KR20040017751A - Descaling method of hot coil - Google Patents
Descaling method of hot coil Download PDFInfo
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- KR20040017751A KR20040017751A KR1020020050189A KR20020050189A KR20040017751A KR 20040017751 A KR20040017751 A KR 20040017751A KR 1020020050189 A KR1020020050189 A KR 1020020050189A KR 20020050189 A KR20020050189 A KR 20020050189A KR 20040017751 A KR20040017751 A KR 20040017751A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
- C23G1/08—Iron or steel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G3/00—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material
- C23G3/02—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material for cleaning wires, strips, filaments continuously
- C23G3/023—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material for cleaning wires, strips, filaments continuously by spraying
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Abstract
Description
본 발명은 산세설비의 조건변화에 따른 이상작업을 미리 방지하여 미산세를 예방하고, 염산의 침적과 스프레이 방식을 병행하여 연속작업시 과산세를 방지하여 양호한 제품 품위를 확보할 수 있도록 한 열연강판의 산세방법에 관한 것이다.The present invention prevents abnormal pickling due to the change of conditions of pickling equipment in advance, and prevents pickling and prevents overpicking during continuous operation by combining hydrochloric acid deposition and spraying method to ensure good product quality. It is about pickling method.
통상, 냉간압연 공정에서는 열연강판 표면에 생성된 산화철을 제거하기 위해서 산세설비를 이용하고 있다.Usually, in the cold rolling process, a pickling facility is used to remove iron oxide formed on the surface of a hot rolled steel sheet.
도 1은 이러한 산세설비의 일예를 도시한 것으로, 열연강판(110)이 1,2,3번 산세탱크(11,12,13)를 지나가는 동안 내부의 염산과 반응하여 강판 표면의 산화철이 제거되도록 설계되어 있다.FIG. 1 illustrates an example of such a pickling facility, wherein the hot rolled steel sheet 110 reacts with hydrochloric acid therein while passing through the pickling tanks 11, 12 and 13 to remove iron oxide on the surface of the steel sheet. It is designed.
각 산세탱크(11,12,13) 하부에는 1,2,3번 염산순환탱크(11-1,12-1,13-1)가 구비되어 있어 상기 1,2,3번 산세탱크(11,12,13) 쪽으로 염산공급펌프(21,22,23)를 통해 염산을 공급하고, 반대로 1,2,3번 산세탱크(11,12,13)에서 산화철을 제거한 후 배출되는 염산을 받아들여서 염산을 지속적으로 순환시키도록 구성되어 있다.Hydrochloric acid circulation tanks 11-1, 12-1, and 13-1 are provided at the lower portions of the pickling tanks 11, 12, and 13, respectively. Hydrochloric acid is supplied through the hydrochloric acid supply pumps (21, 22, 23) toward the 12, 13, and conversely, the hydrochloric acid is removed by removing the iron oxide from the pickling tanks (11, 12, 13). It is configured to circulate continuously.
한편, 산회수설비(100)에서 공급되는 염산은 신산탱크(15)에 저장되고, 산세작업시 사용되는 염산의 농도하락에 의한 미산세를 방지하기 위해 신산은 다음 식 1에 의해 공급량이 산정되어 각 산세탱크(11,12,13)로 공급된다.On the other hand, hydrochloric acid supplied from the acid recovery facility 100 is stored in the acid pickling tank 15, and in order to prevent fine pickling due to the drop in concentration of hydrochloric acid used in the pickling operation, the amount of hydrochloric acid is calculated by the following equation (1). Each pickling tank 11, 12, 13 is supplied.
(식 1)(Equation 1)
여기에서, VA: 강판의 평균속도, B : 강판 폭, K1 : 산화철 보정계수, X :폐산농도 설정값, α: 수정 정수 통계적인 데이타로 구하는 값들이다.Here, V A is the average speed of the steel sheet, B is the width of the steel sheet, K 1 is the iron oxide correction coefficient, X is the waste acid concentration setting value, and α is the correction constant.
상기 식 1에 의해 산출한 Q1에 1번 염산순환탱크(11-1) 내에 존재하는 염산량을 고려한 팩터(Factor)인 Y를 곱한 값이 최종 염산공급량 Q가 되며, 신산피딩 펌프(27)에 의해서 각 염산순환탱크(11-1,12-1,13-1)로 공급되어 염산의 농도를 유지하게 된다.Q 1 calculated by Equation 1 multiplied by Y, which is a factor in consideration of the amount of hydrochloric acid present in the hydrochloric acid circulation tank 11-1, becomes the final hydrochloric acid supply amount Q, and the acid feed pump 27 Is supplied to each hydrochloric acid circulation tank (11-1, 12-1, 13-1) to maintain the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
아울러, 사용된 염산은 염산순환탱크(11-1,12-1,13-1)의 용량관리를 위해 설치된 케스케드펌프(25,24,26)에 의해 폐산탱크(14)로 집수되었다가 산회수설비(100)로 송출되어 재활용되게 된다.In addition, the hydrochloric acid used was collected into the waste acid tank 14 by cascade pumps 25, 24, and 26 installed for capacity management of the hydrochloric acid circulation tanks 11-1, 12-1, 13-1. It is sent to the recovery facility 100 to be recycled.
한편, 산세공정전에 기계적인 장치인 텐션레벨러(도 3의 '101')에 의해 표면의 스케일(Scale)은 일부가 떨어져나가고 잔존하는 스케일도 부분적으로 파쇄되어 염산에 의한 산세를 촉진시키게 된다.On the other hand, by the tension leveler (101 in Fig. 3), which is a mechanical device before the pickling process, part of the scale scales off and the remaining scale is partially crushed to promote pickling by hydrochloric acid.
상기 텐션레벨러(T/L)(101)에 의해 열연강판(110)은 연신되는데 강종과 강판의 사이즈에 따라 연신정도가 다르고 그 정도에 따라 산세에 미치는 영향은 매우 크다고 할 수 있다.The hot rolled steel sheet 110 is stretched by the tension leveler (T / L) 101. The stretching degree varies depending on the steel grade and the size of the steel sheet, and the influence on pickling is very large.
도 2는 상기 텐션레벨러(101)의 연신율에 따른 산세감량 변화를 그래프로 도시한 것으로, 연신율이 약 1% 이내에서는 염산에 의한 산세정도가 불량한 것을 알수 있고, 또한 냉간압연의 산세공정에서 통상 염산 침적시간이 약 20초 정도로서 텐션레벨러(101)에서 연신율의 정도에 따라 산세에 미치는 영향이 큼을 확인할 수 있다.2 is a graph showing the change in pickling loss according to the elongation rate of the tension leveler 101. It can be seen that the pickling degree due to hydrochloric acid is poor when the elongation rate is within about 1%. As the deposition time is about 20 seconds, it can be confirmed that the influence on the pickling according to the degree of elongation in the tension leveler 101 is large.
즉, 산세설비의 능력변화에 작업자의 경험과 산세후의 열연강판의 산세정도를 육안으로 확인후에 열연강판의 산세속도를 낮추어서 작업하여 강판의 미산세를 발생시키거나 혹은 산세능력에 비해 지나치게 낮은 속도로 작업하여 생산성이 떨어지고 또한 산세공정의 후공정인 사이드트리머 공정 및 압연공정에서의 지연으로 강판의 속도가 지나치게 낮아 텐션레벨러에서 디스케링된 강판의 염산 침적시간이 평소의 300~400%까지 되어 과산세가 발생하기도 한다.That is, after visually confirming the experience of pickling and pickling degree of hot rolled steel sheet after pickling by visually changing the capacity of pickling equipment, work by lowering pickling speed of hot rolled steel sheet to generate fine pickling of steel sheet or at too low speed compared to pickling capacity. The productivity decreases, and the delay of the side trimmer process and the rolling process, which is a post process of the pickling process, causes the rate of steel sheet to be too low, so that the hydrochloric acid deposition time of the descaled steel sheet in the tension leveler is 300 ~ 400% of the usual. May occur.
이러한 미산세 혹은 과산세는 강판의 품질을 떨어뜨리는 주된 요인이 되기 때문에 이를 해결하기 위한 방안이 절실히 요구되는 실정이다.Since such mis-tax or per-acid tax is a major deterioration of the quality of the steel sheet, there is an urgent need for a solution to solve this problem.
본 발명은 상술한 바와 같은 종래 기술이 갖는 제반 문제점을 감안하여 이를 해결하고자 창출한 것으로, 텐션레벨러의 연신율에 따른 산세감량, 소재에 따른 산세의 상태, 염산의 자유산 등의 변화에 따라 열연강판의 산세속도 및 염산의 침적과 병행으로 설치된 고압 스프레이에 의한 산세를 강판 산세속도에 따라 스프레이량을 온-라인으로 자동제어하여 강판의 미산세와 과산세를 방지할 수 있도록 한 열연강판의 산세방법을 제공함에 그 목적이 있다.The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and has been created to solve this problem. Hot-rolled steel sheet according to changes in pickling loss according to elongation of tension leveler, pickling state according to material, and free acid of hydrochloric acid Pickling method of hot rolled steel sheet to prevent pickling and over-pickling of the steel sheet by automatically controlling the spray amount on-line according to the steel sheet pickling rate The purpose is to provide.
도 1은 기존 산세설비의 개략도,1 is a schematic diagram of an existing pickling facility,
도 2는 텐션레벨러에 의한 연신율에 따른 산세 감량변화를 보인 그래프,2 is a graph showing a change in pickling loss according to elongation by a tension leveler;
도 3은 본 발명에 따른 산세설비의 공정도,3 is a process chart of the pickling plant according to the present invention,
도 4는 비중 및 전기전도도에 따른 자유산농도 그래프,4 is a free acid concentration graph according to specific gravity and electrical conductivity,
도 5는 본 발명에 따른 산세설비의 제어과정을 보인 구성 블럭도.Figure 5 is a block diagram showing a control process of the pickling plant according to the present invention.
* 도면의 주요 부분에 대한 부호의 설명 *Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawings
11,12,13....산세탱크 11-1,12-1,13-1....염산순환탱크11,12,13 ... Pickling tanks 11-1,12-1,13-1 ... Hydrochloric acid circulation tank
14....폐산탱크 15....신산탱크14 .... waste acid tank 15 .... Shinsan tank
21,22,23....염산펌프 34....비중측정계21,22,23 ... Hydrochloric acid pump 34 ....
35....전기전도도계 100....산회수설비35 .... Electric conductivity meter 100 .... Acid recovery equipment
101....텐션레벨러(T/L) 102....DDC전산기101 .... Tension Leveler 102 .... DDC Computer
103....PLC전산기 104....SCC전산기103 .... PLC computer 104 .... SCC computer
110....열연강판110 .... hot rolled steel
본 발명의 상기한 목적은, 산세설비에 구비된 DDC전산기에서 주기적으로 염산의 농도를 측정하고 그 측정값을 상위 전산기인 SCC전산기로 송신하는 단계와; 수신된 측정값 및 피산세물의 소재 정보를 종합하여 후술되는 식 2에 의해 열연강판의 산세속도를 계산하는 단계와; 강판의 진행속도를 PLC전산기로 연속적으로 체크하여 상기 DDC전산기로 피이드백시켜 강판속도 변화량(50~260MPP)에 대응되게 염산 스프레이양을 그 대응되는 가변량(134~380M3/Hour)중에서 선택하고 연속적으로 스프레이하는 단계를 포함하여 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 열연강판의 산세방법를 제공함에 의해 달성된다.The above object of the present invention includes the steps of periodically measuring the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the DDC computer provided in the pickling facility and transmitting the measured value to the SCC computer which is the upper computer; Calculating pickling speed of the hot-rolled steel sheet by Equation 2 described below by combining the received measured values and material information of the pickled product; Continuously check the moving speed of the steel plate with the PLC computer and feed it back to the DDC computer to select the amount of hydrochloric acid spray from the corresponding variable amount (134 ~ 380M 3 / Hour) to correspond to the steel plate speed change amount (50 ~ 260MPP). It is achieved by providing a method of pickling hot rolled steel sheet, characterized in that it comprises a step of continuously spraying.
이하에서는, 첨부도면을 참고하여 본 발명을 보다 상세하게 설명한다.Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
도 2를 참조하면, 본 발명에서는 일정한 농도의 염산을 유지할 수 있도록 변화하는 염산의 농도를 온-라인 측정하기 위해 3번 염산순환탱크(13-1)에 염산의 비중을 측정하는 비중측정계(34)와 전기전도도계(35)를 설치한다.Referring to FIG. 2, in the present invention, a specific gravity meter (34) for measuring the specific gravity of hydrochloric acid in the third hydrochloric acid circulation tank 13-1 to measure on-line the concentration of hydrochloric acid which is changed to maintain a constant concentration of hydrochloric acid. ) And the electrical conductivity meter (35).
상기 비중측정계(34)에서는 염산의 비중(밀도)을 설정된 시간에 따라 주기적으로 측정하게 되는데 산화철의 부식량 증감에 따른 비중을 측정하여 자유산 농도를 계산하게 된다.The specific gravity measurement system 34 periodically measures the specific gravity (density) of hydrochloric acid according to a set time, and calculates the specific acid concentration according to the increase or decrease of the corrosion amount of iron oxide to calculate the free acid concentration.
상기 전기전도도계(35)는 자유산 농도의 증감에 따른 전류(전자)의 흐름을 수치화하여 자유산 농도를 계산하게 된다.The electroconductor 35 calculates the free acid concentration by quantifying the flow of current (electrons) according to the increase and decrease of the free acid concentration.
상기 2개의 계측장비(비중측정계와 전기전도도계)를 이용하면 매우 신뢰성 있는 자유산 농도를 계산할 수 있다.By using the two measuring instruments (weight gauge and electroconductometer), highly reliable free acid concentration can be calculated.
실제 측정한 결과는 도 4에 나타내었는데, 염산용액의 비중과 전기전도도에 따른 자유산 농도를 그래프로 표시하였다.The actual measurement results are shown in FIG. 4, and the free acid concentration according to the specific gravity of the hydrochloric acid solution and the electrical conductivity is displayed as a graph.
도 5를 참조하면, DDC전산기(102)는 주기적으로 염산의 농도를 측정하고, 측정된 염산의 농도를 상위 전산기인 SCC전산기(104)로 송신한다.Referring to FIG. 5, the DDC computer 102 periodically measures the concentration of hydrochloric acid, and transmits the measured concentration of hydrochloric acid to the SCC computer 104 which is the upper computer.
상기 SCC전산기(104)에서는 수신한 결과와 소재정보를 종합하여 다음 식 2에의해 열연강판의 산세속도(VM)를 도출하게 된다(S11).The SCC computer 104 derives the pickling speed (V M ) of the hot rolled steel sheet by the following equation 2 by combining the received result and the material information (S11).
(식 2)(Equation 2)
여기에서, 상기 식 2에 활용되는 변수들은 상기 SCC전산기(104)로부터 제공되는 강판폭(B)과 인장강도(항복점)( б) 그리고 DDC전산기(103)에서 실측한 3번 산세탱크(13)의 염산 자유산 농도(X), 텐션레벨러(101)에서 PLC전산기(102)가 실측한 열연강판(110)의 텐션레벨러 연신율( δ), 강판의 종류에 따른 수정계수( α) 이다.Here, the variables utilized in Equation 2 are steel plate width (B) and tensile strength (yield point) (б) provided from the SCC computer 104 and three pickling tanks 13 measured in the DDC computer 103. Is a hydrochloric acid free acid concentration (X), a tension leveler elongation (δ) of the hot rolled steel sheet 110 measured by the PLC computer 102 at the tension leveler 101, and a correction coefficient α according to the type of steel sheet.
이러한 변수들을 통해 도출한 열연강판의 산세속도(VM))는 최고속도로 설정되며, 최고한도는 260mpm으로서 SCC전산기(104)의 열연강판별 산세공정 프리셋업(Pre Set Up)에 반영되어 PLC전산기(103)는 이를 제어하게 된다(S12).The pickling speed (V M ) of the hot rolled steel sheet derived through these variables is set to the maximum speed, and the maximum limit is 260mpm, which is reflected in the pickling process preset set-up for each hot rolled steel sheet of the SCC computer 104. 103 controls this (S12).
아울러, 강판의 속도는 PLC전산기(102)에서 실시간적으로 연속하여 체크되고, 그 정보는 상기 DDC전산기(103)으로 송출되어 염산토출량, 염산스프레이양 및 충전량이 결정되게 된다(S13,S14,S15).In addition, the speed of the steel sheet is continuously checked in real time in the PLC computer 102, the information is sent to the DDC computer 103 to determine the amount of hydrochloric acid discharge, the amount of hydrochloric acid spray and the filling amount (S13, S14, S15) ).
이와 같은 과정을 반복수행함으로써 열연강판(110)의 미산세를 방지하게 되며, 산세공정의 후속공정인 사이드트리머 설비나 압연설비에서의 지연으로 산세속도가 현저히 낮아지는 경우에도 산세최고속도에 비해 염산 침적시간이 과다하게 많아지는 경우가 억제되게 된다.By repeating the above process, the pickling of the hot rolled steel sheet 110 is prevented, and even when the pickling speed is significantly lowered due to a delay in the side trimmer or rolling equipment, which is a subsequent step of the pickling process, hydrochloric acid compared to the highest pickling speed. Excessive increase in deposition time is suppressed.
예컨대, 3번 염산순환탱크(13-1)를 예로 들자면, PLC전산기(102)에서는 산세공정에서 열연강판(110)의 산세속도를 실측하여 이를 DDC전산기(103)에 송신하게 되고, 수신된 속도별로 파라미터 테이블(Prameter Table)에 의해 미리 설정된 염산 펌핑량, 스프레이량, 충전량에 따라 구해진 각 값들은 유량조절계(30,31,32,33)에 의해 제어되게 된다.For example, in the hydrochloric acid circulation tank 13-1, the PLC computer 102 measures the pickling speed of the hot rolled steel sheet 110 in the pickling process and transmits it to the DDC computer 103. Each value obtained according to the amount of hydrochloric acid pumping, spraying amount, and filling amount previously set by the parameter table is controlled by the flow controllers 30, 31, 32, and 33.
즉, 3번 염산순환탱크(13-1)에서 염산공급펌프(23) 제어모터에 의해 설정된 QT량이 토출되고 이를 다시 스프레이 노즐과 충전구로 각각 구분되어 제어되게 되는 바, 저속작업(100MPM이하)시에는 스프레이량(QS)이 감량되며, 염산충전량(QF) 제어밸브(31)가 열림과 동시에 염산 스프레이량 제어밸브(32,33)가 조금씩 닫히면서 설정된 양으로 제어되게 된다.That is, the Q T amount set by the hydrochloric acid supply pump 23 control motor is discharged from the hydrochloric acid circulation tank 13-1, and is controlled by dividing it into spray nozzles and filling ports, respectively. At the time, the spray amount Q S is reduced, and the hydrochloric acid fill amount Q F control valve 31 is opened and the hydrochloric acid spray amount control valves 32 and 33 are closed little by little to control the set amount.
따라서, 상술하였던 텐션레벨러(101)의 연신율에 따른 산세감량 변화를 그래프로 보인 도 2를 참조하면, 냉간압연의 산세공정에서 통상 염산 침적시간이 약 20초이나 침적하는 탱크의 길이를 25% 줄여서(90~100m →68~75m) 약 15초의 침적과 고압스프레이에 의한 산세작업할 수 있게 된다.Accordingly, referring to FIG. 2, which shows a change in pickling loss according to the elongation of the tension leveler 101 as described above, in a cold rolling pickling process, a hydrochloric acid deposition time of about 20 seconds is reduced by 25%. (90 ~ 100m → 68 ~ 75m) It is possible to do pickling work by deposition and high pressure spray for about 15 seconds.
여기에서, 최대 스프레이량:380(M3/hr)은 260MPM에서의 스프레이량이고, 10MPM에서는 스프레이양이 26.8(M3/hr)이고, 공정이 잠시 멈추는 경우는 0로 설정되어 제어됨이 바람직하다.Here, the maximum spray amount: 380 (M 3 / hr) is the spray amount at 260MPM, the spray amount is 26.8 (M 3 / hr) at 10MPM, it is preferable that the control is set to 0 when the process is paused Do.
아울러, 이때 스프레이되는 양은 강판의 속도에 따라 하기한 표 1에서와 같이 강판속도가 50~260MPM까지 변할 때 134~380M3/Hour로 가변되게 된다.In addition, the amount sprayed at this time is changed to 134 ~ 380M 3 / Hour when the steel sheet speed is changed to 50 ~ 260MPM as shown in Table 1 below according to the speed of the steel sheet.
따라서, 본 발명에 따르면 염산설비의 산세능력 변화에 따라 일정하고 양호한 산세품질을 얻을수 있게 된다.Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a constant and good pickling quality according to the pickling capacity change of the hydrochloric acid facility.
이상에서 상세히 설명한 바와 같이, 본 발명은 산세설비 및 여건변화에 따른 산세능력에 따라 열연강판의 최고 산세속도 설정과 지나친 염산에의 침적을 방지하여 항시 일정한 산세를 할 수 있게 되어 일정한 상태로 산세된 열연강판을 생산할 수 있게 된다.As described in detail above, the present invention can be pickled in a constant state at all times by setting the peak pickling speed of the hot rolled steel sheet and preventing excessive deposition of hydrochloric acid according to pickling facilities according to pickling facilities and changing conditions. Hot rolled steel sheet can be produced.
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| DE112016003741T5 (en) | 2015-08-19 | 2018-04-26 | Hyundai Steel Company | Overseascentage preventive agent analyzer and method for overdecidification preventive agent analysis using the same |
| KR102268913B1 (en) * | 2019-12-17 | 2021-06-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | Steel plate quality management system and steel plate quality management method |
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| JPH05195268A (en) * | 1992-01-13 | 1993-08-03 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method for controlling concentration of acid for jet pickling equipment |
| JP2000192271A (en) * | 1998-12-25 | 2000-07-11 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Control of temperature of acid pickling solution for jet acid pickling equipment |
| KR20010064358A (en) * | 1999-12-29 | 2001-07-09 | 이구택 | A method for controlling inhibitor concentration by free concentration of hydrochloric acid in pickling tank |
| CN1401015A (en) * | 2000-02-16 | 2003-03-05 | Sms迪马格股份公司 | Method and device for pickling rolled metal, in particular steel strip |
| KR20020051518A (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-06-29 | 이구택 | Method for pickling strip by controlling variable position of strip |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE112016003741T5 (en) | 2015-08-19 | 2018-04-26 | Hyundai Steel Company | Overseascentage preventive agent analyzer and method for overdecidification preventive agent analysis using the same |
| KR102268913B1 (en) * | 2019-12-17 | 2021-06-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | Steel plate quality management system and steel plate quality management method |
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