KR200402027Y1 - Wireless transmit/receive unit and base station for implementing space frequency block coding for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communications - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) and a base station that implement spatial frequency block coding (SFBC) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication. The wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) or base station may comprise a channel coder; A multiplexer coupled to the channel coder; A power loading unit coupled to the multiplexer; A plurality of SFBC encoding units coupled to the power loading unit; A plurality of series to parallel converters coupled to the plurality of SFBC encoders; A plurality of intrinsic beamformers coupled to the series-to-parallel converter; A plurality of fast Fourier inverse transform (IFFT) units coupled to the plurality of intrinsic beamformers; And a plurality of antennas.

Description

WIRELESS TRANSMIT / RECEIVE UNIT AND BASE STATION FOR IMPLEMENTING SPACE FREQUENCY BLOCK CODING FOR ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING COMMUNICATIONS}

The present invention relates to a wireless communication system. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for implementing spatial frequency block coding (SFBC) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communication system.

OFDM is a data transmission scheme in which data is divided into a plurality of smaller streams and each stream is transmitted using a subcarrier having a bandwidth less than the total available transmission bandwidth. The efficiency of OFDM depends on selecting those subcarriers that are perpendicular to each other. The subcarriers each carry a portion of the total user data without interfering with each other.

OFDM systems have advantages over other wireless communication systems. When user data is divided into streams carried by different subcarriers, the effective data rate of each subcarrier is much smaller. Thus, the symbol period is much larger. Large symbol periods may allow for larger delay spreads. In other words, they are not affected by massive multipath. Thus, OFDM symbols can tolerate delay spreads without complex receiver design. However, conventional wireless systems require complex channel equalization schemes to handle multipath fading.

Another advantage of OFDM is that the generation of orthogonal subcarriers at the transmitter and receiver can be done using fast Fourier inverse transform (IFFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) engines. Since IFFT and FFT implementations are well known, OFDM can be easily implemented and does not require complex receivers.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) refers to a type of wireless transmission / reception in which the transmitter and receiver use one or more antennas. MIMO systems take advantage of spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing and improve throughput by improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

SFBC is a method of transmitting symbols of spatial diversity coding on adjacent subcarriers rather than the same subcarrier in consecutive time slots. SFBC avoids the problem of fast temporal variations in space-time block coding. However, this channel needs to be constant on the subcarrier where combining occurs.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for implementing spatial frequency block coding (SFBC) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communication system. The present invention can be used in both closed and open loop modes. In closed loop mode, power loading and eigen-beamforming are performed based on channel state information (CSI). Channel coded data streams are multiplexed into two or more data streams. Power loading is performed based on the CSI for each of the multiplexed data streams. SFBC encoding is performed on the data stream for each subcarrier pair. The unique beamforming is then performed based on the CSI to calculate the unique beam on multiple transmit antennas. Power loading may be performed for more than one SFBC encoding block or for each unique mode. In addition, power loading may be performed across subcarriers or subcarrier groups for weak eigenmodes.

According to the present invention, robust channel estimation can be provided in all channel conditions with or without channel information feedback, and low complexity is achieved at both the transmitter and the receiver. In addition, scalable solutions can be used in any antenna configuration, and backward compatibility is provided with improved performance of 802.11a / g.

Hereinafter, the term "station" (STA) includes, but is not limited to, user equipment, wireless transmit / receive unit, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referenced below, the term "access point" (AP) includes, but is not limited to, Node-B, base station, site controller, or any other type of interfacing device in a wireless environment.

The present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements. It is to be understood that the drawings provided in the present invention are high level functional block diagrams and that the functions implemented by the functional blocks may be implemented in more or fewer blocks. Features of the present invention may be included in integrated circuits (ICs) or in circuits that include a plurality of inter-components.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a transmitter that implements SFBC MIMO coding and receiver matching filter. In addition, the embodiment provides a channel decomposition function as well as transmitter channel precoding and receiver antenna processing.

There are two modes of system operation: closed loop and open loop. The closed loop is used when channel state information (CSI) is available to the transmitter. Open loops are used when CSI is not available. Variations may be used for transmission to legacy STAs that provide diversity benefits.

In closed loop mode, CSI is used to create a virtual independent channel by decomposing and diagonalizing the channel matrix and precoding to the transmitter. Given the eigenvalue of the TGn channel, the present invention increases the robustness at the cost of reducing the data rate using spatial frequency orthogonal MIMO coding at the transmitter at the input to the channel precoder. Any coding scheme in MIMO must handle the compromise between diversity versus multiplexing gain. It is desirable to have a compromise scheme that best suits the particular channel characteristics. SFBC is chosen because of the low mobility of the channel and the long coherence time. This approach allows for a simpler receiver implementation than the MMSE receiver. The combined solution allows for high throughput over a larger range. Embodiments of the present invention enable per subcarrier power / bit loading and maintain robust links through closed loop operation with channel state feedback. Another possible advantage is that it is easily scalable to any number of antennas, both at the transmitter and at the receiver.

CSI may be obtained at the transmitter by feedback from the receiver or by utilizing channel interactivity. Channel interactivity is primarily useful in TDD based systems. In this case, the transmitter and receiver can estimate and resolve the channel independently. The channel update rate can be lower if the feedback bandwidth load is low due to high SNR. Latency requirements and feedback data rates are usually not critical to the intrinsic frequency non-selectivity of eigenvalues.

The closed loop mode compensates for the amplitude and phase difference of the channel where the adjustment of the transmitter is estimated in the uplink and downlink directions. This may be done independently, for example, during STA combining or under application control, and may use channel interactivity for estimation of the channel at both ends. In addition, the CQI (or SNR) per unique beam is fed back to the transmitter to support adaptive speed control.

1 is a block diagram of an OFDM-MIMO system 100 that implements a closed loop mode. System 100 includes a transmitter 110 and a receiver 130. The transmitter 110 includes a channel encoder 112, a multiplexer 114, a power loading unit 116, a plurality of SFBC encoding units 118, a plurality of serial-to-parallel (S / P) converters 120, a plurality of unique Beam shaper 122, a plurality of IFFT units 124, and a plurality of transmit antennas (not shown). The channel encoder 112 preferably encodes the data according to the channel quality indicator (CQI) transmitted from the receiver 130. CQI is used to determine the coding rate and modulation scheme for each subcarrier or group of subcarriers. The coded data stream is multiplexed into two or more data streams by the multiplexer 114.

The transmit power level of each data stream is adjusted by the power loading unit 116 based on the feedback. The power loading unit 116 adjusts the power level for the data rate of each unique beam to balance the overall transmit power for all unique beams (or subcarriers), which will be described in detail below.

SFBC encoding unit 118 performs SFBC encoding on the data stream. SFBC encoding is done for the unique beam and subcarrier for each data rate being transmitted. The unique beam and subcarrier pairs are selected to ensure independent channels. The OFDM symbol is carried on the K subcarrier. To adjust the SFBC, the subcarriers are divided into L pairs of subcarriers (or subcarrier groups). The bandwidth of each subcarrier group should be less than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. However, when combined with intrinsic beamforming, this limitation is relaxed due to the frequency insensitivity of the intrinsic beam.

The pair of subcarrier groups used by the block code is considered independent. The following is an example of an Alamouti type SFBC applied to an OFDM symbol:

When the SFBC encoding unit 118 constructs OFDM symbols for all subcarriers, the coded blocks are multiplexed by the S / P converter 120 and input to the unique beamformer 122. The unique beam former 122 distributes this unique beam to the transmit antenna. The IETF unit 124 converts the data in the frequency domain into data in the time domain.

The receiver 130 includes a plurality of receive antennas (not shown), a plurality of FET units 132, a unique beamformer 134, an SFBC decoding unit 136, a combiner 138, a channel decoder 144, a channel estimator ( 140, CSI generator 142, and CQI generator 146.

The FFT unit 132 converts the received sample into the frequency domain, and the unique beamformer 134, the SFBC decoding unit 136, and the channel decoder 144 perform operations opposite to those performed at the transmitter 110. do. Combiner 138 combines the SFBC decoding results with maximum ratio combining (MBC).

The channel estimator 140 generates a channel matrix using the training sequence transmitted from the transmitter and divides the channel matrix by two subcarriers (or subcarrier groups) by singular value decomposition (SVD) or eigenvalue decomposition. We split into two unitary matrices U and V (U is for transmission and V is for reception) and orthogonal matrix L. The CSI generator 142 generates CSI from the channel estimation result, and the CQI generates the CQI according to the decoding result. CSI and CQI are transmitted to the transmitter 110.

The channel matrix H between the nT transmit antenna and the nR receive antenna may be described as follows:

The channel matrix H can be decomposed into SVD as follows:

Where U and V are unitary matrices and D is an orthogonal matrix. And, . Then, for transmission symbol vector s, transmission precoding is simply performed as follows:

(Transmitted signal)

The received signal is as follows:

Where n is the noise introduced into the channel. The receiver uses a matched filter to complete the decomposition:

After normalizing the channel gain for the natural beam, the estimate of the transmitted symbol s becomes:

s is detected without the need to perform a continuous interference cancellation or MMSE type detector. D ^H D is an orthogonal matrix formed by the eigenvalues of H over the diagonal. Thus, the normalization factor is α = D ⁻² . U is an eigenvector of HH ^H , V is an eigenvector of H ^H H , and D is an orthogonal matrix of singular values of H (square root of eigenvalues of HH ^H ).

2 is a block diagram of a system 200 for implementing an open loop mode according to the present invention. System 200 includes a transmitter 210 and a receiver 230. In open loop mode, the combination of spatial frequency coding and spatial spreading at the transmitter provides diversity without requiring CSI. When operating in an 802.11a / g STA, a variation of this approach may be used.

The transmitter 210 includes a channel encoder 212, a multiplexer 214, a power loading unit 216, a plurality of SFBC encoding units 218, a plurality of serial-to-parallel (S / P) converters 220, a beamformer network. (BFN) 222, a plurality of IFFT units 224, and a plurality of transmit antennas 226. As in closed loop mode, channel encoder 212 uses CQI to determine the coding rate and modulation per subcarrier or group of subcarriers. The coded data stream is multiplexed into two or more data streams by the multiplexer 214.

In an open loop, the unique beam former is replaced with a beam forming network (BFN) 222. The BFN 22 forms N beams in space, where N is the number of antennas 226. The beam is pseudorandomly constructed by BFN matrix operation. Independent subcarrier groups used for SFBC coding are sent in separate beams.

For legacy support, SFBC coding may not be performed. Instead, diversity through beam permutation is performed to improve diversity and thus performance of legacy 802.11a / g equipment.

Receiver 230 includes a receive antenna 231, an FFT unit 232, a BFN 234, an SFBC decoding and combining unit 236, and a channel decoder 238. The FFT unit 232 converts the signal received in the time domain into a signal in the frequency domain. The SFBC decoding and combining unit 236 decodes and combines the symbols received from the subcarrier group / unique beams and converts them from parallel to serial using prior knowledge of constellation size. Symbols are combined using MRC. Channel decoder 238 decodes the combined symbol and generates a CQI.

A first embodiment of power loading is described below. Spatial processing is a combination of spatial frequency coding and intrinsic beamforming. This is done so that SFBC provides an optimal compromise between the allowable surplus gain and the spatial multiplexing provided by the unique beamformer. The power loading scheme operates over the native mode of the channel matrix. However, SFBC also introduces a restriction that the output of the coder has the same power loading whatever the input power loading due to the crossover operation inside the coder.

3 is a block diagram of a transmitter 110 showing power loading. 3 illustrates the 4x4 case as an example, and the first embodiment of the power loading scheme may be described with reference to the 4x4 case. However, it should be understood that the 4x4 case may be extended to any other case.

For a particular subcarrier k, four data streams are mapped to two pairs of power loading / AMC modes. In other words, the modulation order is chosen equally for each input pair. It is then mapped to a pair of eigenmodes. The output of the power loading unit 116 is applied to the dual 2x2 SFBC encoding unit 118 and then delivered to the unique beam former 122. The unique beamformer 122 maps the input to the unique mode of the channel through preprocessing.

For all k subcarriers, the eigenvalues of the channel matrix are known to the transmitter. The channel energy for each unique mode is defined as follows:

Here, λ _{i, k} is the i-th eigenvalue for the k th sub-carrier channel. Two SNIRs are defined for two combined eigenmodes as follows:

Where M is the number of eigenmodes. In other words, the eigenmodes are grouped such that half of the eigenmodes with the maximum channel energy (or SNIR) are in one group and the other half with the minimum channel energy is in the other group. Thus, the harmonic SNIR represents the total channel energy of the stronger or weaker eigenmodes. The channel energy represents how strong the eigenmodes and the signals carried on these eigenmodes are. This information is used to apply different Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) and / or different Adopted RFHELDs for each half as described in more detail below. The degree of separation of bound SNIRs is defined as follows:

During closed loop operation, the transmitter 110 has knowledge of the current CSI extracting the eigenvalues and the preprocessing matrix. The transmitter 110 also deduces from the CSI a data rate that can be supported at the link Rb. Then, the power loading for that allowed CQI is an optimization between the number of bits that can be transmitted per OFDM and the type of modulation that should be used in each mode.

Using the channel energy calculated for eigen mode i as described above, the maximum bit rate that can be supported for channel conditions is determined. The mode segregation calculation is then used to determine how the bit rate needs to be distributed between the two pairs of modes. 4 is a diagram illustrating exemplary power loading and adaptive modulation and coding mapping between two pairs of modes. In this example, the bit rate that can be supported is 24 bits per OFDM symbol for the λ specific subcarrier. The lowest modulation order that meets the bit rate is found in FIG. 4 as indicated by the dashed arrows. In this example, the first and second modes (first pair of combined modes) may use 16QAM and the third and fourth modes (second pair of combined modes) may use 256QAM.

This mapping is represented for one subcarrier and for one acceptable CQI. For other MIMO configurations such as 2x4, 2x2, etc., the same power loading scheme is applicable, except that the total number of bits in the table entry is scaled down to indicate transmission performance and power loading can be done in a pair of modes. .

The power loading scheme according to the second embodiment will be described below. The eigenvalues per lambda (λ ₁ (k)> λ ₂ (k)>...> λ _nT (k)) are ranked and the eigenbeams E1, E2, ..., E ^nT are applied to all subcarriers By grouping the same ranked eigenvalues for

for i = 1, 2, ..., nT.

K is the number of subcarriers, nT is the number of transmit antennas, and λ _i (j) is the i-th eigenvalue of the j-th subcarrier. nT is even.

The mean value of the eigenvalues per eigenbeam is calculated as follows:

for i = 1, 2, ..., nT.

{E ¹ , E ² } ₁ , {E ³ , E ⁴ } ₂ , ..., {E ^{2i -1} , E ²ⁱ } _i , ..., {E ^{nT -1} , E ^nT } _{nT / 2} . The unique beams are then paired to produce an Alamouti spatial frequency block. However, if a pair of SNRs is greater than SNR _max , then the second eigenbeam of this pair is replaced by the eigenbeam with the next smaller eigenvalue average until its SNR is less than or equal to SNR _min .

here, Is the noise variance and SNR _min is the minimum required SNR for the highest data rate for the required quality of service. This step is repeated until all unique beams form a pair. 5 shows an example of pair configuration of a subcarrier group for power / bit loading.

The data rate for each pair of unique beams is determined by mapping the SNR of the pair to the data rate for a given quality. The required SNR can be adjusted to compensate for the measurement error for all pairs of unique beams and to make the overall transmit power constant.

The weight vector for each pair of subcarriers can be calculated as follows:

Where i is the i th pair of eigenbeams and j is the j th subcarrier.

According to the third embodiment, in addition to the first or second embodiment, other power loading is applied across the subcarriers or subcarrier groups for the weak unique mode. In other words, instead of the power loading that applies to all inherent modes, it can only be applied to the weaker ones and thus be most advantageous from the power loading. In this case, these unloaded eigenmodes may still have SFBC or other coding or may have different AMC settings individually, while these power-loaded eigen modes are unique for example the same AMC setting. In addition, the inherent mode of the channel is always ordered from strongest to weakest by power. By configuring pairs of unique modes of similar power, it is possible to improve the power loading of the channel.

The spatial processing scheme is configurable for any number of receive and transmit antenna combinations. Depending on the number of antennas on each side, a combination of SFBC and unique beamforming options is used. The table below summarizes the various configurations supported and the state and power loading of spatial processing applicable to each scenario.

Antenna configuration (send X receive) Spatial frequency block code Unique beam shaping MXN (M, N ≠ 1) M / 2 block code M beams in transmit and N beams in receive 1XN (N ≠ 1) unused Determined by the receiver vendor MX1 (M ≠ 1) M / 2 block code M beams in transmission

Although features and elements of the present invention have been described in the preferred embodiments with specific combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without the other features or elements of the preferred embodiments or with various combinations with or without other features or elements of the invention. Can be used as

According to the present invention described above, robust channel estimation can be provided in all channel conditions with or without channel information feedback, and low complexity can be achieved at both the transmitter and the receiver. In addition, scalable solutions can be used in any antenna configuration.

1 is a block diagram of an OFDM-MIMO system implementing a closed loop mode.

2 is a block diagram of a system implementing an open loop.

3 is a block diagram of a transmitter illustrating power loading.

4 illustrates exemplary power loading and adaptive modulation and coding mapping between two pairs of modes.

5 shows an example of pairing of subcarrier groups for power / bit loading.

<Explanation of symbols for the main parts of the drawings>

112, 212: channel coder

114, 214: Multiplexer

116, 216: power loading unit

118, 218: SFBC encoding unit

120, 220: S / P converter

122, 222: unique beam former

124, 224: IFFT unit

132, 232: FFT unit

134, 234: unique beam former

136: SFBC decoding unit

138: combiner

140: channel estimator

142: CSI Generator

144: channel decoder

146: CQI Generator

236: SFBC decoding MRC combining unit

Claims (20)

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that implements spatial frequency block coding (SFBC) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication, A channel coder configured to perform channel coding on the input data stream; A multiplexer coupled to the channel coder and configured to multiplex the coded data stream into two or more streams; A power loading unit, coupled to the multiplexer, configured to perform power loading based on channel state information (CSI) for each of the multiplexed data streams; A plurality of SFBC encoding units coupled to the power loading unit and configured to perform SFBC encoding on the data stream for each pair of subcarriers; A plurality of series to parallel converters coupled to the plurality of SFBC encoders; A plurality of unique beamformers coupled to the series-to-parallel converter and configured to perform unique beamforming based on the CSI to distribute unique beams to a plurality of transmit antennas; A plurality of fast Fourier inverse transform (IFFT) units coupled to the plurality of inherent beamformers and configured to perform a fast Fourier inverse transform (IFFT) to convert the data stream into data in a time domain during transmission; And Multiple antennas Wireless transmitting and receiving unit comprising a. 2. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein the subcarrier is divided into a plurality of subcarrier groups. 3. The WTRU of claim 2 wherein the bandwidth of the subcarrier group is less than the coherence bandwidth of one channel. The method of claim 2, wherein the power loading unit, An apparatus configured to calculate channel energy for each unique mode for all subcarriers; An apparatus configured to calculate a harmonic signal to noise ratio (SNR) for a plurality of modes from the channel energy; An apparatus configured to calculate a degree of separation of the harmonic SNRs; An apparatus configured to determine a data rate that can be supported from the CSI; And And an apparatus configured to determine a bit rate distributed between the modes. 5. The WTRU of claim 4 wherein the power loading unit further comprises an apparatus configured to apply power optimization across each subcarrier or group of subcarriers for a weak unique mode. The method of claim 1, wherein the power loading unit, An apparatus configured to rank the eigenvalue per subcarrier; An apparatus configured to group uniquely ranked unique values for all subcarriers to produce a unique beam; An apparatus configured to calculate an average of the eigenvalues per eigenbeams; An apparatus configured to construct the pair of unique beams to generate a spatial frequency block; And And a device configured to map a required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pair of unique beams to a data rate to determine a data rate for each pair of unique beams. 7. The WTRU of claim 6 wherein the power loading unit further comprises an apparatus configured to adjust the necessary SNR for all pairs of unique beams to compensate for measurement errors and to keep the overall transmit power constant. 7. The WTRU of claim 6 wherein the power loading unit further comprises an apparatus configured to apply a weight vector for each pair of unique beams. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein the CSI is generated and returned by a receiver. 2. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein the CSI is generated by a transmitter via channel interactivity. A base station that implements spatial frequency block coding (SFBC) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication, A channel coder configured to perform channel coding on the input data stream; A multiplexer coupled to the channel coder and configured to multiplex the coded data stream into two or more streams; A power loading unit, coupled to the multiplexer, configured to perform power loading based on channel state information (CSI) for each of the multiplexed data streams; A plurality of SFBC encoding units coupled to the power loading unit and configured to perform SFBC encoding on the data stream for each pair of subcarriers; A plurality of series to parallel converters coupled to the plurality of SFBC encoders; A plurality of unique beamformers coupled to the series-to-parallel converter and configured to perform unique beamforming based on the CSI to distribute unique beams to a plurality of transmit antennas; A plurality of fast Fourier inverse transform (IFFT) units coupled to the plurality of inherent beamformers and configured to perform a fast Fourier inverse transform (IFFT) to convert the data stream into data in a time domain during transmission; And Multiple antennas Base station comprising a. 12. The base station of claim 11 wherein the subcarriers are divided into a plurality of subcarrier groups. 13. The base station of claim 12, wherein the bandwidth of the subcarrier group is less than the coherence bandwidth of one channel. The method of claim 12, wherein the power loading unit, An apparatus configured to calculate channel energy for each unique mode for all subcarriers; An apparatus configured to calculate a harmonic signal to noise ratio (SNR) for a plurality of modes from the channel energy; An apparatus configured to calculate a degree of separation of the harmonic SNRs; An apparatus configured to determine a data rate that can be supported from the CSI; And And an apparatus configured to determine a bit rate distributed between the modes. 15. The base station of claim 14 wherein the power loading unit further comprises an apparatus configured to apply power optimization across each subcarrier or group of subcarriers for a weak unique mode. The method of claim 11, wherein the power loading unit, An apparatus configured to rank the eigenvalue per subcarrier; An apparatus configured to group uniquely ranked unique values for all subcarriers to produce a unique beam; An apparatus configured to calculate an average of the eigenvalues per eigenbeams; An apparatus configured to construct the pair of unique beams to generate a spatial frequency block; And And a device configured to map a required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pair of unique beams to a data rate to determine a data rate for each pair of unique beams. 17. The base station of claim 16, wherein the power loading unit further comprises an apparatus configured to adjust the necessary SNR for all pairs of unique beams to compensate for measurement errors and to keep the overall transmit power constant. 17. The base station of claim 16 wherein the power loading unit further comprises an apparatus configured to apply a weight vector for each pair of unique beams. 12. The base station of claim 11 wherein the CSI is generated and returned by a receiver. 12. The base station of claim 11 wherein the CSI is generated by a transmitter via channel interactivity.