KR19990022758A - Interfacial gradient composites and methods for their formation - Google Patents

Abstract

The magnetic composite material exhibits distinct characteristics by the interfacial gradient. Magnetic composites are used to improve fuel cells and batteries, and achieve migration and separation of other chemicals. The apparatus using the composite material includes a separator, an electrode 801 for flux for moving the magnetic material, an electrode 804 for achieving electrolysis of the magnetic material, a system for moving the electrolytic material, System, an improved fuel cell, a storage battery, and an oxygen concentrator. Some composite materials are used to make a separator that separates two material materials and a flux switch that circulates the flow of chemicals. Some composite materials can control the movement and dispersion of chemicals. Other composites can enhance the ability of the fuel cell at atmospheric pressure and reduce weight. Some other composites allow rechargeable batteries to have longer secondary cycle life and improved output. Other composite materials disposed on the surface of the electrode also interfere with the inertness of the electrode and enable direct modification of the liquid fuel. Methods associated with such composites are provided in an obvious way to utilize such composites.

Description

Interfacial gradient composites and methods for their formation

Some of the work in the development of the present invention was made using US government funds received from the National Science Foundation's Chemical Analysis and Surface Science Department as CHE92-96013 and CHE93-20611. The Government is entitled to the present invention.

In the detailed description of the preferred embodiments described below, it can be seen that the interface gradient of suitably fabricated composites can be used to enrich the flux in many types of electrochemical systems such as fuel cells, batteries, thin film sensors, filters and flux switches Will appear. This interfacial gradient can be used in separators involving chromatographic and non-electrochemical separations involving separation of complexes of transition metals and transition metals in the light. The transition metals include lanthanides and actinides of atomic number 58-71 and 90-103, respectively. However, firstly, the current knowledge on the magnetism of the composite material is briefly described. In particular, thermodynamic, dynamic and mass transfer characteristics of bulk magnetic materials will be outlined. These bulk properties of molecules in the magnetic field are quite well known.

A rudimentary concept of self;

Paramagnetic molecules have an odd number of electrons and are attracted to the magnetic field. A material with an even number of electrons is slightly pushed by the magnetic field. Radicals and oxygen are paramagnetic. Most organic molecules are diamagnetic. Most metal ions and transition metal complexes are paramagnetic or semi-magnetic. How strongly the molecule or substance reacts to the magnetic field in solution or fluid is parameterized by the molecular susceptibility X _m (cm 3 / mole). For a semi-magnetic material, X _m is in the range of (-1 to -500) × 10 ^-6 cm 3 / mole regardless of temperature. For paramagnetic materials, Xm is in the range of 0 to +0.01 cm3 / mole, and once the small value of the semi-magnetic component is modified, it changes inversely with temperature (Curie's law).

The ion is a unipolar, moving along the direction of the electric field, depending on the amount and amount of ions, but the paramagnetic material is a dipole and is always attracted to the magnetic field regardless of the direction of the magnetic vector. This dipole will receive pure magnetic force if a magnetic field gradient is present. Since electrochemical reactions often involve the movement of a single electron, most of the electrochemical reactions will cause a change in the pure magnetisability of the material near the electrode.

The influence of the magnetic field on the chemical system can be divided into the following three types. That is, thermodynamic, kinetic, and mass transfer. Although the local magnetic effect is not likely, the macroscopic, thermodynamic effects are negligibly small. Kinesthetically, the rate of reaction and the distribution of products proton alternate with each other. The movement effect causes the flux to increase several times. The protons also show mechanical effects, especially on very short distance scales below 10 nm. The following explains the phenomenon that occurs when a uniform magnetic field is applied to a solution and a cell using an external laboratory magnet.

Thermodynamic phenomenon;

The uniform magnetic field applied by placing the solution between the poles of the laboratory magnet has only negligible non-exponential effects on the reaction free energy. That is,? Gm = -0.5? X _m B ² J / mole, where? Gm is the amount of change in the reaction free energy due to the magnetic field,? Xm is the difference in magnetic susceptibility between the product and the reactant, and B is the magnetic flux density expressed in gauss. In order to convert a semi-magnetic substance to a paramagnetic substance, it should be? Xm? 0.01 cm3 / mole. 1 Tesla (Tesla (T)] (1 Tesla = 10 kGauss) is in a given magnetic field, | ΔGm | ≤ 0.05 J / mole. In the strongest laboratory field with a maximum of 10 T, this effect is represented by the typical response free energy (Δ kJ / mole). The above is a macro view of the system in which a magnet is installed outside the battery and a uniform magnetic field is applied to the solution. Microscopically, it can be said that the local magnetic field of the composite is quite strong and that the molecules in the composite material close to the magnet making the magnetic field are locally affected by a strong magnetic field. For example, for a line or cylindrical magnet, the magnetic field is reduced to x ^-3 with respect to distance x. The magnetic force on a molecule 1 nm away from the magnet is about 10 ²¹ times stronger than the magnetic force at a distance of 1 cm. This discussion may qualitatively describe the potential benefits of microcomposite materials from a microstructural point of view, although this may be somewhat crude. In a magnet / Nafion (Dupont) composite, for example, many redox materials will migrate through the 1.5 nm band at the interface between Nafion and the magnet particle. ) Therefore, this oxidation-reduction material must be affected by a strong magnetic field at a position very close to the interface.

Dynamic phenomena;

The reaction rate k depends on the exponential function transpose factor A and the activation free energy ΔG We can use k = A exp [-ΔG / RT]. The externally applied uniform magnetic field has little effect on ΔG, but it can be changed. Nonadiabatic systems are sensitive to the magnetic field. The magnetic field removes the decay of the triplet state to change the rate of conversion between the single and three phases of the free radical (ΔG ). The conversion rate varies according to the factor 3 in a simple solvent. Since the magnetic coupling takes place through two micro-interactions between the electrons and the nuclei and between the spin-orbital interactions, the conversion rate can be a non-monotonic function of the applied magnetic field strength. Photochemical and electrochemical luminescence can be changed depending on the applied magnetic field. The single-phase to three-phase interconversions change the distribution of the product when the mutual conversion rate becomes equal to the rate at which free radicals exit the solvent. This effect is greatest in high viscosity media such as polymer films and in micellar environments. The smaller the system size, the greater the effect. For a coordination complex system, the photochemical and uniform electron transfer rates are varied by the magnetic field. Due to the unquenched orbital angular momentum of the atomic nucleus charge and the d- or f-shell electrons, the spin-orbital coupling is higher in the transition metal complex than in the organic radical. The uniform electron transfer rate between Co (NH ₃ ) 6 ³⁺ and Ru (NH ₃ ) 6 ²⁺ is lower than expected in the diffusion control reaction. At a magnetic field of 7 T, this speed is suppressed by a factor of two or three. It has been argued that [Delta] Xm (and [Delta] Gm) is determined by the highly paramagnetic activated complexes due to the magnetic susceptibility and magnetic field effects of the products, reactants and activation complexes. There is no remarkable effect on the reversible electron transfer at the electrode in the magnetic field. With respect to the pseudo-reversible electron transfer of a paramagnetic or a semi-magnetic material, the electron movement speed and the movement coefficient (?) Are not changed by a magnetic field applied in parallel to the electrode. A magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the electrodes in the flow cell generates a potential difference, which is exactly the same as the potential of the applied electrode. A potential of 0.25 V has been reported. When the applied magnetic field is reversed, the sign of the potential difference also changes. This effect does not change the standard rate constant, but only changes the applied potential.

Mass transfer;

The mass transfer effect by the magnetic field was experimented by placing an electrochemical cell between the texts of the large magnets. The effect depends on the orientation of the electrodes, the relative orientation between the magnetic field and the electrodes, the forced convection or natural convection, and the relative concentration of the redox substance and electrolyte. Three cases are illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

A Lorentz force acts on the charged material that is parallel to the electrodes and is in motion perpendicular to the magnetic field parallel to the electrodes by natural or forced convection, causing the charged particles to move toward the electrodes (FIG. 1). This magnetohydrodynamic effect can be expressed as:

[Equation 1]

F = q (E + v x B)

Where F, E, and V are the vector representing the Lorentz force for the charged material, the electric field, the velocity of the moving material, and the magnetic field, respectively. q is the charge of the material. For flow electrons and vertical electrodes, it was observed that the flux was enhanced several times in the presence of a magnetic field and there was a decrease in transient potential of several tens volts. Equation (1) also includes a Hall effect, which means that a potential is generated when a charged material moves through a vertical magnetic field. This potential overlaps the applied potential and causes migration at low electrolyte concentrations.

When the electrodes and the magnetic field are parallel to the ground, the magnetic field (B) and the current density (j) are spatially unchanged and not perpendicular to each other, the thermal motion becomes vortical at the electrode surface (see FIG. It can be parameterized as follows.

&Quot; (2) "

Fv = c- ¹ [jxB]

In Equation (2), Fv is a vector of magnetic force per unit volume, and c is a light velocity. Generally, this force is smaller than the Lorentz force. Several times flux enhancement and 10 to 20 mV dislocation migration were observed. The flux enhancement for paramagnetic and semi-magnetic materials is similar, but the paramagnetic electrolyte doubles the flux of the semi-magnetic Zn ²⁺ . Vortices suppress thermal motion and vortex diffusion.

The last configuration shown in FIG. 3 is for a magnetic field which is arranged perpendicular to the electrode surface and parallel to the electric field. Many, and sometimes inconsistent, results were reported for some configurations. Flux strengthening ≤ 1000% for vertical electrodes contained in static solution, 10% flux reduction for forced convection and parallel to the ground, and flux enhancement for electrodes parallel to the ground without forced convection And there is no report that it is not strengthened.

This concludes the description of the thermodynamic, dynamic and mass transfer effects of a uniform magnetic field application across the cell with an external magnet. No macroscopic effect can explain the dependence of the oxidation-reduction material on the susceptibility. Proton mechanical effects may be important, especially on short-range scales.

Fuel cells;

Oxygen is incompletely reduced to limit the efficiency of the H ₂ / O ₂ solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, so the cathode is pressurized about 5 times more than the anode.

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell configuration is one of hydrogen employing hydrogen as an anode feed material and oxygen in the air as an anode feed material. This fuel is usually depolarized (producing water) from the improved electrode using a noble metal catalyst. This hydrogen and oxygen are separated from each other by using a proton exchange membrane (such as Nafion) to prevent the fuel from thermally decomposing in the noble metal catalyst. The reactions occurring at the cathode are as follows.

Cathode O ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 4e = 2H ₂ OE ° cathode = 1.23V

Anode 2H ⁺ + 2e = H ₂ E ° anode = 0.00V

Pure reaction O ₂ + H ₂ = 2H ₂ OE ° cell = 1.23 V

However, since the fuel cell is generally operated in an unbalanced state, it is subjected to dynamical limitation. These limitations are usually related to the reactions occurring at the cathode.

O ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 4e = 2H ₂ OE ° cathode = 1.23V

As the cathode reaction becomes more and more kinetic, the cell voltage becomes lower and the second reaction path, i.e., oxygen, becomes reduced to two electrons / two protons to become hydrogen peroxide. It consumes oxygen as it has thermodynamically low potential energy through both electron steps.

O ₂ + 2H ⁺ + 2e = H ₂ O ₂ E ° H ₂ O ₂ = 0.68V

The standard free energy of this reaction is 30% of the free energy that can be obtained from the reduction of the four electrons in which oxygen is water. This reduction in current, coupled with a reduction in mobile electron number and a reduction in cell potential, significantly lowers the fuel cell output.

As a method for increasing the efficiency of the cathode reaction, the concentration (pressure) of the protons and oxygen supplied to the cathode is increased to enhance the flux of the cathode (that is, the reaction rate mole / cm 2 s ^-1 at the cathode). The proton flux can be easily maintained at a sufficiently high level using a proton exchange membrane (usually Nafion), which can meet the demand for anodic reactions. Usually, a method of accelerating the reaction by strengthening the flux to improve the formation of water is to pressurize the air supplied to the cathode. The pressure is typically 5-10 atm.

The need to pressurize the air from the proton exchange membrane and the fuel cell to the cathode has been a major obstacle to the development of cost-effective fuel cells, for example, for replacing internal combustion engines in vehicles. In particular, a compressor was required to press the cathode. For transport purposes, the compressor had to be driven by the power from the fuel cell. This reduced about 15% of the total fuel cell system output.

We have developed a passive pressurization method for the fuel cell and have been able to remove the above mechanical pump in the fuel cell system. By removing the mechanical pump, the weight of the fuel cell was reduced by almost 40%. By eliminating the parasitic losses that drive the pump and by improving the performance of the cathode, the fuel cell can produce more energy and output density. Utilizing the potential shift generated on the electrode surface driven by the magnet, the voltage output of the fuel cell can be increased and the negative dynamic characteristics of the cathode can be overcome. Removing the pump removes only one drive in the fuel cell, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of failure in the fuel cell.

In the current fuel cell configuration, the cathode is pressurized about five times the anode. The need for this pressure constrains the fuel cell configuration because it must be sufficiently rigid to support this pressure. In a magnetically based, passive pressurized configuration, there is no need to make the structure robust. This has two major advantages. First, the weight and volume of the fuel cell is reduced. The second is that the fuel cell is flexible. This flexibility can be exploited in a number of ways, including being able to be set up for everyday forms and structures, allowing you to utilize the space of a structure or device that otherwise would not be available. In addition, the flexibility of the fuel cell makes it possible to easily divide a single structure into several small cells, which can be used in parallel or in series as needed. This division is more complicated in a rigid structure of a pressurized fuel cell because the outer wall restricts accessibility to the fuel cell electrode.

Deactivation of the electrode;

Hydrogen is used as fuel in many fuel cell configurations, partly because of the good dynamic properties of hydrogen to the anode. However, hydrogen has the disadvantage that it is difficult to store and a little dangerous. This disadvantage is particularly noticeable in portable devices (e.g., portable devices such as vehicles and laptop computers). For vehicle fuel cells, liquid fuels such as methanol are generally preferred. In the conventional fuel cell employing methanol as the fuel, the methanol is heated to convert it into copper-zinc or other catalyst to generate hydrogen (and carbon dioxide) and supply it to the anode as needed.

Although much more preferred, direct conversion of liquid fuels (e. G., Methanol, ethanol) from the anode was not effective in prior art fuel cells. This is because, in the fuel cell of the prior art, the anode surface reacts with the electrolytic intermediate and the inactive layer is rapidly formed on the anode surface, i.e., the electrode is deactivated, resulting in further stopping or remarkable disturbance of the reaction.

Despite extensive research over the last several decades, the development of methods for direct conversion of fuel from the electrodes of fuel cells is in a state of rampage. This is especially true in the case of direct conversion at room temperature. This lack of progress is directly due to the fact that the above electrode deactivation problem is not solved. Yet, almost every effort to solve this problem has focused on chemical techniques and methods in contrast to the physical / magnetic methods employed in the present invention.

The data presented below show that electrodes modified with a magnetic composite material are less inactivated than non-inactivated or non-reformed electrodes. That is, these improved electrodes resist deactivation. On the other hand, the non-improved electrode is rapidly inactivated during the oxidation of the liquid fuel. According to the present invention, direct conversion of liquid fuel for a fuel cell is possible. The present invention is also widely applicable to the prevention of inactivation in the case of all electrolysis proceeding through a free radical mechanism or a multiple electron transfer process.

The present invention generally relates to a method of forming a gradient in the interface of composite material parts, a method of utilizing this gradient, and a composite material itself and a device using this material. In particular, the present invention relates to a method of forming a magnetic gradient at the interface of magnetic composite parts, a method of utilizing the magnetic gradient, and a magnetic composite material itself, which leads to the strengthening and improvement of the fuel cell, the battery and the flux Electrochemical systems including precipitation, and devices using these materials, such as separators, and the performance of the above devices. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for producing an interfacial gradient for separating both a magnetic composite material and a light transition metal from other species or from each other, and a manufacturing method and a use method thereof. The present invention also relates to a composition, an apparatus and a method for producing a magnetic composite material for electrolysis, particularly, a fuel cell, and a method of using the same. The present invention also relates to a composition, an apparatus and a method for producing a magnetic composite material for electrolysis of a fuel cell for preventing passivation of electrodes, and particularly to a fuel cell for directly reforming the fuel, and a method of using the same. The present invention also relates to an apparatus and a method for improving an electrolysis product involving a free radical product and an intermediate product.

Here, the term fuel is a mixture of one or more fuels in gas or liquid state with components other than the other fuels or fuels, including mixtures in which one or more fuels are mixed with air. Here, a fuel mixture means a mixture in which one fuel is mixed with components other than one or more other fuels or fuels.

1 shows the effect of the orientation of the electrodes and the solvent on the magnetohydrodynamic fluid motion in the first direction;

Figure 2 shows the effect of the orientation of the electrodes and the solvent on the magnetohydrodynamic fluid motion in the second direction.

Figure 3 shows the effect of the orientation of the electrodes and the solvent on the magnetohydrodynamic fluid motion in the third direction.

Figures 4A and 4B show the ratios for a neutron-track etched polycarbonate / Nafion composite material to a diameter d of the micropore.

Figures 5A and 5B illustrate a surface diffusion model assuming that there is no restriction on the radial velocity.

Figures 6A and 6B illustrate a surface diffusion model including radial movement.

Figures 7A and 7B show the distribution of hydroquinone through the polystyrene / nafion composite material versus the ratio of microbead surface area to nafion volume.

8A is an analysis of the fractal diffusion along the surface of a microbead in a polystyrene microbead / naphion composite material.

8B is a view showing the result of magnetic field measurement by cyclic voltammetry on two electrodes surface-modified with only one kind of Nafion or Nafion containing 15% by volume of uncoated iron dioxide particles. FIG. Voltamogram 1 is for electrodes with simple Nafion coating on the surface. Voltammetogram 2 is for an electrode with a composite material containing Nafion and 15% uncoated iron dioxide particles.

Figure 9 shows the relative flux of the redox material on the y-axis, which indicates the maximum periodic voltammetric current for the composite with magnetic microbeads as the maximum periodic voltammetric current for the Nafion membrane without magnetic material And this ratio represents the degree of flux enhancement.

10 is a view showing the distance to Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ as a function of the microbead volume ratio of magnetic and nonmagnetic composite materials.

11 is a graph showing that the flux increases with the magnetic content of the microbead relative to Ru (NH3) _{6 < 3} ^{+ &} gt ;.

Figure 12A, 12B and 12C are reversible material Ru (NH _{3) 6} ³⁺ and Ru (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ and decision reversible materials diagram showing the result of periodic Volta metric for the hydroquinone.

Figure 13 shows the flux for seven oxidation-reduction materials used to predict that oxygen through a 15% magnetic Nafion composite material has about 5 times flux enhancement over Nafion.

14 shows the flux of Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ in a magnetic bead / Nafion composite material that increases as the magnetic bead increases.

14A shows the paramagnetic effective moments of a lanthanide metal and a compound expressed as a function of f-shell electrons. FIG.

14B shows the paramagnetic effective moment of an actinide group metal and a compound as a function of the f-shell electron number.

14C shows the magnetic moments of the d-shell transition metal and the compound as a function of the d-shell electron number.

14D shows a series of vessels separated by a magnetic separator used to separate the mixture according to the invention and to increase the purity of the composition.

15A is a simplified drawing used to illustrate how a microboundary affects a standard electrochemical process;

15B shows a simplified representation of a material of the present invention in which a magnetic field generated by an electric magnet is placed in an externally applied field in order to change the magnetic properties of the material of the present invention wherein the magnetic field can be turned on, .

16 is a simplified illustration of a separator that does not use a conductor substrate to divide a mixture of electrodes or particles into a first solution and a second solution.

Figure 16A shows a series of vessels separated by a magnetic separator which is used to separate the mixture to increase the purity of the constituent material similar to Figure 14D, but which forms a composite that facilitates separation using a ligand in accordance with the present invention. drawing.

FIG. 16B shows a series of separators separated by a magnetic separator which is used to separate the mixture to increase the purity of the constituent material similar to FIG. 14D but which, according to the invention, forms a composite that assists separation using a ligand associated with the magnetic separator. Drawing of the vessel.

Figure 16C shows a series of vessels separated by a magnetic separator for separating the mixture, in which a separation process similar to Figure 14D is combined with a separation process to form a composite that facilitates separation using a ligand in accordance with the present invention. Fig. 16C shows a series of containers separated by a magnetic separator for separating the mixture, which is combined with a separation process similar to that of Fig. 14D to form a composite for facilitating separation using a ligand according to the present invention, Fig. 16E is a view showing the arrangement of the fuel cell 1220;

Figure 17 is a simplified representation of steps involved in an electrode forming method according to two embodiments of the present invention.

18A and 18B illustrate a flux switch 800 for regulating the flow of oxidation-reduction material in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

19 illustrates a dual sensor 900 used to distinguish between a first material (particle A) and a second material (particle B).

20 is a view showing a battery 201 according to another embodiment of the present invention. A chromatographic embodiment is shown in Figure 20A. 20B is a view showing a schematic magnetic force line of a wire. Figure 20C illustrates a method for the technique of Figure 20A;

FIG. 21 shows periodic voltammetric data for oxygen reduction using electrodes coated with two magnetic microbeads and platinum carbon particles at the electrode interface as compared to corresponding data for the other three electrode surface modifications (Curves 1-3) (Curve number 4).

22 is a graph showing the value of kD ^1/2 C ^* (y axis) when the mass% of carbon (in the platinum carbon state) is changed in the range of 10% to 50%, wherein kD ^1/2 C ^* Is a variable proportional to the peak periodic voltammetric current. The platinum content in carbon is 10, 20, 30 or 40%. Each point represents one experiment.

23A and 23B are graphs showing the results of ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode having a surface composite of Nafion and nonmagnetic microbeads (Fig. 23A) or magnetic microbeads (Fig. 23B) (25% 6 mM of ethanol in 0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄ ). Periodic voltamograms were recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / S. The electrode was changed 100 times between -700 and 900 mV before writing the data.

Figure 24A, 24B and 24C are Nafion and the non-magnetic microbeads (volume ratio of 25% beads and 75% of Nafion) with the surface ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode with a composite material (0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄ ethanol of 7mM in ) And a surface composite material of Nafion and magnetic microbeads (25% by volume by volume and Nafion 75% by volume) was used to oxidize ethanol ( ₇ mM of ethanol in 0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄ ) ≪ / RTI > for the periodic voltammetric data. The periodic voltamograms were recorded at a scan rate of 500 Mv / S (Figure 24A), 100 mV / S (Figure 24B), 50 and 20 mV / S (Figure 24C). In this case, the electrode was changed 100 times between 700 and 900mV before the data was written.

25 is a diagram showing the periodicity Volta metric data for (ethanol of 6.852 mM in a 0.1003 M Na ₂ SO _4), nothing is not only pure platinum electrode with ethanol oxidation. Periodic voltamograms were recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / S. The electrode was changed 100 times between -700 and 900 mV before writing the data.

Figs. 26A and 26B are graphs showing platinum-carbon (Pt-C), Nafion and nonmagnetic microbeads (Fig. 26A) or magnetic microbeads Nafion), ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode having a surface with the composite material (0.1003 M Na ₂ SO ₄ a view showing a periodicity Volta metric data for ethanol of 6.852 mM) in. Periodic voltamograms were recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / S. The electrode was changed 100 times between -700 and 900 mV before writing the data.

27A and 27B show a graphical representation of the magnetic properties of platinum carbon (Pt-C), Nafion and nonmagnetic microbeads (Figure 27A) or magnetic microbeads (Figure 27B) Nafion), ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode having a surface with the composite material (0.1003 M Na ₂ SO ₄ a view showing a periodicity Volta metric data for ethanol of 6.852 mM) in. Periodic voltamograms were recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / S. The electrode was changed 100 times between -700 and 900 mV before writing the data.

28A shows periodic volumetric data and platinum carbon (Pt-C) for ethanol oxidation (6 mM ethanol in 0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄ ) using a pure platinum electrode without any. Ethanol oxidation (0.1 M Na ₂ SO) using a platinum electrode with a surface composite of Nafion and nonmagnetic microbeads or magnetic microbeads (11% beads, 26% Pt-C and 63% Nafion in volume ratio) 0.0 > 6 < / RTI > mM ethanol in ₄ ). The periodic voltamogram was recorded at a scanning speed of 500 mV / S. The electrode was changed 100 times between -700 and 900 mV before writing the data.

28B is periodic volumetric data for the ethanol oxidation of FIG. 28A with a scan rate of 100 mV / S.

28C is periodic volumetric data for the ethanol oxidation of FIG. 28A with a scan rate of 20 mV / S.

29A shows periodic volumetric data and platinum carbon (Pt-C) for ethanol oxidation (6 mM of ethanol in 0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄ ) using a pure platinum electrode with nothing. Ethanol oxidation (0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄₎ using a platinum electrode with a surface composite of Nafion and magnetic microbeads or magnetic microbeads (11% beads and 76% Pt-C and 13% Nafion in volume ratio) 0.0 > 6 < / RTI > mM ethanol). The periodic voltamogram was recorded at a scanning speed of 500 mV / S. The electrode was changed 100 times between -700 and 900 mV before writing the data.

29B is periodic volumetric data for the ethanol oxidation of FIG. 29A, recorded at a scan rate of 100 mV / S.

29C is periodic volumetric data for the ethanol oxidation of FIG. 29A with a scan rate of 100 mV / S.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved electrode.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a coating film for enhancing the flux of a magnetic material to an electrode.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a separator for separating magnetic substances from each other according to the magnetic susceptibility.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of forming a coating film so that the electrode improves the flux of the magnetic material to the electrode.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method of coating a surface of an apparatus with a magnetic composite material that is responsive to an external magnetic field.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method of coating a surface of an apparatus with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions with a magnetic gradient having a path on a coated surface when an external magnetic field is applied to the coated surface.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved fuel cell.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved fuel cell anode.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved battery.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a flux switch.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved fuel cell anode with passive oxygen pressurization.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved separator for separating paramagnetic material from semi-magnetic material.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an improved electrolytic cell.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved electrolytic cell for electrolytic gas.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved multistage density composite material for controlling chemical migration.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved battery for direct conversion of liquid or gaseous fuel.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrode which is not inactivated or resists the formation of an inactive layer on the electrode surface.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical cell having improved power generation and / or complex capability.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical cell having an electrode that is not inactivated by an electrolytic intermediate.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical cell having an electrode capable of resisting inactivation by an electrolytic intermediate product and capable of direct conversion of liquid or gaseous fuel.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic composite material or composition for electrode surface coating that is not inactivated or does not form an inactivating layer on the electrode surface.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for coating the electrode surface so as not to be inactivated or to form an inactive layer on the electrode surface.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method for coating electrode surfaces to directly convert liquid or gaseous fuel.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method for preventing formation of an inactive layer on an electrode surface.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for enabling direct conversion of liquid or gaseous fuel at the surface of a fuel cell electrode.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for directly converting liquid or gaseous fuel at an inactive electrode surface.

One advantage of the present invention is that it can enhance the flux of paramagnetic materials to the electrodes.

Another advantage of the present invention is that it can enhance the flux of oxygen to the fuel cell cathode equally to manual pressurization.

Another advantage of the present invention is the ability to separate paramagnetic, non-magnetic and non-magnetic materials from the mixture.

Another advantage of the present invention is the ability to separate chemicals according to their chemical, viscous, and magnetic properties.

Another advantage of the present invention is that it utilizes the magnetic field gradient of the magnetic composite material.

Another advantage of the present invention is that it can be configured to act on internal or external magnetic fields or both.

Another advantage of the present invention is that formation of an inactive layer on the electrode surface can be avoided.

Another advantage of the present invention is that it allows direct conversion of liquid or gaseous fluid from the surface of the fuel cell electrode.

Another advantage of the present invention is that it forms a magnetic field on the surface of the electrode.

Another advantage of the present invention is that it stabilizes the free radicals generated during the electrolysis process.

One feature of the invention is that it includes magnetically improved electrodes.

A further feature of the present invention is that the coating comprises a process of coating the surface of the device with a magnetic composite material responsive to an external magnetic field to increase the electrochemical efficiency and flux of the surface.

Another feature of the present invention is that it comprises a magnetic composite made of an ion exchange polymer and a non-permanent magnet microbead having magnetic properties magnetized in an externally applied magnetic field.

Another feature of the present invention is that the ion exchange polymer and the organo-iron (superparamagentic or ferrofluid) exhibiting a magnetic field gradient or other permanent and non-permanent magnets or ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic material microbeads ). ≪ / RTI >

A further feature of the present invention is that it comprises a magnetic composite material comprising platinum particles that serve as catalysts and / or electronic conductors.

A further feature of the present invention is that the magnetic composite material comprises an improved electrode that is applied and not inactivated by electrolytic intermediate products.

Another feature of the present invention is that it comprises a magnetic composite material composition that covers the electrode surface to avoid formation of an inert layer on the electrode surface.

Another feature of the present invention is that it comprises a magnetic composite material composition which is not inactivated or coated on the electrode surface so that the fuel can be directly converted by the electrode without forming an inert layer on the electrode surface.

It is another feature of the present invention to provide a method for making direct conversion of liquid or gaseous fuel at the surface of a fuel cell without forming a deactivation layer on the surface of the electrode and the carbon particles combined with the catalyst in combination with the ion exchange polymer And a magnetic composite material comprising magnetic microbeads.

It is another feature of the present invention to provide a carbon nanotube comprising carbon particles bound to a catalyst in combination with an ion exchange polymer and magnetic microbeads capable of stabilizing free radicals generated in the electrolysis process, Which can be used in a variety of applications.

Another aspect of the present invention includes an electrochemical cell having at least one electrode with a surface-coated magnetic composite material so that the electrochemical cell generates more power and / or is more complex.

The objects, advantages, and features of the present invention are summarized as: a first material having a first magnetic property; A second material having a second magnetic property; Providing a path between said first material and a second material having an average width of from about 1 nanometer to several micrometers and comprising a plurality of boundaries with a magnetic gradient in said path, Wherein said particles have a first magnetic susceptibility and said other particles have a second magnetic susceptibility and wherein said first and second magnetic susceptibilities are sufficiently different so that most of said further particles remain in said first region, Wherein the metal particles pass to the second region and a separator disposed between the first region and the second region containing another particle.

The objects, advantages, and features of the present invention are also achieved by an electrolyte comprising a first type of particles; A first electrode disposed in the electrolyte; And a second electrode disposed in the electrolyte such that when the first type of particles reaches the second electrode, the first type of particles are converted to second type particles and the second electrode has a coated side, A first material having a first magnetic property; A second material having a second magnetic property; Providing a path between said first material and a second material having an average width of from about 1 nanometer to several micrometers and comprising a plurality of boundaries with a magnetic gradient in said path, Is achieved by providing a battery having a first magnetic susceptibility, the other particles having a second magnetic susceptibility, and the first and second magnetic susceptibilities being different.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a method for manufacturing a casting honeycomb structure, comprising the steps of: preparing a casting honeycomb including a magnetic microbead and an ionic polymer; Casting a casting mixture on the surface; And drying the casting mixture to form a composite coating on the surface.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by providing a first component comprising a magnetic microbead having at least about 1% by weight dissolved in a first solvent, and an ion exchange polymer having at least about 2% by weight dissolved in the second solvent Mixing the first component and the second component to produce a mixed suspension or casting mixture; Applying a mixing suspension to a surface disposed in an external magnetic field oriented about 90 degrees to an electrode surface of at least about 0.5 tesla; There is provided a method of coating a face of a device with a magnetic composite material comprising vaporizing a first solvent and a second solvent to produce a face coating having a plurality of boundary regions with a magnetic gradient with a path to the coated face .

The object, advantages, and features of the present invention are also achieved by providing a microbead-coated microbead containing from about 10% to about 90% of a magnetizable material having a diameter of at least 0.5 < RTI ID = 0.0 > And a second component comprising at least about 2% ion exchange polymer in a weight dissolved in a second solvent to produce a mixed suspension; Applying a mixing suspension to the electrode surface in a magnetic field oriented at approximately 90 degrees to an electrode surface of at least about 0.05 tesla; And evaporating the first solvent and the second solvent to produce a surface-coated electrode with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions with a magnetic gradient with a path to the electrode surface This is achieved by providing a method of producing a surface coated electrode with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions with magnetic gradient.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by providing a magnetic bead coated article comprising at least 5% by weight of a microbead coated with an inert polymer containing about 10% to 90% of a magnetizable non-permanent magnetic material having a diameter of at least 0.5 [ % Suspension in a second solvent and a second component comprising at least 5% by weight of an ion exchange polymer in a second solvent to produce a mixture or suspension mixture; Applying a mixing suspension to the electrode surface; Producing an electrode having a surface coated with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions with a magnetic gradient having a path to the electrode surface when the external magnet is turned on by evaporating the first solvent and the second solvent, There is provided a method of manufacturing an electrode having a surface coated with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions with a magnetic gradient having a path to an electrode surface when the magnet is turned on.

The objects, advantages, and features of the present invention are also achieved by a method of manufacturing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, comprising the steps of: preparing a series of casting mixtures with polymeric materials and solvents having a certain range of concentrations; Adding one of the casting mixture to the surface of the film and evaporating the solvent; Adding another one of the series of casting mixtures to the surface of the film and evaporating the solvent to produce a graded density layer on the surface.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, And a composite material having a first material having a first magnetic property and a second material having a second magnetic property, the composite material having a first magnetic material and a second material, And the path is achieved by providing an electrode through which the flux of magnetic material, including that the flux of magnetic material into the conductor, becomes a fine passage.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, This is accomplished by providing an electrode that is in contact with a conductor that energizes the flux of the magnetic material in the electrolyte as a conductor and that electrolyzes the magnetic material and that electrolyzes the magnetic material including the magnetic means on the surface.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, This is achieved by providing an electrode that enhances the flux of magnetic material to the conductor and has means on the side in contact with the conductor to cause the electrolysis of the magnetic material to cause the electrolysis of the magnetic material.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, An electrode for electrolyzing a magnetic material comprising a magnetic composite material on a surface in contact with a conductor for causing a magnetic material to be electrolyzed, wherein a plurality of paths for enhancing the passage of the magnetic material toward the conductor are provided, .

The objects, advantages, and features of the present invention are also achieved by providing a magnetic sensor comprising: a first electrolyte material having a first magnetic susceptibility; A second electrolytic material having a second magnetic susceptibility; Means for passing a first magnetic material having a first magnetic susceptibility than a second magnetic substance having a second magnetic susceptibility, preferably means for passing a first magnetic material forming a composite material with a second material having a second magnetic property / RTI > and a second material having a first material.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a magnetic recording medium comprising: a first magnetic material having a first magnetic property; And a second magnetic material having a second magnetic property that works in conjunction with the first magnetic material to produce a magnetic gradient so that the magnetic grains have a magnetic susceptibility of separating the first particles from the second particles, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > a < / RTI >

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by an ion exchange material; Density layer to control the movement of the chemical substance to which the ion-exchange material is adsorbed to the tone-density substance.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by an ion exchange material; A magnetic coated microbead material coated with a polymer; By providing a magnetic composite material having a graded density layer for controlling the magnetic chemical movement according to the magnetic susceptibility, wherein the magnetic microbead material coated with the ion exchange material and the polymer is adsorbed to the tone density material.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchanger comprising: an ion exchanger; Grained viscous layer and the ion exchanger is also achieved by a composite material which controls the viscous movement of the chemical adsorbed to the grained viscous layer.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchanger comprising: an ion exchanger; A polymer coated with a magnetic microbead material; Wherein the polymer coated with the ion exchanger and the magnetic microbead material is adsorbed to the grayscale density layer and the second layer is a layer of a polymer coated with a magnetic microbead material having a density gradient substantially perpendicular to the density gradient Is also achieved by a magnetic composite material that controls the migration and dispersion of the magnetochemical that forms the density gradient.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchanger comprising: an ion exchanger; A polymer coated with a magnetic microbead material; Wherein the polymer coated with the ion exchanger and the magnetic microbead material is adsorbed to the grayscale density layer and the second layer is a layer of a polymer coated with a magnetic microbead material substantially in parallel with the density gradient of the grayscale density layer Is also achieved by a magnetic composite material that controls the migration and dispersion of the magnetochemical that forms the density gradient.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchanger comprising: an ion exchanger; Wherein the stepped density layer and the ion exchanger are either one of the first and second sides, the ion exchanger being adsorbed to the gradation density layer and cast together in the gradation density layer, , The first side being adjacent to a source of chemical material and the second side being more distal to a source of chemical material, the stepped density layer having a lower density towards the first side and a second side Ion exchange composite material having a gradation movement that increases density substantially in a direction from the first side to the second side and chemical properties that control chemical migration.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchanger comprising: an ion exchanger; Wherein the stepped density layer and the ion exchanger are one of those adsorbed on the grayscale density layer and cast together in the grayscale density layer, and the stepwise density layer and the ion exchanger are one of the first , The first side being adjacent to a source of chemical material and the second side being more distal to a source of chemical material, the stepped density layer having a lower density towards the first side and a second side Ion exchange composite having a high density towards the first side and a gradation substantially reducing the density from the first side to the second side and chemical properties controlling chemical migration.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an electrode assembly comprising: an electrode; A coating on said electrode; Said coating comprising: a magnetic microbead material aligned with a magnetic field surface; An ion exchange polymer; Wherein the flux switch comprises an electroactive polymer in which the first oxidation-reduction form is paramagnetic and the second oxidation-reduction form is quasi-magnetic and wherein the flux switch is a magnetic field generated by the coating of the second oxidation- Reducing material that is activated by being electrolyzed from the first oxidation-reduction furnace aligned with the first oxidation-reduction furnace.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an electrode assembly comprising: an electrode; A coating on said electrode; Said coating comprising: a non-permanent magnetic microbead material; An ion exchange polymer; The first oxidation-reduction form comprises a magnetic material polymer in which the second oxidation-reduction form is quasi-magnetic and the flux switch is activated by inversely converting from a paramagnetic form to a semi-magnetic form when the magnetic field externally applied is turned on / off It is also achieved by a flux switch that circulates the flow of chemicals.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are also achieved by a magnetic composite material comprising platinum-containing particles, wherein platinum acts as a catalyst and / or electron conductor.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchange polymer; Magnetic microbeads; Also achieved by a magnetic composite material or component comprising a carbon particle in combination with a catalyst, wherein the magnetic composite material is disposed on the surface of the electrode and prevents or inhibits inertness of the electrode to prevent inactivation at the surface of the electrode.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by an ion exchange polymer; Magnetic microbeads and / or; Also achieved by a magnetic composite material comprising carbon particles in combination with a catalyst, wherein the magnetic composite material is disposed on the surface of the electrode to prevent inactivation at the surface of the electrode and directly modify the fuel at the surface of the electrode.

The object, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by a method of manufacturing an electrode having a surface coated with a magnetic composite material, comprising the steps of: providing an ion exchange polymer, carbon particles bonded with microbeads, and / or a catalyst, ; ≪ / RTI > Casting the mixture on the surface of the electrode; It is also achieved to prevent the magnetic composite material from inactivating the electrode surface by providing a step of evaporating the solvent to form an electrode having a surface coated with the magnetic composite material.

The object, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by a method of manufacturing an electrode having a surface coated with a magnetic composite material, comprising the steps of: providing an ion exchange polymer, carbon particles bonded with microbeads, and / or a catalyst, ; ≪ / RTI > Casting the mixture on the surface of the electrode; Placing the electrode in an external magnetic field so that the magnetic particles can be oriented on the surface of the electrode and form an aligned structure before the solvent evaporates; It is also achieved to prevent the magnetic composite material from inactivating the electrode surface by providing a step of evaporating the solvent to form an electrode having a surface coated with the magnetic composite material.

The object, advantage and feature of the present invention is to provide a method for direct modification of liquid or gas fuel at the surface of a magnetically modified electrode of a fuel cell, wherein the surface of the electrode is disposed thereon, And directly supplying fuel to the surface of the electrode having a magnetic composite coating that enables direct modification of the fuel at the surface of the electrode that has been retrofitted.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention are attained by a method of manufacturing an electrode comprising: at least one electrode having a magnetic composite material disposed on a surface of at least one electrode; A supply means for supplying fluid (liquid or gas) fuel to at least one surface of the electrode such that the fuel is oxidized (modified) directly on at least one anode and the magnetic composite is inert To the fuel cell.

The object, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved by a positive electrode comprising: a positive electrode having a magnetic composite material disposed on a surface of the positive electrode; It is also possible to provide a fuel cell having fuel supply means for supplying fuel to the surface of the anode so that the fuel is directly reformed at the anode and the magnetic composite material interferes with inertness of the anode surface.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Interface Gradient - General

It has been found that the interfacial gradient of density, charge, dielectric constant and potential tends to form a strong interfacial force that decreases as the distance decreases (1 to 100 nm). (The electric field length) is 10 ⁵ V / cm to 10 ⁶ V / cm (for example, for a potential of 10 mV to 100 mV applied to an electrode having a potential of 0 charge placed in a 0.1 M aqueous electrolyte) , But decreases over a distance of 1 nm.) In a homogeneous matrix in which there are only a few interfaces, the effect of the interfacial gradient on the overall material properties is negligibly small. However, in a matrix of microstructures with a large surface area ratio to volume, the interfacial gradient has a great influence or dominance on the properties of the composite material. It is known that a model suitable for the term bulk material is not well suited when applied to these composites. Moreover, as will be described below, such composites provide an opportunity to construct a matrix and to exhibit unknown properties in homogeneous materials and to exhibit unknown properties.

The effect of the gradient associated with the interface between the ion exchanger and its support matrix to promote the migration of ions and molecules was studied with ion exchange polymer composites. The composite material is formed by adsorbing an ion exchange polymer on a large surface area substrate having a well-known geometry. The flux of the solute through the composite material is determined volumetrically. Comparing the flux through a simple membrane of solute flux with the ion exchange material through the ion exchange portion of the composite material, the flux is enhanced in the composite material. The extent of this reinforcement is often such that units are different. Similarly, the ratio of substrate surface area (SA / Vol) to the adsorbed ion exchange material volume was a significant factor in quantifying the degree of flux enhancement. It has been found that the nature of the flux enhancement depends on the interface between the ion exchange material and the support. It is known to date that several interfacial grades are important. That is, there is known a magnetic field gradient causing a density gradient causing surface diffusion, a potential gradient causing mass transfer, and flux enhancement and dislocation movement at the electrode.

The formation of a composite material;

The composite material is prepared by mixing two or three components well to form a heterogeneous matrix as described in more detail below. Composites have properties that are significantly different from those of the starting materials that give particular attention to composite materials while retaining some of the properties of each component.

Results of previous studies;

For ion exchange polymers and composites thereof, the impact of microstructure on migration and selectivity was very large. The characteristics of the new bacteria are not derived from the individual constituents of the composite material but by the gradient generated at the interface between the components. Ion exchange polymers that have essentially microstructures, such as Nafion, exhibit superior migration, selectivity, and stability characteristics over polymers that do not have intrinsic microstructures such as polymerization (styrene sulfonate). If the ion exchange polymer is supported on an inert substrate having microstructure characteristics (5-100 nm) similar to the microstructure characteristics of ion exchange materials on a length scale (e.g., 5 nm micron in Nafion) The structure of the exchange material collapses in a regular fashion. The relationship between the flux characteristics of the composite materials and the microstructure in the above - mentioned substrate has provided information on how the microstructure affects the properties of ion exchange materials. This relationship can be used to create a design specification specification of how the composite material is tailored to specific mobility and selectivity characteristics.

Surface diffusion;

From this point of view, the first composite material was formed by adsorbing Nafion into the co-axial cylindrical micropores of the neutron track etched polycarbonate film. This ion exchange polymer or ion is a perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer having the following structure.

The SO ₃ ^- group is absorbed into the inert substrate to form a loosely packed perfluorinated alkyl chain OCF ₂ CF ₂ OCF ₂ CF ₂ SO ₃ ^- in one layer, shown in bold above. This results in an interface band of approximately 1 to 2 nm in thickness along the edge formed between the ion exchange polymer and the inert substrate. In structures with a large surface area ratio to volume, much of the molecules and ions that pass through the complex actually pass this interface band. That is, molecules and ions have the highest interfacial field due to the high flux through this thin interfacial zone. For a given thin film, all micropores have approximately the same diameter d in the range of 15 to 600 nm. The flux of the electroactive material passing through the composite material is determined by a rotary disc voltammetry. For a rotary disk boltmeter, the flux of the redox material passing through the Nafion part of the composite material in kilometers (㎠ / s) is parameterized, where k is the partition coefficient that the material enters into Nafion Km (㎠ / s) is its mass transport coefficient. A simple Nafion membrane made by pouring directly onto the electrode was also studied. The results are shown in Figure 4A as a function of logarithm (d). As shown in Fig. 4A, as the diameter of the pores decreased to 30 nm, the flux through the nafion portion increased as much as 3600% over the simple membrane above. This study shows that the interface between Nafion and Gym Matrix is important in determining flux characteristics of composite materials.

The flux model proposed here is dependent on the interface formed between the Nafion and the polycarbonate providing a pathway for the oxidation-reduction material to move well into the electrode. The massive Nafion at the center of the micropores has a smaller mobility coefficient (m) than that of the support matrix, but provides the amount of feed of the additive-reducing material from the center of the micropores to the wall transfer zone. An important parameter for enhancing the flux is the ratio of the wall surface area (dd) to the wall surface area (dd ² ) that makes the movement of the Nafion supplied to the interface better (with respect to the path of the cylindrical section) / 4), i.e., 4 / d. The distance to 1 / d is shown in Fig. 4B. In Figure 4B, note that the change is linear for d > = 30nm and the intercept according to d → ∞ (1 / d → 0), except for the case of dopamine, corresponds to the distance to Nafion in lump state Please.

Predictive models and functions that depend on the interfacial properties, such as the interface and the concentration, field, and other gradients depend on the interfacial properties and are presented next, along with methods for designing new composites for specific applications. We briefly describe a simple diffusion model assuming that there is no limitation on the radial velocity. Figures 5A and 5B show a simple model in which the radial velocity is not limited. In this model, J _comp is the total flux through the composite material, J _Nuc is the flux through the _vacancies , J _bulk and J _wall are the fluxes along the surface of the micropores Respectively. As shown in FIG. 4B, to analyze the flux, J _bulk and J _wall should be divided into the cross-sectional area of the microspheres used to determine the effective extraction and migration coefficient multiplication. From the final formula, what is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B is interpreted as having slope and intercept by interpreting FIG. 4B. If the thickness δ of the interfacial band is 1.5 nm, the quoted k _wall m _wall values and k _bulk m _bulk values can be found. The diffusion coefficients of each substance in the solution are also shown for comparison. Generally, k _wall m _wall (10 ~ 10 ₂ ) × k _bulk m _bulk (1 to 10) x D _soln . That is, for an interfacial band thickness of δ 1.5 nm, k _wall m _wall is one unit larger than D _{soln and} is one to two units larger than k _bulk m _bulk . This interface migration occurs because the naphion sulfonic acid group irreversibly exchanges with the polycarbonate surface site to form one inactive sulfonic acid group layer. The side chain connecting the sulfonic acid sites to the Nafion center forms a loosely packed layer along the walls of the microspheres, allowing the flux to move through this moving region, rather than through the harsh environment of the lump or the surface. Given the length of the chain, the δ value of approximately 1.5 nm corresponds to the k _{wall wall} value (and ㎞ / Dsoln value), and the k _{wall wall} value shifts as the diameter of the redox substance increases Decrease. That is, the value of k _wall m _wall is H ² Q (0.6 nm) Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ (0.8 nm) DOP ⁺ (0.8 nm) FernN ⁺ (1 nm). It has also been found that there is a difference between these materials depending on the molecular shape in the neutron track etch composite. For example, a disk-like molecule has a higher flux than a larger circular molecule.

Radial movement;

The micropores have a surface charge density of -0.2 占 폚 / cm2. For a composite material having a pore diameter of 30 nm, the corresponding charge amount is 0.5% of the total pore hole charge and has little influence on the number of anions that are extracted from the solution and migrate to the micropores. However, the surface charge forms a dislocation gradient (electric field) from the micropore toward the wall, causing positive charge ions to move radially outward from the center of the micropore to the wall. The problem is whether this radial interfacial gradient can combine with the concentration gradient along the wall to increase the flux of the flux to the electrode as shown in Figures 6A and 6B.

The model was experimented with the concentration of dopamine (2 mM) kept constant and the concentration of nitrate electrolytic nuclei varied from 0.50 to 0.01 M. The flux was measured using a rotary disc voltammetry at an infinite rotational speed for the electrodes modified at 400 rpm for a pure electrode and for an improved electrode (see Table 1). The electrolyte concentration does not significantly affect the flux for the 30 nm Nafion and Nafion membranes that do not contain pure electrodes and Nafion.

[Table 1]

Flux for dopamine oxidation in a number of ^{[H +] (nmol / ㎠s} -1)

However, for a 30 nm Nafion composite material, reducing the electrolyte concentration by 50 times results in a 1600% flux increase. The radial flux due to the interfacial dislocation gradient is combined with the surface diffusion to be strengthened as described above. A similar study of neutral hydroquinone showed no enhancement. Note that only the charge material moves. Dopamine is charged and hydroquinone is not charged.

Since the selectivity coefficient of dopamine to protons in Nafion is about 500, reducing the electrolyte concentration by 50 fold reduces the concentration of dopamine by 10%. The surprising effect of changing the concentration of the proton implies that the radial flux of the dopamine is increased by forming an interfacial gradient by compensating the wall charge of the proton rather than dopamine. This is because dopamine, a cationic amine, is heavily ion-bound at the sulfonic acid site. Because of the dielectric constant of 20, it is assumed that there is a significant amount of ionic bonds in Nafion. It will be possible to explain why the ionic bond is lower than the neutral hydroquinone flux of the cationic amine, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, which show the bridge to the neutral track etched polycarbonate / Nafion composite material. Figure 4A shows the crest value log (d), where d is the diameter of the micropore. As the distance d approaches 30 nm, the value becomes larger than the value for bulk or for. Concentrations for RuN + -lutenium (II) hexamine (), H ₂ Q -hydroquinone (Δ, ∇), DOP + -dopamine (∘) and FerN + -trimethylaminomethylferrocene The oxidation-reduction material is 2 mM and the electrolyte is 0.1 M. The electrolyte is H ₂ SO ₄ in all cases except for DOP + and H ₂ Q (∇). The line does not represent the model but merely draws the trend of the data to show it. FIG. 4B shows the ratio of d ^-1 , where 4d ^-1 is the Nafion volume in micropore surface area / micropore. As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the slope in FIG. 4B represents the surface flux and the slice corresponds to the flux in the bulk Nion. Note that all oxidation-reduction materials except hydroquinone are charged amines and all have a lower flux than hydroquinone.

Weather Electrochemistry / Two Dimensional Microstructure

One way to change the microstructure is to change the conduction matrix from three-dimensional to two-dimensional. A two-dimensional system can be made by sulfonating a non-ionic polymeric insulator between the electrodes of a micro-electrode assembly. Conduction through the surface can not be studied in electrolyte solutions or pure solvents because the liquid provides a conduction path between the electrodes. However, conduction can be studied by electrolyzing the above gas by supporting the microelectrode assembly in a vacuum flask and injecting a small amount (μL) of water with hydrogen or hydrochloric acid. In such a low-dimensional system, it is possible to study the work and concentration of the ion exchange site, and at the same time, the work of water in ion conduction. Preliminary studies are conducted to study the conduction through the solvent layer adsorbed from the gas phase across the nonionic surface of the microelectrode assembly surface. The electrolysis of the gaseous solvent should absorb more than the monolayer so that the solvent can fill the gap between the electrodes. Solvents with inherent proton transfer constants and acidity constants maintain a larger current than solvents with low ion generating power. This work provides information on meteorological electrochemical detection and its systems and atmospheric corrosion.

Composite material formed by polymerization microcirculation

In order to test the generality of the increase of the flux by the interfacial force, a composite material of Nafion and polymerized polystyrene microbeads, that is, microcircles was formed. And those having a diameter of 0.11 to 1.5 mu m were used. 7A and 7B show the relationship between the hydroquinone ratio and the surface area of the microbeads with respect to the Nafion volume through the polystyrene microbead / Nafion composite material. In particular, the ratios obtained for various ratios of the moving bead surface area (SA / Vol) to the extraction Nafion volume are shown for the three bead diameters. For the neutron track etched composite material, it was found that there is a straight line relationship with the bulk Nafion and at least at large size. Among these sizes, 0.37 μm beads showed the highest flux (600%). [Note: here bead and microbead were used synonymously). 7A is the result for a composite material formed with a single size of bead wherein the ratio of the surface area to the volume is varied by varying the volume of the bead in the composite material. The positive slope coincided with a larger flux due to surface diffusion along the bulk surface. The intercept is consistent with the movement through the bulk Nepion.

The ratio of micro-beads, that is, micro-spheres in the composite material, was changed and various sizes were mixed to make the SA / Vol range continuous. In particular, Figure 7B is the result for a composite material with a range of SA / Vol values with a total of 50% Nafion volume in the film. The ㎞ value increases as the neutron track etched similarly to the composite material over, 1.3 × 106㎝ ^-1 appear for, SA / Vol value is 3.5 × 10 ⁵ ㎝ ^-1 by SA / Vol value is increased (see Fig. 4A). Examination of the microstructure of the 50% Nafion scanning electron microscope shows that the single composite material with the bead size, which is filled with 0.11 μm beads, is different, which is why d ^-1 3.5 × 10 ⁵ cm ^-1 The distance is likely to be low. Figure 7B shows the result for a composite material having a Nafion volume ratio of 50%. The ratio of the surface area to the volume was varied by compositing the beads of the same size and the beads of the two different sizes differently. The flux increased as the ratio of surface area to volume increased up to 3.5 × 10 ⁵ cm ^-1 , and the composite material contained 0.11 μm beads in the largest ratio.

In scanning electron microscopy microstructures, composites with beads larger than 0.11 micrometer beads exhibit self-similarity typical of fractal materials. If ln (km) for this bead is plotted against log (d) where d is the bead diameter, a straight line with an inclination of -0.733 is obtained. Fig. 8A shows the ^pitch d ^-0.733 . For a finitely ramified structure (e.g., for a fractal of the Sierpinski gasket, this is an index that is predicted in a two-dimensional system diffusion.) Thus, This system confirms that surface diffusion provides a mechanism to increase the flux and also shows the concept of the fractal transfer process and the importance of surface dimensions in ion exchange composite materials.

A neutron track formed on the etched thin film;

Polymerized (4-vinylpyridine) composites

In order to investigate the surface diffusion in other ion exchange materials, the composite material was formed into a protonated polymer (4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) and a neutron track etched thin film. In this composite material, the flux increases as the ratio of the volume of the micropore area of the polymer (4-vinylpyridine) decreases. The results are consistent with the results found for Nafion composites, where smooth surface movement has increased the flux.

Nafion's thermal process;

In the process of producing inverted micelles, commercially purchased Nafion is poured into hot (or hot) form, but in most academic studies on Nafion, It was done on the. Studies on the mechanical properties of Nafion made by hot pouring with organic solvents have been published. There was an attempt to make the Nafion hot by pouring microwave heating. In a pour-making solution containing a large amount of ions, the glass transition temperature (105 ° C) of Nafion should reach the boiling point of water. When the flux is shown as a function of the microwave heating time, a breaking point is generated in about 15 minutes. In hydroquinone, the flux changes with a factor of less than 3 with a decrease in flux, and according to preliminary studies, the flux in Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ has an increase in flux. This may be that in the film, the two materials have different moving mechanisms. Microwave heating, cold and commercial hot annular membranes.

Magnetic, element, nonmagnetic composite;

The polystyrene-coated 1-2 micrometer Fe / iron oxide (non-permanent magnet material) or organo-iron (superparamagnetic or ferroplural or permanent magnet) microbeads are available in 1% suspension in water (Bangs Labs, , Polyscience, or Delco-Remy], and Nafion [po. G. Processing (C. G. Processing)] is also available in a 5% suspension of alcohol / water. Other inert or active polymer coatings and non-polymeric materials other than polystyrene may also be used as materials for coating micro-beads or magnetic particles. Examples of such coating materials include various polymers, silanes, thiols, silica, glass, and the like. On the other hand, in some cases, the polymer or other coating material for microbead or magnetic particle coating may not be completely used as described below. This description is generally directed to superparamagnetic, ferrofluid, permanent magnets, non-permanent magnets, ferromagnetic, or quasi-ferromagnetic microbeads. This description also applies to superconductors and magnetic materials based on recursive metals such as cobalt, copper, iron, cerium cerium, alumium and nickel, and various other types of metal oxides, such as, for example, neodymium And magnetic materials based on neodymium such as Magnequench containing boron.

In some cases, certain microbeads or magnetic particles for use in practicing the present invention may need to be coated with, for example, a polymeric material. For example, under an environment with water, the coating of the inert material may inhibit or prevent oxidation of the microbead material. In other cases, it is not necessary to coat the microbeads (see, for example, the title of iron oxide microbead composites).

The magnetic composite material containing the organo-iron material microbead is made by pouring an appropriate amount of suspension into a cylindrical magnet (an inner diameter of 5 cm, an outer diameter of 6.4 cm, a height of 3.2 cm, a pulling force of 8 pounds) Once the solvent evaporates and the magnet is removed, the beads arranged in a certain direction are stacked in a columnar form at right angles to the electrode surface and trapped within the Nafion. In order to minimize extrusion between beads, a column is formed by laminating the north end of one bead to the south end of the other bead. That is, the columns are arranged in a roughly hexagonal shape in order to minimize extrusion between the columns. Such an ordered composite material was formed of a material with microbead ≤ 15%. The aligned composites were compared to other composites. That is, non-magnetic composite materials formed using the iron / iron oxide microbeads as described above but without magnets, nonmagnetic composite materials formed with 1.5 μm non-magnetic polystyrene beads, simple Nafion membranes and elementally aligned composite materials In-composite material. The device composite has a columnar structure but it is not clear whether it has been completely removed. The non-magnetic composites had a coral-type structure (ie, did not form pillars). It should be noted that at least one component may, for example, change the temperature and reversibly change between a paramagnetic and a semi-magnetic form with or without an external magnetic field to form a composite.

Iron oxide microbead composite;

It is possible to provide a system or apparatus having new and improved characteristics by improving the interface of the electrode surface by using a magnetic composite material including particles of various materials such as iron oxide coated with a polymer or other inert material. Such systems or devices can be used for a wide range of useful and commercially valuable applications, including separating transition metal materials from other materials, making better fuel cells and batteries, and the like.

The composite material formed for electrode surface modification also includes uncoated particles such as iron oxide. The preferred iron oxide of the present invention is a composite material comprising iron oxide (III) (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) and magnetite (Fe ₃ O ₄ ) non-coated iron oxide (III) or non-coated magnetite, Allowing the flux to be strengthened to about the same size as produced by the magnetic particles. In fact, from a theoretical point of view, uncoated magnetic particles are expected to strengthen the flux more than coated magnetic particles of similar size. Coating the encapsulated particles increases the distance between the magnetic field source and the reactive molecules and / or ions, thereby reducing the effect of the magnetic field decreasing.

This result, showing flux enhancement using a composite material comprising uncoated magnetic particles, suggests that a large number of magnetic materials can be incorporated into the composite material without the need for coating or other special preparation steps. From this point of view, the use of uncoated particles can reduce many of the costs of producing magnetic composite materials (perhaps as much as 50%). At the same time, this result suggests that other magnetic materials with a stronger magnetic field than iron-based magnets may also be included in the composite material to provide a greater effect.

Iron oxides such as aged Fe ₂ O ₃ are chemically inert and do not dissolve in most solvents, which indicates that the composite material comprising iron oxide is durable in many commercial applications.

The composite material comprising uncoated magnetic particles is formed by a method similar to the method for forming a composite material including the coated magnetic particles described herein. The difference is that uncoated magnetic materials such as those described below are used instead of coated magnetic microbeads or particles. In the case of the iron (III) particles, the aged material for some time is more preferable than the iron oxide (III) produced at all. Obviously, it will have a surface behavior similar to that observed in polyethylene, which is a fairly inert material on the surface of slightly aged iron oxide material. The prepared iron oxides appear to react more readily with the solution material than with the aged material.

A composite material is formed with a volume of 15% iron oxide (III) (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) (Aldrich Chemical Co.) and Nafion. This composite material is made by casting Nafion and a magnetic material (uncoated iron oxide particles having a diameter of several microns in this case) on the electrode surface. An external magnetic field such as formed by an external cylindrical magnet is installed around the electrode at this stage. With an external magnet, the cast mixture is dried in the form of a film comprising a columnar magnetic structure formed on the electrode surface as described elsewhere herein. If used, remove the external magnet.

Other magnetic materials, such as iron oxides (III) and Nafion and other iron oxides (such as Fe ₃ O ₄ ), as well as other ratios of iron oxides (III), may also be used if the magnetic material is chemically inert in the intended environment . For example, in the present invention, a magnetic composite material comprising 85% to 0.01% by weight of magnetic material and 15% to 99.99% of an ionic conjugated polymer is formed. The magnetic component of the casting mixture used to form the composite material may be in the form of beads or microbeads of magnetic particles, iron oxides (e.g. F ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ ), and may be unpaired or not. Depending on the application, the composite material may optionally include carbon particles or other electronic conductors used with the catalyst. The amount of electron conductors, i.e. carbon particles, used with the catalyst in the composite material according to the invention is in the range of 0% to 80% by weight (or mass). An example of carbon particles used with the catalyst according to the present invention is carbon particles used with platinum (i.e., platinum carbon).

(III) hexamine as a redox probe, a surface modified with a composite material containing 15% by volume of uncoated iron (III) oxide, and the electrode prepared as described above, Immiscible parasitic substances), and the flux was measured by periodic voltametry. An electrode containing only a Nafion membrane was used for comparison. The result is shown in FIG. 8B, which shows two voltgrams. Voltagram 1 is for an electrode with a simple Nafion membrane coated on the electrode surface. Voltagram 2 is for an electrode with a composite material containing Nafion and 15% uncoated iron (III) oxide particles. It can be seen in Figure 8B that the current at approximately -350 mV is approximately three times greater than that of volta gram 1, It can also be seen that the difference in the peak potential is small in the case of Voltagram 2, which means that some impact is applied to the reaction rate. It was observed that the peaks separated from all the magnetic materials tested (coated and uncoated materials) approached similarly. Composite materials comprising magnetic materials of the type mentioned above have been shown to be useful in electrochemistry or to enable a wide range of surface chemistry reactions on the other side or to serve as catalysts.

Other composite materials;

Similar effects were observed on the composite material formed with Nafion using various polymers and solvents other than water. One such system is polymerization (styrene sulfonate) in an acetonitrile solvent. The electrolyte is tetraalkylammonium tetrafluoroborate, which is different from water and the inorganic electrolyte used. The oxidation-reduction probe used in this system is Fe (bby)₃ ²⁺And Fe (bby)₃ ³⁺. Other oxidation-reduction materials used as probes (magnets on electrodes) with this polymer (styrene sulfonate) composite include Fe (II) (bby)₃ ²⁺, Fe (III) (bby)₃ ³⁺, Co (II) (bby)₃ ²⁺, Co (III) (bby)₃ ³⁺.

Magnetic composite material;

Electrochemical studies on magnetic composites;

The composite material was equilibrated in a solution of 1 mM electroactive material and 0.1 M electrolyte. The mass transfer-limited currents for the electrolytic oxidation of the redox materials through the composite (i _means ) were then measured at steady-state rotating disk voltametry at several different rotational speeds (?) . As a result of charting the relation of i _means ^-1 to ω ^-1 , the slope specific to the movement in the solution and the slice specific to the movement through the composite material are expressed by the following formulas.

&Quot; (3) "

In the formula (3), n is the number of electrons, f is the paradigm constant, A is the electrode area, c * and D _soln are the concentration and diffusion coefficient of the redox substance in solution, v is the kinetic viscosity, K is the partition coefficient of the oxidation-reduction material, m is the mass transfer rate of the oxidation-reduction material in the composite material, and? Is the porosity of the composite material. The partition coefficient k is the ratio of the equilibrium concentration in the ion exchange portion of the composite to the solution concentration in the absence of the electrolyte. Equation (3) is reasonable for velocity-limited movement perpendicular to the electrode. This is due to the microstructural dimensions of the composite material, Can be confirmed by selecting a large one, and it can be confirmed from the inclination. The composite material can then be treated as a homogeneous material using effective lengths, and microstructural effects can be confirmed by rotary disk research. The periodic voltametry measurement results provided quantitative information on the scanning speed v sufficient to include the traveling length in the composite material. For reversible coupling, the peak current, i _peak , is given by (4).

&Quot; (4) "

i _peak = 0.4463 (nF) ^1/2 [v / RT] ^1/2

Where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature. If both the rotating disk and the volumetric data are available, then k and m can be separated because in exponents (3) and (4) they differ in exponent.

The flux of the oxidation-reduction material through the magnetic material is strengthened in proportion to the absolute value of the difference in susceptibility between the product of electrolysis and the reactant. From the periodic voltametry, ΔEp observed in reversible materials, whether paramagnetic or semi-paramagnetic, was almost unchanged, but E _0.5 was shifted. Here, E _0.5 is the peak potential of the anode and the cathode, and is a rough measure of the electron transfer reaction free energy. It has been observed that ΔEp is greatly changed in the quasi-reversible semi-magnetic material passing through the radical intermediates. This shift and peak separation are consistent with the stabilization and concentration of paramagnetic materials. The results are summarized below.

Flux enhancement of paramagnetic materials;

Table 2 shows the results of spinning hydroquinone, Ru (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ , paramagnetic Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ and nonmagnetic polystyrene microbead composites and magnetic microbead composites I put it together. Both bead composites all contained 15% beads of 1 to 2 μm diameter. All the modifying layers were 3.6 to 3.8 μm thick.

[Table 2]

(10 ^-6 ㎠ / s) for various magnetic / nonmagnetic materials and membranes,

Table 2A shows the results of periodic voltametry measurements for other materials. The results are summarized in Fig.

Generally, in these examples, the flux is enhanced by comparing the flux of the oxidation-reduction material through the magnetic composite material with the flux through the Nafion membrane or composite material formed of non-magnetic beads. In general, flux enrichment has found that electrolysis does not depend on whether the semiconducting material converts paramagnetic or paramagnetic into a semiconductive material, and the degree of enhancement increases by the absolute value of the difference in molar susceptibility between the product and the reactants.

Paramagnetic Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ was further investigated to obtain the ratios of the magnetic and nonmagnetic composites produced at various bead ratios. The results are shown in FIG. First, in FIG. 10, the flux of Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ increases largely as the ratio of magnetic beads increases, but does not significantly increase the ratio of non-magnetic beads. Second, the consolidation does not change linearly with the magnetic bead ratio, so this enhancement is not due to a simple increase in paramagnetic material for each bead or a simple increase in surface diffusion associated with the formation of a large number of poles under high bead density. (The data showed linear results with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for ln [km] vs. 1 bead%, or v / von surface volume / bead surface area.) Third, magnetic beads Increase flux.

In another series of experiments, the composites were formed of magnetic microbeads of similar size but different magnetic material content. In this study, as the magnetic material content increases, the values of ㎞ and ^½ are increased. The magnetic material content was measured by Guoy blance and expressed as χ _bead (see FIG. 11).

The magnetohydrodynamic model does not show the difference between the paramagnetic and the semi-magnetic materials due to the magnetic composite material, nor does it predict the shape of the curve shown in FIG. Magnetic fluid dynamics predicts the effect proportional to the oxidation-reduction probe charge. This dependence was not found here.

The amount of electrochemical flux of various oxidation-reduction materials from the solution to the electrode surface through the composite material or membrane was determined as periodic and steady-state rotational disc voltametry. The amount of electrochemical flux of material through the composite material is parameterized using k and m, where k is the extraction coefficient of the redox substance from solution to composite and m (cm 2 / s) is its diffusion coefficient. For the steady-state rotary disc volta- metry, the variable is set to km and determined from the Koutecky-Levich urban intercept. For the periodic voltammetry, the variable was ^{½ ½} of the peak current drawn from the square root of the scan rate versus scan speed (20 to 200 mV / s). All measurements were made in a solution containing 1 to 2 mM oxidation-reduction material at 0.45 cm < 2 > of a glass carbon electrode. The electrolyte was prepared by the reduction of Co (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ (0.2 M Na ₂ SO ₄ ) and Co (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ oxidation and Co (bpy) ₃ ³⁺ reduction (0.1M sodium acetate / Acid buffer solution) was 0.1 M HNO ₃ . The anionic ferricyanide was found to be a defect-free layer and was not electrochemically detected through an anionic nafion membrane and a composite material. All potentials recorded against SCE [SCE is a standard calomel reference electrode; This has a standard potential of 0.24 V with respect to the reduction potential at which hydrogen ions are hydrogen molecules in unit activity.]

First, we determine the range for the oxidation of paramagnetic paramagnetic Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ^{3+ to} the semi-magnetic paramagnetic Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ through magnetic and nonmagnetic composites while increasing the bead ratio. | Δχm | = 1.880 · 10 ^-6 cm 3 / mole. It can be seen from Fig. 10 that the distance to the nonmagnetic composite material does not substantially change according to the bead ratio, but the distance to the magnetic composite material increases a few orders of magnitude.

Second, we determine the ^{½ ½} values for various oxidation-reduction reactions for magnetic composite materials, nonmagnetic composite materials, and Nafion membranes. Except for the magnetic field effect, the electrochemical flux through Nafion is dependent on the size, charge and hydrophobicity of the mobile material, its interaction with the exchange site and its binding state, and its insertion into the hydroxylated and perfluorinated band of Nafion Lt; / RTI > To minimize the effects of interaction between the redox moiety and magnetic beads, the ^½ value for magnetic and nonmagnetic composite materials was divided by the ^½ value for the Nafion membrane. The divided ^½ values are shown for the various oxidation-reduction reactions in FIG. 9 along with the error range for | Δχm |. Figure 9 shows the relative flux of the redox material on the y-axis, which indicates the maximum periodic voltammetric current for the composite with magnetic microbeads as the maximum periodic voltammetric current for the Nafion membrane without magnetic material And this ratio represents the degree of flux enhancement. On the x-axis, the absolute value of the difference in molar susceptibility between the product of the electrolyte and the reactant is represented by | Δχm |. The composite material contains 15% magnetic microbeads and 85% Nafion in volume ratio. The oxidation-reduction materials were numbered as follows by sequentially recording the reaction products. (2) Co (bpy) ₃ ³⁺ is Cr (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ , (3) Ru (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ is Ru (bpy) ₃ ³⁺ , _{4) Ru (NH 3) 6} 2+ is Ru (NH ₃₎ to ^{_{6 3+, (5) Co (}} bpy) 3 2+ to the ^{_{Co (bpy) 3 1+, (}} 6) Co (bpy) 3 2 Co (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ is Co (bpy) ₃ ³⁺ and Co (bpy) ₃ ³⁺ is Co (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ All the redox substances are from 1 mM to 2 mM. For nonmagnetic composites, the divided ^{½ ½} value is independent of │Δχm │ This is due to the fact that the above is a steric static electrostatic For self-complexing materials, the divided ^½ values increase monotonically according to | Δχm | and show the greatest enhancement close to 3000%.

The logarithmic increase of the electrochemical flux according to | Δχm | shown in FIG. 9 is consistent with a slight kJ / mole free energy effect. This size effect did not occur in a uniform macroscopic magnetic field. A strong non-uniform magnetic field formed over a short distance (a few nanometers) of the interface between the Nafion and the magnetic microbeads can produce local effects of this magnitude. Magnetic concepts corresponding to homogeneous macroscopic magnetic field and molecular magnetization are not applicable to this system, but micro - parameterization is needed instead. By forming a sufficiently strong and non-uniform magnetic field at the interface in the microstructured system, it became possible to harmonize the chemical effects in the micro environment, which could not be achieved with a uniform magnetic field applied from the outside by a large magnet.

Separation of periodic volta - metric peaks for pseudo - reversible materials;

Peak separation in periodic voltametry is used to determine the rate of heterogeneous electron transport. 12A and 12B are periodic voltametric results for reversible materials of Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ and Ru (bpy) ₃ ^2+, respectively. Periodic voltamograms at 100 mV / s for Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ (FIG. 12A) and Ru (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ (FIG. 12B) for a magnetic composite material, Nafion, 12A shows periodic voltametric results for the reduction of paramagnetic Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ . The concentration of the oxidation-reduction substance is 1 mM, and the electrolyte is 0.1 M HNO ₃ . The reference is SCE, and the film thickness is 3.6 mu m. For both of the above materials, when E _0.5 is compared for the magnetic composite material and the Nafion membrane, the migration at E _0.5 is on the positive potential side. The kinetic electron transfer to Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ is fairly strong at k ⁰ 0.2 cm / s. Note that the peak separation of the magnetic composite material and Nafion is similar to the resistance of the two layers in similarity. Similar peak separation appears for Ru (bpy) _{3 <} ^{2 +} > as shown in Fig. 12B. Therefore, when compared to Nafion membranes, magnetic composites have little effect on the electron transfer rate of reversible materials.

In particular, Figure 12C shows periodic voltammograms at 100 mV / s of 1 mM hydroquinone in 0.1 M HNO ₃ for a magnetic composite material, a non-magnetic composite material, a Nafion membrane, and a pure electrode. The film thickness is 3.6 mu m. In the voltamogram of FIG. 12C, it can be seen that the peak separation is almost doubled for the magnetic composite material as compared to the Nafion membrane. Thus, the question of whether the increased peak separation is due to the stabilization of paramagnetic semiinquinone intermediates in the two electrons / two proton oxidation. FIG. 12C shows a voltammogram at 0.1 V / s for a hydroquinone, a paramagnetic material that undergoes a quasi-reversible reaction, which is converted to a quasi-quinone benzoquinone by passing two radicals / two protons through the radical intermediate semiquinone intermediate product . The voltamograms for Nafion membranes and nonmagnetic composites are quite similar, with ΔEp of 218 and 282 mV, respectively. The magnetic composite material has a ΔEp of 432 mV, which is twice that of the Nafion membrane. From the results for the above reversible bonds, it turns out that this is not due to the high resistance of the magnetic composite material. When compared to the other three systems shown in FIG. 12C, the asymmetry of peak travel is also in opposition to the resistivity effect. (Note that the kinetic interpretation is complicated by the proton concentration, but there is no reason to think that the concentration will be significantly different in magnetic and non-magnetic composites.) Peak migration is due to stabilization of paramagnetic semiinquinone intermediates I think.

Hydroquinone electrolysis is too complex to be interpreted cleanly, but it is interesting to know if it can influence the pseudo-reversible electron transfer rate by the application of magnetic field. The reversibility rate will not be affected, but it is not clear what will happen to the reversibility rate. There are many pseudo-reversible electron transfer materials that are not complicated by the kinetic homogeneity and disproportionation reaction, which is good for solving this question. If the dynamical behavior of the reversal process is affected by the magnetic field, then many technological systems can be improved. The reduction of oxygen by two or four electrons will be a good example of how the dynamical behavior of the quasi-reversal process can be changed by an applied magnetic field gradient.

Periodic voltammetric peak shift;

Comparing the magnetic composite material with the Nafion membrane, the voltammogram measured at 0.1 V / s for the reversible material shows no change over ΔEp. However, the reduced peak potential Ep ^red for Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ shifted by 14 mV. Similarly, Ru (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ oxidation potential peak on the Ep ^ox also moving amount 64mV. ΔEp does not change, and E _0.5 is consistent with the diffusion coefficient being lower as a material is held more strongly in the composite material. In general, a potential shift of approximately +35 mV was observed in all reversible oxidation-reduction materials, regardless of whether the above electron transfer process converts the oxidation-reduction material from quasi-magnetic to paramagnetic or from paramagnetic to quasi-magnetic. In the less reversible electron transfer process, a larger electron transfer was generated. A movement as large as 100 mV was also observed. [The thickness of the film used here is ( 3.6 μm) and a scan speed of 0.1 V / s, m ≤ 10 ^-8 ㎠ / s was required to limit diffusion length to the film only during scanning.)

The above discussion also shows that interface gradients other than concentration and dislocation, e.g., magnetic gradients, can be effectively used in microstructure matrices. For composite materials made of magnetic materials, a locally strong (and therefore non-uniform) magnetic field can translate movement and dynamical behavior. The influence of the magnetic field on the material in the composite may be significant because it is concentrated in a micro environment where the distance between the source of the intestine and the chemical substance is small compared to the weakened length of the applied field. The magnetic composite material is formed by casting a polystyrene-coated magnetic bead film on the electrode and a Nafion membrane, which is a perfluorinated cation exchange polymer. Magnetic beads of approximately 1 탆 diameter are aligned by the outer magnets as the casting solvent evaporates. After the solvent has evaporated and the outer magnet has been removed, the beads are trapped in the Nafion, stacked in a magnetic column perpendicular to the electrode surface.

Results of preliminary voltammetry measurements comparing a magnetic composite with a simple Nafion membrane (ie, containing 0% magnetic microbeads) showed some interesting results.

First, the flux of redox materials through magnetic microbead composites was enhanced compared to the flux through both composites formed by simple Nafion membranes (ie, Nafion alone) and nonmagnetic microbeads. Second, the materials with reversible electron transfer (ie Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ and Ru (bpy) ₃ ²⁺ ) do not change the periodic voltammetric peak potential difference (ΔEp) The mean value E _0.2 of the peak potential is changed. Third, the oxidation of hydroquinone proceeds through physiological reversible and paramagnetic semiquinones. At 0.1 V / s, the voltagram for the hydroquinone magnetic composite exhibits 40 mV positive shift of E _0.5 and ΔEp twice that of Nafion. However, the concentration and stabilization of the paramagnetic form of the oxidation-reduction complex and the dislocation movement and flux enhancement, together with the trajectory, have not yet been described.

It has been observed that the electrochemical flux of ions and molecules through the Nafion ion exchange material and the magnetic composite material formed of the polystyrene-coated iron / iron oxide particles is 20 times higher than the flux through the simple Nafion membrane. The greater the difference in the susceptibility between the two halves of the oxidation-reduction reaction, the greater the flux enhancement.

A passive magnetic composite can be used to strengthen the oxygen flux at the fuel cell cathode. Oxygen has two hole electrons and responds to this magnetic field in the same manner as described above. If the oxygen is consistent with the observations we have made for other ions and molecules, the electrochemical flux of oxygen to the magnetically improved cathode is enhanced by about 500% compared to the non-magnetically modified cathode (FIG. 13) It will be possible. This enhancement is comparable to that achieved by pressing the cathode to 5 atmospheres.

From the above description, it can be predicted that oxygen can be passed through a 15% magnetic / Nafion composite material to achieve a flux enhancement of roughly five times that of Nafion. This can be understood by considering the fluxes of the seven oxidation-reduction materials recorded in the upper left portion of FIG. 13 passing through the magnetic / Nafion composite material and Nafion. This is the same material as recorded in Fig. Flux is determined by periodic voltametry. The flux ratio of the magnetic composite material to the Nafion membrane is plotted on the y-axis in Fig. 13, and the absolute value of the product of the electrolysis reaction and the reactant magnetic susceptibility (|? Xm |) is plotted on the x-axis. (The larger the value of [Delta] [chi] m is, the more likely the material will interact with the magnetic field.) From Fig. 13, it can be seen that the flux increases exponentially as | DELTA xm | increases. In the most extreme cases, the flux increases about 20 times. When oxygen is reduced to water, | Δχm | = 3500: 10 ^-6 cm 3 / mol. Extrapolating the advantage on the x axis reveals that the flux enhancement to oxygen in the magnetic composite material is nearly five-fold.

Experiments were conducted using a Nafion composite material formed of 15% iron / iron oxide particles or beads. 14 is a curve showing the increase in flux based on the percentage of magnetic beads. The check in Figure 14 estimates the effect on the flux of higher bead concentration.

The flux passing through the paramagnetic composite material increases as the ratio of magnetic beads increases. In Figure 14, the flux of Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ through the magnetic bead / Nafion composite material increases as magnetic beads in the composite increase to 15%. The use of a composite material formed of magnetic beads having a high bead ratio, that is, a magnetic bead containing a larger amount of magnetic material, can further enhance the strengthening. The flux is 4.4 times larger than a simple Nafion membrane (□). Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ is less paramagnetic than oxygen. For comparison, composite materials formed of non-magnetic polystyrene beads (?) Were inspected. These did not show flux enhancement even with increasing bead rate. The lines shown are made logarithmic to fit the data for the magnetic composite material. This indicates flux enhancement that may be found in composites formed with high magnetic bead ratios. As a result of the extrapolation, the flux of Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ through the magnetic composite in the 30% magnetic bead appears to be approximately 30 times closer to the value in a simple Nafion membrane. It is presumed that the enrichment is greater for oxygen because it is more paramagnetic than oxygen Ru (NH ₃ ) ₆ ³⁺ .

The concept of magnetic susceptibility and magnetism of oxygen for magnetic composite materials;

The paramagnetic molecule has hole electrons and is pulled by the magnetic field (ie, a torque is generated. If a magnetic field gradient is present, the magnetic dipole is subjected to a net force.) Radicals and oxygen are paramagnetic Most of the organic molecules are semi-magnetic (metal ions and transition metal complexes have paramagnetic or semi-magnetic properties). When molecules or chemical substances are magnetic (-1 ~ -500) · 10 ^-6 cm 3 / mol, and it is independent of the temperature. The paramagnet is χm (m m) 0 to +0.01 cm3 / mole, and usually the smallest value of the semi-magnetic component is modified, then it changes inversely with temperature (Curie's Law). The ion is a unipolar and travels with the electric field depending on the sign of the potential gradient half While moving, the paramagnetic material is a dipole is (are staggered) attracted to always magnetic fields independently of the direction of the magnetic vector. If a magnetic field gradient, the force of the net force applied to the magnetic dipole are present. O _2, H ₂ O, and H ₂ O ₂ are summarized in Table 3 below.

[Table 3]

Molar susceptibility χm

A magnetic field effect was observed in the electrochemical system. Since electrochemistry is likely to be related to a single electron transfer, most electrochemical reactions will surely lead to a change in the susceptibility of the material near the electrodes. However, there is little research on electrochemistry for magnetic fields. What is reported is about magnetohydrodynamics. Magnetic fluid dynamics says that charged materials (eg, ions) travel perpendicular to the applied magnetic field and parallel to the applied electric field (Lorentz force). In the composite material described herein, the magnetic field, the direction of motion, and the electric field are all perpendicular to the electrode. Since the magnetic fluid dynamics (see FIGS. 1-3) do not account for motion dependence on the susceptibility of the moving material and require both intestinal and motoric vectors to be vertical (for example, magnetic effects), the effects described herein are macroscopic It is not likely to be a hydrodynamic effect.

A composite material having a tone density;

The following is a protocol used to form a dense layer on the electrode surface or on another surface in parallel to form a dense layer on the electrode. Ficoll, a commercially available product of sucrose and epichlorohydrin, used to prepare macroscopic graded density columns used to separate viable cells by buoyancy, Copolymer] in a concentration of from several weight% to 50 weight%. The viscosity of the solution is a monotonic function of the polymer weight percent. A small amount of polymer solution (5-100 μl) is dropped on the electrode surface using a pipette and the electrode is then rotated at 400 rpm for 2 minutes. The same procedure can be repeated with the polymer solution while varying the concentration in various ways to produce a graded interface with varying density and viscosity as a function of the casted solution, ie the composition of the cast mixture. The thickness of each step of the step structure varies with the number of layers cast to a given concentration and can range from 200 nm to several micrometers.

Similar structures with ion-exchange sites in the ion-exchange polymer layer can be formed by (1) casting or coating a mixture of polymer and ion-exchange polymers having a density gradient on the electrode or other surface as described above (2) ) First, a density gradation layer of a polymer having a density gradient is formed and then an ion exchange polymer is adsorbed on the matrix. (3) The ion exchange polymer is cast on the surface formed by various concentrations of the solution, . Such a layer must be cast and stripped to an independent membrane. Such membranes can be utilized to control the movement of the solvent across the electrochemical cell, including the fuel cell.

A protocol has been proposed in which a density gradient layer is formed perpendicular to the electrode surface or other surface. One or more spatial temporal coordinates and one or more properties can be visualized with electrodes and faces forming one or more gradients on any surface for the purpose of separating the molecules. For example, a composite has a magnetic gradient in one coordinate and a density gradient in another. Such a material may be formed by placing a magnetic bead on an electrode or surface and casting the composite material in a non-uniform field where the outer magnet is aligned so that the bead is not in a vertical posture on the surface, Can be formed by generating a magnetic gradient. A density layer can be cast by depositing a graded layer parallel to the electrode surface by dropping a small amount of density gradient polymer and / or ion exchange polymer with various concentrations and allowing the solution to evaporate (spin casting, Contrary). Once the entire layer has been cast, the outer magnet is removed if the magnetic material is superphobic, leaving it in place if the magnetic material is paramagnetic.

These composites may be quite complex and difficult to understand, but in some ways flux enhancement and separation are unusually large. No doubt more complex structures can be constructed. For example, a combination of two effects, such as a magnetic field gradient effect and a density gradient effect, can be used to produce more complex separators to achieve multiple separation of similar materials. This is an example of an apparatus or method for separating similar materials using a gradation matrix instead of a separation chamber (separation of a light transition metal and a heavy transition metal or the like as described below).

Improved ion exchanger

The surface of the magnetic microbeads has ion exchange groups thereon, which makes it easier to chemically improve, for example, to coat magnetically oriented liquid crystals for local flux switches. An embodiment of this improved structure may find its use in the manufacture of microstructure devices and machines.

Separation of lanthanides and actinides

The lanthanides and actinides are the heaviest transition metals with atomic numbers in the range of 58-71 and 90-103, respectively. Lanthanides and actinids include metals such as plutonium, uranium, and thorium. Several isotopes of this transition metal have radioactivity and are used as nuclear fusion materials in nuclear reactors and are produced during the nuclear decay process.

Lanthanum and actinides Some isotopes (for example,²³⁷AC,²³²Th,²³⁵U,²³⁸U,²³¹Pa, 237NP,²⁴⁴Pu,²⁴²Pu,²³⁹Pu,²³⁸Pu,²⁴³Am,²⁴¹Am,²⁴⁴Cm,²⁴²Cm,²⁴⁹Bk and²⁵²Cf) has a large (long) half-life, causing a large environmental purification problem, especially in the case of radioactive materials present in the composite matrix in the waste deposits or mine waste. The most extreme example is Hanford's reservoir in Washington. Therefore, separation of lanthanides and actinides is important. Separation refers to separation of ions and metals rather than separation of isotopes.

If the heavy metal can be selectively removed from the matrix, the environmental problem can be minimized. Although metal materials other than lanthanides and actinides are simultaneously removed in this separation, such separation still has the advantage. This separation method does not have to be specific in order to be useful, but may be optional. For example, removal of heavy metal from waste deposits can significantly reduce the radioactive level of the remaining deposits. Concentrating the separated radioactive material to reduce the volume is also easier to store.

Radioactive isotopes are also used in a variety of imaging processes, especially in medical examinations. In these processes, most of the isotopes with a half-life of several days or hours are used. Therefore, isotopes should be manufactured at the site where they are to be used or where they are to be transported quickly. If one can use longer isotopes, some of these limitations may be simplified. Also, if the concentration is higher and the radioactive material emitting device is stronger, a better image will be obtained. Currently, high concentrations are not used because the decoding protocol involves isotope decay in the body rather than the elimination process. Therefore, if a method of removing heavy metals in the body is developed, it would be possible to broaden the range of isotope types and concentrations.

The previous description of Figures 10-14 corresponds to the already studied transverse metal. However, the concept of magnetism described so far in relation to Figures 10-14 (which directly supports this concept) may also be applied to heavy transition metals at the same time. The transition metals (lanthanides and actinides) have properties similar to those of transition metals, but are considered to be only larger.

The lanthanides and actinides have large atomic masses, and the difference in the chemical nature of any transition metal in any period of the periodic table is formed by the electrons of the fourth and fifth f-shells. However, the f-shell electrons are shielded by the fifth (lanthanide) and sixth (actinide) s-shell and p-shell electrons, so that the chemical nature of the transition metals in each cycle does not differ greatly.

Traditional methods of separating metal and metal ions were either selective plating of metal ions or using various chromatographic methods, but these methods were not very successful for lanthanides and actinides. Plating is unsuccessful because the reduction potentials of both the lanthanide and the actinide are in the range of 20 millivolts to one another. The lanthanide is believed to be a three-electron reduction of the trivalent cation to the metal by a standard hydrogen electrode (a reference electrode defined by a thermodynamic size of 0 volts as the proton reduction as is well known in the art) -2.3 ± 0.1 volts.

Separation can be done in a number of ways based on the formation of complexes using charge, mobility and chelating agents amongst others. Chromatographic separation may be charge and mobility, among other things. Heavy transition metals such as lanthanides and actinides are poorly charge-based chromatographic separations because all of these transition metals have both similar charge and reduction potentials and all have similar charge after reduction. Having the same oxidation-reduction potential means that only a few of these materials can be selectively reduced or oxidized.

The lanthanides and actinides form ions of similar size, so they are very similar in mobility, so they can not be separated by mobility. Non-chromatographic separation methods using the chelating method are also difficult. For example, since the f-shell electrons are shielded by the following main shells, s and p-shell electrons, the coupling constant with the chelating agent of any thermal ion is very similar and is not well separated by chelation . Therefore, another separation technique, such as magnetic separation, has become necessary for these columns.

Magnet Separation Method of Lanthanum and Actinium

The reaction of molecules or ions to the magnetic field depends on the molar susceptibility ( m) or an equivalent magnetic moment μ. As the number of hole electrons in the material increases, mu increases. The lanthanides and actinides contain 0 to 14 electrons because of the f shell electrons. Therefore, the maximum number of hole electrons in the f shell is 7. The nature of the transition metal in the periodic table is such that it has only d-shell electrons with up to 10 electrons that only have up to 5 hole electrons. Therefore, essentially the lanthanides and actinides have a larger number of hole electrons than the transition metal only in the d-shell. Thus, lanthanides and actinides have larger magnetic moments than transition metals in the periodic table. This large magnetic moment comes from the hole electrons and to some extent comes from the nuclear magnetic moment. Large magnetic moments at the same time as a wide range of oxidation states (the above discussion of paramagnetic and semiconductive redox-reducing materials also apply here) must enable lanthanides and actinides to be separated from the transition metals. In some cases, this separation process may require additional oxidation and / or chelating steps.

In particular, if this separation produces a mixture of transition metals and transition metals (transition metals) in the periodic table, the change in oxidation state formed by the addition of an oxidizing agent or reducing agent or by electrolysis at the electrode may be due to metal ions The charge of the complex (and the shell) (in the case of the main transition metal) and the f shell (the number of electrons in the case of a heavy transition metal) are changed as well as the hole and electron transition of the transition metal and the main transition metal. Since there are four d-shell electrons and there are 14 f-shell electrons in the medium of transition metal, the number of electrons in the d-shell or f-shell is at least several electrons. , Which in many cases would allow the main transition metal to separate from the heavy transition metal.

The magnetic moments for lanthanides, actinides and transition metals are shown in Figures 14A, 14B and 14C, respectively, for representative metal complexes. Figures 14A and 14B are graphical representations of F. a. Cotton and paper. , Pages 329 and 369 of Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by FA Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Third Edition, Interscience Publisher, NY, 1972, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, will be. The data in Fig. a. Cotton piece, Intercourse Publisher, New York, yen. Piggy and Jay. The Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes of Ryu's (Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes by BN Figgis and J. Lewis in progress in Chemistry, vol. 6, FA Cotton, ed., Interscience Publisher, NY, 1964, -239) and F. Hooch. Bus tall and al. s. It is described in FH Burstall and RS Nyholm, J. Chem. Soc., 1952, pp. 3570-3579, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 14A-14B, it can be seen that the magnetic moment of the heavy transition metal is higher than that of the light metal. Obviously, the magnetic moments between the two classes of transition metals have some overlap. For example, Cr (III), UF ₄ , UF ₃ , and Pr ₂ O ₃ have similar magnetic moments as Cr (II) and PuF ₄ . Therefore, this self-based separation method may not be able to distinguish these materials well and may be grouped before and after the separation step.

However, adding a separation step using chelation or electrolysis prior to separation will ensure that the light transition metal is reliably removed from the heavy transition metal. Nonetheless, since the selectivity of this method is not high, it may be more difficult to separate uranium from plutonium. Adjusting or repeating the method may be well separated. Without this improvement, it is possible, for example, to separate uranium and plutonium from trivalent and tetravalent uranium from materials such as at least iron.

One way to isolate certain heavy transition metals is the fact that they can form gaseous materials and, in some cases, become gaseous when separated. For example, this technique can be used to separate UF ₆ gas or its various isotopes. Previously, the isotope of uranium was produced by making UF ₆ and allowing it to diffuse through an extremely long tube. Due to the small difference in mass, a light isotope arrives at the end of the tube first.

It should be noted that the temperature can generally have a very large effect in realizing the magnetic separation method, especially in realizing the magnetic separation method of the heavy transition metal. When operated at low temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility (moment) of the molecular material increases inversely with temperature, which is advantageous. Lowering the temperature just above the freezing point at room temperature increases the magnetic moment by about 10% (see Curie temperature description above). Perhaps this sensitivity to temperature can be used in conjunction with temperature gradients to achieve magnetic separation of heavy metals and other magnetic materials.

Sensors can be built based on this temperature sensitivity, including sensors that sense high temperature (radioactive) heavy transition metals. Several mixing states of various radioactive materials may be able to be distinguished from (1) flux enrichment (2) temperature increases. Perhaps a magnetic separation method based on flux enhancement and temperature combinations using parallel or perpendicular magnetic and temperature gradients could be created.

Completion of separation method

Separation can be considered in several stages.

1. A substance can be separated because it is different in the degree to which it interacts with some external agent or force (here, magnetic composite and magnetic field).

2. If one self-interaction is good but can not be completely separated, this process can be repeated to improve the separation efficiency (in this case, a series of separation vessels and a magnetic composite separator need to be installed).

3. After a number of iterations, if the separation is partially successful and still some of the materials are mixed together, the already pure mixture which has already been purified to some extent by the first step is separated using another method, It may be a chelating method which binds either a transition metal or a heavy transition metal, for example, which is selectively precipitated, or may employ a plating method, or after changing the oxidation state, Based separation step may be used).

The present invention separates lanthanides and actinides from other metal ions by applying the principles described herein in connection with the use of magnetic composite materials, and separates lanthanides and actinides into small groups based on their magnetic moment. The behavior and formation of a class of magnetic composites have been described above.

Based on the above-described behavior of the composite material having a light transition metal complex, it is surely possible to separate heavy transition metal ions or complexes formed by the chelating method using organic or inorganic ligands. Although it is most likely to be an ion and organometallic complex, it may be an ion, metal, or metal complex (whether or not charged) that is separated.

At least in part, the separation efficiency can be predicted using the magnetic moment of the material to be separated. In an electrochemical-based process, the efficiency will be determined by the difference in magnetic moment between the oxidized state and the reduced state of the material. Two basic separation methods are briefly described below.

An electrochemical method in which a magnetic composite material controls access of a substance in a solution to an electrode.

Using a magnetic composite material as a separator between two vessels, the mixture to be separated is placed in one container, the substance to be separated passes through the separator and enters the second container, where a self-permeated, A method of graphing.

It can be separated by any of the above methods. Other chromatographic methods are also possible, wherein the carrier is a gas, liquid, solid, or plasma, and the stationary phase is any magnetically modified microstructure material, or a gas, liquid / suspension, solid, or plasma. Here, the work of the carrier and stationary phase is indistinguishable and interchangeable.

Chromatographic or electrochemical separation in one step is also possible. However, in a multistage method which is most likely to be used, several rooms or containers are sequentially installed as shown in Fig. 14D, so that the most movable material is concentrated in the endmost container. Here, the magnetic separator may be a simple chromatographic or magnetically improved porous electrode capable of flowing through it. In Figure 14D, which will be described in detail below, the separator allows material A to pass through the separator twice as efficiently as material B. [ At the beginning, the concentrations of substance A and substance B were the same, but after three separation steps, the concentration of substance A is 8 times (8: 1) [(2/1) ³ : 1] The efficiency of the magnetic separator depends on the magnetic properties of the material being separated as described above and should be at least as good as just described. Note that the initial relative concentrations of the substances in the initial mixture, such as substances A and B, are also relevant.

It may be necessary to add a ligand before or after the magnetic separation. Adding a ligand before the separation operation changes the selectivity through the membrane for reasons other than magnetic properties. For example, if it is desirable to combine a light transition metal material and form a lightly conductive transition metal complex that combines to form a negative charge, if the ion exchange polymer with a positive charge or a material having the same positive charge is used as the binding material, Thereby eliminating this complex from the composite material.

Using a ligand that converts the center of the metal from a low spin electron configuration to a high electron spin form may increase the magnetic moment of some transition metal complexes. If the ligand changes the center of the metal in a low electron spin form, the magnetic moment may be lowered. Cobalt is the simplest example of a material that can form low and high spin complexes. However, metals do not all have low spin form and high spin form.

The ligand can be selectively bonded to the lanthanides and actinides so that the chemical nature of the lanthanides and actinides is distinguished from the light transition metal material, and the ligand can be added after separation. For example, if the lanthanide and the actinide can form a complex with a large ligand, if the coupling constant is large, the lanthanide and the actinide may be selectively precipitated from the mixture. Other separation methods are possible. The magnetic separation involved by the ligand can be applied to lanthanides and actinides as described in detail below (see the discussion relating to FIGS. 16A, 16B and 16C, below).

[Example]

15A is a simple illustration that will be used to describe how the magnetic micro-boundaries 10a, 10b, 10c affect a typical electrochemical reaction. Here, the substrate 20 serves as a conductor, and can conduct electricity such as a metal, a semiconductor, or a superconductor. The substrate 20 is supported at the first potential V1. Two different phases of the materials 30a and 30b are made up of two different magnetic fields, i.e., two different magnetic phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2, and are bonded to the surface 24 of the substrate 20. Since the materials 30a and 30b have two different magnetic fields, the boundary region or boundary line has a magnetic gradient. The boundary region does not necessarily need to be sharp or straight, but the magnetic field of material 30a is moderately improved by the magnetic field of material 30b by electromagnetic boundary conditions. Thus, the width t is the average width of the boundary 33. The width t must be between about nanometers and micrometers, and preferably between 1 nanometer and about 0.5 micrometers. The boundary regions 33 are separated by varying the distances, and S represents the average of these distances. The effect of changing the distance S is described below.

The particles M are in the electrolyte 40 having a magnetic susceptibility _xm and a potential V2 by the electrode 50. [ This generates a potential difference (V) between the electrolyte 40 and the substrate 20 (this substrate 20 actually acts as the second electrode). The boundary region 33 is a path through which the particles M can pass. The particles M are then driven electrically or in a direction of the substrate 20 by a concentration gradient. When the particles M reach the substrate 20, electrons are obtained or lost and converted into particles N having a magnetic susceptibility (x _m ). The absolute value of the difference in magnetic susceptibility between the first and second phases is a measure of the magnitude of the magnetic gradient of the region 33 and the boundary region is expressed as a magnetic gradient. The magnetic flux of the particles M is then exponentially increased with respect to the increase of the magnetic gradient in the boundary region 33 with the materials 30a and 30b compared to the magnetic flux without the materials 30a and 30b. This increase in magnetic flux may be 35 times or even 3500% or more, resulting in a significant increase in the efficiency of many electrochemical processes.

Electrochemical systems in which magnets may enhance electrochemical cells or processes include: accelerating electrochemical reactions in the chloral color process, electrofluorination, corrosion inhibition, various types of solar cells or photovoltaic cells, electrodes and synthetic matrices do. Electron transfer of E0.5 is always observed with an energy difference in the magnetic field and magnetic gradient of the compound; In general, this improves the performance of all electrochemical energy devices, including fuel cells, batteries, solar cells and photovoltaic cells. Other applications include sensors comprising dual sensors for box-shaped currents; Optical sensor, magnetic flux switching; And release of control of the material by magnetic field control, release of the drug or biochemical material, or medicament administration. It may also be applied to image technology and resonance imaging technology.

The boundary 33 need not be equally spaced and need not have the same width and thickness t. The materials 30a, 30b may be liquid, solid, gas or plasma. The only limitation is that the boundary 33 must be present, i.e. the material 30a, 30b has two different magnetic fields so that it can form a magnetic gradient in width t. The magnetic gradient of the region 33 increases the magnetic content of the microbead 1; (2) an increase in magnetic microbead fluorescence in the compound; Increasing the magnetic strength of the bead by improving the magnetic material in the bead; Can be increased by strengthening the magnetic field of the magnetic microbead by means of an external magnet (4). In general, the flux of the particles (N) and the particles (M) will be correlated to the value of magnetic susceptibility _{(χ m), (χ m} ).

Fig. 15B shows a device 80 that corresponds to any of the embodiments described above, Fig. 16 and the following embodiments. The practice of some embodiments of the present invention requires the presence of a magnetic field such as that produced by electromagnet 70, while other embodiments do not require electromagnet 70. The device 80, for example, corresponds to a fuel cell, a battery, a membrane sensor, a dual sensor, and a flux sensor in some embodiments of magnetically altered electrodes. Electromagnet 70 may be a source of magnetic field. The electromagnet 70 may be used in the above-described method of forming a magnetic compound material requiring the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. The electromagnet can be controlled by the controller 72 with the power supplied by the power supply 74 to produce a magnetic field of constant or waveform.

Such an external magnetic field applied by the electromagnet 70 is very useful in various embodiments of the present invention. The switch and the reinforcement are possible when the external magnet is concentrated on the magnetic microbead or magnetic microparticle. For example, a flux switch may be useful and is particularly useful in the following cases where it is actuated by an external magnet or electromagnet 70: (1) material release in the medical field; Regeneration of hot isotopes in the field of medical imaging as described above; (2) a microcryoc reactor or separator, such as a mixing means, for controlling a microcrack reactor or a heat source driven by a hot material; To create a reusable system for cleaning and collecting heavy transition metals in hot storage tanks.

The last idea is that when something is contaminated with high temperature (radioactive) material, it becomes radioactive and stored or cleaned. As such purification is a complex problem that can not be completely solved at this time and is focused on controlling the amount of contact with the hot radioactive material, it is also possible to use a magnetic separator, a flux switch, and / or other embodiments having the structures described herein May be small, heavy metal transition metal scrubbers present in < RTI ID = 0.0 > a < / RTI > These scrubbers can be disposed of in a radioactive tank (or other environment) to enable the collection of heavy (non-radioactive or non-radioactive) transition metals and, after reacquisition, turn the flux switch on and off to release its contents Let's do it. The way in which these scrubbers are used to release the magnetically retained material is to increase the temperature using the reduction of the magnetic effect at high temperatures. The switch is then reset and the scrubber is repositioned or redistributed to remove impurities again. Here no waste is generated and the scrubber will provide a collector / cleaner / concentrator.

The scrubber may be exposed to the material to be collected, or the material may be dispensed into the scrubber by flowing over, through, through, or through the scrubber. In addition, the scrubber can be included in the container, and after the material to be collected is collected to be discharged outside, the collected material can be collected again in the container discharging the collected material, recycled or reused to collect more material. This type of scrubber need not be applied to heavier transition metals or limited to storage tanks. For example, a scrubber may be used to rinse off uranium ions or salts from coal mine residues.

Fig. 16 shows another application of the present invention, which is the second broadest representation of the second symptom of the above phenomenon. In other words, Fig. 16 shows the separator 60 disposed between the first solution 62a and the second solution 62b. There is no electrode or conductive substrate 20 here. The solution 62a has at least two different types of particles (M ₁ , or M ₂ ) each having two different magnetic susceptibilities (χ _m1 , χ _m2 ). When the particles (M ₁ , or M ₂ ) are introduced into the vicinity of one of the boundaries 33, the particles are accelerated by passing through the boundary 33 by magnetic gradient. Here, χ _m1 is larger than χ _{m 2} , which makes the magnetic flux of the particles (M ₁ ) passing through the separator (60) larger than the magnetic flux of the particles (M ₂ ) passing the separator (60). This difference in magnetic flux is greater than 3500% and may tend to offset or overlap in acceleration due to particle (M ₁ , M ₂ ) mass differences. After all, if such that the process proceeds sufficiently, most of the particles (M ₁₎ has particles (M ₂₎ the first solution (62a) consisting because it will be made to pass through the separator 60, and mainly particles (M ₂₎ prior to the , And a second solution 62b mainly composed of particles (M ₁ ). Particles (M _1, M ₂₎ of the separation is important to note how much time is allowed for some specific change in and be applied to the separator 60, the particles (M _1, M ₂₎ for separation. At the start time amount, the particles (M ₁ , M ₂ ) cross the separator 60. The size of the particles is related to the ultimate separation of the particles (M ₁ , M ₂ ) by the separator 60.

The above description of FIG. 16 relates to two types of particles (M ₁ , M ₂ ), but also includes any other type of particles. For example, a first solution 62a having particles (M ₁ , M ₂ , M ₃ , M ₄ ) having a magnetic susceptibility (χ _m1 , χ _m2 , χ _m3 , χ _m4 ) should be considered. (M ₂ , M ₃ , M ₄ ) passes through the particle (M ₁ ) separator 60 more easily if it is the magnetic susceptibility (χ _m1 , χ _m2 , χ _m3 , χ _m4 ). The greater the difference between the susceptibility, the better the separation. Multi-stage chamber separation using various separators such as separator 60 with similar or different values may be considered as described below.

The above phenomenon may be used to improve the performance of the fuel cell and the battery. Other applications generally include separation techniques, including chromatographic and photolithographic processes, which involve separation of higher transition metals (lanthanide and actinide).

In order to further illustrate this related phenomenon for magnetically separating lanthanides and actinides as described above, it is desirable to further examine Fig. Figure 14 shows one system 950 with a series of vessels, which can be any number, but is a vessel 1, 2, 3, 4. A magnetic separator 960 between the vessels 1 and 2 and a magnetic separator 970 between the vessels 2 and 3 and a magnetic separator 960 between the vessels 3 and 4, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > 980 < / RTI > The magnetic separators 1-4 may be of the same kind or of different kinds. Further, any one of the magnetic separators 960, 970, and 980 may be a membrane, a porous electrode, or a magnetically deformed electrode. Other types of porous electrodes or combinations of magnetically deformed electrodes are also possible.

The substance or particles A, B may be in an initially mixed state or may be a mixture 990A in vessel 1 having the same or a non-identical concentration in Figure 14D. This mapping is intended to separate the material or particles A from the material or particles B using a combination of vessels 1-4 and magnetic separators 960,970 and 980 selectively Two vessels, such as a single magnetic separator, such as separators 960, 970, 980 and vessels 1-4, may be sufficient to separate the material. The values of the magnetic separators 960, 970, 980 are preferably or alternatively such that the material or particles A pass between them. The concentration of the substance or of the particles (A) can be separated from the container 1 having the mixture 990A from the container 2 having the mixture 990B, The container 3 having the mixture 990C and finally the container 3 having the mixture 990D. A mixture 990A, 990B, 990C, 990D of material or particles (A) is a mixture of a container 4 having a substance or a mixture 990D of particles (A) -4) and becomes more pure in the material or the particle (A).

It is possible that container 4 may comprise material (A) or mixture (D) and material or particles (B) (allowing other impurities). It is also possible that the concentration of the substance or particle A is maximized relative to the concentration of the substance or particle B of the mixture 990D in the container 4 and at the same time it is not always necessary, (B) may be generated in the mixture (990A) of the container (1) as it is left by the substance or the particles (A). The change in how the accumulation of the substance or particles B of the mixture 990A of the container 1 occurs is dependent on the preference of the substance or particles B from any and all vessels 2-4 towards the container 1, It is for movement. For example, both mixture 990A in vessel 1 and mixture 990D in vessel 4 may contain material or particles (A, B) at some initial concentration. The concentration of the substance or particle A increases in the mixture 990D of the container 4 while the concentration of the substance or the particle B increases in the mixture 990D of the container 4, And increases in the mixture 990A of the container 1 with respect to the initial concentration. The net movement of the substance or particles A and B is directed in the direction of the container 4 in the container 1-3 and in the direction of the container 1 in the container 2-4.

Figures 16A, 16B and 16C illustrate the possible use of ligands in the selection of separation. The ligand 995 may be selected so that in the choice of separation the ligand 995 is used in the mixture 990A-D or any other component or substance or particles A or B or they are separated by magnetic separators 960, 970, 980 ) Can help you in what way. Figure 16A illustrates a ligand that provides a favorable aid for the transfer of a substance from the mixture 990A of the container 1 to the mixture 990D of the container 4 or of the material of the particles A. [ In vessel (1), ligand (995) forms a compound (996) with substance or particle (A). Composite 996 is preferably passed through magnetic separators 960, 970 and 980. When the composite 996 reaches the vessel 4, the shock absorption of the ligand 995 and the material or of the particles A may not occur (which is shown as not occurring in Figure 16A). Of course, another embodiment (not shown) may allow the ligand 995 to form a compound having a substance or particles B instead of the substance or particles B having a mixture 990A Can be prevented from moving from the container 1 to the container 4 finally having the mixture 990D, while the substance or the particle A is moved in this way.

16B, a ligand 997 is coupled to the magnetic separators 960, 970, 980 to form a composite 998 having either material or particles A, B, Or only one of the particles can be moved from the container 1 to the container 4. 16B illustrates a composite 998 in which a magnetic separator 960, 970, 980 material or a material or particle A that allows movement of the particles A is formed. Any one of the magnetic separators 960,970 and 980 may instead have a ligand 997 forming a composite 998 with a substance or particle B that prevents the substance or particles B from passing through, A) the passage is open.

Fig. 16C separates from the mixture 990E of the container 1 having the other substance or particle E, such as lanthanide or actinide group, where the syllable is metal (C) and the heavy metal is metal. This separation through the separator 960A leaves a mixture of the mixture 990F in the vessel 2. When this first separation occurs, the heavy metal (D) is then converted to a metal (C) by using a ligand 999A, which forms the complex 1000 having either the metal (C) C (the composite 1000 having the heavy transition metal D is shown in Fig. 16). In Fig. 16C, the composite 1000 can pass through the magnetic separator 970A more easily than the metal D, and this separation leaves the mixture 990G of the container 3. [ 16C, the magnetic separators 960A and 970A are shown as being separated from the container 1 to the container 2 and from the container 2 to the container 3, respectively.

16D shows another embodiment without a container 3 having a magnetic separator 970A or a mixture 990G. In this embodiment starting from the mixture 990E of the container 1, the magnetic separator 960A differs from the other material or particles E by the diameter Separate the heavy metal (C, D) and leave the mixture (990F) in the vessel (2). In vessel 2, ligand 999C forms complex 1000A with only heavy intermediate metal D. The composite 1000A promotes precipitation of the heavy transition metal (D), as shown by precipitating 1001 in Figure 16D. In this way, the medium-valence metal (D) is separated into metal (C) by a suture. The complex 1000A may not precipitate or precipitate like the heavy transition metal D due to the precipitation of the heavy transition metal D depending on the precipitation of the ligand 1001 (999C) and heavy metal (D), whereas precipitation occurs). Another ligand different from the ligand 999A or 999C is a ligand 999A or 999C in which in addition to the ligand 999A or 999C, ) Helps to separate the metal (C) from the sutures.

The embodiments described above with respect to Figures 14D, 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D are described in U.S. Ser. No. Nos. 16 and 19, filed on August 25, 1994, 08/294, 797, incorporated herein by reference.

Other variations of embodiments relating to the construction of vessels, magnetic separators, mixtures, and / or ligands or chelating agents may be envisioned in the field of the present invention. Such variations include the use of different magnetic separators between any of the vessels and different ligands in each vessel forming a composite having the form of a particular substance or substance and magnetic separators forming a complex having the form of a particular substance or substance The use of different ligands to combine with either one, two or three dimensional different vectors or separators, or other variations predictable to those skilled in the art.

More complex systems than those illustrated in FIGS. 16A and 16D may be conceived to separate material, i.e., a vertical or compound concentration gradient (with or without movement in the vector direction), a thermal gradient, A gradient of the magnetic composite material and the like can be conceived. In such a matrix, it is possible to better separate these materials into different materials, by separating them according to size and weight. Although iron is more easily electrolytically degraded than metals in that heavy electrons are collected in the initial separation with heavy metals, this can be removed by electrolysis to strip the plating, or to change the magnetic moment, So that it can be separated at the next step.

In the techniques of FIGS. 15 and 16, the larger the number of boundary areas per unit area (that is, the smaller S), the more apparent the effect can be visually confirmed because of the existence of the boundary area. S ranges from a few micrometers to hundreds of micrometers. In the case of a paperless system having a smaller structure, S is further reduced to almost 10 nm or less.

The design paradigm is summarized below to assist in the acquisition of composites for specific movements and optional functions.

. Interfacial forces and gradients, which are not so important in bulk materials, contribute and dominate the migration process in composites.

. Increasing the microstructure of the composite material can enhance the effect of the interfacial gradient.

. The closer the molecules or ions are located to the interface, the stronger the interfacial effect, which is where the chemical action occurs. The system should be designed to focus on molecules and ions near the interface.

. The ratio of surface area for movement to volume for extraction limits surface movement.

. The field of microstructural environment is non-uniform, but somewhat strong.

. Strong, but short-field static fields and magnetic fields appear better than uniform fields in externally applied systems.

. The movement of the vectors goes vertically into a fine matrix or a concentrated interface gradient combining two or more fields, this result being more effective than a uniform matrix; The greatest effect occurs when the gradient is perpendicular or parallel.

. Dimensionality (Fractality is important for surface movement in composite materials.

. Ion exchange composites for simple films have several effects. First, composites provide properties not obtainable with simple films. Second, the composite material is readily formed by spontaneous adsorption of ion exchange on the substrate. Third, while the surface is concerned with the properties of monolayer and composite materials, the three-dimensional composite material is stronger than the two-dimensional monolayer. Fourth, the interface affects a large parting of the material in the composite due to the high ratio of surface and volume. Fifth, the composite material provides a passive means of flux strengthening; No external energy input is required, such as wetting and applying electromagnetic fields. Sixth, the local field gradient is concentrated in a microenvironment where the collapse length for the field and the microstructural features are both comparable locations. In some composite materials, the field may be extracted more effectively than applying a uniform field to a cell having an external source.

[Detailed Example]

Fuel cell

Achieving high efficiency compression / amplification power recovery technology has many advantages. One way to increase the efficiency of compression / amplification is to reduce the pressure required. If a non-powered pressure process is provided in the fuel cell itself, the power output of the fuel cell is not costly, and today's power generation from the fuel cell is increased by about 20%.

Magnetically improved cathodes can reduce the need for pressure because oxygen is paramagnetic. The field may also change the oxygen movement as described below. + 35mV - + 100mV of potential transfer shows a 5% -15% improvement in cell efficiency and competitiveness by reducing weight and volume. Further, in the fuel cell, as the hydroxylated protons cross the cell, water is generated in the cathode and dehydrated in the anode. The movement of water is reduced by the concentration difference and dehydration of the composite separator. In addition to the possibility of magnetic flux enhancement at the magnetically improved electrode, oxygen kinetic reduction in the case of a fuel cell may be varied. Exercise for oxygen reduction is presented as follows:

Since H ₂ O ₂ (peroxide) absorbs and removes the peroxide from the solution and does not form 2OH separated from the catalyst surface, reduction of the generated oxygen movement is not easy. Peroxides are not paramagnetic and HO ₂ and OH are paramagnetic. However, the presence of a magnetic field stabilizes HO ₂ and slows the production of peroxides. Once the absorbed peroxide is formed, the magnetic field shifts the equilibrium force in a direction favorable to the formation of 2OH. This moves a larger portion of the reactive molecule in the direction of forming water, where the potential of oxygen reduction is Wow As described above. For this reason, oxygen facilitates the enhancement observed from similar paramagnetic materials as described above.

It is very important to manufacture the fuel cell in an environment where the thermal signal is very small or absent, particularly for example, in an environment that has the advantage of a minimal thermal signal. The fuel cell operates at a temperature approaching 100 ° so as to improve the kinetic efficiency. While this temperature is much lower than the temperature of the fuel source, such as the internal combustion engine (about 400 °), 100 ° is hotter than human body temperature (37 °) or ambient temperature.

However, if the kinetic efficiency is improved by magnetically improved cathodes, the fuel cell operating temperature is lowered to ambient temperature without significantly affecting the output. Also, the magnetic effect is larger at lower temperatures. A fuel cell installed in a high temperature conductor, such as a material used in a space shuttle, may be a way of bringing its own temperature closer to human body temperature or air temperature. Note that a reduced thermal signal and a reduced operating temperature are desirable for a fuel cell, there may be an optimum operating temperature of the fuel cell for performance enhancement, and a method for reducing the thermal signal may have to be applied.

Some of the outstanding effects and characteristics that can be obtained in operation of an atmospheric PEM fuel cell according to the present invention are summarized below.

. Weight reduction of the fuel cell system by removing the compression pump;

. Reducing the size of the fuel cell stack required to obtain the same output as the size reduction of the fuel cell system by removing the compression pump;

. Production of flexible fuel cells such as 3/8 inch thickness and transparent plastic material;

. The fuel cell system increased efficiency by 20%;

. May be driven by H ₂ O ₂ coupled enhanced momentum having a short lifespan absorbed on the electrode surface with a reaction equilibrium force shifted in the direction of forming proton transfer or OH in the voltage increase negative potential;

. Remove all mechanical parts, ie mechanical pumps, to reduce the likelihood of failure in the system;

. Reduced operating temperature - Reduced thermal signal by improving performance at low operating temperature; Normally, the fuel cell is operated at high temperatures to improve oxygen mobility, and then the fuel cell operating temperature can be lowered without decreasing net performance; The magnetic effect is greater at low temperatures where the increase in oxygen influx is greater, compensating for the performance loss in relation to the operating temperature of the fuel cell.

. Scale removable - The stacked fuel cells of various sizes can be used with the same effect.

. Remove the mechanical pump to increase the average time of non-failed power system time.

The effect and advantage achieved by eliminating the need for a compression pump is important. Further, even if the potential shift or the momentum strengthening does not reach the expectation value, the fuel cell continues to operate more effectively by the generated flow strengthening. The minimum result of the fuel cell of the present invention is operated with the same performance as the existing fuel cell without additional weight of the compression pump and without additional power loss of 15% which is lost by operating the pump.

For PEM fuel cells (or any other device that requires electrodes described herein or otherwise), it may also be effective in selecting the electrode-magnetic composite interface for electrical conductivity. For example, direct plating of magnetic beads of a composite material with platinum or some other conductor, or semiconductors, or superconductors can be accomplished by using magnetic beads and a predetermined amount of carbon and platinum (or any other conductor, or semiconductor, or superconductor, Carbon) and catalyst (i.e., platinum), hereinafter referred to as the electron conductor and the catalyst). It becomes possible to test and evaluate the reduction of oxygen in an electromagnetically changed electrode made of platinum-plated magnetic microbeads mixed with carbon.

Platinum plated beads are achieved by sputtering platinum on the beads or by means known in the art. The results of the oxygen reduction of the directly plated bead system can be compared by measuring the oxygen reduction in the electrode made by mixing carbon and platinum powder with magnetic beads and it is determined whether the platinum plating beads significantly enhance the simple mixture . To optimize the magnetic bead portion and the platinum content, the point at which the platinum content is increased to significantly increase oxygen reduction is determined, and the point at which the magnetic bead content (portion) is increased is unstable because it does not increase magnetic flux. All of the above results are compared with similar results obtained at the platinum electrode-magnetic composite interface.

Carbon particle / catalyst magnetic composite material

Embodiments of the present invention, including the effect of mixing carbon particles bound to the catalyst at the cathode interface and by oxygen reduction, are described below. An example of a catalyst that may be used herein is platinum. However, other catalysts that may be used include palladium, ruthenium, rhodium and also other transition metals, cobalt and nickel. Other materials are also catalyzed by materials such as porphyrin.

Power generation by hydrogen - oxygen fuel cells is known to be limited due to the low momentum due to oxygen reduction at the cathode. Usually, the oxygen supply is pressurized to move the oxygen reduction in the direction of forming the product, i.e., water. As described above, synthesizing a magnetic material to a cathode of a fuel cell generates oxygen pressure without using a vibrator because oxygen is paramagnetic (sensitive to a magnetic field) and is moved to the cathode interface by the presence of magnetic material . In a precise embodiment of the present invention, plated carbon particles and magnetic particles or microbeads may be mixed at the negative electrode interface, as described in detail below.

Studies on oxygen reduction show that the current of the periodic voltage ammeter is enhanced by the presence of mixed magnetic microbeads at the cathode interface. The current at the magnetically improved electrode is almost five times greater than the current at the electrode modified with an ion exchange polymer such as Nafion alone. Strengthening is achieved as the volume fraction of magnetic beads increases. Oxygen enrichment is observed when carbon containing platinum catalyst is included along magnetic beads and Nafion.

Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a magnetic composite material having an anode interface for oxygen reduction comprising magnetic particles or microbeads, an ion exchange polymer (i.e., Nafion) and plated carbon particles is mixed with the interface of the cathode And may be optimized. This has a strong influence on the performance of the fuel cell in two ways. First, the cathode is pressurized to increase the concentration of oxygen at the interface of the cathode. This increases the concentration of the reaction that moves in the direction of product reduction by Le Chatelier's principle. In supplying the atmosphere, it also helps to move the nitrogen gas collected at the cathode as oxygen is consumed from the air and unreacted nitrogen is left behind. Second, one of the loss mechanisms for oxygen reduction is partial reduction, which generates peroxide (H ₂ O ₂ ), which is absorbed and removed from the electrode surface before reduction to water.

H ₂ O ₂ contains both (absorbed) H ₂ O ₂ and (solution) H ₂ O ₂ . The loss of peroxide to the solution may disappear through the paramentional nature of the material on the other side of the (absorbed) H ₂ O _{2 in} the reaction mechanism. When the magnetic field stabilizes the H ₂ O ₂ and transports the absorbed peroxide to form two paramagnetic HO absorbed and dissociated at the surface, the lifetime of the absorbed H ₂ O ₂ is reduced so that the (solution) H ₂ O ₂ A loss occurs due to the absorption and elimination of the water. The net effect is thus increased at the last stage of the reaction mechanism, that is, at the stage of reduction to water. A periodic voltage ammeter for coral reduction using an electrode in which magnetic microbeads and plated carbon particles are mixed at the electrode interface is described below with reference to FIG.

PEM fuel cell design

Another revolutionary form of atmospheric PEM fuel cells offers the opportunity to package designs. Currently, PEM fuel cells must be enclosed within a rigid structure to maintain the pressure applied to the cathode side of the fuel cell. However, the atmospheric pressure fuel cell increases oxygen inflow without the need for external pressure. This means that the hard outer cover is no longer needed.

PEM fuel cells are inherently flexible. The cell itself consists of a cathode and an anode separated by an ion exchanger (usually, but not limited to, Nafion). A fuel cell having a magnetically improved cathode as described above that sucks air from the atmosphere to the cathode without compression is similar to a perforated vegetable bag made of polyethylene or similar polyalkenes or another polymer of hydrocarbon material And may have an outer cover. Alternatively, the fuel cell may be confined to other dimensions and volumes, may be flattened again for use, and may be used within defined dimensions. Or the unpressurized cell has a thin, plastic outer surface and is close to the transparent film.

The cell is thin, flexible, about 8.5 x 11 inches in size. Despite the use of a very small volume of fuel cells, it can provide more than enough voltage to power a laptop or notebook computer with or without a color display. Laptop or notebook computers are currently designed to run at nearly 30 watts. Fuel cells can be used to power a wide range of portable electronic devices such as voice or messaging, GPS devices, navigation devices, cameras, and the like. Fuel cells with no mechanical pumps and good cathode performance are small, lightweight, flexible, and can replace batteries used in many systems that require adapter power.

Another possible embodiment of a fuel cell is related to forming an array of fuel cells. 16E, one of the advantages of the single sheet 1210 of the fuel cell 1220 is that a single sheet 1210 can have several fuel cells 1220 installed thereon. By forming the fuel cell differently from the series 1200A to the parallel arrangement 1200B (see FIG. 16E), the fuel cell sheet 1210 can be used to meet a wide variety of demands for power. For example, a single fuel cell sheet 1210 can replace a wide range of other batteries. If the single sheet 1210 is separated into, for example, nine batteries each with a capacity of 1 Volt, 25 Amps, the cells may be connected in other ways. If nine batteries are connected in series, the system will generate 9 Volts, 25 Amps; If the batteries are connected in parallel, they will generate 1 Volt, 225 Amps, and if three batteries are connected in series in 3 sets in parallel, the battery will generate 3 Volts, 75 Amps.

Oxygen concentrator

Another possible application of magnetically converted electrodes or cathodes associated with flux enhancement of oxygen is related to the more general problem of concentrating oxygen from the air. In this case, the concentration of oxygen corresponds to the separation of oxygen from nitrogen. This problem can be solved by using magnetically improved electrode or cathode techniques or other separation techniques as described above. Until now, the separation of oxygen from air has been done in a costly structure. When the membrane is positioned between the atmosphere (20% oxygen in the air) and the inner vessel (or volume) and oxygen is instantaneously removed from the inner vessel, a concentration gradient of oxygen is formed between the membranes, preferably oxygen, Inhaled.

Membrane sensor

Membrane sensors for paramagnetic gases O ₂ , NO ₂ , NO (recently known as neurotransmitters) can be based on magnetic composites where enhanced fluxes amplify response times and signals. Other sensors for analysis can be separated from each other by using two sensors, where oxygen is an obstruction, and one sensor is the same except that it contains a magnetic field. Examples of such sensors may be optical, heavy, or electrochemical, including current and voltage. In a sensor, the measured signal is proportional to the total concentration of all current materials to which the sensor responds. The presence of magnetic components in the sensor enhances the sensing ability of paramagnetic materials. Through the linear combination of the two signals from the two sensors and the sensing ability of the magnetic sensor for paramagnetic materials (determined by measurement), which is similar in all respects except for one that contains magnetic components, the concentration of paramagnetic . ≪ / RTI > In a system where the sensor is only sensed for one paramagnetic material and one semi-magnetic material, it is possible to determine the concentration of both materials.

Flux switch

Flux switches are needed as materials and machines with nano and micro unit structures are being developed with the technology concentrated on microenvironmental dynamics. The externally applied magnetic field may actuate a flux switch using an electrode plated with a paramagnetic polymer and a composite material made of iron / iron oxide or iron particles or other non-permanent magnetic material, or the internal magnetic field may be applied to an electro- , Wherein one oxidation-reduction form is paramagnetic and comprises an organo-iron or other superparamagnetic or iron-containing fluid material or permanent magnet or a regulated surface Magnetic field material. In addition, external magnets may be used to allow the liquid crystal to be oriented with or into the paramagnetic polymer in the composite material comprising the paramagnetic magnetic beads. Directional strengthening is possible as a paramagnetic magnetic bead comprising a superparamagnetic or iron containing fluid material.

As noted above, flux switches are important components of the inventive small scrubber embodiment described above. This is important for drug delivery, biomaterials or medicinal quantities in living organisms, where the internal and external magnetic fields can turn on and off the flux switch, enabling the delivery of drugs or biomaterials. Also, the flux switch may be important to envision the use of the invention, as already described.

As an extension of the inert oxygen pressure concept of the fuel cell cathode, the general problem of concentrating oxygen from the air is solved in a similar way. Presently, oxygen enrichment is taking place at very low temperatures accompanied by cost. Essentially, the process of oxygen enrichment according to one of the embodiments of the present invention involves separating O ₂ from N ₂ using magnetically improved electrodes and separation techniques as described above.

Accumulator

Batteries with increased voltage density and output and reduced charge and discharge times can be made from magnetic bead composites. Improvement is achieved by using flux enhancement, movement enhancement, electron movement effects and potential movement. The required mass of the microbead has little effect on the predetermined output. It should be noted that since the magnetic field inhibits the formation of dendrite crystals, the second battery cycle can also be extended (note also that inhibition of dendritic crystal formation is also important in plating lanthanide or actinide thick films).

The main mechanism of rechargeable battery failure is due to dendritic crystal formation. Dendritic crystals generate deposits that accumulate between the two electrodes, which eventually short-circuits the battery while the battery is circulating. Experiments have shown that externally applied magnetic fields inhibit the formation of dendrites.

Thus, the improved battery may include magnetically improved or coated electrodes that prevent or inhibit dendritic crystal formation. The magnetic coating may be on the electrode or anywhere else in the battery structure. As described above, a magnetic field may be generated directly at the electrode surface by applying a change to the electrode surface having a composite material of an ion transducer (polymer separator) (polymer separator) and magnetic particles, Can eliminate the need for large electromagnetic fields that can provide the necessary magnetic field (although magnetism imparted by the magnetic field is desirable and useful). The electrode modification results in a negligible increase (1%) in the weight of the cell. In addition, the flux of ions and molecules through this composite material is significantly enhanced as compared to passing through the separator itself.

The use of magnetic composite materials in rechargeable battery systems has resulted in three significant potential improvements in battery performance.

1. Cyclic durability is enhanced because the formation of dendrite crystals by the magnetic field is suppressed at the surface of the electrode.

2. Recharging time is reduced by 10 times (charge ratio is increased) by flux enhancement.

3. The transient output increases by a factor of 0, and the discharge is accelerated by flux enhancement.

The charging time is reduced and the transient output is increased to such an extent that the movement of ions and molecules in the cell limits performance. Enhancement of the ion and molecular motion ten times (and in some cases higher) is already described in magnetic composites.

In a situation where the battery is continuously used, the cycle life of the battery becomes very important. The cycle life can be enhanced by forming a magnetic field at the surface of the electrode. It is not clear how much improvement will be made since the type of composite material as previously described has not been tested for the cycle life of the cell. However, it is presumed that there is a cycle life of several times.

Technical effects are described below:

1. Increase in size and weight is negligible (1%) about 5-6 lbs;

2. Compatible with existing battery technology with simple modifications;

3. Material cost is low (several cents per battery) to replace existing battery technology.

Modification of the electrodes is useful for batteries in a wide variety of forms, including zinc-zinc batteries.

In these battery types, the externally applied magnet was found to inhibit the formation of dendrites in zinc and copper precipitates.

In order to be able to indicate that dendritic crystal formation is inhibited, the electrode must first be converted to a magnetic composite. If it can be used as an electrode, suppression of dendritic crystal formation is tested in solution as an electrode. These tests provide an easy way to investigate the viability of magnetic composite materials for a wide variety of battery systems.

Subsequent tests are performed on the magnetic composite material in two electrode battery systems. The portion of the magnetic particles is optimized and the depth of the separator containing the magnetic particles is determined. Thereafter, the cycle life, charge time, discharge time, transient current output, and weight change are evaluated, and the cost is calculated in comparison with a system that does not contain magnetic particles. If batteries are constructed using magnetically improved electrodes that exhibit improvements in cycle life, charge time, and transient current output, the long term stability of the battery also has to be assessed.

The process just described can be used to open a battery that is lighter, more efficient, and lasts for longer periods of time than conventional batteries with unaltered electrodes. This makes it possible to use it to operate a device that has a significant increase in power and requires an extension of the battery time. Further, a larger number of apparatuses can be used as the secondary battery than the conventional secondary battery.

Electrode recipe

Figure 17 is a brief summary of steps involved in a method of manufacturing an electrode according to two embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment, there is provided a method of fabricating an electrode having a surface coated with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions having a magnetic gradient with a passage to the surface of the electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention. In particular step 702 is a suspension of at least about 1% by weight of magnetic microbeads coated with an inert polymer containing between about 10-90% of magnetizable material having a diameter of at least about 0.5 占 퐉 in the first solution And a second component comprising an ion exchange polymer that is at least about 2% by weight in the second solution to produce a mixed suspension. The electrodes are aligned within a magnetic field of at least about 0.05 Tesla, where the magnetic field is generally oriented along the normal of the electrode surface as a whole. Step 714 then evaporates the first and second solutions to produce an electrode having a surface coated with a magnetic composite material having a plurality of boundary regions with a magnetic gradient having a path on the surface of the electrode.

Step 702 includes the ability to mix a first element comprising a suspension of inert polymer coated with 2-10% by weight magnetic microbead into a second element. Alternatively, step 702 may include mixing a first element comprising an inert polymer coated with a magnetic microbead containing 5-90% of a magnetizable material to a second element. Alternatively, step 702 may include mixing a first element comprising an inert polymer coated with magnetic microbeads containing 90% of a magnetizable material into a second element.

Step 702 also includes a suspension of at least about 5% by weight of an inert polymer coated with magnetic microbeads containing between about 10-90% of magnetizable material having a diameter of at least about 0.5-12 占 퐉 And mixing the first element to the second element. In yet another alternative, step 702 may comprise providing a magnetic microbead comprising a material capable of magnetizing between about 10-90% with a diameter of at least about 0.1-2 microns, at least about 5% of the weight of the inert polymer coated Mixing the first element with the second element, including the suspension of the second agent.

Mixing step 702 may comprise adding a suspension of at least about 5% by weight of the inert micro-bead coated polymer containing about 10-90% of magnetizable material having a diameter of at least about 0.5 占 퐉 in the first solution And mixing the first element comprising the second element with a second element having at least about 5% weight of Nafion in the second solution to produce a mixed suspension.

Mixing step 702 comprises a suspension of at least about 5% by weight of an inert polymer coated with magnetic micro beads comprising between about 10-90% of organo-iron material having a diameter of at least about 0.5 [mu] m in the first solution To a second element comprising at least about 5% by weight of an ion exchange polymer in a second solution to produce a mixed suspension.

Step 708 may include applying a mixed suspension volume of between about 2-75% to the surface of the electrode. Alternatively, step 708 may include applying a mixed suspension volume of between about 25-60% to the surface of the electrode. Alternatively, step 708 relates the mixed suspension to the surface of the electrode and the electrode is aligned with a magnetic field between about 0.05-2 Tesla, with a preferred magnetic field of 2 Tesla.

Other embodiments associated with step 714 (shown in FIG. 17) in steps 702 'relate to the use of an external magnetic field. In other words, it relates to a method of manufacturing an electrode having a composite-coated surface having a plurality of boundary regions, such as a magnetic gradient having a path on the surface of the electrode, when an external magnetic field is activated. The steps from step 702 to step 714 are transformed from step 702 'to step 714' as follows. Step 702 'comprises a suspension of at least about 5% by weight of the inert polymer coated with microbeads comprising about 10-90% of magnetizable material having a diameter of at least about 0.5 [mu] m in the first solution Is mixed with a second element in a second solution having at least about 5% by weight of ion exchange polymer to produce a mixed suspension. Step 708 ' is then associated with applying the mixed suspension to the surface of the electrode. Step 714 'includes evaporating the first solution and the second solution so that when the external magnetic field is in operation, the surface of the electrode is coated with a composite material having a plurality of boundary regions, such as a magnetic gradient, Produce electrodes.

A method of producing a composite material having carbon particles bonded with a catalyst such as platinum to enhance oxygen reduction at the present electrode is described below schematically. In general, such a protocol is similar to that outlined schematically with reference to Figure 17, except that, for example, carbon particles having several coating classes of catalyst such as platinum are included in the precipitation mixture.

In simple terms, the process is as follows:

Step 1) The casting mixture comprises the following elements:

I. ion exchange suspensions such as Nafion;

ii. Magnetic particles or microbeads coated to be inert;

iii. Carbon particles in combination with catalyst, usually platinum. Another example of a catalyst has been described above.

iv. At least one casting solution

Of the above factors, depending on the particular application or intended use, the magnetic composite material may be formed according to the outlined process comprising a magnetic material of 85-0.01% by weight and an ion exchange polymer of 15-99.99% by weight have. The magnetic material elements in the casting mixture for use in the composite material may be in the form of magnetic particles, oxygen (i.e. Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ ), beads of other magnetic materials, microbeads, (It can be wrapped in a capsule, or it can be wrapped in a capsule.)

The present amount of catalyst combined with the carbon particles varies from quite a wide range, among other things, according to other parameters related to the formation of the cast mixture, for example, the presence of Nafion, carbon particles, magnetic microbeads %. The amount of catalyst present in association with the carbon particles may vary, for example, from about 5 to about 99.99% (by weight) of the combined weight of the carbon particles and the catalyst. In the case of platinum having a catalyst in combination with carbon particles, platinum may be predominant or only present in the carbon particles. Alternatively, platinum may be used as a catalyst or conductor instead of carbon. The amount of carbon particles combined with the catalytic elements of the magnetic composite material may range from 0.01 to 80% by weight of the total weight of the magnetic composite material.

Another form of forming a casting mixture and forming electrodes is the size and shape of the carbon particles. Preferably, the carbon particles are in the range of 15-70 占 퐉. It should be noted that according to another embodiment of the present invention, the particles comprising platinum can be used as an element of the magnetic composite instead of or in addition to the carbon particles which are associated with the catalyst element. These particles, which contain platinum, may be composed of platinum which is either too abundant in carbon content or is very abundant or unique (ie, up to 100% platinum). In the latter case, a very large or unique particle composed of platinum acts as a catalyst and / or conductor, and has two functions of catalyst and electron conductor. The particles comprising the platinum element in the composite material comprise platinum as small as 0.1% by weight. The particles comprising the platinum element of the composite material essentially also contain a small amount of platinum having a material such as other materials, carbon (99.99% platinum, 0.01% carbon). Thus, there is a continuum between the carbon particles bound to the catalyst, wherein the particles comprising platinum comprise carbon (increasing the platinum content of the composite material leads to an increase in material cost in the manufacturing process).

Step 2) The casting mixture is swollen by, for example, ultrasonic cracking or swirling by a mechanically sweeping device, and a part of the casting mixture adheres to the surface of the electrode. The electrode serves as a current sink. In this step, the electrode may be placed in the magnetic field before the casting solution evaporates. These magnetic fields orient the magnetic particles and have a sequential structure (this is obvious evidence that an external magnetic field is unnecessary).

Step 3) The external magnet, if any, is removed and the magnetic composite material on the current collector remains.

Step 4) The improved electrode may be located in a matrix, i.e. solution, in which oxygen is supplied from the solution or other matrix to the current collector through the magnetic composite material.

18A and 18B illustrate a flux switch for controlling the oxidation-reduction material flux according to another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, Figures 18A and 18B show the electrode 804 and the coating 808 on the electrode 804. Coat 808 includes magnetic microbeads aligned with the magnetic field of the surface; An ion exchange polymer 812; Active polymer 820, wherein the first oxidation-reduction form is paramagnetic and the second-less form is semi-magnetic, wherein the flux switch is a second oxidation-reduction form Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > electro-active < / RTI > polymer from the aligned first oxidation-reduction form in a magnetic field generated by coating the electroactive polymer.

The microbead material 812 is an organo-iron material. Oxidation-reducing materials are more easily electrolyzed than electroactive oxidation-reduction. The electron-active polymer 820 can be an electron-active liquid crystal having magnetic properties sensitive to magnetic fields or having a stickiness sensitive to a magnetic field. The electro-active polymer 820 comprises an electron-active liquid crystal having a rate of boxing in the magnetic field. In addition, the magnetic particles or microbeads comprise an organo-iron material.

119 shows a double sensor between a first material (particle A) and a second material (particle B). A first membrane sensor that passes preferentially through the first material past the second material; And a second membrane sensor that preferentially enriches the second material through the first material to enable measurement of the first material. The first and second materials may be in a liquid phase, a gas phase, or a plasma phase.

In one embodiment of the dual sensor, the first material comprises a paramagnetic material and the second material comprises a semi-magnetic material. In this case, the first membrane sensor 906 is a magnetically improved membrane sensor and the second membrane sensor is an unchanged membrane sensor. Magnetically modified membrane sensors primarily allow for the strengthening and detection of paramagnetic materials on the semi-magnetic material, and the unchanged membrane sensors enhance the enrichment and detection of the semi-magnetic and paramagnetic materials, Minimize the concentration to be measured. More specifically, the paramagnetic material can be one of O ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO. The paramagnetic material may be CO ₂ .

In another embodiment, the first material comprises a paramagnetic material and the second material comprises a non-magnetic material. In this case, the first membrane sensor 906 is a magnetically improved membrane sensor and the second membrane sensor is an unchanged membrane sensor. Magnetically modified membrane sensors primarily allow for strengthening and detection of paramagnetic materials on nonmagnetic materials and unchanged membrane sensors allow for enrichment and detection of nonmagnetic and paramagnetic materials, Allows the measurement of the minimum concentration of the substance. More specifically, the paramagnetic material can be one of O ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO.

In yet another embodiment, the first material may be a first paramagnetic material and the second material may be a second paramagnetic material. In this case, the first membrane sensor 906 is a magnetically improved membrane sensor, and the second membrane sensor is a magnetically improved membrane sensor, wherein the magnetically improved membrane sensor preferentially has a second The magnetically modified membrane sensor allows for enrichment and detection of the first paramagnetic material and permits detection of the second paramagnetic material and the first paramagnetic material, To be measured. In other words, the first paramagnetic material can be one of O ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the first material can be a non-magnetic material and the second material can be a non-magnetic material. In this case, the first membrane sensor 906 is a magnetically improved membrane sensor and the second membrane sensor is an unchanged membrane sensor, wherein the magnetically improved membrane sensor preferentially has a non- Allows for enrichment and detection of the semi-magnetic material, and the unchanged membrane sensor enhances the enrichment of non-magnetic and semi-magnetic materials, permits their detection, and allows for the measurement of minimal enrichment of the semi-magnetic material.

20 shows another battery 201 according to another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, Figure 20 shows an electrolyte 205 comprising particles of the first type. The first and second electrodes 210 and 215 are aligned with the electrolyte 205. When the particles of the first type reach the second electrode 215, the particles of the first type are transformed into particles of the second type. Since the coating 225 comprises the first material 230 having a first magnetic property and the second material 234 having a second magnetic property, the coating 225 is provided in a passage between the electrolyte 205 and the surface of the electrode 215 (33 in Fig. 15A). Each of the plurality of interfaces having a magnetic gradient in the passageway, the passageway having an average width of about 1 nanometer or about several microns, wherein the particles of the first type have a first magnetic susceptibility, The particles have a second magnetic susceptibility, and the first and second magnetic susceptibilities are different. The cover 225 is operated in the same manner as described with reference to Fig.

The first material 230 in the coating 225 comprises a paramagnetic material and the second material 234 comprises a semi-magnetic material. Alternatively, the first material 230 may comprise a paramagnetic material having a first magnetic susceptibility, and the second material 234 may comprise paramagnetic material having a second magnetic susceptibility, 2 is different from the susceptibility. In yet another embodiment, the first material 230 comprises a paramagnetic material and the second material 234 comprises a semiconductive material. Alternatively, the first material 230 may comprise a paramagnetic material having a first magnetic susceptibility, while the second material 234 may comprise a semi- magnetic material having a second magnetic susceptibility, It differs from the second magnetic susceptibility. In yet another embodiment, the first material 230 comprises a paramagnetic material and the second material 234 comprises a semiconductive material. Alternatively, the first material 230 may comprise a paramagnetic material having a first magnetic susceptibility, and the second material 234 may comprise a non-magnetic material. As another alternative, the first material 230 comprises a paramagnetic material and the second material 234 comprises a semi-magnetic material. Alternatively, the first material 230 may comprise a non-magnetic material having a first magnetic susceptibility and the second material 234 may comprise a non-magnetic material. The electrolyte 205 may comprise electrolytic O ₂ , or claw-alkali.

Enhance chromatographic flux by non-uniform magnetic field

Using a chromatographic approach as described above, the flux may be enhanced by a non-uniform magnetic field. This is called separation or chromatographic application (magnetic kramatography) and does not involve electrochemical processes. The basic idea of the present invention is as follows.

The basic methodology is to coat iron (or magnetizable material) yarns to make them chemically inert. A capillary is formed inside the metal wire. The capillary is filled with polymer, gel, some peelable molecules and / or other materials with which ions can migrate. Alternatively, the polymer or other material may be dip coated or cast directly onto the surface of the inert material; This eliminates the need for capillaries. The ions and / or molecules to be separated are introduced into one end of the capillary. The gradient is formed along the length of the tube to allow molecules and / or ions to move through the tube. The gradient is, for example, a concentration gradient or a potential gradient. (In addition to concentration and dislocation gradients, it is possible to use density gradients, viscosity gradients, pressure gradients, ion exchange capacity gradients, microstructure substrate (stationary phase) polarity Dielectric constant gradients and fluid flow gradients, and convective gradients and time dependent (transient gradients and pulses). The capillary is located inside the magnetic field. Although annular magnets can be used, other geometric shapes are possible. The magnetic field is concentrated on the inner metal wire, and the magnetic field collapses by the polymer or gel surrounding the metal wire, forming a non-uniform field. The part moving through the gel is sucked into the wire and the tube is emptied by concentration gradient and surface diffusion process.

Variations of particular embodiments are possible. Although the wire is described above, it will work in any form of shape, including beads. The wire may be any magnetizable material such as iron or iron oxide and a permanent magnet and a superconductor.

The wire-clad coating to make it chemically inert may include polymers, silanes, thiols, silica, glass, and the like. In some systems, the choice of wire, solvent, and substrate can result in a system in which the wire is already inert and does not require a coating.

The polymer or gel in the capillary can be one of the ion exchange polymers of the previously described (Nafion, poly (styrene sulfonate)) or other materials having a higher viscosity ratio than the bulk solvent. As another example, it is associated with a separating material commonly used in chromatography, including acrylic polymers, acylate polymers, Dow-Ex (trademark of Doo-Corning) materials, Do.

The ions and / or molecules may be introduced from any phase (gas, liquid, solid, or plasma), although the liquid is most certain. Molecules may be introduced continuously for sequential separation, or as single castings, or multiple castings. A non-magnetic gradient is needed to introduce molecules that migrate quickly to the tube in the surface area, and thus more molecules are attracted into the magnetic field.

Concentration of a field inside a wire or other structure that can be magnetized by an external magnet can be effected by a pulse field, a reverse field, a DC field, a field having a gradient, such as can be done to remove the separation and movement direction . The combination of other magnetic materials inside the parallel or crossed gel provides some interesting mechanisms for guiding the direction of the molecules or ions and separating them along each different susceptibility. It should be noted that the combination of vectors provides a mechanism for all types of separation.

It should also be noted that the possibility of switching is also important here. By using external electromagnetic in this chest, it is possible to show or stop the effect. If a superconductor is used, the switch can be turned on / off by applying a temperature change to the field.

The existing segregation methodology and segregation science of chromatograms can have an effective impact here. Separation is achieved by various gradients and flows. This includes diffusion, migration, fluid flow, thermal programming, size exclusion, electrophoresis, electroosmosis, and the like.

An embodiment of the above-described kramatography is shown in Fig. 20A. 20A shows an apparatus 1100 with a capillary 1110, a magnet 1120, an iron wire 1130, a polymer gel 1140, a solvent 1150, and a material 1160. Figure 20B shows an approximate magnetic field line that may be focused on a metal wire. The material 1160 is separated from the other material introduced through one end of the capillary 1110. The material 1160 flows into one end of the capillary or tube 1110 containing the solvent 1150 and through a capillary or tube 1110 driven by a gradient (concentration, potential, or other gradient) And then moved through the capillary 1110 or through the polymer gel 1140 therein to cause the movement of the material 1160 to be concentrated on the metal wire 1130 by the magnetic properties (susceptibility) and the magnet 1120 It is affected by the magnetic field. The material 1160 is then collected after passing through one end of the capillary or tube 1110 and the remaining material that has not passed through the capillary 1110 is separated.

A method comprising steps for such a chromatography process will be described below in Figure 20C. In step 1170, the metal wire is metal coated to be chemically inert. In step 1172A, the metal wire is then inserted into the capillary or tube. The capillary is filled with a polymer, gel, or other material (which may be viscous) capable of moving molecules or ions in step 1172B. Alternatively, in step 1173, an inert wire may be dip coated or cast directly into a polymer, gel, or other material (which may have viscosity). In step 1176, an inert wire with or without a capillary tube is positioned inside the magnetic field according to the other previous steps. In step 1178, a gradient occurs along the length of the gradient and moves the moving material, including the material to be separated, down the tube. In step 1180, a material with a high susceptibility (including the material to be separated) is drawn to the interface between the inert sheath and the polymer, gel, or other material (viscous matrix), which results in a magnetically sputtered flux It becomes an easy moving region of the interface to be reinforced. In step 1180, the material migrates through the interface between the polymer or other material and the inert coating through which the molecules and / or ions can pass and empties the tube, which results in a gradient depending on the magnetic properties of the material and a surface diffusion process And magnetic fields concentrated in the metal wire and the magnetic field generated in the system from the metal wire and the external field.

Another method for related devices is described below:

Placing (1310) a metal wire (or other material) on a heat shrinkable material (assuming Teflon); Thermally shrinking the heat shrinkable material (1320); Dip coating a layer of Nafion or PSS and drying (assuming a vacuum dryer) a dip coated layer (1330); Placing one end of the coated wire and sliding the coated wire into a tube (assuming a spaghetti tube) (1340); Positioning (1350) one end of the tube in a solution containing the substance to be separated; Placing (1360) one end of the tube in a solution that does not contain the substance to be separated (which causes it to focus down the length of the tube); (1370) of placing the entire system in a radially oriented magnetic field (assuming a hollow circular magnet) with respect to a metal wire. The wire is made of a material other than a metal such as a permanent magnet. Wires may include plates, discs, or other shapes or volumes, rather than geometric shapes of common wires.

Figure 21 shows the results of periodic voltammetry of oxygen reduction using platinum-coated carbon particles mixed on the surfaces of magnetic particles or micro-beads and electrodes, as described above. Oxygen reduction is compared to electrodes having four different types of surface changes as follows. In the experiment, the solution saturates with oxygen, and the potential applied to the electrode is then reduced to 500 mV / s from the potential at which oxygen reduction occurs (+800 mV) until the potential of all oxygen near the electrode surface is electrolyzed (-200 mV) Is inspected. Curve 1 in Figure 21 shows data for a single Nafion film on the electrode surface (i.e., 100% Nafion). A slightly higher current was obtained with a film containing 43% Nafion and 57% platinum coated carbon (Curve No. 2), 33% Nafion, 11% Emergency Magnetic Bead, 56% Curve No. 3) (all percentages are volumetric). Curve 4 shows film data of 32% Nafion, 11% magnetic polystyrene beads, and 57% platinum-coated carbon (all percentages are volumetric). In magnetic composites, the oxygen reduction current (at 250mV vs. SCE (reference electrode)) is quite high. The concentration of platinum-coated carbon was about 40% in each case. These results are not optimized, but show that the flux of oxygen under the moving voltage current is significantly enhanced by mixing the magnetic particles and platinum-coated carbon at the interface of the electrode.

The data described above makes it possible to further substantiate the claim that the magnetically improved interface has a significant impact in enhancing the flux of current and oxygen. This enhancement is made by three mechanisms. First, the flux of oxygen may be increased by the magnetic field. Second, the magnetic field has a strong influence on the momentum of oxygen reduction. Third, the magnetic column or particles of the particles may serve to better disperse the platinum-coated carbon into the composite material, thus making the catalyst / carbon electrode conductor more uniform throughout the interface, Thereby increasing the collection efficiency.

22, kD ^1/2 C, which is a parameter proportional to the periodic peak voltage current, is dotted on the Y-axis, while the carbon mass% (or% weight) in the composite varies between 10-50% (I.e., from 10-50 g of carbon particles bound to the catalyst per 100 g of composite material). The magnetic bead portion remains constant at 10% (mass%,% weight) in this study. The remaining part of the composite material is Nafion. Platinum-coated carbon; The platinum concentration was 10, 20, 30 or 40% by weight. One experiment was performed at each point. Flux reinforcement is 30-40% greater than 20-10% platinum on carbon. Essentially, at higher concentrations of platinum, the additional catalyst enhances the flux.

A comparison of the other film composites in Figure 21 shows that although the flux is high in the magnetic environment, the result is not believed to be flux enhancement by magnetic effects. The structure of the magnetic composite material is different from that of the nonmagnetic composite material. This result does not exclude surface area as the sole source of flux enhancement.

Table 4 shows the measured values of the parameter kD ^1/2 C for various other experiments. In these experiments, the electrodes used were converted to Nafion, Nafion and non-magnetic beads, or Nafion and magnetic beads. The relative peak current is enumerated as kD ^1/2 C, where the enhancement is measured in the oxygen reduction signal, k is the extraction parameter, D is the diffusion coefficient of O _{2 in} the film, and C is the concentration of oxygen in the solution. The parameter kD ^1/2 C is determined from the root-square root of the inspection ratio to the slope of the point of the peak current. The slope is converted by the electrode area, the Faraday constant (9,685 coulombs / mole of electrons and the number of displaced electrons (about 4)). The results in Table 4 were grouped by date tested. Since there was no good way to measure oxygen volume at the time this study was conducted, it was best to compare the results on a given date, so it was best to compare the given groups. Nafion film and untreated electrode data allow a rough estimate of the oxygen volume. The group labeled A has no evidence that the magnetic particles enhance the reduction of oxygen because the interface does not contain carbon. In the last sample, the carbon is contained within the matrix on the electrode. Generally, the result is that when carbon is included in the electrode, the electrode current is enhanced by the presence of the magnet. This enhancement also becomes greater when the magnet capacity is increased.

Changes in electrode surface to prevent inactivity and enable direct reforming of the fuel

Most constraints on the development and design of fuel cells are inactivation of the electrode, which is due to the intermediate of the electrolyte on the surface of the electrode, effectively eliminating or rapidly inhibiting the electrolysis process. These evidences indicate that (spontaneous) electrode deactivation is a direct cause of the prior art fuel cell's inability to utilize the direct reforming process. Direct reforming is directly supplied to the electrode (anode), such as liquid alcohol fuel (i.e., methanol, ethanol) or hydrocarbon fuel (i.e., propane), where the fuel is directly oxidized (reformed). During direct reforming, the liquid or gaseous fuel is transferred to the fuel cell or other device from a suitable source of fuel or fuel storage device and passed through one or more fuel supply means to the appropriate electrode (s) ), Which may include various suction or pressure devices, including various types of pumps. Devices for moving and / or supplying gas and liquid, including fuel and pumping devices, are known in the art.

In the study by ethanol oxidation, compared to having a poled electrode coated with a magnetic microbead or composite without carbon particles bonded to an untreated (i.e., uncoated) electrode or catalyst, It has been shown that the periodic voltage current is enhanced in the case of having an improved electrode having a coating of a magnetic composite material with beads and carbon particles. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the carbon particles bonded with the catalyst have carbon particles bonded with platinum, that is, platinum-coated carbon (Pt-c). The periodic voltage data for ethanol oxidation are shown in Figures 23 to 29 and show not only the ability to prevent the electrodes from being deactivated but also the parameters for direct re-shaping of the ethanol at the surface of the magnetically modified electrode .

The magnetic change of the electrode is achieved by a method similar to that described above for the change of the electrode with the magnetic composite material in the electrochemical strengthening environment of oxygen. For example, the casting mixture can be formed by:

1. Suspensions of ion exchange polymers such as Nafion;

2. magnetic microbeads or particles which may not be wrapped, covered or wrapped by the wrapping material; And

3. At least one suitable solvent or solvent mixture acting as an intermediate or carrier through component (1-3).

Depending on the number of factors involved, including the specific application or intended use of the magnetic composite, it may further comprise particles containing carbon and / or platinum bonded to the catalyst of the casting mixture.

Prior to the evaporation of the solvent, solvent mixture or medium, the electrode is placed on the external magnet so that it can orient the magnetic particles on the surface of the electrode (as described throughout this disclosure) and form a constant structure The presence of a magnetic field may be optional).

After the solvent or the medium has evaporated, if there is an external magnet, it is removed so that it can cover the magnetic composite material at the surface in contact with the magnetically improved electrode. The thickness of the coating or film of the magnetic composite material formed on the surface of the electrode depends on various parameters in the course of electrode modification, such as the cast volume of the casting mixture per unit surface area of the electrode surface. In general, the thickness of the coating of the magnetic composite material is in the range of 0.5-100 mu m. The preferable thickness range of the magnetic composite material is 2-25 탆.

The original amount and relative amounts of the various elements comprising the casting mixture and hence the composite coating or film mix on the electrode surface may vary. Generally, the composite coating comprises about 0.01-85% of beads or microbeads, such as magnetic microbeads, including oxygen or iron; 15-99.99% by weight of ion exchange polymer. The magnetic composite coating optionally further comprises 0-80% of carbon particles combined with particles comprising catalyst and / or platinum. Generally, the catalyst comprises platinum, and platinum may be coated on the surface of the carbon particles. Various modifications related to the carbon particles bound to the catalyst component include the nature and coverage of the catalyst on the surface of the carbon particles and the size and shape of the carbon particles. Particles containing platinum may be free of carbon, or may comprise carbon, and may consist predominantly of platinum, or the particles comprising platinum may essentially consist of platinum (i.e., % Weight of platinum).

The preferred form of the carbon particles constituting the composite material is Vulcan XC-72. The catalyst associated with the particles, which may be used in the present invention, may include platinum, palladium, ruthenium, or other transition metals including rhodium and cobalt or nickel. The amount of catalyst combined with the carbon particles is in the range of about 5 to 99.99% by weight, more preferably about 10-50% by weight. A preferred catalyst that may be used in combination with carbon particles is platinum. In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, platinum is disposed on the surface of the carbon particles.

In the present invention, a preferred ion exchange polymer with a composite coating or film comprises Nafion. The magnetic microbead component of the magnetic composite material may comprise beads of magnetic material such as iron (III) oxide or magnetite, which may or may not be coated with the overlying material. The capsule material used to overlay or coat the magnetic microbeads may be an inert material. In one embodiment of the invention, the material of the cap is of polystyrene. The% weight of the magnetic or magnetizable material containing the magnetic microbead component of the magnetic composite is usually 2-90%. The size of the magnetic particles, beads or microbeads comprising the magnetic composite material ranges from 0.1 micrometers to 50 micrometers in diameter; More preferably, the magnetic microbeads are in the range of 1-10 占 퐉 diameter.

The range of the capsule material used to coat or encapsulate the magnetic microbeads in accordance with the present invention may include, for example, various polymers, sirens, thiols, silica, glass, and the like.

The solvent, solvent mixture, or mediator component of the casting mixture may comprise a suitable solvent, or a combination of two or more solvents, which properly dissolves or floats the other components of the casting mixture to form a cast mixture .

The surface of the platinum is modified by adding a coating to the surface of the electrode and the number of ion-exchange polymers, magnetic microbeads, and other components with carbon particles bonded to the catalyst. For comparison, the composite material is provided with an ion exchange polymer bonded with or without non-magnetic microbeads and carbon particles in combination with the catalyst. When the composite material covering the improved electrode is dried, the electrode is placed in a solution or solution matrix containing fuel such as ethanol.

Improved (untreated) platinum electrodes and various modified electrodes were studied in an ethanol oxidizing environment with cyclic voltammetry. The electrodes were removed from the external magnetic field before measuring the voltage current.

In a series of first experiments, an improved electrode with an ion exchange polymer or a surface coating or film of a nonionic (polystyrene) bead (diameter = 1-3 μm) and an ion exchange polymer or a magnetic bead = 1-3 [mu] m) or with an improved electrode having a film. In this case, the composite coating or film consists of 25% weight beads and 75% weight Nitrogen. The film or composite coating is cast onto a 0.46 cm < ² > lighted platinum disk electrode. The film is then dried in a vacuum dryer for 1 hour. The electrode is placed in an ethanol solution with Na ₂ SO ₄ as electrolyte in water of 18 mega 0.1 Milli-Q. The solution was not purified and was in an ambient environmental condition. After absorbing the solution for one hour, each electrode is scanned 100 times at 500 Mv / S and a scan rate of -700 and 900 mV before the data is written. This repeated cycle is performed to induce inactivation of the electrode, which is inactive and can be inactivated by repeating the cycle. Periodic voltage currents are recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / s for both electrodes with magnetic films and electrodes with non-magnetic films. The first result of a series of experiments is shown in Figures 23A, 23B, 24A-C.

23A and 23B illustrate the use of a platinum electrode having a surface composite material with either Nafion and nonmagnetic microbeads 23A or magnetic microbeads 23B (25% volume beads, 75% volume Nafion) Periodic voltage and current data of the oxidation (0.1 M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6 mM ethanol) are shown. Periodic Volta grams are recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / s. Figures 24A, 24B and 24C illustrate the use of a platinum electrode with a non-magnetic microbead and a surface composite material with Nafion (25% volume bead, 75% volume Nafion), magnetic microbeads and Nafion (0.1M Na ₂ SO ₄ 7mM ethanol) using a platinum electrode having a surface composite material having a surface roughness of 100 Å, bead, 75% volume Nafion. The periodic voltage and current data is recorded at a scan rate of 500 mV / s (Fig. 24A), 100 mV / s (Fig. 24B) and 20 mV / s.

When the voltage currents of the ethanol electrolysis using differently modified electrodes are compared, it is perceived that there is little or no difference in the case of the magnetic composite as compared to the non-magnetic plated carbonless carbon. At a scan rate of 500 mV / s, the periodic voltage currents for the magnetic and non-magnetic films overlap each other. In Fig. 24A, which shows data for a 500 mV / s scan ratio, the peak between -600 and 1200 mV is very large compared to the magnetic film, but the respective second peaks overlap each other. In Figs. 24B and 24C, there is no difference between the magnetic film and the non-magnetic film.

In a series of second experiments on the voltage current of ethanol electrolysis, the electrode surface is transformed into a composite material comprising carbon particles bonded with a platinum catalyst. Thus, the electrode with the platinum-coated carbon particles, Nafion, magnetic beads, or the film has the coating with platinum-coated carbon particles, Nafion, non-magnetic (polystyrene) beads, (Untreated) electrode. The experimental details are the same as those outlined for the first set of experiments in general, and differ in what follows.

Four different composite materials are formulated to cover the electrodes used in the second series of experiments and are designed as Film 6-Film 9. The carbon particles associated with the catalyst used in these films were in the form of a Vulcan XC-72 (E-Tek, Natick, Mass.) Containing 20% by weight platinum. The component of the composite coating or film is referred to as Pt-C. The amount of beads in the formula for each of the other composites to use each film is maintained at 11%. Film 6- The film 9 contains nonmagnetic polyesters and beads whereas the films 7 and 8 contain magnetic beads. The weight ratio of each of the four films is as follows.

Film 6: 26% Pt-C; 63% Nafion; 11% polystyrene beads

Film 7: 26% Pt-C; 63% Nafion; 11% magnetic beads

Film 8: 76% Pt-C; 13% Nafion; 11% magnetic beads

Film 9: 76% Pt-C; 13% Nafion; 11% polystyrene beads

For film 6-film 9 with one film coated and untreated (uncoated) electrodes, periodic volt-ampere voltage currents were measured over the range of the scan ratio. The results are shown in Figures 25-29.

25 is a graph showing the relationship between the periodic voltage currents of ethanol oxidation (0.1003 M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6.852 mM ethanol) using untreated (uncoated) platinum electrodes recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / Data. Figure 26A and 26B are surfaces ethanol electrolysis using a platinum electrode, respectively in the composite material in the film 6 and film 7 shows a periodic voltage and current data of the (0.1003M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6.852mM ethanol). Volta momograms are recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / s. Figure 27A and 27B are surfaces ethanol electrolysis using a platinum electrode, respectively in the composite material in the film 8 and the film 9 shows a periodic voltage and current data of the (0.1003M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6.852mM ethanol). Volta momograms were again recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / s.

Figure 28A is a cyclic voltammetry data for ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode on the surface of the composite material in the untreated platinum electrode and the film 6 (non-magnetic) and film 7 (magnetic) (0.1M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6mM ethanol) . Volta motograms were recorded at scan rates of 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mV / s. In this scan ratio, the untreated electrode and the electrode coated with the nonmagnetic film 6 showed almost the same effect. In contrast, the electrode coated with the magnetic film 7 exhibited a current of about twice the value recorded at the electrode coated with the non-magnetic film.

Ethanol oxidation is a process of many electrons, with many intermediates; Stages occur over a range of potentials and the potential is pH dependent. However, the peak at about -100 mV observed in the magnetic composite film corresponds to ethanol oxidation (see Fig. 28A). Of Figure 28B and Figure 28C is a period of ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode on the surface of the composite material in the untreated platinum electrode and the film 6 (non-magnetic) and film 7 (magnetic) (0.1M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6mM ethanol) Voltage current data. However, in FIG. 28A, the data was recorded at a scan rate of 100 mV / s and 20 mV / s. In this scan ratio, the untreated electrode and the electrode coated with the nonmagnetic film 6 showed almost the same effect. In contrast, the electrode coated with the magnetic film 7 exhibited a current of about twice the value recorded at the electrode coated with the non-magnetic film.

Ethanol oxidation is a process of electrons with numerous intermediates, in which steps occur over potentials and ranges and potentials are pH dependent. However, a peak at -100 mV is observed in a magnetic composite film corresponding to ethanol oxidation (see Fig. 28A). Figure 28B and 28C are for ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode is formed on the surface of the composite material is applied using the non-treated film, and a platinum electrode 6 (non-magnetic) or a film 7 (magnetic) (0.1M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6mM ethanol) Periodic voltage and current cycles are also shown, and for Fig. 28A, scan rates of 100 mV / s and 20 mV / s are performed. The enhanced current for the magnetic film 7 compared to the non-magnetic film 6 is also shown in Figures 28B and 28C. The effect is particularly well illustrated in FIG. 28C (20 mV / S scan ratio), in which case the oxidation wave is very clear for an electrode coated with a -300 mV magnetic composite film, but with an untreated electrode and a non- But not for all of the coated electrodes.

Another evidence that the magnetic variation of the electrode prevents inactivation is found at +100 mV when a reentrant introduction occurs. In contrast, an electrode with an untreated electrode and an improved composite material exhibits both a wave initially oscillating with a negative current and then varying with a positive current. The latter wave forms consistently strip the inert layer from the surface of the electrode, thereby creating a chemical, otherwise it is electrolyzed at low electric potential (i.e., when the inert layer is not formed) Electrolysis occurs when an inert layer (which is disturbed by electrolysis) peels off the electrode.

As evidenced at -400 mV for SCE, there is some evidence that the electrolysis of ethanol at the magnetically modified electrode is chemically reversed. The fact that the best analyzed voltage current is obtained at a low scan rate suggests that electrodes magnetically modified with composite coatings according to the present invention can be well performed in electrochemical processes that are commercially evaluated for stable fuel cell applications This is a good indication. Electrodes that are strong or less sensitive to inertness will provide higher output power over a period of time compared to electrodes that are more sensitive to inertness.

Figure 29A is periodic for ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode is formed on the surface of the composite material is applied using the untreated Pt electrode film 8, and the (magnetic) or a film 9 (non-magnetic) (0.1M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6mM ethanol) The voltage and current cycles represent the data. The voltage current data is recorded at a scan rate of 500 mV / s. In FIG. 29B and FIG. 29C is ethanol oxidation using a platinum electrode is formed on the surface of the composite material is applied using the untreated platinum electrode and the film 9 (non-magnetic) or film 8 (magnetic) (0.1M Na ₂ SO ₄ 6mM ethanol) Also for the periodic voltage and current cycles for Fig. 29A, a scan ratio of 100 mV / s and 20 mV / s, respectively, is made. In addition, the electrode coated with the nonmagnetic film (film 8) appears to have a much higher current than the electrode with the nonmagnetic film (film 9). In the case of film 9, it can be seen from Figs. 29A-C that the electrode coated with such a non-magnetic film has a much higher current than the untreated electrode because it is relatively higher than the percentage of platinum-coated carbon in the film 6). Referring to Figure 29C, the trajectory of the voltage current to the magnetic film has a larger peak than the voltage current trajectory for the non-magnetic film or untreated electrode. This is because it stabilizes the intermediate of the ethanol oxidation of the magnetic field combined with the magnetic particles of the film.

Taken together, the data consistent with the present invention appear consistent with the electrode's magnetic variation in preventing electrode deactivation. The components, apparatus, and methods of the present invention also allow liquid fuel, such as ethanol, to be directly reformed at the surface of the magnetically modified electrode. These components, devices and methods are advantageous in various applications related to the development of electrochemistry involving free radical mechanisms or multielectron transfer processes and in the application of fuel cells.

Numerous additional modifications, improvements and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention may be practiced other than as specifically described, and that the scope of the present invention is limited only by the appended claims rather than the described embodiments.

[Table 4]

Claims (47)

An electrode having a surface; Wherein the magnetic composite material comprises 15% to 85% by weight of an ion exchange polymer and 0.01% to 85% by weight of a magnetic microbead, Wherein the composite material prevents passivation of the electrode surface. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic composite material further comprises an electronic conductor coupled to the catalyst. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the electron conductor coupled with the catalyst comprises carbon particles bonded with platinum and the ion exchange polymer comprises Nafion. Wherein the magnetic composite material comprises 0.01% to 85% by weight of magnetic microbeads, 15% to 85% of an ion exchange polymer and 80% of an ion exchange polymer, Wherein the magnetic composite material comprises carbon particles in combination with a catalyst to prevent the passivation of the electrode. 5. The fuel cell according to claim 4, further comprising a fuel supply source for the fuel cell, wherein the at least one electrode comprises one anode, and the magnetic composite material on the surface in contact with the anode has a surface So that the surface of the anode is resistant to deactivation. Providing an uncovered electrode; Casting a casting mixture comprising 99.99% of an ion exchange polymer, magnetic microbeads and a solvent on the side of the electrode; And evaporating the solvent from the surface of the electrode to produce an electrode having a surface coating of 0.5-100 탆 thickness made of a magnetic composite material, wherein the electrode is resistant to deactivation A method of making an electrode having a coated surface to resist deactivation. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein providing the coated electrode comprises providing a coated anode of a fuel cell oxidizing fuel, wherein evaporating the solvent at the surface of the electrode comprises: Wherein the anode has a surface coated with a magnetic composite material characterized by being resistant to deactivation and directly reforming the fuel, wherein the anode has a surface coated with a magnetic composite material, / RTI > Characterized in that it comprises from about 0.01% to 85% by weight of magnetic microbeads and from about 15% to 99.99% of ion exchange polymers by weight, in order to prevent deactivation of the electrodes. The magnetic composite material according to claim 8, further comprising a catalyst, for coating the surface of the electrode to prevent deactivation of the electrode. The magnetic composite material according to claim 8, further comprising particles containing platinum, for coating the surface of the electrode to prevent deactivation of the electrode. Providing a fuel cell having at least one magnetically improved electrode that is surface coated with magnetic particles and a magnetic composite material comprising an ion exchange polymer and a catalyst; And transferring the fuel to the magnetically improved electrode, wherein the fuel is directly modified at the electrode, and the magnetic composite surface coating prevents deactivation of the electrode. A method for directly reforming fuel on an electrode surface that has been improved as a whole. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the step of delivering comprises delivering a mixture of liquid fuel, gaseous fuel, and fuel to the magnetically improved electrode. A method of directly reforming a fuel. At least one magnetically improved electrode having a magnetic composite material on a surface; And a transfer means for transferring fuel to the at least one magnetically improved electrode, wherein fuel is directly modified at the at least one magnetically improved electrode, Wherein the fuel cell is a fuel cell. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said at least one magnetically enhanced electrode comprises a positive electrode having a face over which a film comprising a magnetic composite material comprising magnetic microbeads, an ion exchange polymer, and a catalyst, Fuel cell directly reforming the fuel. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the magnetic composite material comprises carbon particles bound to a catalyst, wherein the magnetic microbeads comprise iron oxide (III) or magnetite, and the ion exchange polymer comprises nafion A fuel cell characterized by directly reforming the fuel. An electrode having a surface; And a magnetic composite material comprising carbon particles bonded with a catalyst on said surface. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the magnetic composite material further comprises particles comprising iron (III) oxide or magnetite. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the particles comprising iron oxide (III) or magnetite comprise uncoated iron oxide (III), the catalyst comprises platinum and the platinum comprises from about 10% to 40% ≪ / RTI > wherein the carbon particles comprise carbon particles. A conductor; A magnetic composite material in the form of iron oxide (III) or magnetite which is on the side in contact with the conductor and which is not coated or coated with a coating material and in which a plurality of moving passages are provided to help the magnetic material to go to the conductor And a flux of a magnetic material is present between the two electrodes. Characterized in that the method comprises casting a casting mixture comprising iron oxide (III) particles or a magnetic material comprising magnetite particles or other magnetizable material onto the surface of the electrode. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising disposing the electrode in an external magnetic field. A conductor; And a magnetic composite material on the side in contact with the conductor, the magnetic composite material including iron (III) oxide or magnetite. An electrode having a surface; Wherein the at least one columnar magnetic structure is formed by casting particles comprising iron oxide (III) or magnetite onto the surface and forming the electrode ≪ / RTI > comprising a microscopic column formed by placement. A first electrode having a surface on which at least one columnar magnetic structure is disposed; And a second electrode, wherein an oxygen flux is formed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and wherein the at least one columnar magnetic structure is a microscopic structure formed by casting iron (III) particles in a magnetic field Wherein the fuel cell comprises a column. A first electrode having at least one columnar magnetic structure having a surface formed thereon; A second electrode; And a fuel supply source located between the first electrode and the second electrode, the fuel supply source having a predetermined direction of movement of the constituent components. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the at least one columnar magnetic structure is formed by casting a casting mixture comprising carbon particles coated with an ion exchange polymer, a magnetic material, and a catalyst on the first electrode surface in an external magnetic field Wherein the fuel cell comprises an anode. Casting a casting mixture on the surface of an electrode comprising an ion exchange polymer, a magnetic material, and carbon particles coated with a platinum catalyst; Further comprising disposing said electrode in an external magnetic field after said step. ≪ RTI ID = 0.0 > 11. < / RTI > A first electrode having a surface on which a magnetic material, an ion exchange polymer, and a carbon particle coated with a platinum catalyst is formed; And a second electrode, wherein oxygen flux is formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the magnetic structure includes a columnar magnetic structure, and the catalyst comprises platinum. Magnetic particles; Carbon particles with bound catalyst; A composite material comprising an ion exchange polymer. A separator disposed between a first region and a second region containing transition metal particles and further particles, A first material having a first magnetic property; A second material having a second magnetic property; Providing a path between said first material and a second material having an average width of from about 1 nanometer to several micrometers and comprising a plurality of boundaries with a magnetic gradient in said path, Wherein said particles have a first magnetic susceptibility and said other particles have a second magnetic susceptibility and wherein said first and second magnetic susceptibilities are sufficiently different so that most of said further particles remain in said first region, And the metal particles pass to the second region. 32. The method of claim 31, Wherein the separator is coupled with a ligand that forms a complex that helps to enter the second region in the passageway of the transition metal particles. An ion exchanger; A layer having the tone density by which the ion exchanger is adsorbed; A composite material for controlling a chemical substance having a ligand that is combined with the composite material to facilitate movement of the chemical substance. A first conductor; And a magnetic composite material in contact with the first conductor; The magnetic composite material comprising: An ion exchange polymer; And a plurality of magnetic beads having one of the second conductor, the semiconductor, and the superconductor. Placing the mixture in the first vessel; Forming a composite comprising said material and optionally reinforcing said material; Selectively passing the composite through the magnetic separator located in the first vessel and the second vessel; And collecting the composite selectively passed through the magnetic separator in the second vessel. 36. The method of claim 35, RTI ID = 0.0 > 1, < / RTI > wherein the selective strengthening material is a ligand. An electrolyte; A first electrode disposed in the electrolyte; A second electrode disposed in the electrolyte; And a housing having an inner wall that is self-coated and coupled with a magnetic field so that the electrode material suppresses the formation of dendrite crystals. An electrolyte; A first electrode disposed in the electrolyte and magnetically changed and coupled with the magnetic field so that the battery has a shorter time to discharge time; And a second electrode disposed in the electrolyte. 39. The method of claim 38, Wherein the first electrode enhances the flux of the electrolyte composition and the battery has an additional battery cycle life extended because dendrite formation is inhibited. A magnetically improved first electrode; And a second electrode, Wherein a flux of oxygen is formed between the first and second electrodes, the first electrode enhances the kinetic efficiency of reducing oxygen with water, and has a temperature signal below 100 ° C. A first electrode having improved magnetic properties; And a second electrode, Wherein a flux of oxygen is formed between the first and second electrodes and has a temperature signal at 100 占 폚 or lower. 42. The method of claim 41, Wherein the fuel cell has an outer cover made of gas-porous or osmotic hydrocarbon material. 42. The method of claim 41, Wherein the fuel cell is flexible. Geometrically defining the fuel cell; Exposing the fuel cell to air; And electrically connecting the fuel cell to one of a device requiring power or a device requiring a discharge. A system for plating a surface having a lanthanide or actinide film, A lanthanide or an actinide group; A first magnetically enhanced electrode disposed in the electrolyte; And a second electrode disposed on the electrolyte, Wherein said magnetically enhanced electrode inhibits dendritic crystal formation when said surface is covered with said dense film. A separator disposed between a first region containing first and second types of particles and a first region, A first poly (styrenesulfonate) ion exchanger having a first magnetism; A second material having a second magnet; Providing a passage having an average width of from about 1 nanometer to several micrometers between the first and second regions and each having a boundary of a plurality of systems having a magnetic gradient in the passage, Wherein the first type of particles have a first magnetic susceptibility and the second type of particles have a second magnetic susceptibility wherein the first and second magnetic susceptibilities are such that the first type of particles enter the second region, And most of the particles are sufficiently different to go into said first region. A system for concentrating oxygen from a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, A magnetic separator; And an oxygen path passing through the magnetic separator for concentrating oxygen due to the magnetic effect of the magnetic separator.