KR20030026286A - Continous working method for profile bar - Google Patents
Continous working method for profile bar Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20030026286A KR20030026286A KR1020030013982A KR20030013982A KR20030026286A KR 20030026286 A KR20030026286 A KR 20030026286A KR 1020030013982 A KR1020030013982 A KR 1020030013982A KR 20030013982 A KR20030013982 A KR 20030013982A KR 20030026286 A KR20030026286 A KR 20030026286A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- wire rod
- rolling
- wire
- continuously
- cooling
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section
- B21B1/18—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section in a continuous process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/525—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
Abstract
Description
본 발명은 선재의 연속 가공방법에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 선재를 연속적으로 열처리함과 동시에 열간압연 가공을 수행할 수 있는 선재의 연속 열처리 및 압연 가공방법에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a continuous processing method of a wire rod, and more particularly, to a continuous heat treatment and a rolling processing method of a wire rod that can be hot-rolled at the same time as a continuous heat treatment of the wire.
일반적으로 냉간 압연된 스테인리스 또는 티타늄 선재 등은 압연에 의해 경화된 조직을 복원시키고 결정립(結晶粒)을 미세화시켜 연성(延性)을 높이기 위해, 열처리 시스템 즉 가열장치를 통해 소정온도로 가열한 다음 냉각시키는 어닐링(풀림)처리를 한다.Generally, cold rolled stainless steel or titanium wire is heated to a predetermined temperature through a heat treatment system, that is, a heating device, and then cooled to restore the structure hardened by rolling and to increase the ductility by miniaturizing crystal grains. The annealing treatment is performed.
즉, 종래 선재의 연속 가공은 열처리 시스템을 통해 선재를 연속적으로 열처리하면서 이를 다시 보빈에 권취한다. 그리고 열처리된 선재를 보빈에 권취된 상태로 압연 시스템으로 이동시킨 후 여기에서 소정의 단면 두께를 갖도록 압연 가공한다. 이에 따라 별도의 열처리 시스템과 압연 시스템을 순차적으로 거쳐 소정의 단면을 갖는 선재가 제조되는 것이다.That is, the continuous processing of the conventional wire rod is wound on the bobbin again while continuously heat-treating the wire rod through a heat treatment system. Then, the heat treated wire rod is moved to the rolling system in the state of being wound on the bobbin, and then rolled to have a predetermined cross-sectional thickness. Accordingly, the wire rod having a predetermined cross section is sequentially manufactured through a separate heat treatment system and a rolling system.
그러나 종래 선재의 연속 가공에서는 선재를 보빈에 권취한 후 매 공정마다 이동시키거나 절단된 선재들을 모아 별도로 옮겨야 하기 때문에 이의 가공 작업이 난해한 것은 물론이며 작업 생산성이 현저하게 저하되는 문제점이 있다.However, in the continuous processing of the conventional wire rod, since the wire rod is wound on the bobbin and moved every step or the cut wire rod is collected separately, the machining work is difficult and the productivity of the work is significantly reduced.
본 발명은 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위한 것으로, 본 발명의 목적은 선재를 연속적으로 열처리함과 동시에 열간 압연 가공함으로써 작업 생산성을 월등하게 높일 수 있는 선재의 연속 열처리 및 압연 가공방법을 제공하는 것이다.The present invention is to solve this problem, an object of the present invention is to provide a continuous heat treatment and rolling processing method of the wire rod that can significantly increase the work productivity by hot-rolling the wire while continuously heat treatment.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 선재의 연속 열처리 및 압연 가공공정을 보인 블록도이다.1 is a block diagram showing a continuous heat treatment and rolling process of the wire rod according to the present invention.
도 2는 본 발명이 적용되는 선재의 연속 열처리 및 압연 가공설비를 개략적으로 보인 것이다.Figure 2 schematically shows a continuous heat treatment and rolling processing equipment of the wire rod to which the present invention is applied.
*도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호의 설명** Description of the symbols for the main parts of the drawings *
S1..선재 가열단계 S2..선재 압연단계S1 .. Wire rod heating step S2. Wire rod rolling stage
S3..선재 냉각단계 S4..선재 권취단계S3.Wire Rod Cooling Step S4.Wire Rod Winding Step
10..가열기 20..압연기10. Heater 20. Rolling mill
30..냉각기 W..선재30 .. Cooler W .. Wire rod
이러한 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명은;The present invention for achieving this object is;
보빈에 권취된 선재를 열처리 및 압연 가공하는 방법에 있어서,In the method of heat-processing and rolling the wire wound around the bobbin,
선재를 연속적으로 가열기를 통과시켜 가열하는 선재 가열단계와, 이 선재가열단계를 지나 가열된 선재를 가열기의 하류측에 배치된 압연기로 안내하여 연속적으로 압연 가공하는 선재 압연단계와, 이 선재 압연단계를 지나 압연된 선재를 압연기의 하류측에 배치된 냉각기로 안내하여 연속적으로 냉각시키는 선재 냉각단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다.A wire rod heating step of heating the wire rod continuously through a heater; a wire rod rolling step of guiding the wire rod heated after the wire rod heating step to a rolling mill disposed downstream of the heater and continuously rolling the wire rod; And a wire rod cooling step of guiding the rolled wire rod through the cooler disposed downstream of the rolling mill to continuously cool the wire rod.
또한, 선재 냉각단계 이후에는 냉각된 선재를 다시 보빈에 권취하는 선재 권취단계를 수행하는 것을 특징으로 한다.Further, after the wire rod cooling step, the wire rod winding step of winding the cooled wire rod back to the bobbin is characterized in that to perform.
또한, 선재 압연단계에서는 압연기를 감싸는 하우징 내부에 분위기 가스를 공급하여 선재의 산화를 방지하는 것을 특징으로 한다.In addition, the wire rod rolling step is characterized by preventing the oxidation of the wire rod by supplying an atmosphere gas to the housing surrounding the rolling mill.
또한, 분위기 가스는 질소 가스인 것을 특징으로 한다.In addition, the atmosphere gas is characterized in that the nitrogen gas.
이하, 본 발명에 따른 하나의 바람직한 실시 예를 첨부도면을 참조하여 상세히 설명한다.Hereinafter, one preferred embodiment according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
도 1과 도 2를 참조하면, 선재(W)를 연속 열처리 및 압연하는 본 발명에 따른 가공방법은; 선재(W)를 가열기(10)를 통과시켜 연속 가열하는 선재 가열단계(S1)와, 이 선재 가열단계(S1)를 거친 선재(W)를 연속 압연하는 선재 압연단계(S2)와, 이 선재 압연단계(S2)를 지난 선재(W)를 냉각기(30)에서 연속 냉각하는 선재 냉각단계(S3)와, 이 선재 냉각단계 이후에 냉각되면서 빠져나오는 선재를 권취하는 선재 권취단계(S4)를 포함하는데, 각 단계들은 다음과 같이 진행된다.1 and 2, the processing method according to the present invention for continuous heat treatment and rolling the wire (W); Wire rod heating step S1 for continuously heating the wire rod W through the heater 10, Wire rod rolling step S2 for continuously rolling the wire rod W passed through the wire rod heating step S1, and the wire rod. Wire rod cooling step (S3) for continuously cooling the wire (W) after the rolling step (S2) in the cooler 30, and the wire winding step (S4) for winding the wire exiting while cooling after the wire cooling step. Each step is carried out as follows.
먼저, 본 발명이 적용되는 선재(W)는 냉간 압연 과정을 거친 스테인리스 또는 티타늄 제품으로, 다발을 이루도록 보빈(1)에 권취되어 있다.First, the wire (W) to which the present invention is applied is a stainless steel or titanium product that has undergone a cold rolling process, and is wound around the bobbin 1 to form a bundle.
그리고 선재 가열단계(S1)는 보빈(1)에 권취된 선재(W)를 풀어가면서 연속적으로 가열하는 것으로, 이를 위해 가열기(10)는 다수개의 봉히터(12)가 내장된 본체(11)와, 이 본체(11)의 내부에 길이방향으로 배치되며 내부에 선재(W)가 지나가는 가열파이프(13)들을 구비하고 있다. 본체(11)는 가열기(10)의 외형을 이루는 것으로 내벽이 내화재로 마감 처리된다. 또한, 봉히터(12)들은 가열파이프(13) 하부와 인접하며 일정한 간격으로 배치됨으로써, 선재(W)가 지나가는 가열파이프(13)들을 가열하게 된다.And the wire heating step (S1) is to continuously heat while unwinding the wire (W) wound on the bobbin (1), the heater 10 is a main body 11 with a plurality of rod heaters 12 for this purpose The heating pipe 13 is disposed in the longitudinal direction of the main body 11 and passes through the wire rod W therein. The main body 11 forms an outer shape of the heater 10 and the inner wall is finished with a fireproof material. In addition, the rod heaters 12 are adjacent to the lower portion of the heating pipe 13 and are arranged at regular intervals, thereby heating the heating pipe 13 through which the wire rod W passes.
이에 따라 보빈(1)에서 풀려진 선재(W)는 가열파이프(13) 내부를 연속적으로 지나가면서 소정온도로 가열되며, 계속하여 압연기(20)측으로 빠져나가면서 소정온도로 가열된다. (본 발명의 실시 예에서는 히터(12)를 통한 간접 가열방식으로 선재(W)를 가열하는 것으로 설명하였지만, 이에 국한하지 않고 유도코일을 통해 직접 가열방식으로 선재를 가열할 수도 있다.)Accordingly, the wire W released from the bobbin 1 is heated to a predetermined temperature while continuously passing through the inside of the heating pipe 13, and subsequently heated to a predetermined temperature while exiting to the rolling mill 20 side. (In the embodiment of the present invention has been described as heating the wire (W) by the indirect heating method through the heater 12, but is not limited to this, it is also possible to heat the wire by direct heating method through the induction coil.)
선재 압연단계(S2)는 가열되면서 가열기(10)를 빠져나오는 선재(W)를 곧바로 압연하는 것이다. 즉, 가열기(10)의 하류측에 직렬로 배치된 압연기(20)를 선재(W)가 지나가면서 연속적으로 압연 가공된다. 이 때, 선재(W)는 가열된 상태이기 때문에 압연 가공이 보다 용이하게 이루어지는데, 일명 열간 압연이 진행된다. 그리고 압연된 선재)W)는 계속하여 냉각기(30)측으로 빠져나간다.Wire rod rolling step (S2) is to immediately roll the wire (W) exiting the heater 10 while being heated. That is, the rolling mill 20 arranged in series on the downstream side of the heater 10 is rolled continuously while the wire rod W passes. At this time, since the wire rod W is in a heated state, rolling is more easily performed, which is known as hot rolling. Then, the rolled wire rod W) continuously exits to the cooler 30 side.
또한, 선재(W)를 압연하는 압연기(20)는 하우징(21)을 통해 감싸며, 이의 내부에는 분위기 가스, 즉 중성가스인 질소가스를 공급하여 선재(W) 표면이 산화되거나 탈탄을 방지하는 것이 바람직하다. 이를 위해, 압연기(20)를 감싸는 하우징(21)에는 분위기 가스 공급을 위한 가스 공급관(22)이 연결되며, 또한 하우징(21)의 양측벽에는 가열기(10)의 가열파이프(13)와 냉각기(30)의 냉각파이프(32)가 동일높이로 연결되어 있다. 이 때, 본 발명의 실시 예에서는 가스 공급관(22)을 통해 공급되는 분위기 가스를 질소 가스를 공급하였지만, 이에 국한하지 않고 암모니아를 분해해서 얻은 수소가스나 아르곤(Ar), 헬륨(He) 등의 불활성가스를 공급할 수도 있다.In addition, the rolling mill 20 for rolling the wire (W) is wrapped through the housing 21, the inside of the supply of an atmosphere gas, that is, a nitrogen gas of neutral gas to prevent the surface of the wire (W) to be oxidized or decarburized. desirable. To this end, a gas supply pipe 22 for supplying an atmosphere gas is connected to the housing 21 surrounding the rolling mill 20, and the heating pipe 13 and the cooler of the heater 10 are connected to both side walls of the housing 21. The cooling pipes 32 of 30 are connected at the same height. At this time, in the embodiment of the present invention, although the nitrogen gas is supplied to the atmosphere gas supplied through the gas supply pipe 22, hydrogen gas, argon (Ar), helium (He), etc., obtained by decomposing ammonia, is not limited thereto. Inert gas can also be supplied.
한편, 선재 냉각단계(S3)는 열간 압연되면서 압연기(20)를 빠져나온 선재(W)를 냉각기(30)를 통해 냉각하는 것으로, 이를 위해 냉각기(30)는 냉각수가 채워진 냉각조(31)와, 이 냉각조(31)내에 길이 방향으로 배치되며 내부에 압연 가공된 선재(W)가 연속적으로 지나는 다수개의 냉각파이프(32)들로 이루어져 있다. 이에 따라 냉각파이프(32)들이 냉각수에 의해 차가운 상태로 유지되며, 이 냉각파이프(32)들 내부를 지나는 선재(W) 역시 냉각된다. (본 발명의 실시예서는 냉각수를 통해 간접 냉각방식으로 선재(W)를 냉각하는 것으로 설명하였지만, 이에 국한하지 않고 냉각가스를 통해 선재를 직접 냉각할 수도 있다.)On the other hand, the wire rod cooling step (S3) is the hot wire (W) exiting the rolling mill 20 while hot rolling to cool through the cooler 30, for this purpose, the cooler 30 and the cooling tank 31 is filled with cooling water It consists of a plurality of cooling pipes 32 arranged in the longitudinal direction in the cooling tank 31 and continuously passing through the wire rod W processed therein. Accordingly, the cooling pipes 32 are kept cold by the cooling water, and the wire W passing through the cooling pipes 32 is also cooled. (In the embodiment of the present invention has been described as cooling the wire rod (W) by indirect cooling method through the cooling water, but is not limited to this, it is also possible to directly cool the wire rod through the cooling gas.)
또한, 선재 권취단계(S4)는 냉각되면서 빠져나오는 선재(W)를 보빈(1)에 다시 권취하는 단계이다. 이를 위해 냉각기(30)의 하류측에는 선재(W)를 권취하기 위한 보빈(1)이 마련되어 있어서, 연속적으로 열처리 및 압연 가공된 선재(W)를 다른 공정으로 손쉽게 이동할 수 있다.In addition, the wire winding step (S4) is a step of winding the wire (W) exiting while cooling again to the bobbin (1). To this end, a bobbin 1 for winding the wire rod W is provided on the downstream side of the cooler 30, so that the wire rod W continuously processed and rolled can be easily moved to another process.
이와 같이, 선재(W)가 선재 가열단계(S1) → 선재 압연단계(S2) → 선재 냉각단계(S3) → 선재 권취단계(S4) 등과 같은 일련의 공정을 연속적으로 거친다. 이에 따라 보빈(1)에 권취된 선재(W)는 풀어지면서 연속적으로 열처리 및 압연 가공된 후 다시 보빈(1)에 권취된다.As such, the wire rod W is continuously subjected to a series of processes such as wire rod heating step S1 → wire rod rolling step S2 → wire rod cooling step S3 → wire rod winding step S4. Accordingly, the wire W wound around the bobbin 1 is heat-treated and rolled continuously while being unwound, and then wound again on the bobbin 1.
이상에서 상세히 설명한 바와 같이, 본 발명에 따른 선재의 연속 열처리 및 압연 가공방법에 의하면, 보빈에 권취된 선재를 풀어가면서 연속적으로 가열, 압연, 냉각할 수 있다. 이에 따라 선재를 연속적으로 열처리함과 동시에 압연 가공할 수 있어 이의 작업 생산성이 월등하게 향상되는 작용효과가 있다. 또한, 선재가 압연 가공되는 과정에서 분위기 가스가 공급되어 선재의 표면이 산화되거나 탈탄되는 현상 역시 발생되지 않는 장점이 있다.As described in detail above, according to the continuous heat treatment and rolling processing method of the wire rod according to the present invention, the wire rod wound on the bobbin can be continuously heated, rolled and cooled. Accordingly, the wire rod can be continuously heat treated and simultaneously rolled, so that its work productivity is greatly improved. In addition, there is an advantage that the phenomenon in which the surface of the wire is oxidized or decarburized is also not generated because the atmosphere gas is supplied in the process of rolling the wire.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2003-0013982A KR100407004B1 (en) | 2003-03-06 | 2003-03-06 | Continous working method for profile bar |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2003-0013982A KR100407004B1 (en) | 2003-03-06 | 2003-03-06 | Continous working method for profile bar |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20030026286A true KR20030026286A (en) | 2003-03-31 |
KR100407004B1 KR100407004B1 (en) | 2003-11-28 |
Family
ID=27730886
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2003-0013982A KR100407004B1 (en) | 2003-03-06 | 2003-03-06 | Continous working method for profile bar |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
KR (1) | KR100407004B1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101017642B1 (en) * | 2010-10-15 | 2011-02-25 | (주)한독특수금속 | Forming apparatus for line type metal member |
CN102896159A (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2013-01-30 | 宝钢集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司 | Rolling cooling technology for low-carbon steel wire rod oxidized iron sheet for reducing drawn wire |
KR102414747B1 (en) * | 2022-04-04 | 2022-06-29 | (주)티엠텍 | Machine for manufacturing seamless steel pipes |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101029216B1 (en) * | 2008-12-29 | 2011-04-12 | 린나이코리아 주식회사 | Controlling method for each room with heat linked using answer signal and time control |
-
2003
- 2003-03-06 KR KR10-2003-0013982A patent/KR100407004B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101017642B1 (en) * | 2010-10-15 | 2011-02-25 | (주)한독특수금속 | Forming apparatus for line type metal member |
CN102896159A (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2013-01-30 | 宝钢集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司 | Rolling cooling technology for low-carbon steel wire rod oxidized iron sheet for reducing drawn wire |
CN102896159B (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2015-09-23 | 宝钢集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司 | Reduce the rolling process for cooling of wire drawing low-carbon steel rod bundle iron scale |
KR102414747B1 (en) * | 2022-04-04 | 2022-06-29 | (주)티엠텍 | Machine for manufacturing seamless steel pipes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100407004B1 (en) | 2003-11-28 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4338228B2 (en) | Production line for rolling hot strip continuously or discontinuously | |
AU2006224727B2 (en) | Method and device for descaling a metal strip | |
US6464927B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for in-line heat treatment of hot rolled stock | |
US5910184A (en) | Method of manufacturing hot-rolled flat products | |
KR960003707B1 (en) | Process for rolling soft metals | |
KR100374899B1 (en) | Process for reducing thickness of hot-rolled stainless steel strip and improving mechanical strength | |
KR100407004B1 (en) | Continous working method for profile bar | |
JPH0755331B2 (en) | Ultra-high strength ultra-thin high-carbon steel wire manufacturing method | |
EP1402965B1 (en) | Method for manufacturing heat- treated deformed steel | |
ZA200500458B (en) | Method and device for the continuous production of metallic strips | |
KR19980032838A (en) | Method of manufacturing stainless steel strip | |
JPS6366366B2 (en) | ||
US6264769B1 (en) | Coil area for in-line treatment of rolled products | |
JPS646249B2 (en) | ||
JPS6356291B2 (en) | ||
KR20020063547A (en) | A heating device of heat treatment system for profile bar | |
JP2001314912A (en) | Method and equipment for treating surface of hot rolled metallic strip or steel sheet | |
JPS6157891B2 (en) | ||
JPH04272135A (en) | Method and device for rolling wire and barstock | |
JP2004167523A (en) | Hot rolling method and hot rolling line | |
JPH05255748A (en) | Method and equipment for wire rod for wiredrawing | |
JPH04276028A (en) | Continuous heat treating device for metal wire rod or hoop material | |
JPS61257417A (en) | Production of wire having excellent cold workability | |
JPH05195082A (en) | Preparation of hard steel wire | |
JPS59202102A (en) | Hot rolling method of wire rod |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A201 | Request for examination | ||
A302 | Request for accelerated examination | ||
E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
E701 | Decision to grant or registration of patent right | ||
GRNT | Written decision to grant | ||
FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20061113 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
LAPS | Lapse due to unpaid annual fee |