the structure of the fastening cap to release it can be easily manufactured at low cost, easy to install, The inner surface of the angle generating tube which is coupled to the outside is formed into a curved surface that is maintained in a circular or elliptical shape, so that even if the connecting tube is maintained at an angle, the inner space can be largely secured and the friction force can be reduced so that the fluid can be smoothly distributed. will be.

Claims (6)

At the end of the connecting pipe 10 and 20 to which the ordinary pipes 4 and 5 respectively engage, a binding body 2 and 3 in which an angle generating tube is integrally formed are formed, and the angle generating tube of each binding body is formed. In the insert coupled to be detained or released integrally by the fastening means; The binding body 2 integrally forms a variable angle generating tube 11 at the distal end of the connecting pipe 10 to which the conventional pipe 4 is coupled, and the binding body 3 is a conventional pipe 5. The curved angle generating tube 21 is integrally formed at the front end of the connecting tube 20 to which the coupling tube 20 is coupled, and the curved angle generating tube 21 is inserted into the variable angle generating tube 11 to be coupled; The curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 which are coupled to each other are configured to be detained or released at the same time by the fastening means for screwing the fastening cap 30 into a fastening type. Variable Angle Fittings. The method according to claim 1, Fastening means for fastening the curved angle generating tube 21 and the variable angle generating tube 11 coupled to each other; A fastening cap 30 formed at one end of the outer circumferential tube 31 coupled to the outer circumferential surface of the variable angle generating tube 11 inwardly with a detaining ring plate 32; Screwing the screw parts 33 and 13 correspondingly on the inner circumferential surface of the outer circumferential pipe 31 forming the fastening cap 30 and correspondingly to the outer circumferential surface of the variable angle generating pipe 11; The inner circumferential surface of the detaining ring plate 32 forming the fastening cap 30 and the outer circumferential surface of the curved angle generating tube 21 to form a circular concave-convex portion (34) (22) correspondingly to be coupled or separated ; A fastening type variable angle fitting tube, characterized in that the stop protrusion 12 is formed on the inner side of the screw portion 13 in the variable angle generating tube (11). The method according to claim 1, The variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21 are coupled to each other;  When the connecting tubes 10 and 20 are kept horizontal, the connection points of the connecting tubes 10 and 20, the variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21 are perpendicular to each other through the center point 0. Fastening type variable angle fitting pipe, characterized in that to maintain an angle (∠θ1) of 25 to 50 degrees, respectively, relative to the center line (01). The variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21 coupled to each other, and the fastening cap 30 for fastening them; When the connecting tubes 10 and 20 are held horizontally, the front end of the variable angle generating tube 11 located at the outside is the other curved angle generating tube 21 at the vertical center line 01 passing through the center point 0. Overlapping by an angle (∠θ2) of 0 to 10 degrees in the direction of) side; The tip of the curved angle generating tube 21 located inside is overlapped by an angle ∠θ3 of 15 to 30 degrees from the vertical center line 01 passing through the center point 0 toward the variable angle generating tube 11; Fastening type variable angle is characterized in that the front end of the variable angle generating tube 11 and the outer circumferential end of the detaining ring plate 32 formed on the fastening cap 30 is maintained at an angle of 7 ~ 15 degrees (∠θ4); Sound tube. The method according to claim 1, The variable angle generating tube 11 and the curved angle generating tube 21 are coupled to each other; The inner circumferential surface 15 of the variable angle generation tube 11 located on the outside and the outer circumferential surface 25 of the curved angle generation tube 21 located on the inner side are formed in a spherical shape; Variable Angle Fittings. According to claim 2, The fastening means for fastening the fastening cap 30 to the variable angle generating tube 11 of the binding body (2); A binding body 2 formed at an end of the variable angle generating tube 11 with an inner peripheral pipe 17 supported by the extension disk 16 outward and having a space 18 in front; A fastening cap 30 having an engagement ring 33 integrally formed on the inner circumferential surface of the detaining ring plate 32 and having a space 34 formed between the outer circumferential pipe 31 and the engagement ring 33; The O-ring 35 is charged into the space portion 18 of the variable angle generating tube 11, and the inner circumferential tube 17 and the outer circumferential tube 31 are screwed together so that the inner circumferential tube 17 and the binding ring 33 are provided. Fastening type variable angle joint tube characterized in that it is accommodated in the corresponding space portion (34) (18).

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