KR19980015220A - Recycling method and recycled material of PET needle punch carpet - Google Patents
Recycling method and recycled material of PET needle punch carpet Download PDFInfo
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- KR19980015220A KR19980015220A KR1019960034468A KR19960034468A KR19980015220A KR 19980015220 A KR19980015220 A KR 19980015220A KR 1019960034468 A KR1019960034468 A KR 1019960034468A KR 19960034468 A KR19960034468 A KR 19960034468A KR 19980015220 A KR19980015220 A KR 19980015220A
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- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- pet
- carpet
- needle punch
- compatibilizer
- pulverized
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 7
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004708 Very-low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001866 very low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000012438 extruded product Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 27
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 27
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002648 laminated material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010169 landfilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2067/00—Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
- B29K2067/003—PET, i.e. poylethylene terephthalate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2223/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as reinforcement
- B29K2223/10—Polymers of propylene
- B29K2223/12—PP, i.e. polypropylene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2267/00—Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof as reinforcement
- B29K2267/003—PET, i.e. poylethylene terephthalate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/732—Floor coverings
- B29L2031/7322—Carpets
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
Abstract
본 발명의 목적은 PET 니들 펀치 카펫트(이하 PET 카펫트)의 성형시 다량으로 발생되는 폐기물(Scrap)과 폐 PET 카펫트를 사출 성형이 가능토록 제조하는 재생방법을 제공하는데 있다.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a regeneration method for producing a scrap and a waste PET carpet which are generated in a large amount during molding of a PET needle punch carpet (hereinafter, PET carpet) so as to enable injection molding.
상기한 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명의 수단은, 5∼10㎜ 크기로 고속 분쇄한 PET 카펫트 분쇄물 85∼95wt%를 PE계 수지 2∼10wt%와 혼합한후 2축 압출기를 사용하여 230∼235℃에서 혼합(compounding)하여 나오는 압출물을 펠리타이저(pelletizer)를 이용해 일정 크기로 절단하여 인젝션 몰딩기에 투입하여 사출성형하는 것임을 특징으로 한다.In order to attain the above object, the present invention provides a method for producing a PET carpet, comprising the steps of mixing 85 to 95 wt% of pulverized PET carpet pulverized with 5 to 10 mm in size with 2 to 10 wt% of PE resin, The extruded product obtained by compounding at 235 ° C is cut into a predetermined size by using a pelletizer, and is injected into an injection molding machine for injection molding.
Description
본 발명은 카펫트, 특히 PET 니들 펀치 카펫트(PET Needle Punch Carpet)의 성형시 발생하는 스크랩(부스러기) 및 폐 카펫트의 재생방법 및 재생재료에 관한 것이다.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a scrap (debris) generated during molding of a carpet, particularly a PET needle punch carpet, and a recycling method and recycled material of a waste carpet.
차량의 실내 바닥재로 주로 사용되고 있는 카펫트는 부품중량이 3㎏에 달하는 비교적 중량이 많고 부피가 큰 부품의 하나이며 카펫트 제조시 압축성형에 의한 공정으로 스크랩의 발생이 많고 3종의 적층재료로 이루어져 있어 재생이 매우 곤란한 부품이다.Carpets, which are mainly used as floor coverings for automobiles, are one of relatively heavy and bulky parts with a weight of 3 kg. They are produced by compression molding during the production of carpets, and are often made of three kinds of laminated materials It is a very difficult part to play.
통상적으로 자동차에 사용되어지는 카펫트의 종류는 크게 나일론 카페트와 폴리에틸렌테레프탈레이트(이하 PET) 카페트가 사용되고 있다.Typically, nylon carpets and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) carpets are used as carpets for automobiles.
주로 나일론 카페트는 대형차에 그리고 PET 카페트는 중대형, 소형 자동차에 많이 사용되고 있다. 이중 PET 카펫트(PET사+라텍스층+PE 코팅층)는 취급이 어렵고 또한 성형 불량품(부스러기 포함)이 많이 발생하며 특히 PET는 수분에 민감하여 재생시 수분이 포함되면 가수분해에 의한 고분자의 저분자화에 의한 현상으로 재료로 사용키 어렵고 PET와 라텍스 및 LDPE 재질은 비상용계로서 서로 섞이지 않는 난점이 있어 재생이 어려운 것으로 인식되고 있으며, 이에따라 카펫트 제조공정에서 다량으로 발생하는 스크랩(Scrap)은 전량 매립하거나 소각시키므로서 귀중한 자원의 낭비와 공해를 유발하는 문제점이 있어왔다.Nylon carpets are mainly used for large cars, and PET carpets are used for medium and large sized cars. The PET carpet (PET + latex layer + PE coating layer) is difficult to handle, and many defective molds (including debris) are generated. In particular, PET is sensitive to moisture, so if moisture is contained during regeneration, And it is recognized that PET, latex and LDPE materials are difficult to regenerate because they are difficult to mix with each other as an emergency system. Accordingly, a large amount of scrap generated in the carpet manufacturing process can be completely buried or incinerated There has been a problem of wasting valuable resources and causing pollution.
이에 본 발명은 상기한 문제점을 감안하여 제안된 것으로서 그의 목적으로 하는 바는 PET 니들 펀치 카펫트(이하 PET 카펫트)의 성형시 다량으로 발생되는 폐기물(Scrap)과 폐 PET 카펫트를 사출 성형이 가능토록 제조하는 재생방법 및 재생재료를 제공하는데 있다.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a PET needle punch carpet (hereinafter, referred to as PET carpet) And to provide a regenerating method and regenerating material.
상기한 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명의 수단은, 5∼10㎜ 크기로 고속 분쇄한 PET 카펫트 분쇄물 85∼95wt%를 PE계 수지 2∼10wt%와 혼합한 후 2축 압출기를 사용하여 230∼235。C에서 혼합(compounding)하여 나오는 압출물을 펠리타이저(pelletizer)를 이용해 일정 크기로 절단하여 인젝션 몰딩기에 투입하여 사출성형하는 것을 특징으로 한다.In order to attain the above object, the present invention provides a method for producing a PET carpet, comprising the steps of mixing 85 to 95 wt% of pulverized PET carpet pulverized with 5 to 10 mm in size with 2 to 10 wt% of PE resin, The extruded material obtained by compounding at 235.C is cut into a predetermined size by using a pelletizer and is injected into an injection molding machine for injection molding.
이하 본 발명의 실시예에 대하여 상술한다.Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
먼저 PET 니들 펀치 카펫트(이하 PET 카펫트)를 제조시 생성되는 다량의 스크랩을 고속분쇄기를 사용하여 분쇄한다.First, a large amount of scrap produced during the production of the PET needle punch carpet (hereinafter, PET carpet) is crushed using a high speed crusher.
그 다음 PE계 수지로서 LDPE 또는 VLDPE와를 혼합하거나 여기에 퍼옥사이드(Peroxide)와 상용화제(compatibilizer)를 더 첨가하여 혼합(compounding)하며 이때의 혼합공정은 2축 압출기를 사용하여 가공온도는 230∼235℃가 유지되도록 하면서 토오크가 많이 걸리지 않도록 RPM을 서서히 증가시켜 혼합하는 것이 바람직하다. 압출물을 펠리 타이저(Pelletizer)를 이용해 일정 크기로 절단하고 펠릿화된 성형물을 인젝션 몰딩기에 투입하여 원하는 형상으로 제품을 성형하게 된다.Then, LDPE or VLDPE is mixed as PE-based resin, or peroxide and compatibilizer are further added to the mixture, and the mixing process is performed using a twin-screw extruder at a processing temperature of 230 ~ It is preferable to gradually increase the RPM so as to keep the temperature at 235 占 폚 while avoiding a lot of torque. The extrudate is cut into a predetermined size using a pelletizer, and the pelletized molded product is put into an injection molding machine to form a product into a desired shape.
PET 카펫트를 분쇄시에는 고속 분쇄기를 사용하며 혼합장치에 투입할 때는 호퍼 투입 또는 컨베어 장치를 이용하므로써 PET 카펫트 분쇄물의 엉킴 현상(bridge)을 최소화하여 정량적이며 빠른 이송을 통하여 안정된 생산량을 얻을 수 있다.When crushing PET carpet, high-speed crusher is used. When injecting into the mixing device, hopper input or conveyor device is used to minimize the tangling of the crushed PET carpet so that stable production can be achieved through quantitative and rapid transfer.
이와같이 분쇄물의 일정치 않은 이송공급은 압출기를 통해 나오는 용융 가닥(strand) 상태의 압출물이 끊어지므로 인하여 작은 알갱이화 되지 않아 생산성을 저하시키므로 정량적이고 연속적인 공급이 중요하다.Thus, it is important to provide a quantitative and continuous supply of the pulverized product because the unstable feed of the pulverized product is not reduced into small pellets due to breakage of the extrudate in a stranded state through the extruder, which lowers the productivity.
PET 카펫트내에 함유된 성분중 LDPE는 30∼40wt%를 첨가시 충격강도를 향상시키고 연신률도 우수한 특성을 갖게되므로 PE계 수지로서 VLDPE 또는 LDPE를 2∼10wt% 첨가하고 그 밖에 과산화물(Peroxide)을 0.1∼0.4wt%를 첨가하면 LDPE의 무극성 체인(Chain)에 반응성기를 부여하여 PET와의 반응성을 향상시켜 전형적으로 강성이 우수하고 연신률이 좋은 복합재료의 분자구조를 갖게된다.As the PE-based resin, VLDPE or LDPE is added in an amount of 2 to 10 wt%, and the peroxide is added in an amount of 0.1 to 0.1 wt%, because addition of 30 to 40 wt% of LDPE among the components contained in the PET carpet improves impact strength and elongation rate is excellent. The addition of ~0.4wt% improves the reactivity with non-polar chains of LDPE to improve the reactivity with PET, resulting in a molecular structure of composite materials with excellent rigidity and good elongation.
상용화제(Compatibilizer)는 재생재료의 최상의 물성을 얻기 위해 2.5∼7wt%를 첨가하게 되며 본 발명에 사용되는 상용화제는 크게 두가지로서 그중 하나는 폴리프로필렌에 사과무수물(Maleic anhydride)을 반응시켜 만든 공중합체나 폴리에틸렌에 에스테르기 화합물을 반응시킨 중합체를 사용한다. 이때 각각의 상용화제에 함유된 사과무수물(Maleic anhydride)과 에스테르기의 함량은 2∼20wt%이며 꼭 이것에 한정적인 것은 아니다.The compatibilizer is added in an amount of 2.5 to 7 wt% in order to obtain the best physical properties of the recycled material. One of the compatibilizers used in the present invention is an aerial Or a polymer obtained by reacting an ester group compound with polyethylene. At this time, the content of maleic anhydride and ester group contained in each compatibilizer is 2 to 20 wt% and is not limited to this.
[실시예 1][Example 1]
PET 카펫트의 제조시 생성된 스크랩을 5∼10㎜ 크기로 분쇄한 다음 2축 압출기에 의해 230。C를 유지하면서 혼합하여 펠릿화시켰다. 이때 PET 카펫트 분쇄물을 투입할 때 물성보강을 위해 PE계 수지인 LDPE 10wt%를 첨가하였으며, 이를 슬릿다이를 통해 압출하여 작은 알갱이로 절단한 후 인젝숀 몰딩기에 투입하여 가로 세로 각 200㎜ 두께 1㎜의 성형물을 얻었다.The scrap produced in the production of the PET carpet was pulverized to a size of 5 to 10 mm, and then mixed and pelletized while maintaining 230.C by a twin-screw extruder. In this case, 10 wt% of LDPE, a PE resin, was added to reinforce the physical properties of the PET carpet. When the PET carpet was pulverized, it was extruded through a slit die, cut into small pieces, and injected into an injection molding machine. Mm.
이와같이 제조된 성형물의 기계적 물성을 측정한 결과를 표 1에 나타내었으며 비교예인 PET 카펫트 100%보다는 인장강도는 다소 낮은 반면 연신률은 다소 높게 나타났는바 재생품의 기계적 물성이 정상품에 거의 유사함을 알수 있다.Table 1 shows the results of measurement of the mechanical properties of the moldings thus produced. The tensile strength was somewhat lower than that of the comparative PET carpet 100%, but the elongation was somewhat higher than that of the PET carpet 100. As a result, have.
[실시예 2][Example 2]
PET 카펫트 분쇄물 90wt%, 과산화물(peroxide) 0.3wt%, VLDPE 5wt%, 상용화제로 사과무수물(Maleic anhydride)이 2.5% 함유된 폴리프로필렌을 5wt%의 비율로 혼합하고 235℃의 조건하에서 혼합한 후 실시예 1과 같이 같은 크기의 성형물을 얻었다.PET carpet pulverized product, 90 wt% of pulverized product, 0.3 wt% of peroxide, 5 wt% of VLDPE and 5 wt% of polypropylene containing 2.5 wt% of maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer and mixed at 235 캜 A molded article having the same size as in Example 1 was obtained.
상기 성형물의 인장강도는 370㎏/㎠로 100% PET 재질 보다는 인장강도가 9%정도 낮았으나 연신률은 50%로 5∼10배 정도 크게 신장되었다.The tensile strength of the molded article was 370 kg / cm 2, which was lower than that of 100% PET material by 9%, but elongation was increased by 5 to 10 times to 50%.
[실시예 3][Example 3]
PET 카펫트 분쇄물 90wt%, 과산화물 0.3wt%, VLDPE 5wt%, 상용화제로 에스테르기를 5% 함유한 폴리에틸렌을 5wt%의 비율로 혼합하였으며 나머지 과정은 실시예 2와 동일 조건을 유지하여 성형물을 생산하였다. 상기 성형물의 인장강도는 302㎏/㎠였으며 연신률은 50%였다. 이로미루어 실시예 2와 비교하였을 때 상용화제로 사용된 제품의 차이에 기인하여 인장강도가 저하된 것으로 시험결과 나타났다.PET carpet pulverized product 90 wt%, peroxide 0.3 wt%, VLDPE 5 wt%, and compatibilizer 5 wt% of polyethylene containing 5 wt% of ester group were mixed and the same procedure as in Example 2 was repeated to produce a molded product. The molded product had a tensile strength of 302 kg / cm 2 and an elongation percentage of 50%. As a result, the tensile strength was lowered due to the difference in the product used as a compatibilizer as compared with Example 2.
[실시예 4][Example 4]
상기 실시예 2 및 실시예 3과 동일 조건을 유지하되 상용화제로 에스테르기를 20wt% 함유한 폴리에틸렌은 5wt% 첨가하여 실시예 1과 같은 크기의 성형물을 얻었다.The same conditions as in Example 2 and Example 3 were maintained, but 5 wt% of polyethylene containing 20 wt% of an ester group as a compatibilizer was added to obtain a molded article having the same size as in Example 1.
동 성형물의 기계적 물성을 시험한 바 인장강도는 390㎏/㎠, 연신률 67%로 가장 우수한 특성을 나타내었다.The mechanical properties of the molded article were tested. The tensile strength was 390 kg / cm 2 and the elongation was 67%.
이상과 같은 본원 발명에 의하면 카펫트 성형시 발생하는 스크랩을 재생하여 사용하게 되므로 소각 및 매립에 따른 환경 오염을 방지하고 귀중한 자원의 낭비를 막을 뿐만 아니라 폐차에서 발생하는 카펫트를 회수하여 재생시킬 수 있는 기술이 확보되므로써 더욱 폐기물 처리 비용을 절감하게 되는 효과가 있게 된다.As described above, according to the present invention, scrap generated during carpet molding is regenerated and used, thereby preventing environmental pollution due to incineration and landfilling, preventing waste of valuable resources, and recovering and regenerating carpets generated from scrap cars The waste treatment cost can be further reduced.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
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KR1019960034468A KR19980015220A (en) | 1996-08-20 | 1996-08-20 | Recycling method and recycled material of PET needle punch carpet |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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KR1019960034468A KR19980015220A (en) | 1996-08-20 | 1996-08-20 | Recycling method and recycled material of PET needle punch carpet |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20010066184A (en) * | 1999-12-31 | 2001-07-11 | 이계안 | A recycling method of waste-carpet for automobile |
KR20020081960A (en) * | 2001-04-21 | 2002-10-30 | 기아자동차주식회사 | recycling method for waste articles of carpet |
KR100370702B1 (en) * | 1998-08-04 | 2003-05-17 | 가부시키가이샤 세이신 기교 | Powder Coating Prepared From PET Resin Products As Raw Material And Process For the Preparation Thereof |
KR20040011207A (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-02-05 | 주식회사 휴비스 | Thermally bondable polyterephthalate/polyethylene composite fiber with high interfacial adhesive strength |
KR100738146B1 (en) * | 2006-07-27 | 2007-07-10 | 현대자동차주식회사 | A reissue method for regenerating material |
CN115056449A (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2022-09-16 | 开平市天鹰胶粘技术开发有限公司 | Method for preparing composite film by co-extrusion of polar material and nonpolar material |
-
1996
- 1996-08-20 KR KR1019960034468A patent/KR19980015220A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100370702B1 (en) * | 1998-08-04 | 2003-05-17 | 가부시키가이샤 세이신 기교 | Powder Coating Prepared From PET Resin Products As Raw Material And Process For the Preparation Thereof |
KR20010066184A (en) * | 1999-12-31 | 2001-07-11 | 이계안 | A recycling method of waste-carpet for automobile |
KR20020081960A (en) * | 2001-04-21 | 2002-10-30 | 기아자동차주식회사 | recycling method for waste articles of carpet |
KR20040011207A (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-02-05 | 주식회사 휴비스 | Thermally bondable polyterephthalate/polyethylene composite fiber with high interfacial adhesive strength |
KR100738146B1 (en) * | 2006-07-27 | 2007-07-10 | 현대자동차주식회사 | A reissue method for regenerating material |
CN115056449A (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2022-09-16 | 开平市天鹰胶粘技术开发有限公司 | Method for preparing composite film by co-extrusion of polar material and nonpolar material |
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