KR20010045560A - Apparatus for controlling temperature of FLC pannel - Google Patents
Apparatus for controlling temperature of FLC pannel Download PDFInfo
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- KR20010045560A KR20010045560A KR1019990048890A KR19990048890A KR20010045560A KR 20010045560 A KR20010045560 A KR 20010045560A KR 1019990048890 A KR1019990048890 A KR 1019990048890A KR 19990048890 A KR19990048890 A KR 19990048890A KR 20010045560 A KR20010045560 A KR 20010045560A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3622—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix
- G09G3/3629—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix using liquid crystals having memory effects, e.g. ferroelectric liquid crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/13306—Circuit arrangements or driving methods for the control of single liquid crystal cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/141—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent using ferroelectric liquid crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
- G09G2320/041—Temperature compensation
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Control Of Temperature (AREA)
Abstract
Description
본 발명은 FLC(Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal) 패널 구동 장치에 관한 것으로서, 특히 FLC 패널의 온도를 적정 수준으로 유지하는 FLC 패널 온도제어 구동 장치에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) panel drive device, and more particularly to an FLC panel temperature control drive device for maintaining the temperature of the FLC panel at an appropriate level.
일반적으로 FLCD(Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display)는 디지털 신호를 디지털 방식으로 처리할 수있는 새로운 디스플레이핵심 소자를 말한다. FLCD는 실리콘 기판에 형성된 광학적 평면 거울과 유리사이에 강유전성 액정을 주입한 구조로 되어 있고 기존 제품에 비해 시야각이 넓고 응답 속도가 빠른 것이 특징이다. FLCD는 저소비 전력화가 가능하다. 또한 0.7인치 정도의 초소형 패널로 40인치 이상 초대형 화면 구현이 가능해 초소형, 초경량 제품 개발이 가능하다. 따라서 이러한 FLCD를 구동시키기 위해 반드시 FLC 패널의 온도를 주위 환경에 관계없이 항상 최적의 상태로 유지해야만 콘트라스트(Contarst), 잔상등 원하는 성능을 얻을 수있다. 그러나 지금까지는 FLC패널의 온도를 주위 환경에 관계없이 적절하게 제어하는 회로가 존재하지 않고 있다.In general, Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display (FLCD) refers to a new display core that can digitally process digital signals. The FLCD has a structure in which ferroelectric liquid crystal is injected between the optical plane mirror formed on the silicon substrate and glass, and has a wider viewing angle and faster response speed than conventional products. FLCD can lower power consumption. In addition, the ultra-small panel of about 0.7 inches enables the realization of ultra-large screens of 40 inches or more, enabling the development of ultra-small and ultra-light products. Therefore, in order to drive such FLCD, it is necessary to keep the temperature of the FLC panel at the optimum state regardless of the surrounding environment at all times to achieve the desired performance such as contrast and afterimage. Until now, however, no circuit exists to properly control the temperature of the FLC panel regardless of the surrounding environment.
본 발명이 발명이 이루고자 하는 기술적 과제는 FLC 패널의 온도 조절 기능을 갖는 열전 소자에 인가되는 전압을 조절함으로써 FLC 패널의 온도를 주위 환경에 관계없이 항상 최적의 상태로 유지하는 FLC 패널 온도제어 구동 장치를 제공하는 것이다.The technical problem to be achieved by the present invention is to control the voltage applied to the thermoelectric element having a temperature control function of the FLC panel FLC panel temperature control driving device to always maintain the optimum temperature of the FLC panel regardless of the surrounding environment To provide.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 FLC 패널 온도제어 구동 장치의 전체 블럭도이다.1 is an overall block diagram of a FLC panel temperature control driving apparatus according to the present invention.
도 2는 도 1의 FLC온도제어부(132)의 상세도이다.2 is a detailed view of the FLC temperature controller 132 of FIG. 1.
본 발명의 기술적 과제를 해결하기 위해 본 발명은 FLC 패널 구동 장치에 있어서,In order to solve the technical problem of the present invention, the present invention is a FLC panel drive device,
입력되는 전압에 따라 가열과 냉각을 연속적으로 반복하면서 상기 FLC 패널의 온도를 제어하는 열전 소자;A thermoelectric element for controlling the temperature of the FLC panel while continuously heating and cooling according to the input voltage;
상기 FLC패널에 부착되어 그 온도를 검출하는 온도센서;A temperature sensor attached to the FLC panel and detecting a temperature thereof;
상기 온도센서에서 검출된 온도값과 기준 온도값을 비교하여 그차이를 전압값으로 변환하는 마이크로프로세서;A microprocessor comparing the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor with a reference temperature value and converting the difference into a voltage value;
상기 마이크로프로세서에서 변환된 온도차이전압값의 레벨에 따라 상기 열전소자의 가열과 냉각을 스위칭하는 FLC온도제어부를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 FLC 패널 온도제어 구동 장치이다.And a FLC temperature control unit for switching heating and cooling of the thermoelectric element according to the level of the temperature difference voltage value converted by the microprocessor.
이하 첨부된 도면을 참조로하여 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예를 설명하기로 한다.Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 FLC 패널 온도제어 구동 장치의 전체 블럭도이며, FLC패널부(112), 패널 온도센서(114), 마이크로프로세서(116), 제1DAC(Digital-to-Analog Converter)부(118), 멀티플렉서(122), 임피던스매칭부(124) 순으로 궤환 루프를 형성하여 R/G/B 신호를 적절하게 표시하며, 마이크로프로세서(116), 제2DAC부(128), FLC온도제어부(132), 열전소자(138)를 통해 FLC패널부(112)의 온도를 제어한다.1 is an overall block diagram of the FLC panel temperature control driving apparatus according to the present invention, the FLC panel unit 112, panel temperature sensor 114, microprocessor 116, the first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) unit 118, the multiplexer 122, the impedance matching unit 124 in order to form a feedback loop to properly display the R / G / B signal, microprocessor 116, the second DAC unit 128, FLC temperature control unit 132, the temperature of the FLC panel 112 is controlled through the thermoelectric element 138.
도 1을 참조하여 설명하면, FLC패널(112)은 R(Red)/G(Green)/B(Blue) 신호가 표시되며 열전소자(138)에서 발생되는 전압에 의해 온도가 조절되며, 특정 온도 예를 들면 40도∼45도를 항상 일정하게 유지해야한다. 패널온도센서(114)는 FLC패널(112)에 부착되어 현재 동작중인 패널의 온도를 검출하며, 검출된 온도를 I2C 버스 라인을 통해 클럭 및 데이터 형태로 마이크로프로세서(116)에 전달된다. 마이크로프로세서(116)는 미리 설정된 기준 온도값(예를 들면 42도)를 저장하고 있으며, 패널온도센서(114)에서 입력된 현재 온도값와 기준 온도값을 비교하여 그 차이를 0∼127 까지의 전압값으로 변환하며, 변환된 차이 온도에 해당하는 전압값을 제1DAC부(118)로 I2C 버스 라인을 통해 출력 한다. 제1DAC부(118)는 마이크로프로세서(116)로 부터 입력되는 차이온도값을 아날로그 전압값으로 변환한다. 멀티플렉서(122)는 제1DAC부(118)로 부터 입력되는 온도차이전압값과 패널 드라이버(126)에서 발생되는 R/G/B 신호를 다중화한다. 임피던스매칭부(124)는 멀티플렉서(122)와 FLC패널부(112)를 임피던스매칭시켜 멀티플렉서(122)에서 출력되는 R/G/B 신호를 FLC패널부(112)로 출력하도록한다.Referring to FIG. 1, the FLC panel 112 displays an R (Red) / G (Green) / B (Blue) signal and adjusts a temperature by a voltage generated from the thermoelectric element 138. For example, 40 degrees to 45 degrees should be kept constant at all times. The panel temperature sensor 114 is attached to the FLC panel 112 to detect the temperature of the currently operating panel, and the detected temperature is transmitted to the microprocessor 116 in the form of clock and data through the I 2 C bus line. The microprocessor 116 stores a preset reference temperature value (for example, 42 degrees), compares the current temperature value input from the panel temperature sensor 114 with the reference temperature value, and compares the difference with a voltage from 0 to 127. A voltage value corresponding to the converted difference temperature is output to the first DAC unit 118 through the I 2 C bus line. The first DAC unit 118 converts the difference temperature value input from the microprocessor 116 into an analog voltage value. The multiplexer 122 multiplexes the temperature difference voltage value input from the first DAC unit 118 and the R / G / B signal generated by the panel driver 126. The impedance matching unit 124 impedance-matches the multiplexer 122 and the FLC panel unit 112 to output the R / G / B signal output from the multiplexer 122 to the FLC panel unit 112.
한편 제2DAC부(128)는 마이크로프로세서(116)로 부터 입력되는 차이온도값에 해당하는 전압데이터값을 아날로그 전압값으로 변환하여 셔터(Shutter)부(136)의 킥킹타임(Kicking Time)제어용과 FLC패널의 온도 제어용으로 사용하게 된다. 즉, 셔터스위칭부(134)는 제2DAC부(128)에서 입력되는 전압값에 의해 스위칭되어 셔터부(136)를 동작시키며, 셔터부(136)는 이 전압값에 의해 FLC패널 구동 원리상 특정 시간 동안 강제로 빛을 차단한다.Meanwhile, the second DAC unit 128 converts the voltage data value corresponding to the difference temperature value input from the microprocessor 116 into an analog voltage value and controls the kicking time of the shutter unit 136. It is used for temperature control of FLC panel. That is, the shutter switching unit 134 is switched by the voltage value input from the second DAC unit 128 to operate the shutter unit 136, and the shutter unit 136 is specified in accordance with the FLC panel driving principle by this voltage value. Forcibly shut off the light for hours.
또한 FLC온도제어부(132)는 제2DAC부(128)에서 입력되는 온도차이전압값에 의해 릴레이를 스위칭하여 열전소자(138)에 인가되는 전압을 조정한다. 열전 소자(138)는 FLC온도제어부(132)에서 발생하는 스위칭 전압에 의해 극성을 바꿔가면서 히팅(Heating) 및 (쿨링(Cooling) 동작을 반복하여 FLC패널부(112)의 온도를 제어한다. 예를 들면 제2DAC부(128)의 출력 전압값이 "0"이면 강 히팅, "127"이면 강 쿨링, "63/64"이면 적정 온도이므로 열전소자(138)를 동작 시키지 않는다.In addition, the FLC temperature controller 132 adjusts the voltage applied to the thermoelectric element 138 by switching the relay according to the temperature difference voltage value input from the second DAC unit 128. The thermoelectric element 138 controls the temperature of the FLC panel 112 by repeating the heating and (cooling) operations while changing the polarity by the switching voltage generated by the FLC temperature control unit 132. For example, if the output voltage value of the second DAC unit 128 is "0", the heating element is strong, if it is "127", it is strong cooling, and if it is "63/64", the thermoelectric element 138 is not operated.
도 2는 도 1의 FLC온도제어부(132)의 상세도이며, 도 2는 제2DAC부(210)의 전압값을 입력으로 스위칭트랜지스터(TR1), 직류/직류변환부(230), 임피던스매칭부 (220), 릴레이(240)로 구성된다.FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the FLC temperature control unit 132 of FIG. 1, and FIG. 2 illustrates a switching transistor TR1, a DC / DC converter 230, and an impedance matching unit by inputting a voltage value of the second DAC unit 210. 220, a relay 240.
도 2를 참조하여 설명하면, 제2DAC부(128)의 온도차이전압이 저항(R2) 및 저항(R9)를 통해 트랜지스터 (TR1)으로 입력된다. 트랜지스터(TR1)는 제2DAC부(128)의 전압값에 따라 온/오프되어 릴레이(240)를 구동시킨다. 릴레이(240)는 트랜지스터(TR1)의 온/오프 동작에 따라 릴레이 온/오프한다. 이때 전원(12V)에서 저항(R8)을 통해 릴레이 스탠바이(Stand-by) 전압이 공급되며, 다이오드(D1)는 릴레리(240)가 온/오프시 발생하는 역기전력 보호용이다. 릴레이(240)는 트랜지스터(TR1)의 온/오프 동작에 따라 내부에서 접점(a,b,c,a',b',c')에 의해 릴레이 온/오프한다. 또한 저항(R3)를 거쳐 저항(R4,R5)에서 디바이드된 전압은 임피던스매칭부(220)를 거쳐 직류/직류변환부 (230)로 입력된다. 직류/직류변환부(230)는 궤환저항(R7)을 구비하여 임피던스매칭부(220)를 통해 입력되는 전압에 따라 열전소자(138)에 인가되는 전압을 결정한다. 즉, 입력전압이 클수록 열전소자(138)에 인가되는 출력전압은 낮아지고 입력전압이 적을수록 열전소자(138)에 인가되는 출력전압이 높아진다. 여기서 저항(R6)는 직류/직류변환부(230)에 입력되는 전압의 가변 레인지를 확대하기 위한 것이며, 커패시터(C1)은 고주파 노이즈를 제거하기 위한 것이다.Referring to FIG. 2, the temperature difference voltage of the second DAC unit 128 is input to the transistor TR1 through the resistor R2 and the resistor R9. The transistor TR1 is turned on / off according to the voltage value of the second DAC unit 128 to drive the relay 240. The relay 240 turns the relay on / off according to the on / off operation of the transistor TR1. At this time, a relay standby voltage is supplied from the power supply 12V through the resistor R8, and the diode D1 is for protecting the counter electromotive force generated when the relay 240 is on / off. The relay 240 is turned on / off by the contacts a, b, c, a ', b', and c 'in accordance with the on / off operation of the transistor TR1. In addition, the voltage divided by the resistors R4 and R5 through the resistor R3 is input to the DC / DC converter 230 through the impedance matching unit 220. The DC / DC converter 230 includes a feedback resistor R7 to determine the voltage applied to the thermoelectric element 138 according to the voltage input through the impedance matching unit 220. That is, the larger the input voltage, the lower the output voltage applied to the thermoelectric element 138, and the lower the input voltage, the higher the output voltage applied to the thermoelectric element 138. In this case, the resistor R6 is for expanding the variable range of the voltage input to the DC / DC converter 230, and the capacitor C1 is for removing high frequency noise.
릴레이(240)가 동작되는 상태를 보면, 제2DAC부(128)의 온도차이전압값이 "0∼62인 경우 트랜지스터(TR1)이 오프(OFF)되면서 릴레이 스위칭이 오프(a, a'가 각각 b, b'에 연결)된다. 이에 따라 열전소자(138)의 단자(+, -)에는 직류/직류변환부(230)에서 출력되는 전압이 그대로 인가되어 히팅 동작이 이루어진다. 또한 제2DAC부(128)의 온도차이전압값이 "65∼127인 경우 트랜지스터(TR1)가 온(ON) 되면서 릴레이 스위칭이 온(a, a'가 각각 c, c'에 연결)된다. 이에 따라 열전소자(138)의 단자(+, -)에는 직류/직류변환부(230)에서 출력되는 전압이 역으로 인가되어 쿨링동작이 이루어진다.Referring to the state in which the relay 240 operates, when the temperature difference voltage value of the second DAC unit 128 is "0 to 62, the transistor TR1 is turned off and the relay switching is turned off (a, a 'respectively). b, b '), so that the voltage output from the DC / DC converter 230 is applied to the terminals (+,-) of the thermoelectric element 138 as it is. When the temperature difference voltage value of 128 is "65 to 127, the transistor TR1 is turned on and relay switching is turned on (a, a 'is connected to c and c', respectively). Accordingly, the voltage output from the DC / DC converter 230 is reversely applied to the terminals (+,-) of the thermoelectric element 138 to perform the cooling operation.
본 발명은 상술한 실시예에 한정하지 않으며, 본 발명의 사상내에서 당업자에 의한 변형이 가능함은 물론이다. 즉, 열전소자(138)의 쿨링, 히팅을 전환하는 제어 소자로 릴레이(240)대신에 파워 FET를 사용할 수있다.The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and of course, modifications can be made by those skilled in the art within the spirit of the present invention. That is, the power FET may be used instead of the relay 240 as a control element for switching the cooling and heating of the thermoelectric element 138.
상술한 바와 같이 본 발명에 의하면, FLC패널 구동장치에서 열전 소자에 인가되는 전압을 조절함으로써 FLC 패널의 온도를 주위 환경에 관계없이 항상 최적의 상태로 유지할 수있다.As described above, according to the present invention, by controlling the voltage applied to the thermoelectric element in the FLC panel driving apparatus, the temperature of the FLC panel can always be maintained at an optimum state regardless of the surrounding environment.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR100667060B1 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2007-01-10 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | LCD Pannel and method to have suitable display characteristic at circumference environment |
US7872630B2 (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2011-01-18 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display |
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JPH08304772A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-22 | Sharp Corp | Driving method for ferroelectric liquid crystal display panel |
JPH08338985A (en) * | 1994-09-28 | 1996-12-24 | Nippon Soken Inc | Matrix type liquid crystal display device |
KR970701898A (en) * | 1994-03-07 | 1997-04-12 | 스켈톤 에스. 알. | Temperature compensation of ferroelectric liquid crystal displays |
KR19980075572A (en) * | 1997-03-31 | 1998-11-16 | 윤종용 | LCD automatic contrast control |
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- 1999-11-05 KR KR1019990048890A patent/KR20010045560A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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KR970701898A (en) * | 1994-03-07 | 1997-04-12 | 스켈톤 에스. 알. | Temperature compensation of ferroelectric liquid crystal displays |
JPH08338985A (en) * | 1994-09-28 | 1996-12-24 | Nippon Soken Inc | Matrix type liquid crystal display device |
JPH08304772A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-22 | Sharp Corp | Driving method for ferroelectric liquid crystal display panel |
KR19980075572A (en) * | 1997-03-31 | 1998-11-16 | 윤종용 | LCD automatic contrast control |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7872630B2 (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2011-01-18 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display |
KR100667060B1 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2007-01-10 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | LCD Pannel and method to have suitable display characteristic at circumference environment |
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