KR20020045802A - Apparatus for introducing indicative voltage of low fuel for automobile - Google Patents

Apparatus for introducing indicative voltage of low fuel for automobile Download PDF

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KR20020045802A
KR20020045802A KR1020000075203A KR20000075203A KR20020045802A KR 20020045802 A KR20020045802 A KR 20020045802A KR 1020000075203 A KR1020000075203 A KR 1020000075203A KR 20000075203 A KR20000075203 A KR 20000075203A KR 20020045802 A KR20020045802 A KR 20020045802A
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South Korea
Prior art keywords
fuel
voltage
determination
determination circuit
sensor
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KR1020000075203A
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Korean (ko)
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KR100418664B1 (en
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이상경
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류정열
기아자동차주식회사
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/24—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/0007—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm for discrete indicating and measuring
    • G01F23/0015—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm for discrete indicating and measuring with a whistle or other sonorous signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/80—Arrangements for signal processing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
    • G08B21/18—Status alarms
    • G08B21/182—Level alarms, e.g. alarms responsive to variables exceeding a threshold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/008—Thermistors

Abstract

PURPOSE: An apparatus is provided to generate an accurate voice alarm for the remaining amount of fuel in consideration of the distance left to go, while allowing an optimum lowest fuel determination voltage to be set. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus comprises a lowest fuel determination circuit(10) for receiving an output voltage from a fuel sensor and generating an optimum fuel shortage determination voltage; control resistances(R1,R2) for controlling sensor voltage being input to the determination circuit, based on the output voltage from the fuel sensor; and a voice IC(20) for generating a voice alarm sound alarming of fuel shortage, in accordance with the output signal from the lowest fuel determination circuit. The apparatus further comprises a lowest fuel alarm lamp driving unit(30) for operating a relay for turning on a fuel shortage alarm lamp responsive to the signal output from the lowest fuel determination circuit.

Description

서미스터 타입 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치{Apparatus for introducing indicative voltage of low fuel for automobile}Thermistor type fuel shortage warning determination voltage derivation device {Apparatus for introducing indicative voltage of low fuel for automobile}

본 발명은 자동차의 연료부족 상태 표시 시스템에 관한 것이며, 특히 연료센서로부터 최적의 로우 퓨얼 판정전압을 설정하기 위한 방법에 관한 것이다.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a system for displaying fuel shortage status in automobiles, and more particularly to a method for setting an optimum low fuel determination voltage from a fuel sensor.

현재 연료탱크의 연료 부족 상태를 계기판의 눈금 표시와 함께 경고등이 점등되고 아울러 운전자의 편의를 위해 음성으로 연료부족 상태를 알려주는 경고 시스템이 알려져 있다.At present, a warning system is known for warning of fuel shortage of the fuel tank, a warning light is turned on along with a scale mark on the instrument panel, and a voice warning of the fuel shortage for the convenience of the driver.

종래 연료센서로서 서미스터를 이용한 로우 퓨얼 음성경보 시스템 구성시 차량 조건 및 기타 변수에 의해 적합한 판정 기준의 설정이 어려운 문제가 있다. 예를 들어 연료탱크의 연료량이 충분한 상태에서 차량이 급정거, 급출발, 급회전, 고속주행에 의해 연료가 부족하다는 경보가 발생할 수 있으며, 이와 같은 음성경보 오작동 발생 요인으로서는 서미스터 단품의 출력전압 편차와, 서미스터 반응시간 편차, 연료탱크 형상에 따른 연료량 대비 서미스터 출력전압의 편차 및 제어장치의 오차 등을 들 수 있다.In the construction of a low fuel voice alarm system using a thermistor as a conventional fuel sensor, it is difficult to set an appropriate determination criterion due to vehicle conditions and other variables. For example, when the fuel tank is in a sufficient amount of fuel, the vehicle may run out of fuel due to sudden stop, rapid start, rapid turn, and high speed driving. Variation in the reaction time, variation in thermistor output voltage relative to the amount of fuel according to the shape of the fuel tank, and error in the control device.

더우기, 연료량 부족 상태 초기에 일찌기 음성경보가 발하는 경우가 있으며, 음성 경보 출력후에도 일정거리를 더 주행할 수 있게 하는 최적의 판정 기준을 설정하는 데 어려움이 있었다.In addition, there was a case that an early warning was issued early in the low fuel condition, and it was difficult to set an optimum criterion for allowing a certain distance to travel even after the output of the warning.

다시말해, 상기한 차량운행조건 및 연료센서의 편차를 감안하여 초기 연료부족 상태에서 경고등이 흐리게 점등될 때는 음성경보의 출력을 보류하고, 경고등 점등후에 일정거리 주행가능한 상태에서 음성경보가 출력되어야 하며, 자동차의 급정거, 급출발, 급회전, 고속주행 등에 의해 음성경보가 출력되는 것을 금지해야 할 필요가 있다.In other words, in consideration of the vehicle driving conditions and the deviation of the fuel sensor, when the warning light is dimly lit in the initial fuel shortage state, the output of the voice alarm is suspended, and the voice alarm should be output in a state capable of traveling for a certain distance after the warning light is turned on. In addition, it is necessary to prohibit the output of the voice alarm due to sudden stop, rapid start, rapid turn, and high speed driving of a vehicle.

따라서 음성경보에 적합한 판정기준을 설정하기 위한 수학적 알고리즘 해석 및 구현시스템이 요구된다.Therefore, there is a need for a mathematical algorithm analysis and implementation system for establishing a suitable criterion for speech alarms.

따라서, 본 발명의 목적은 서미스터를 사용한 음성경보 시스템에서 최적의로우 퓨얼 판정전압을 설정하여 정확한 음성경보를 발생할 수 있게 하는 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치를 제공하는 데 있다.Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel shortage warning determination voltage deriving device which can generate an accurate voice alarm by setting an optimum low fuel determination voltage in a voice alarm system using a thermistor.

본 발명에 따르면, 연료센서의 출력전압을 받아들여 최적의 연료부족 판정 전압을 발생하는 로우 퓨얼 판정회로와, 상기 연료센서의 출력전압을 기초하여 판정회로로 입력되는 센서 전압을 조정하기 위한 조절저항과, 로우 퓨얼 판정회로의 출력신호에 따라 연료부족을 나타내는 음성 경보음을 발생시키는 음성 IC를 포함하여서 된 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치가 제공된다.According to the present invention, a low fuel determination circuit that receives an output voltage of a fuel sensor and generates an optimum fuel shortage determination voltage, and an adjustment resistor for adjusting a sensor voltage input to the determination circuit based on the output voltage of the fuel sensor. And a voice IC for generating a voice alarm sound indicative of fuel shortage in accordance with the output signal of the low fuel determination circuit.

도 1은 본 발명에 따른 연료부족 음성경보 시스템의 구성도.1 is a block diagram of a fuel shortage voice alarm system according to the present invention.

도 2는 도 1의 로우 퓨얼 판정회로의 상세 구성도.FIG. 2 is a detailed configuration diagram of the low fuel determination circuit of FIG. 1. FIG.

도 3은 연료량 변화에 따른 연료센서의 출력전압을 나타내는 그래프.3 is a graph showing the output voltage of the fuel sensor according to the change in fuel amount.

* 도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호설명* Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawings

10: 로우 퓨얼 판정회로20: 음성 IC10: low fuel determination circuit 20: voice IC

30: 경고등 구동부U1: OP앰프30: Warning light drive unit U1: OP amplifier

SP: 스피커LF: 연료부족 경고등SP: Speaker LF: Low fuel warning light

R1, R2: 조절저항R1, R2: control resistor

도 1을 참조하면, 본 발명에 따른 연료부족 음성경보 시스템이 나타나 있다. 본 발명의 음성경보 시스템은 연료센서의 출력전압을 받아들여 최적의 연료부족 판정 전압을 발생하는 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)와, 상기 연료센서의 출력전압을 기초하여 판정회로(10)로 입력되는 센서 전압을 조정하기 위한 조절저항(R1, R2)과, 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 출력신호에 따라 연료부족을 나타내는 음성 경보음을 발생시키는 음성 IC(20)와, 상기 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 출력신호에 반응하여 연료부족 경고등을 점등시키는 구동릴레이를 동작시키는 로우 퓨얼 경고등 구동부(30)를 포함한다.1, there is shown a fuel shortage voice alarm system according to the present invention. The voice alarm system of the present invention receives a low fuel determination circuit 10 that receives the output voltage of the fuel sensor and generates an optimum fuel shortage determination voltage, and is input to the determination circuit 10 based on the output voltage of the fuel sensor. The control resistors R1 and R2 for adjusting the sensor voltage, the voice IC 20 for generating a voice alarm sound indicating fuel shortage according to the output signal of the low fuel determination circuit 10, and the low fuel determination circuit ( And a low fuel warning light driver 30 for operating a driving relay for lighting the fuel shortage warning light in response to the output signal of 10).

본 실시예에서, 상기 연료센서는 통상의 서미스터(thermistor) 타입 센서를 사용한다.In this embodiment, the fuel sensor uses a conventional thermistor type sensor.

상기 음성 IC(20)는 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 출력신호가 입력되었을 때 내부의 메모리 장치에 저장된 디지털 음성 데이터를 아날로그 신호로 변환하고 이를증폭하여 스피커(SP)로 출력시키는 통상의 집적회로 모듈을 사용한다.When the output signal of the low fuel determination circuit 10 is input, the voice IC 20 converts digital voice data stored in an internal memory device into an analog signal, amplifies it, and outputs the same to the speaker SP. Use modules

상기 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 출력신호는 자동차 전자제어장치의 중앙처리장치로 공급되어 그로부터 명령신호에 의해 다양한 음성 데이터가 저장된 음성IC를 검색하여 원하는 음성 경보를 발생하게 할 수도 있다.The output signal of the low fuel determination circuit 10 may be supplied to the central processing unit of the electronic control device of the vehicle to retrieve a voice IC in which various voice data are stored by the command signal to generate a desired voice alarm.

로우 퓨얼 경고등 구동부(30)는 통상의 릴레이 구동회로로 구성된다. 릴레이 접점 스위치는 자동차 계기판에 설치된 연료부족 경고등에 연결되는 배터리 전원을 온/오프 시킨다.The low fuel warning light driver 30 is composed of a normal relay driving circuit. The relay contact switch turns on / off the battery power connected to the low fuel warning lamp installed on the vehicle dashboard.

상기 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 상세 회로가 도 2에 나타나 있다.A detailed circuit of the low fuel determination circuit 10 is shown in FIG.

도 2에서, 연료센서(서미스터)의 출력전압 입력단 L/FUEL에 저항 R1이 연결되고, 이 입력단은 저항 R1과 직렬접속된 저항 R5를 통해 연산증폭기 U1의 비반전 입력으로 접속된다. 상기 저항 R1과 R5 사이의 접속점이 병렬접속된 저항 R2 및 커패시터 C1를 통해 접지로 연결된다. 상기 연산증폭기 U1의 반전 입력단은 동작전압 Vcc에 연결된 분압저항 R3 및 R4 사이의 접속점에 연결된다. 저항 R3 및 R4에 의해 분압된 전압은 연산증폭기 U1의 기준전압으로 된다. 상기 연산증폭기 U1의 출력단은 상기 음성IC(20)의 신호 입력단으로 연결되는 한편 로우 퓨얼 경고등 구동부(30)의 게이트 입력단으로 연결된다.In Fig. 2, the resistor R1 is connected to the output voltage input terminal L / FUEL of the fuel sensor (thermistor), which is connected to the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier U1 through the resistor R5 connected in series with the resistor R1. The connection point between the resistors R1 and R5 is connected to ground through the resistor R2 and the capacitor C1 connected in parallel. The inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier U1 is connected to a connection point between the voltage divider R3 and R4 connected to the operating voltage Vcc. The voltage divided by the resistors R3 and R4 becomes the reference voltage of the operational amplifier U1. The output terminal of the operational amplifier U1 is connected to the signal input terminal of the voice IC 20 and to the gate input terminal of the low fuel warning light driver 30.

상기 연산증폭기 U1은 모델번호 LM2903을 사용한다.The operational amplifier U1 uses model number LM2903.

동작에서, 상기 연산증폭기 U1의 비반전 입력에 연결되는 저항 R1과 R2의 값을 변경하여 판정회로(10)에 입력되는 서미스터 출력전압을 변경시킬 수 있으며, 따라서 입력 전압에 반응한 연산증폭기 U1의 판정전압을 변경할 수 있다.In operation, the thermistor output voltage input to the judging circuit 10 can be changed by changing the values of the resistors R1 and R2 connected to the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier U1, so that the operational amplifier U1 in response to the input voltage can be changed. The judgment voltage can be changed.

상기 저항 R1과 R2의 값은 본 발명에 의해 유도된 음성경보를 출력하는 시스템의 제어함수에 따라 설정된다.The values of the resistors R1 and R2 are set according to the control function of the system for outputting the voice alarm induced by the present invention.

도 3에 연료 잔량에 따른 연료센서의 출력전압을 나타내는 그래프를 도시하였다. 도 3에서, 감소하는 연료잔량(l)에 대해 서미스터 출력전압(V)은 감소하고 있는 반면 경고등 양단전압(V)은 증가하고 있으며, 그 변화량을 나타낸 서미스터 출력전압 곡선 Vth는 연료잔량에 대하여 가파른 전압변화를 보이는 급속반응구간 Trp를 가지고 있다.3 is a graph showing the output voltage of the fuel sensor according to the remaining fuel amount. In Fig. 3, the thermistor output voltage V is decreasing with respect to the remaining fuel amount l while the voltage across the warning lamp V is increasing. It has a rapid response section Trp that shows a voltage change.

본 발명에 따라, 상기 급속반응구간 Trp 내에서 음성경보를 출력하기 위한 서미스터 출력전압의 최적 전압 설정구간 Tvo을 설정하고, 이 구간 Tvo는 다음과 같은 조건을 고려하여 설정된다:According to the present invention, an optimal voltage setting section Tvo of the thermistor output voltage for outputting a voice alarm in the rapid reaction section Trp is set, and this section Tvo is set considering the following conditions:

1) 경고등이 흐리게 점등시 음성경보 출력 보류1) When alarm light is dimmed, voice alarm output is suspended

2) 음성경보와 경고등 동시 사용시 경고등 점등 후 음성경보 출력2) Voice alarm output after warning light turns on when voice alarm and warning light are used simultaneously.

3) 음성경보 출력후 일정거리 주행가능하게 설정3) Enable to run a certain distance after outputting voice alarm

4) 급정거, 급출발, 급회전, 고속주행에 의한 음성경보 출력방지4) Prevention of voice alarm output by sudden stop, sudden start, rapid turn and high speed driving

또한 본 발명에 따라, 최대 경고등 양단전압을 Vmax라 하였을 때 연료잔량에 반비례하여 흐리게 점등되는 구간을 Tvd로 설정한다.Further, according to the present invention, when the voltage across the maximum warning light is set to Vmax, the section in which the light is dimmed in inverse proportion to the fuel remaining amount is set to Tvd.

본 실시예에서, 시험 결과 기준전압(Vx)는 다음 식 1로부터 구해진다.In this embodiment, the test result reference voltage Vx is obtained from the following equation.

Vx = (Vbatt-Vt_min)* 80/100 + Vt_minVx = (Vbatt-Vt_min) * 80/100 + Vt_min

= (14-4)/0.8 + 4 = 4.8 V= (14-4) /0.8 + 4 = 4.8 V

이 때, 제어장치의 오차(Vunit%)는 식 2로 구해지고,At this time, the error (Vunit%) of the control device is obtained by equation (2),

Vunit%= Vx * R%Vunit% = Vx * R%

= 4.8 * 0.05 = 0.24 V= 4.8 * 0.05 = 0.24 V

서미스터 센서 저항(Rt)이 850~1150 Ω일 때, 센서 오차(Vrx%)는 다음 식에 따라,When the thermistor sensor resistance (Rt) is 850 ~ 1150 Ω, the sensor error (Vrx%) is

Vrx% = Vtr_max - Vtr_avrVrx% = Vtr_max-Vtr_avr

= (4.18 - 4.06) = 0.12 Volt 이다.= (4.18-4.06) = 0.12 Volt.

여기서, Vtr_max 는 서미스터 저항 최대시 최소 출력전압이고, Vtr_avr 은 서미스터 저항 평균시 최소 출력전압이다.Here, Vtr_max is the minimum output voltage at the thermistor resistance maximum, and Vtr_avr is the minimum output voltage at the thermistor resistance average.

이 때, 허용오차는 식 3으로 구해지고,At this time, the tolerance is obtained by equation 3,

(Vx - Vunit%) - (Vtr_avr + Vrx%)(Vx-Vunit%)-(Vtr_avr + Vrx%)

= (4.8 - 0.24) - 4.18 = 0.38 (Volt)= (4.8-0.24)-4.18 = 0.38 (Volt)

따라서, 서미스터 최적 판정전압(Vu) 도출함수는 승용차종에서 식 4로 표시할 수 있다.Therefore, the thermistor optimum determination voltage (Vu) derivation function can be represented by equation (4) in the passenger car model.

Vu = Vx ±Vunit%Vu = Vx ± Vunit%

= 4.8 ±0.24 Volt= 4.8 ± 0.24 Volt

이상 설명한 바와 같이, 본 발명에 따르면 최적의 로우 퓨얼 판정전압 설정이 가능하여 남은 주행거리를 감안한 연료 잔량에 대해 정확한 음성경보를 발생시킬 수 있다.As described above, according to the present invention, the optimum low fuel determination voltage can be set so that accurate voice alarms can be generated for the remaining fuel amount considering the remaining travel distance.

또한 기준전압과 장치의 오차 산출 등 간단한 몇가지 평가에 의해 최적의 로우 퓨얼 판정을 가능케 함으로써 시스템 육성 소요기간을 감소시킬 수 있다.In addition, several simple evaluations, such as reference voltage and device error calculations, enable optimal low fuel determination, reducing system development lead times.

Claims (5)

연료센서의 출력전압을 받아들여 최적의 연료부족 판정 전압을 발생하는 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)와, 상기 연료센서의 출력전압을 기초하여 판정회로(10)로 입력되는 센서 전압을 조정하기 위한 조절저항(R1, R2)과, 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 출력신호에 따라 연료부족을 나타내는 음성 경보음을 발생시키는 음성 IC(20)를 포함하여서 된 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치.A low fuel determination circuit 10 that receives the output voltage of the fuel sensor and generates an optimum fuel shortage determination voltage, and an adjustment for adjusting a sensor voltage input to the determination circuit 10 based on the output voltage of the fuel sensor; And a voice IC (20) for generating a voice alarm indicating a fuel shortage in accordance with the resistors (R1, R2) and the output signal of the low fuel determination circuit (10). 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 로우 퓨얼 판정회로(10)의 출력신호에 반응하여 연료부족 경고등을 점등시키는 릴레이를 동작시키는 로우 퓨얼 경고등 구동부(30)를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치.The fuel shortage warning determination voltage according to claim 1, further comprising a low fuel warning light driver (30) for operating a relay for turning on the fuel shortage warning light in response to an output signal of the low fuel determination circuit (10). Drawing device. 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 최적의 연료부족 판정 전압은 식 Vu = Vx ±Vunit% = 4.8 ±0.24 V (여기서, Vx는 기준전압, Vunit%는 장치의 오차)에 의해 구해지는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치.2. The fuel according to claim 1, wherein the optimum fuel shortage determination voltage is calculated by the formula Vu = Vx ± Vunit% = 4.8 ± 0.24 V (where Vx is the reference voltage and Vunit% is the error of the device). Insufficient alarm judgment voltage derivation device. 제 3 항에 있어서, 상기 기준전압 Vx는 다음 식:The method of claim 3, wherein the reference voltage Vx is the following formula: Vx = (Vbatt-Vt_min)* 80/100 + Vt_minVx = (Vbatt-Vt_min) * 80/100 + Vt_min 으로 구해지는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치.The fuel shortage warning determination voltage derivation device, characterized in that obtained. 제 3 항에 있어서, 상기 제어장치의 오차 Vunit%는 다음 식:The method of claim 3, wherein the error Vunit% of the control device is: Vunit%= Vx * R% = 4.8 * 0.05 = 0.24 VVunit% = Vx * R% = 4.8 * 0.05 = 0.24 V 으로 구해지는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료부족 경보 판정전압 도출장치.The fuel shortage warning determination voltage derivation device, characterized in that obtained.
KR10-2000-0075203A 2000-12-11 2000-12-11 Apparatus for introducing indicative voltage of low fuel for automobile KR100418664B1 (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101915599A (en) * 2010-07-14 2010-12-15 杜鸿钧 Intelligent acoustooptical language alarm secondary water gauge
US8239326B1 (en) 2007-09-19 2012-08-07 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for authorizing transactions using transaction phrases in a transaction authorization service

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS57168117A (en) * 1981-04-10 1982-10-16 Hitachi Ltd Liquid level detecting device
JPS61191922A (en) * 1985-02-20 1986-08-26 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd Fuel residue alarm

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8239326B1 (en) 2007-09-19 2012-08-07 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for authorizing transactions using transaction phrases in a transaction authorization service
CN101915599A (en) * 2010-07-14 2010-12-15 杜鸿钧 Intelligent acoustooptical language alarm secondary water gauge
CN101915599B (en) * 2010-07-14 2015-11-25 杜鸿钧 Intelligent acoustooptical language alarm secondary water gauge

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