KR20030085668A - Polarization converter using photonic crystal and display device using the polarization converter - Google Patents
Polarization converter using photonic crystal and display device using the polarization converter Download PDFInfo
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- KR20030085668A KR20030085668A KR1020020023576A KR20020023576A KR20030085668A KR 20030085668 A KR20030085668 A KR 20030085668A KR 1020020023576 A KR1020020023576 A KR 1020020023576A KR 20020023576 A KR20020023576 A KR 20020023576A KR 20030085668 A KR20030085668 A KR 20030085668A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/0136—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour for the control of polarisation, e.g. state of polarisation [SOP] control, polarisation scrambling, TE-TM mode conversion or separation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
- G02B27/286—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising for controlling or changing the state of polarisation, e.g. transforming one polarisation state into another
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
- G02B5/0273—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use
- G02B5/0284—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use used in reflection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/133536—Reflective polarizers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/0136—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour for the control of polarisation, e.g. state of polarisation [SOP] control, polarisation scrambling, TE-TM mode conversion or separation
- G02F1/0144—TE-TM mode separation
Abstract
Description
본 발명은 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용한 편광변환장치에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 일정한 편광이 없는 빛을 하나의 편광을 가지도록 변환시키도록 하여 광효율을 증가시킨 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용한 편광변환장치 및 이를 이용한 디스플레이장치에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a polarization conversion device using a photonic crystal, and more particularly, a polarization conversion device using a photonic crystal to increase light efficiency by converting light without a constant polarization to have a single polarization and using the same It relates to a display device.
휴대전화, PDA와 같은 휴대기기의 화면표시장치로서 액정 컬러 디스플레이가 사용된다.A liquid crystal color display is used as a screen display device of a portable device such as a cellular phone and a PDA.
그런데, 임의의 편광을 가진 빛을 투과형 액정 디스플레이에 사용하려면, 편광판을 통과시켜 일정한 편광을 갖는 빛만을 이용하여야 한다.However, in order to use light having an arbitrary polarization in a transmissive liquid crystal display, only light having a constant polarization through the polarizing plate should be used.
이를 위해 편광변환장치(polarization converter)가 제안되었다. 그런데, 편광변환장치를 구현하기 위해서는 부피가 큰 광학부품을 사용하거나, 적층구조의 필름을 만들어 붙이므로, 여러번의 작업이 요구되고, 소형으로 만들기에 많은 어려움이 있었다.For this purpose, a polarization converter has been proposed. However, in order to implement a polarization converting device, since a bulky optical component is used or a film of a laminated structure is made and pasted, a plurality of operations are required, and there are many difficulties in making it small.
또한, 편광을 이용하는 장치에서 편광되지 않은 빛을 광원으로 이용할 경우, 편광판을 통과시켜 광원의 일부만을 통과시켜 사용함으로써 광효율이 감소되었다.In addition, when the non-polarized light is used as the light source in the device using the polarized light, the light efficiency is reduced by passing only a part of the light source through the polarizing plate.
또한, 폴라라이징 빔 스플리터의 경우에는 경계면에서 반사가 발생하며 이를 줄이기 위해서는 무반사코팅을 해야하는 문제점이 있었다.In addition, in the case of the polarizing beam splitter, reflection occurs at the interface and there is a problem in that antireflection coating is required to reduce the polarization beam splitter.
본 발명의 목적은 포토닉 크리스탈을 편광의존 반사장치와 광가이드로 이용함으로써, 소형이고 광효율을 증가시킨 편광변환장치 및 이를 이용한 디스플레이장치를 제공하는 것이다.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a polarization conversion device having a small size and increased light efficiency by using a photonic crystal as a polarization dependent reflector and an optical guide, and a display device using the same.
도 1은 편광변환장치의 기능을 설명하기 위한 블록 다이어그램이고,1 is a block diagram for explaining the function of the polarization converter,
도 2는 도 1의 편광변환장치를 포토닉 크리스탈(photonic crystal)을 이용하여 일체형으로 형성한 것을 나타내고,FIG. 2 shows that the polarization converting apparatus of FIG. 1 is integrally formed using a photonic crystal,
도 3a는 3차원 포토닉 크리스탈 구조를 이용한 디스플레이장치를 나타내며, 도 3b는 2차원 포토닉 크리스탈 구조를 이용한 디스플레이장치를 나타낸다.3A illustrates a display device using a 3D photonic crystal structure, and FIG. 3B illustrates a display device using a 2D photonic crystal structure.
*도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호의 설명** Description of the symbols for the main parts of the drawings *
11: 편광의존 반사장치12: 편광조정기11: polarization dependent reflector 12: polarization controller
13: 합파기31: 광가이드13: Combiner 31: Light Guide
32: 편광의존 반사기33: 편광조정기32: polarization dependent reflector 33: polarization adjuster
30: 편광변환장치30: polarization converter
상기 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 임의의 편광에 대해 밴드갭을 갖는 구조의 포토닉 크리스탈로 형성되고, 입사된 임의의 편광을 가이드하는 광가이드; 제 1편광 및 제 2편광중 어느 하나의 편광에 대해서만 밴드갭을 갖는 구조의 포토닉 크리스탈로 형성되고, 상기 밴드갭에 해당하는 편광만을 반사하여, 입사된 임의의 편광을 서로 직교인 두 편광으로 분리하는 편광의존 반사기;및 상기 편광의존 반사기에 의해 편광된 광을 다른 하나의 편광과 동일한 편광으로 조정하는 편광조정기를 구비하는 것을 특징으로 하는 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용한 편광변환장치가 제공된다.In order to achieve the above object, an optical guide formed of a photonic crystal of a structure having a band gap for any polarization, and guides any incident polarization; It is formed of a photonic crystal having a band gap for only one of the first polarization and the second polarization, and reflects only the polarization corresponding to the band gap, so that any incident polarizations are perpendicular to each other. Polarization-dependent reflector for separating; and a polarization controller for adjusting the light polarized by the polarization-dependent reflector to the same polarization as the other polarization is provided.
상기 편광조정기는 웨이브 플레이트(waveplate)가 사용될 수 있다.The polarizer may be a wave plate (waveplate).
상기 편광의존 반사기는 임의의 편광을 TE모드와 TM모드로 분리한다.The polarization dependent reflector separates any polarized light into TE mode and TM mode.
또한, 상기 다른 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 편광변환장치가 복수개 배열되며, 상기 편광변환장치는 임의의 편광에 대해 밴드갭을 갖는 구조의 포토닉 크리스탈로 형성되고, 입사된 임의의 편광을 가이드하는 광가이드와, 제 1편광 및 제 2편광중 어느 하나의 편광에 대해서만 밴드갭을 갖는 구조의 포토닉 크리스탈로 형성되고, 상기 밴드갭에 해당하는 편광만을 반사하여, 입사된 임의의 편광을 서로 직교인 두 편광으로 분리하는 편광의존 반사기 및 상기 편광의존 반사기에 의해 편광된 광을 다른 하나의 편광과 동일한 편광으로 조정하는 편광조정기를 구비하고, 상기 편광변환장치와 대향하여 백라이트가 설치되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용한 편광변환장치를 이용한 디스플레이장치가 제공된다.In addition, in order to achieve the above another object, a plurality of polarization converters are arranged, the polarization converter is formed of a photonic crystal of the structure having a bandgap for any polarization, the light for guiding any polarization incident It is formed of a guide and a photonic crystal having a bandgap for only one of the first polarization and the second polarization, and reflects only the polarization corresponding to the bandgap, so that any incident polarization is orthogonal to each other. A polarization dependent reflector for separating the two polarizations and a polarization adjuster for adjusting the light polarized by the polarization dependent reflector to the same polarization as the other polarization, and having a backlight facing the polarization converting device. A display device using a polarization conversion device using a photonic crystal is provided.
그리고, 상기 또 다른 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 임의의 편광에 대해 밴드갭을 갖는 구조의 포토닉 크리스탈로 형성되고, 입사된 임의의 편광을 가이드하는 광가이드와, 제 1편광 및 제 2편광중 어느 하나의 편광에 대해서만 밴드갭을 갖는 구조의 포토닉 크리스탈로 형성되고, 상기 밴드갭에 해당하는 편광만을 반사하여, 입사된 임의의 편광을 서로 직교인 두 편광으로 분리하는 편광의존 반사기 및 상기 편광의존 반사기에 의해 편광된 광을 다른 하나의 편광과 동일한 편광으로 조정하는 편광조정기를 구비한 편광변환장치; 및 상기 편광변환장치로부터 출력되는 빛의 방향을 변환해주는 복수개의 확산판을 구비하는 것을 특징으로 하는 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용한 편광변환장치를 이용한 디스플레이장치가 제공된다.And, in order to achieve the above another object, the optical guide is formed of a photonic crystal having a band gap structure for any polarization, and guides any incident polarization, and any one of the first and second polarization Polarization-dependent reflector and polarization dependence formed of a photonic crystal having a bandgap for only one polarization and reflecting only the polarization corresponding to the bandgap to separate any incident polarization into two orthogonal polarizations. A polarization converter having a polarization adjuster for adjusting light polarized by the reflector to the same polarization as the other polarization; And a display device using a polarization conversion device using a photonic crystal, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of diffuser plate for converting the direction of the light output from the polarization conversion device.
이하, 첨부된 도면을 참조하여 본 발명을 보다 상세하게 설명한다.Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings will be described in detail the present invention.
도 1은 편광변환장치의 기능을 설명하기 위한 블록 다이어그램이다.1 is a block diagram illustrating the function of a polarization converter.
도 1을 참고하면, 편광변환장치는 편광의존 반사장치(11), 편광조정기(12) 및 합파기(13)를 구비한다.Referring to FIG. 1, the polarization converter includes a polarization dependent reflector 11, a polarization adjuster 12, and a combiner 13.
일정한 편광이 없는 빛(20)을 편광의존 반사장치(11)를 통과시키면 서로 직교의 성질을 가지는 두 가지 편광을 가진 빛(21, 22)으로 나뉜다. 예를 들면, 편광(21)은 TE(Transverse Electric)모드이고, 편광(22)은 TM(Transverse Magnetic)모드이다.When the light 20 without constant polarization passes through the polarization dependent reflector 11, the light 20 is divided into two polarized light 21 and 22 having orthogonal properties to each other. For example, the polarization 21 is in Transverse Electric (TE) mode, and the polarization 22 is in Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode.
편광조정기(12)는 이렇게 나뉜 두 편광중 하나의 편광(21)을 다른 편광(22)과 동일하게 조정한 편광(23)을 출력한다.The polarization regulator 12 outputs the polarization 23 obtained by adjusting the polarization 21 of one of the two polarizations thus divided in the same manner as the other polarization 22.
합파기(13)는 제 1편광(22)과 제 2편광을 제 1편광으로 조정한 편광(23)을 합쳐서 하나의 편광(24)을 만들수 있다.The combiner 13 may combine the first polarized light 22 and the second polarized light with the polarized light 23 adjusted to the first polarized light to form one polarized light 24.
본 발명의 실시예에서, 편광의존 반사장치(11)는 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용하고, 편광조정기(12)는 웨이브플레이트(waveplate)를 이용하고, 합파기(13)는 Y형 광가이드를 이용한다.In the embodiment of the present invention, the polarization dependent reflector 11 uses a photonic crystal, the polarization adjuster 12 uses a waveplate, and the combiner 13 uses a Y-type light guide.
도 2는 도 1의 편광변환장치를 포토닉 크리스탈(photonic crystal)을 이용하여 일체형으로 형성한 것을 나타낸다.FIG. 2 illustrates that the polarization converter of FIG. 1 is integrally formed using a photonic crystal.
포토닉 크리스탈은 유전물질(dielectrics)을 주기적으로 배열하여 이루어진 것으로, 굴절률과 주기, 주기적인 구조의 형태 등에 따라 포토닉 밴드갭의 크기나 위치가 달라진다.The photonic crystal is formed by periodically arranging dielectric materials, and the size or position of the photonic band gap varies depending on the refractive index, the period, and the shape of the periodic structure.
일 예로서, 공기중에 원기둥(예를 들면, 유전상수=11.4)을 사각형 격자를 가지게 배열하면, TM모드에서만 밴드갭이 나타나서, TM모드는 반사하고, TE모드는 투과하게 된다.As an example, if a cylinder (for example, dielectric constant = 11.4) is arranged in a rectangular grid in air, a band gap appears only in the TM mode, the TM mode is reflected, and the TE mode is transmitted.
또한, 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용하면 편광변환장치의 크기를 작게 할 수 있고, 각각의 부분에 필요한 밴드갭을 갖도록 설계하여 편광변환장치를 일체형으로 만들 수 있다.In addition, when the photonic crystal is used, the size of the polarization conversion device can be reduced, and the polarization conversion device can be integrated by designing to have a band gap required for each portion.
포토닉 크리스탈을 제작할 때, 밴드갭의 크기를 조절하는 것은 이 분야에서 이미 알려진 기술이므로, 여기서는 포토닉 크리스탈의 제작과정에 대한 상세한 설명은 생략하기로 한다.When manufacturing the photonic crystal, adjusting the size of the bandgap is a known technique in the art, and thus a detailed description of the manufacturing process of the photonic crystal will be omitted.
도 2는 하나의 마스크에 광가이드(31), 편광의존 반사기(32)를 포토닉 크리스탈을 이용하여 제작하고, 편광조정기(33)를 설치한 편광변환장치(30)의 다이어그램이다.FIG. 2 is a diagram of a polarization converting device 30 in which a light guide 31 and a polarization dependent reflector 32 are manufactured using a photonic crystal in one mask, and a polarization adjuster 33 is provided.
광가이드(31)는 Y형 구조를 가지며, TE모드와 TM모드에 모두 밴드갭을 갖는구조로 형성하여, 입사된 광을 원하는 곳으로 가이드한다. 그리고, 편광의존 반사기(32)는 TE모드에 대해서만 밴드갭을 갖는 구조로 형성하여, TE모드를 반사하고, TM모드를 투과하게 하여 서로 직교인 두 편광으로 분리한다.The light guide 31 has a Y-type structure and is formed in a structure having a band gap in both the TE mode and the TM mode, thereby guiding the incident light to a desired place. The polarization dependent reflector 32 is formed in a structure having a band gap only for the TE mode, reflects the TE mode, transmits the TM mode, and separates the light into two orthogonal polarizations.
편광조정기(33)는 웨이브 플레이트(waveplate)가 사용되며, TE모드의 편광을 조정하여 모두 하나의 편광 즉, TM모드를 가지도록 한다.The polarization regulator 33 uses a waveplate, and adjusts the polarization of the TE mode to have one polarization, that is, TM mode.
다음은 도 2의 편광변환장치를 이용한 디스플레이장치에 대하여 설명한다.Next, a display apparatus using the polarization converting apparatus of FIG. 2 will be described.
편광변환장치를 디스플레이장치에 응용하는 경우에, 편광조정되어 출력된 광을 한 곳으로 모으지 않고 그대로 이용할 수 있다.When the polarization converting device is applied to a display device, the polarized light output can be used as it is without collecting the light that has been polarized.
도 3는 도 2의 편광변환장치를 디스플레이장치에 적용한 예를 나타낸다.3 illustrates an example in which the polarization conversion device of FIG. 2 is applied to a display device.
도 3a는 3차원 포토닉 크리스탈 구조를 이용한 디스플레이장치를 나타내며, 도 3b는 2차원 포토닉 크리스탈 구조를 이용한 디스플레이장치를 나타낸다.3A illustrates a display device using a 3D photonic crystal structure, and FIG. 3B illustrates a display device using a 2D photonic crystal structure.
도 3a에 도시한 것같이, 도 2의 구조를 갖는 편광변환장치가 복수개 배열되며, 이 편광변환장치와 대향하여 백라이트(40)가 설치된 구조를 갖고 있다.As shown in FIG. 3A, a plurality of polarization converters having the structure of FIG. 2 are arranged, and have a structure in which a backlight 40 is provided to face the polarization converter.
백라이트(40)로부터 임의의 편광을 가진 빛이 편광변환장치에 입사되어 일정한 편광을 갖는 빛이 출력된다.Light having an arbitrary polarization is incident from the backlight 40 to the polarization converter to output light having a constant polarization.
도 3b에 있어서, 2차원 구조를 이용하는 경우, 빛이 지면에서 나오는 방향이 되어야 하므로 확산판(34, 35) 등을 이용하여 빛의 방향을 바꾸어 준다.In FIG. 3B, when the two-dimensional structure is used, the light should be in the direction coming from the ground, and thus the light is changed using the diffusion plates 34 and 35.
본 발명에 의하면, 소형이고 광효율을 증가시킨 편광변환장치 및 이를 이용한 디스플레이장치를 얻을 수 있다.According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a polarization conversion device having a small size and increased light efficiency and a display device using the same.
또한, 기존에 편광판에 의해 소멸되는 빛까지도 편광을 조절하여 이용함으로써 광효율을 획기적으로 증대시킬 수 있다.In addition, even light extinguished by the polarizer can be used to dramatically increase the light efficiency by controlling the polarization.
포토닉 크리스탈을 편광의존 반사장치와 광가이드에 이용하면, 일체형으로 제작할 수 있으며, 크기를 작게 할 수 있다.When the photonic crystal is used in the polarization dependent reflector and the light guide, it can be manufactured in one piece and the size can be reduced.
이상에서는 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예에 대해서 도시하고 설명하였으나, 본 발명은 상술한 특정의 실시예에 한정되지 아니하며, 청구범위에서 청구하는 본 발명의 요지를 벗어남이 없이 당해 발명이 속하는 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 자라면 누구든지 다양한 변형 실시가 가능한 것은 물론이고, 그와 같은 변경은 청구범위 기재의 범위 내에 있게 된다.Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described above, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention as claimed in the claims. Anyone skilled in the art can make various modifications, as well as such modifications are within the scope of the claims.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR100856976B1 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2008-09-04 | 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 | Exposure apparatus and device manufacturing method |
| WO2013015906A2 (en) * | 2011-07-27 | 2013-01-31 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | 2-pattern compound photonic crystals with a large, complete photonic band gap |
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| JP3522117B2 (en) * | 1998-08-05 | 2004-04-26 | 日本電気株式会社 | Self-guided optical circuit |
| JP2001174652A (en) * | 1999-12-14 | 2001-06-29 | Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd | Optical coupler/branching filter |
| JP4161498B2 (en) * | 1999-12-28 | 2008-10-08 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | Manufacturing method of optical module |
| KR100568534B1 (en) * | 2001-09-22 | 2006-04-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Transparent plate for display having photonic crystal structure, method for preparing thereof and display using thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100856976B1 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2008-09-04 | 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 | Exposure apparatus and device manufacturing method |
| WO2013015906A2 (en) * | 2011-07-27 | 2013-01-31 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | 2-pattern compound photonic crystals with a large, complete photonic band gap |
| WO2013015906A3 (en) * | 2011-07-27 | 2013-07-04 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | 2-pattern compound photonic crystals with a large, complete photonic band gap |
| US8923661B2 (en) | 2011-07-27 | 2014-12-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | 2-pattern compound photonic crystals with a large, complete photonic band gap |
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