KR102347987B1 - Artificial soil composition for plant cultivation comprising heat treated wood chip, nitrogen source and fermented rice straw - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to an artificial soil composition for growing crops containing heat-treated wood chips, a nitrogen source and fermented rice straw as active ingredients, and a mixture comprising the heat-treated oak chips and a nitrogen source, or a composition containing the mixture and fermented rice straw as active ingredients increases the germination rate and leaf number of melon seeds, and has been confirmed to exhibit the effect of improving the growth of plant and root lengths, so that the composition can be provided as artificial soil for crop cultivation that can replace general soil and artificial feed.

Description

Artificial soil composition for plant cultivation comprising heat treated wood chip, nitrogen source and fermented rice straw as active ingredients;

An object of the present invention is to provide an artificial soil composition for growing crops containing heat-treated wood chips, a nitrogen source, and fermented rice straw as active ingredients.

Currently, the soil used for growing crops at home or nursery is a situation in which general soil obtained in a natural state is laid on a pot or a nursery, and crops are planted thereon. Since such general soil is not sterilized, crops are harmed by pests and diseases, which impedes growth, and the loss of nutrients such as organic fertilizer components by daily water to supply moisture is large, weakening the fertility, especially In the case of crops grown in home gardens or apartment verandas for the cultivation of ornamentals and vegetables, there is a problem in that muddy water flows by water or dust is blown away by the wind, which worsens the environment.

On the other hand, fertilizers are used to promote growth, increase fruit, and protect from pests and diseases for plant resources such as crops, crops, and trees. These fertilizers are included to compensate for the lack of nutrients that the plant resources absorb from the soil. Nutrients contained in fertilizers are various, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, minerals, and moisture.

Most of the chemical fertilizers currently used are fast-acting, so they dissolve in water and are absorbed by plants. In addition, immediately after fertilization, the plant cannot absorb and use the fertilizer components at once, so the applied fertilizer is not only lost due to various natural phenomena such as landslides, floods, forest fires, etc., but also the lost fertilizer is absorbed into the soil or It seeps into the groundwater in the interior and may cause increased contamination of the soil and groundwater.

In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a new artificial soil for growing crops that can replace general soil while containing nutrients of chemical fertilizers.

Republic of Korea Patent Registration No. 10-1766452 (2017.08.02. Announcement)

The present invention is to provide a wood chip mixture containing nutrients necessary for the growth of crops, to improve the environmental problems caused by artificial feed, and to provide a functional artificial soil that can replace general soil.

The present invention provides an artificial soil composition for growing crops containing a mixture of heat-treated wood chips and a nitrogen source and fermented rice straw as active ingredients.

According to the present invention, it is confirmed that a mixture consisting of heat-treated oak chips and a nitrogen source or a composition containing the mixture and fermented rice straw as an active ingredient increases the germination rate and number of leaves of melon seeds, and shows the effect of improving plant and root growth. Accordingly, the composition may be provided as artificial soil for growing crops that can replace general soil and artificial feed.

1 is a result of confirming the carbon-to-material ratio (C/N ratio) change according to the heat treatment temperature of pine and oak wood powder. FIG. 1A is a result of pine wood powder, and FIG. 1B is a result of oak wood powder.
2 is a result of confirming the change in electrical capacity (EC) according to the heat treatment temperature of pine and oak wood powder. FIG. 2A is a result of pine wood powder, and FIG. 2B is a result of oak wood powder.
3 is a result of confirming the pH change according to the heat treatment temperature of pine wood powder and oak wood powder. FIG. 3A is a result of pine wood powder, and FIG. 3B is a result of oak wood powder.
4 is a GI (germination index) analysis result according to heat treatment temperature, FIG. 4A is a result of pine wood powder, FIG. 4B is a result of oak wood powder, control is a control (distilled water), and untreated is a control without heat treatment.
5 is a result of confirming the carbon-to-material ratio (C/N ratio) according to heat treatment time, FIG. 5A is a result of pine wood powder, and FIG. 5B is a result of oak wood powder.
6 is a result of checking the electrical capacity (EC) according to the heat treatment time, FIG. 6A is a result of pine wood powder, and FIG. 6B is a result of oak wood powder.
7 is a result of confirming the pH according to heat treatment time, FIG. 6A is a result of pine wood powder, and FIG. 6B is a result of oak wood powder.
8 is a GI (germination index) analysis result according to heat treatment time, FIG. 8A is a result of pine wood powder, FIG. 8B is a result of oak wood powder, control is a control (distilled water), and untreated is a control without heat treatment.
9 is a nitrogen source as a source of yeast extract (Yeast extract), NH ₄ HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate) and yeast extract + NH ₄ HCO ₃ (1:1, w/w) is the result of confirming the carbon content according to the addition.
Figure 10 is a nitrogen source of yeast extract (Yeast extract), NH ₄ HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate) and yeast extract + NH ₄ HCO ₃ (1:1, w / w) added to heat-treated oak wood flour after sowing melon seeds germination rate (%) is the result of checking.
11 is a plant growth after sowing melon seeds in heat-treated oak wood flour added with _{yeast extract, NH 4} HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate) and yeast extract + NH ₄ HCO ₃ (1:1,w/w) as a nitrogen source; This is the result of checking the growth (mm).
12 is a nitrogen source after sowing melon seeds in heat-treated oak wood flour added with _{yeast extract, NH 4} HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate) and yeast extract + NH ₄ HCO _{3 (1:1, w/w) root} This is the result of checking the growth (mm).
13 shows _{melon seeds in heat-treated oak wood flour added with yeast extract, NH 4} HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate) and yeast extract + NH ₄ HCO ₃ (1:1, w/w) as nitrogen source (mm) is the result of checking.
14 is a result of confirming the carbon content ratio (C/N ratio) of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture.
15 is a result of confirming the EC of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture.
16 is a result of confirming the pH of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture.
17 is a result confirming the microbial activity of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture.
18 is a result of confirming the EC according to the fermentation period of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture.
19 is a result of confirming the pH according to the fermentation period of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture.
20 is a result of confirming the results of microbial activity according to the fermentation temperature of rice straw.
21 is a result of confirming the results of microbial activity according to the fermentation period of rice straw.
22 is a result of confirming the amount of formaldehyde emission according to the mixing ratio of wood raw material, nitrogen source, and rice straw.
23 is a result of confirming the amount of carbon dioxide emission according to the mixing ratio of wood raw material, nitrogen source, and rice straw.
24 is a result confirming the growth of melon seedlings using the prepared functional soil.
25 is a result of confirming the stem length of melon seedlings according to the mixing ratio of heat-treated wood flour mixed with nitrogen source and fermented rice flour.
26 is a result of confirming the root length of melon seedlings transplanted into the prepared functional soil.
27 is a result of confirming the number of leaves of a melon seedling transplanted into functional soil prepared with heat-treated oak wood flour mixed with fermented rice straw and nitrogen source.
28 is a reaction surface analysis result confirming the mixing ratio of heat-treated wood flour, nitrogen source, and fermented rice straw for maximum stem length growth of melon seedlings, where A is heat-treated wood flour; B is a nitrogen source; C is fermented rice straw.
29 is a result of confirming the correspondence between an expected value and an actual data value by performing a response surface method (RSM).
30 is a reaction surface analysis result confirming the mixing ratio of heat-treated wood flour, nitrogen source, and fermented rice straw for maximum root length growth of melon seedlings, A is heat-treated wood flour; B is a nitrogen source; C is fermented rice straw.
31 is a result of confirming the correspondence between an expected value and an actual data value by performing a response surface method (RSM).
32 is a schematic diagram showing the manufacturing process of a pine hot water extract.
33 is a result of confirming the stem growth of melon seedlings after adding hot water extract of pine to a heat-treated wood flour/nitrogen source/fermented rice straw mixture.
34 is a result of confirming the root growth of melon seedlings after adding hot water extract of pine to a heat-treated wood flour/nitrogen source/fermented rice straw mixture.
35 is a schematic diagram showing a multifunctional soil manufacturing process for melon cultivation.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.

The present invention can provide an artificial soil composition for growing crops containing a mixture of heat-treated wood chips and a nitrogen source and fermented rice straw as active ingredients.

The heat-treated wood chips may be heat-treated at 50 to 110° C. for 50 to 70 minutes, and the wood chips may be selected from the group consisting of pine chips and oak chips, more preferably heat treatment at 100° C. for 60 minutes. It may be an oak chip, but is not limited thereto.

When heat is applied below the above temperature conditions during the heat treatment of the heat-treated wood chips of the present invention, there may be a problem that phenol components that adversely affect crop cultivation remain in the wood, and when heat is applied in excess of the above temperature conditions , there may be problems with excessive voids and leaching of organic matter.

The artificial soil composition may be a mixture of 80-95% by weight of heat-treated wood chips and 5 to 20% by weight of a nitrogen source, and more preferably a mixture of 90% by weight of heat-treated wood chips and 10% by weight of a nitrogen source. , but not limited thereto.

The nitrogen source may be a yeast extract, NH ₄ HCO ₃ or a mixture thereof, and more preferably a yeast extract, but is not limited thereto.

The nitrogen source of the present invention is a nitrogen compound that is a raw material for proteins or nucleic acids important for living organisms. If included in excess of the above content range, nitrogen may accumulate in the soil, resulting in insignificant differentiation of flower buds.

The fermented rice straw may be a mixture of rice straw and livestock meal in a ratio of 6:4 to 9:1 based on dry weight, and more preferably, rice straw and livestock meal may be mixed in a ratio of 7:4 based on dry weight, but limited thereto. doesn't happen

The fermented rice straw may be fermented at 25 to 35° C. for 5 to 12 days, and more preferably, may be fermented at 30° C. for 10 days, but is not limited thereto.

The artificial soil composition may be composed of 85 to 95 parts by weight of a mixture of heat-treated wood chips and a nitrogen source and 5 to 15 parts by weight of fermented rice straw based on 100 parts by weight of the composition.

The fermented rice straw of the present invention serves to increase microorganisms useful for crop growth, and when the fermented rice straw in the artificial soil composition contains less than the content range, the nutritional supply is disadvantageous due to the lack of useful microorganisms, and phosphoric acid solubilization, nitrogen fixation, etc. are smooth Problems that could not be achieved may appear, and if the content exceeds the content range, problems such as excessive accumulation of nutrients and soil acidification may appear.

The artificial soil composition may be to increase the germination rate and leaf number of crops, and to improve the growth of plant and root growth of crop seedlings.

The crops may be selected from the group consisting of potatoes, red peppers, bell peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, watermelons, melons, Chinese cabbages, lettuce, radishes, cabbage, rapeseeds, strawberries, rice, barley, corn and ginseng.

The artificial soil composition may further include a pine hot water extract.

The pine hot water extract may be included in an amount of 1 to 3 wt% based on 100 wt% of the artificial soil composition, and more preferably, the pine hot water extract powder is added in an amount of 2 wt% with respect to 100 wt% of the artificial soil composition may be, but is not limited thereto.

Hereinafter, examples will be described in detail to help the understanding of the present invention. However, the following examples are merely illustrative of the content of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples. The embodiments of the present invention are provided to more completely explain the present invention to those of ordinary skill in the art.

<Example 1> Preparation of wood raw material for production of functional soil

1. Manufacture of wood raw materials according to various heat treatment conditions

For the development of functional soil using domestic softwood and hardwood xylem, sawdust was manufactured using pine and oak chips.

Pine chips and oak chips provided from Gyeongsang National University Academic Forest were crushed, and 4 mm pass size wood powder was used using a 4 mm sieve.

30 g of the prepared 4 mm pass sized pine and oak wood flour was mixed with 600 mL of distilled water in a 1:20 (w/v) ratio, and then heat-treated at 60, 80, 100, and 120° C. for 15 minutes.

The heat-treated mixture was filtered under reduced pressure using No.2 filter paper (150 mm, Advantec), and the residue was dried at 105° C. for 24 hours and used as a test material.

2. Confirmation of chemical properties according to heat treatment conditions of wood raw materials

Pine heat treated at 60℃, 80℃, 100℃ and 120℃ for 15 minutes to check the potential as a functional soil raw material through the analysis of the chemical properties (carbon to nitrogen ratio, EC, etc.) of the wood material to which heat treatment conditions of various temperatures are applied The chemical properties of wood flour and oak wood flour were checked, and non-heat-treated pine and oak wood flour was used as a control.

2-1. Check carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio, carbon-nitrogen ratio)

After grinding the test material using a grinder, it was classified through an 80 mesh sieve and used as a sample. After drying the sample, TC (Total carbon) and TN (Total nitrogen) were measured using a trace element analyzer (Flash 2000, Thermo Scientific), and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was confirmed by Equation 1 below.

[Formula 1]

C/N ratio = TC/TN

As a result, as shown in FIG. 1 , the carbon-to-carbon ratios of pine wood powder heat-treated at 60° C., 80° C., 100° C. and 120° C. were 142, 208, 196, 186 and 168, respectively. Untreated, 60° C., 80° C., 100 The carbon-to-carbon ratios of oak heat treated at ℃ and 120℃ were 70, 78, 79, 71 and 73, respectively.

In addition, it was confirmed that the carbon-to-material ratio was increased compared to the untreated wood flour when heat-treated at 60°C and 80°C in pine and oak wood powder, and it was confirmed that the carbon-to-material ratio decreased at 100°C and 120°C.

The carbon-quality ratio of soil suitable for melon growth was 30, and both pine and oak wood flour were found to exceed the appropriate carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. It was confirmed that it was necessary to input a nitrogen source to improve the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the future.

2-2. Check Electrical capacity (EC)

EC (Electrical capacity) is an important indicator for judging salinity disorders for plants as electrical conductivity, and EC of soil suitable for melon cultivation is less than 1 dS/m (1000 μS/cm).

After the test material was pulverized with a grinder, it was classified using a 20 mesh sieve and an 80 mesh sieve. Wood flour that passed through 20 mesh and did not pass through 80 mesh was used as a sample. 1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by measurement with an EC meter (HI8733, HANNA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 2 , it was confirmed that EC decreased when heat-treated compared to untreated pine and oak wood powder, and EC of pine and oak wood powder was found to be within the appropriate range under all heat treatment temperature conditions.

From the above results, it was determined that salinity disorders would not occur for plants.

2-3. pH check

pH means the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution and is an indicator of acidity and basicity. The pH of the soil suitable for melon cultivation is 6.0-6.5, which is slightly acidic.

After grinding the test material with a grinder, it was classified through a mesh sieve, and wood flour of a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on was used as a sample.

1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by measurement with a pH meter (HI1295, HANNA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 3 , the pH of pine wood powder did not show significance with or without heat treatment, and the pH of oak wood powder showed a tendency to decrease as the heat treatment temperature increased.

From the above results, it was confirmed that oak wood flour was more suitable for melon cultivation than pine wood flour because oak wood flour was closer to an appropriate pH value than pine wood flour.

2-4. Confirmation of cation (K, Ca, Mg, P) content

After grinding the test material using a grinder, it was classified using a mesh sieve, and wood flour with a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on was used as a sample.

In a 250 mL round flask, put a sample with a total dry weight of 1 g, add 25 mL of a wet decomposition solution (HNO ₃ :H ₂ SO ₄ :HClO ₄ , 10:1:4), and then heat to medium temperature using a heating mantle. Shake until the sample is completely decomposed, then No. Gravity filtration was performed using 2 filter papers.

Distilled water was added as the filtrate to 100 mL, and the K, Ca, Mg and P contents of the diluted filtrate were confirmed as shown in Tables 1 and 2 using an ICP spectrometer (OPTIMA 4300DV, PerkinElmer) analyzer.

Potassium (potassium, K) is involved in the regulation of plant physiology, and when it is deficient, plant growth is poor. The optimal range of K for melon growth is 19.5-31.3 mg per 100 g of soil. Referring to Tables 1 and 2, it was confirmed that the K content decreased when pine wood flour was heat treated, and thus reached the appropriate range of soil required for the growth of melons. In addition, it was confirmed that the K content of oak wood flour approaches an appropriate range as the heat treatment temperature increases.

Calcium (calcium, Ca) is a component of the cell wall, and when it is deficient, the growth of plant roots is poor. The Ca content range of soil suitable for melon cultivation is 200-240 mg per 100 g of soil.

Referring to Tables 1 and 2, heat-treated pine wood flour or untreated pine wood flour was found to be lower than the appropriate range of soil Ca content, so it was determined that the growth of melon roots was not smooth.

On the other hand, it was confirmed that the heat-treated oak wood flour or oak wood flour exceeded the appropriate range of soil Ca content, and it was determined that the excess soil Ca content would not affect melon cultivation because melons did not absorb it.

Magnesium (Mg) is a component of chlorophyll, and when it is deficient, leaves turn yellow, and the Mg content of soil required for melon cultivation is 36-48 mg per 100 g of soil.

Referring to Tables 1 and 2, the Mg content of pine wood flour and oak wood flour showed a tendency to decrease as the heat treatment temperature increased. On the other hand, oak wood flour was closer to the Mg range of the soil required for melon cultivation than pine wood flour.

Phosphorus (P) affects overall crop growth, and when it is deficient, vegetative growth of plants is reduced.

Referring to Tables 1 and 2, the P content of pine wood flour and oak wood flour showed a tendency to decrease as the heat treatment temperature increased. In particular, it was confirmed that the content of P suitable for plant growth was close to that of pine chips when heat treated at 60 °C, and oak wood flour was found to be closest to the content of appropriate P when heat treated at 100 °C.

Cationic content of pine wood flour according to heat treatment temperature (mg/100g) heat treatment temperature K Ca Mg P untreated 167.0 ± 2.7a 113.5 ± 1.9a 17.6 ± 0.3a 12.9 ± 0.1a 60 ℃ 19.7 ± 0.2d 90.1 ± 0.3d 13.3 ± 0.1c 4.0 ± 0.0b 80 ℃ 29.6 ± 0.6b 89.9 ± 1.1d 13.7 ± 0.1b 0.0 ± 0.0 100 ℃ 22.3 ± 0.0c 95.0 ± 0.3c 13.4 ± 0.1c 0.0 ± 0.0 120 ℃ 17.7 ± 0.4d 100.1 ± 0.8b 12.8 ± 0.1d 0.0 ± 0.0

Cationic content of oak wood flour according to heat treatment temperature (mg/100g) heat treatment temperature K Ca Mg P untreated 65.2 ± 0.7a 568.8 ± 9.9a 34.1 ± 0.2a 8.6 ± 0.4 a 60 ℃ 59.9 ± 0.7b 463.4 ± 9.3d 31.4 ± 0.3b 6.0 ± 0.1b 80 ℃ 47.7 ± 0.7c 542.2 ± 11.7bc 33.7 ± 0.2a 4.9 ± 0.0c 100 ℃ 36.4 ± 1.1d 554.2 ± 8.4ab 30.9 ± 0.5b 4.1 ± 0.1d 120 ℃ 30.1 ± 1.0e 526.7 ± 10.2c 29.7 ± 0.9c 0.7 ± 0.1e

3. Confirmation of heat treatment temperature of wood raw materials suitable for melon cultivation conditions

3-1. GI (germination index) analysis

Pine chips and oak chips were heat-treated at 60℃, 80℃, 100℃ and 120℃ for 15 minutes, respectively, and 20 g of whole dry weight of the filtered pine and oak chip residues and 200 mL of distilled water (1:10, w/v) were added. It was administered to a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask and mixed in a shaking incubator at 25 °C and 100 rpm for 1 hour.

The mixture was filtered under reduced pressure using No.2 filter paper (150 mm, Advantec), and then GI analysis was performed using distilled water extracts from pine chips and oak chips that had been untreated and subjected to various heat treatments.

Two paper tissues were laid on a 90 × 15 mm Petri dish, and 20 commercially available melon seeds (Geumnodajieuncheon melon, Nongwoo Bio Co., Ltd.) were placed. For 7 days, 3 mL of distilled water extracts from pine chips and oak chips were added once a day, and they were germinated in an incubator at 24°C. As a control, distilled water was added.

After the end of the experiment period, the number of melon seeds grown by 1 mm or more was measured, and the root length (root) of the germinated melon seeds was measured using vernier calipers, and the GI (%) was calculated using Equation 2 below.

[Formula 2]

As a result, as shown in FIG. 4 , the temperature with the highest GI among the pine chips according to the heat treatment temperature was 60° C., and the temperature with the highest GI among the heat-treated oak chips was 100° C. If the GI is 70% or more based on the control group, it is judged that there is no toxicity to plant growth. Therefore, it was confirmed that the pine and oak chips according to the untreated and heat-treated temperature were not toxic to melon growth.

From the above results, it was confirmed that pine chips heat-treated at 60 ° C showed chemical properties suitable for melon growth in EC and cation content, and showed the highest GI analysis results, so 60 ° C was confirmed as the most suitable temperature for pine chips. became

In addition, the oak chips heat-treated at 100 ° C showed chemical properties suitable for melon growth in terms of carbon quality, EC and cation content, and as it was confirmed that high values were shown in GI analysis, 100 ° C was the most suitable temperature for oak chips. Confirmed.

4. Confirmation of heat treatment time for wood raw materials suitable for melon cultivation conditions

4-1. Preparation of wood raw materials according to heat treatment time

After mixing 30 g of total dry weight of 4 mm pass sized pine and oak chips with 600 mL of distilled water in a 1:20 (w/v) ratio, pine chips were stored at 60°C for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 30 minutes using an autoclave. Heat treatment was performed for 60 minutes and 120 minutes, and the oak chips were heat treated at 100° C. for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes.

The mixture was filtered under reduced pressure using No.2 filter paper (150 mm, Advantec), and the residue was dried at 105° C. for 24 hours and used as an experimental material. As a control, pine chips and oak chips that were not heat treated were used.

4-2. Confirmation of potential as a functional soil raw material through chemical characterization

4-2-1. Check carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio, carbon-nitrogen ratio)

After grinding the pine and oak chips and the control heat-treated at various times using a grinder, they were classified through an 80 mesh sieve, and an 80 mesh pass was used as a sample.

After the sample was completely dried, TC (Total carbon) and TN (Total nitrogen) were measured using a trace element analyzer (Flash 2000, Thermo Scientific), and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was confirmed using Equation 1.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 5 , the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of pine chips is reduced by more than half from 30 minutes or more of heat treatment time, but still has a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio that is not suitable for plant growth. was confirmed to be necessary, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of oak chips also showed a tendency to decrease as the heat treatment time increased.

When comparing the carbon-to-material ratio of pine chips and oak chips heat treatment time of 120 minutes, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of pine chips was 105.0 and that of oak chips was 57.8, which was about 1.8 times different. In order to improve the high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, it was found that an additional nitrogen source was needed.

4-2-2. Check Electrical capacity (EC)

After grinding the pine and oak chips and the control heat-treated at various times using a grinder, they were classified using a 20 mesh sieve and an 80 mesh sieve, and wood flour of a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on was used as a sample. 1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed 1:5 (w/v) and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by measurement with an EC meter (HI8733, HANNA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 6 , the EC of pine chips and oak chips decreased during heat treatment, but unlike pine chips, oak chips did not show significance with untreated materials, and EC of both pine chips and oak chips was found to be within an appropriate range. Confirmed.

From the above results, it was determined that the salts in the wood chips would not affect the plant growth.

4-2-3. pH check

After grinding the pine chips and oak chips and the control heat-treated for various times using a grinder, wood flour of a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on classified with a mesh sieve was used as a sample. 1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by measurement with a pH meter (HI1295, HANNA).

The optimum pH of the soil suitable for melon growth is 6.0-6.5, which is slightly acidic, and as shown in FIG. 7, the pH of pine chips is untreated 4.8, 15 min 4.7, 30 min 4.7, 60 min 4.8, 120 min 4.9, indicating strong acidity. Therefore, the significance according to the heat treatment time was not confirmed, but the pH of the oak chip heat treated for 60 minutes was 5.6, and it was confirmed that it was only present in the weakly acidic soil range during the heat treatment time.

4-2-4. Confirmation of cation (K, Ca, Mg, P) content

After grinding the pine chips and oak chips and the control heat-treated for various times using a grinder, classifying them using a mesh sieve, and wood flour having a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on was used as a sample.

In a 250 mL round flask, put 1 g of the whole dry weight of the sample, add 25 mL of the wet decomposition solution (HNO ₃ :H ₂ SO ₄ :HClO ₄ =10:1:4), and then heat the sample to medium temperature using a heating mentle. Shake until completely decomposed, then No. Gravity filtration was performed using 2 filter papers. The filtrate was mass-up to 100 mL using distilled water, and K, Ca, Mg and P of the diluted filtrate were measured as shown in Tables 3 and 4 using an ICP spectrometer (OPTIMA 4300DV, PerkinElmer) analyzer.

Referring to Tables 3 and 4, the appropriate K content of soil required for melon growth was 19.5-31.3 mg per 100 g of soil, and when the heat treatment time of pine chips increased by 30 minutes or more, the K content was above the appropriate range. , it was confirmed that the oak chips were suitable for the appropriate K content range of the soil under all heat treatment time conditions of 100 °C.

The Ca range of the soil suitable for melon cultivation was 200-240 mg per 100 g of soil, and the control and test groups having a value close to the soil Ca titration range for pine chips were not identified, and both were found to be insufficient. In the oak chip, there was no control or test group having a value close to the soil Ca titration range, and it was confirmed that an excess of Ca remained.

The Mg range of the soil required for melon cultivation was 36-48 mg per 100 g of soil, and the pine chip fell short of the soil Mg range required for melon cultivation, but the oak chip showed the Mg content close to the proper range of the soil.

In addition, the optimum P range of soil suitable for melon growth is 2.5-3.0 mg per 100 g of soil. Except for pine chips that have been heat-treated for 15 minutes, a P content that exceeds twice the standard remains, and oak chips are heat-treated. It was confirmed to contain a value close to the appropriate P content when treated for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes among the four conditions according to time.

Cation content of pine chips according to heat treatment time (mg/100g) Treatments K Ca Mg P Optimum range 19.5 - 31.3 200 - 240 36 - 48 2.5-3.0 untreated pine 167.0 ± 2.7a 113.5 ± 1.9a 17.6 ± 0.3a 12.9 ± 0.1a Pine 15 min, 60 ℃ 19.7 ± 0.2d 90.1 ± 0.3c 13.3 ± 0.1c 4.0 ± 0.0d Pine 30 min, 60 ℃ 92.9 ± 1.9b 85.5 ± 1.5d 13.6 ± 0.2bc 8.7 ± 0.0b Pine 60 min, 60 ℃ 71.1 ± 1.1c 98.9 ± 1.8b 13.3 ± 0.2c 6.6 ± 2.4c Pine 120 min, 60 ℃ 70.5 ± 1.5c 111.5 ± 1.7a 13.8 ± 0.2b 9.0 ± 0.1b

Cationic content of oak chips according to heat treatment time (mg/100g) Treatments K Ca Mg P Optimum range 19.5 - 31.3 200 - 240 36 - 48 2.5-3.0 untreated oak 65.2 ± 0.7a 568.8 ± 9.9c 34.1 ± 0.2a 8.6 ± 0.4a Oak 15 minutes, 100 ℃ 36.4 ± 1.1b 554.2 ± 8.4c 30.9 ± 0.5a 4.1 ± 0.1bc Oak 30 minutes, 100 ℃ 28.6 ± 0.5c 619.0 ± 14.3b 33.1 ± 0.1a 3.9 ± 0.0bc Oak 60 min, 100 ℃ 26.2 ± 0.6d 665.4 ± 6.7a 29.8 ± 0.3a 3.7 ± 0.0c Oak 120 min, 100 ℃ 25.2 ± 0.3e 619.3 ± 9.5b 31.3 ± 0.2a 4.1 ± 0.0b

5. GI (germination index) analysis for the preparation of extracts and toxicity evaluation of wood raw materials heat treated under various conditions

Pine chips heat-treated by autoclaving at 60°C for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes; The residues of oak chips were administered to 200 mL of distilled water (1:10, w/v) and a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask at a total dry weight of 20 g, respectively, and mixed in a shaking incubator at 25° C. and 100 rpm for 1 hour.

After filtration under reduced pressure using No.2 filter paper (150 mm, Advantec), GI analysis for toxicity evaluation was performed using distilled water extracts of pine chips and oak chips that were not treated and subjected to heat treatment at different times.

Two sheets of paper tissue were laid on a 90 × 15 mm Petri dish, and 20 commercially available melon seeds (Geumnodajieuncheon melon, Nongwoobio Co., Ltd.) were planted and germinated in an incubator at 24°C.

For 7 days, 3 mL of distilled water extracts from pine chips and oak chips were added once a day, and distilled water was added as a control.

After the end of the experiment period, the number of melon seeds grown by 1 mm or more was measured, and the root length (root) of the germinated melon seeds was measured using vernier calipers, and the GI (%) was calculated using Equation 2 above.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 8 , the heat treatment time with the highest GI among pine chips according to the heat treatment time was found to be 60 minutes at 60° C., and the heat treatment times with the highest GI among oak chips were 15 minutes and 60 minutes at 100° C. was confirmed as

If the GI is 70% or more based on the control group, it is judged that there is no toxicity to plant growth. Therefore, it was confirmed that pine and oak chips according to untreated and heat-treated time were not toxic to melon growth.

From the above results, the chemical properties suitable for melon growth were confirmed in EC for the pine chip heat treated for 60 minutes, and it was confirmed that it was the most suitable time according to the results of the highest GI analysis. Chemical properties suitable for melon growth were confirmed in terms of cation content, and as the GI analysis showed high values, it was confirmed as the most suitable time.

6. Heat treatment conditions for wood raw materials suitable for functional soil production

As confirmed in the previous experiment, the optimum heat treatment condition for pine chips was heat treatment at 60° C. for 60 minutes, and the EC had chemical properties suitable for melon growth and the highest GI analysis was confirmed. In addition, the optimal heat treatment conditions for oak chips were heat treatment at 100 °C for 60 minutes, and chemical properties suitable for melon growth were shown in pH, EC and cation content, and high values were confirmed in GI analysis.

The carbon-to-material ratio of the pine chips heat-treated at 60 °C for 60 minutes was 125.0, and the carbon-to-material ratio of the oak chips heat treated at 100 °C for 60 minutes was 62.7, which was about twice the carbon-to-material ratio difference. In order to adjust the ratio to around 30, it was confirmed that an additional nitrogen source input process was necessary. However, when oak chips are used, the amount of mixing of nitrogen sources with pine chips can be reduced by two times, so it was confirmed that oak chips were suitable for the production of functional soil in order to reduce the use of nitrogen sources.

In addition, the pH of the soil suitable for melon growth is 6.0-6.5, which is a weakly acidic soil, the pH of pine chips heat-treated at 60°C for 60 minutes is 4.8, and the pH of oak chips heat-treated at 100°C for 60 minutes is 5.6. As a result, it was confirmed that oak chips showing weak acidity although slightly lower than the pH of the soil suitable for melon growth was a wood material suitable for the production of functional soil.

In terms of the cation content, it was confirmed that the cation (K, Ca, Mg) content of pine chips excluding P was lower than the cation content range suitable for melon growth, whereas the cations of oak chips were K, Mg, P excluding excess Ca. It was confirmed that oak chips are suitable for the production of functional soil because they exist within or close to the cation content range suitable for melon growth.

From the above results, it was confirmed that the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, pH, and cation content were more dominant in the oak chip, so it was confirmed that the oak chip heat-treated at 100° C. for 60 minutes as a wood material suitable for manufacturing complex functional soil for melon cultivation is suitable. became

<Example 2> Confirmation of nitrogen source for improving carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio)

1. Mixing heat-treated wood raw materials with various nitrogen sources

Yeast extract (Yeast extract, Difco, USA), NH ₄ HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate, DAEJUNG, Korea) and yeast extract+NH ₄ HCO ₃ (1:1,w/w) as a nitrogen source were heat-treated oak chips (100 ℃) , 60 min) was added to the wood raw material to prepare a base raw material.

After grinding the heat-treated oak chips (100℃, 60 minutes) with a grinder, wood flour classified in a 2 mm pass using a 2 mm sieve was used as a sample, and the classified heat-treated oak chips and yeast extract, NH ₄ HCO _3, Yeast extract + NH ₄ HCO ₃ Each was mixed in a ratio of 7:3 (w / w).

2. Confirmation of nitrogen source to improve carbon quality

The carbon content ratio of the heat-treated wood raw material according to the addition of various nitrogen sources was confirmed.

After grinding the heat-treated oak chips with a grinder, 80 mesh pass wood flour and nitrogen source obtained by classification using a mesh sieve, yeast extract (Yeast extract, Difco, USA), NH ₄ HCO ₃ (Ammonium Bicarbonate, DAEJUNG, Korea) and yeast Extract+NH ₄ HCO ₃ (1:1,w/w) nitrogen source was mixed at 7:3 (w/w) and completely dried, and then TC (Total carbon) and TN (Total nitrogen) were measured, and heat-treated oak chips (100° C., 60 minutes) without a nitrogen source were used as controls.

The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) was confirmed by Equation 1 using the measured TC and TN.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 9 , the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the control group was 62.7, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the heat-treated oak chip mixed with yeast extract was 4.0, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the heat-treated oak chip mixed with _{NH 4} HCO _{3 was 28.1, yeast extract + NH 4} HCO ₃ (1:1, w/w) of the heat-treated oak chips mixed with carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was confirmed to be 4.2.

From the above results, the heat-treated oak chip mixed with yeast extract showed a carbon-to-material ratio about 16 times lower than that of the heat-treated oak chip as a control, and the heat-treated oak chip mixed with NH ₄ HCO ₃ had a carbon-to-material ratio of 28.1, which is the most suitable for melon cultivation. It is the closest value around 30, which is a suitable carbon-to-material ratio, but yeast extract is a natural raw material, and even a small amount can control the carbon-to-quality ratio of heat-treated oak chips. Since it uses about 7 times less than the nitrogen source, it can be a factor to lower the unit price of the product.

3. Confirmation of optimization of carbon-to-carbon ratio of heat-treated wood raw materials

3-1. Confirmation of optimization of carbonitization of heat-treated wood raw materials using yeast extract as a nitrogen source

After grinding the heat-treated oak chips (100℃, 60 minutes) with a grinder, classifying them with a mesh sieve and using 80 mesh pass wood flour as a sample, and the yeast extract was also classified using a mesh sieve 80 mesh pass was used.

After the 80 mesh pass heat-treated oak chips and yeast extract were mixed in a ratio of 99:1, 96:4, 93:7, 91:9, 89:11 and 86:14 (w/w), and then completely dried , TC (Total carbon) and TN (Total nitrogen) were measured using a trace element analyzer (Flash 2000, Thermo Scientific).

As a control, heat-treated oak chips (100° C., 60 minutes) without a nitrogen source were used, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) was confirmed by Equation 1 using the measured TC and TN.

In order to prevent nitrogen starvation (nitrogen deficiency) of crops, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio should be adjusted to around 30. As shown in Table 5, when heat-treated oak chips and yeast extract are mixed at 91:9 (w/w), melon cultivation As the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 29.4, which is the most suitable as a soil for soil, was confirmed, it was determined that nitrogen deficiency would not occur under the above conditions.

Carbon to carbon ratio of heat-treated oak chips according to the mixing ratio of yeast extract Heat treated oak wood:yeast extract
(w/w) Total carbon
(%) Total nitrogen
(%) C/N ratio
100:0 48.4 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.0 145.3 ± 2.3a 99:1 48.3 ± 1.1 0.6 ± 0.1 75.7 ± 7.6b 96:4 47.7 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.2 57.6 ± 10.3c 93:7 48.7 ± 0.4 0.9 ± 0.1 57.0 ± 7.3c 91:9 48.2 ± 0.4 1.7 ± 0.3 29.4 ± 6.0d 89:11 48.6 ± 0.8 1.5 ± 0.7 25.6 ± 5.2d 86:14 48.7 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.1 26.2 ± 1.9d

3-2. Confirmation of optimization of carbonitization of heat-treated wood raw materials through growth evaluation experiment using melon seeds

The heat-treated oak chips (100°C, 60 minutes) were classified using a 2 mm sieve, and wood flour passed 2 mm was used as a sample. It was mixed at a ratio of 11 (w/w) and used as a base material.

A 36-hole plug tray with a size of 4 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm cells was used, and commercially available top soil (Purmi, Seoul Bio) and untreated oak chips were used as controls, and heat-treated oak chips (100°C, 60 minutes), heat-treated Oak chips and yeast extract mixed base raw materials (93:7, 91:9, 89:11 (w/w)) were used as test groups for growth evaluation using melon seeds.

One commercially available melon seed (Geumnodajieuncheon melon, Nongwoobio Co., Ltd.) was sown per plug tray per plot, and head-correlated once a day to prevent drying of the test plots, and growth evaluation at an average temperature of 25℃ for 14 days was performed. The experiment was repeated 5 times with one plug tray (plot).

For growth evaluation, germination rate, plant growth, root growth, and leaf length were measured.

1) Check the germination rate

The germination rate was determined to be 1 mm or more in length, and the germination rate (%) was confirmed by using the following formula (3).

[Formula 3]

As a result, all of the control and test groups except for the oak chips that were not heat treated as shown in FIG. 10 germinated, and the heat-treated oak chips (100° C., 60 minutes) as the control top soil and the test groups, and the heat-treated oak chips and yeast extract mixed base raw material (91:9, w/w), all melon seeds germinated and it was confirmed that the germination rate was 100%, while it was confirmed that the germination rate of oak chips that were not heat treated was 0%, confirming the need for heat treatment of oak chips.

In particular, as the germination rate was highest in the heat-treated oak chip and yeast extract mixed base material (91:9, w/w), which has a value close to the carbon-to-nitrile ratio most suitable for melon growth, the heat-treated oak chip and yeast extract mixture The base material (91:9, w/w) was determined to be the most optimal condition.

2) Check the stem length

Plant growth was measured using a vernier caliper from the base to the most extreme point of the plant, and then the average value was calculated.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 11 , the highest value of plant growth was confirmed in the heat-treated oak chip and yeast extract mixed base raw material (91:9, w/w) in the test group.

From the above results, it was determined that the base material obtained by mixing oak chips and yeast extract at 91:9 (w/w) was the most optimal condition.

3) Confirmation of root length

The root growth was measured using a vernier caliper at the point from the base to the tip of the plant root, and then the average value was calculated.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 12, the mixed base materials (93:7, 91:9, w/w) of the top soil, the heat-treated oak chip and the heat-treated oak chip yeast extract all showed significance, but the heat-treated oak chip and yeast extract The highest root growth was confirmed in the mixture mixed with 91:9 (w/w) ratio among the test groups in which

From the above results, it was determined that the base material obtained by mixing oak chips and yeast extract at 91:9 (w/w) was the most optimal condition.

4) Check the leaf length

The leaf length was measured using a vernier caliper to measure the length of the largest leaf within 5 cm from the apex, and then the average value was calculated.

As a result, as the longest leaf length was confirmed in the test group 91:9 (w/w) in which the heat-treated oak chip and yeast extract were mixed in the test group as shown in FIG. 13, the oak chip and the yeast extract were mixed with 91:9 (w) /w) mixed base material was judged to be the most optimal condition.

From the above results, it was confirmed that the base raw material obtained by mixing oak chips and yeast extract, which had the longest values in super growth, root growth, and leaf length, at a ratio of 91:9 (w/w), was the most optimal condition.

<Example 3> Fermentation technology for increasing microbial activity of raw material rice straw

1. Preparation of rice straw and chicken meal mixture for manufacturing fermented rice straw

After grinding the rice straw using a grinder, it was classified with a mesh sieve (20 mesh, 80 mesh), and rice straw with a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on was used. After pulverization, it was classified with a mesh sieve (20 mesh, 80 mesh), and a 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on size chicken manure was used.

A mixture was prepared by mixing classified rice straw and chicken manure in dry weight ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 (w/w).

2. Confirmation of chemical properties of rice straw and chicken manure mixture

2-1. Check carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio, carbon-nitrogen ratio)

In order to compost livestock meal, it is important to properly match the carbon used as an energy source for microorganisms and the carbon to nitrogen ratio, which acts as a component for the growth of microorganisms. ) was reported, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture was confirmed.

After grinding the rice straw and chicken manure using a grinder and a mortar, classify it with an 80 mesh sieve and dry the 80 mesh pass completely. Total nitrogen) was measured, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) was confirmed using Equation 1.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 14 , when rice straw and chicken manure were mixed by ratio, a 7:3 mixture of rice straw and chicken manure by weight was the most fermented compost, and it was found to be close to the suitable carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the raw material before manufacturing.

From the above results, it was confirmed that the mixing ratio of the raw material with the best fermentation was 7:3 for rice straw and chicken manure.

2-2. EC (Electrical capacity) check

After pulverizing rice straw and chicken manure, 20 mesh sieve and 80 mesh sieve were used to classify the sample, and a 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on size sample was used. After mixing 1 g of sample and 5 ml of distilled water 1:5 (w/v), and allowing to stand for 1 hour at room temperature, EC was checked with an EC meter (HI8733, HANNA).

The EC of soil suitable for melon growth was 1 mS/cm or less, and referring to FIG. 15 , it was confirmed that rice straw and a mixture of rice straw and chicken manure excluding chicken manure existed within the range.

From the above results, it was confirmed that by adding rice straw to chicken manure with high EC, EC could be lowered to an appropriate range of soil for crops to grow and used as compost.

2-3. pH check

Since pH has a very large effect on the proliferation and metabolic reaction of microorganisms and has an important influence on the type and amount of products produced, the The pH was checked.

After pulverizing rice straw and chicken manure with a grinder, a 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on size classified with a mesh sieve was used as a sample, and 1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed 1:5 (w/v) at room temperature. After allowing the reaction to stand for 1 hour, it was measured with a pH meter (HI1295, HANNA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 16 , it was confirmed that the pH of the slightly acidic oak chip could be improved because the initial pH of the raw material was alkaline.

3. Evaluation of Microbial Activity of Rice Straw and Chicken Manure Mixtures

3-1. Confirmation of microbial content according to the mixing ratio of rice straw and chicken manure mixture

Rice straw and chicken manure were mixed at 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 (w:w) to adjust the moisture content to 70%, and then the microbial activity was evaluated using the supernatant immersed for 30 minutes.

Prepared by mixing distilled water 9 mL sterile water and the sample 1 g mycelium mixture, and the mixture was put in the mycelial solution 100 μL diluted in e-tube containing sterilized distilled water 900 μL, in the same way 10 ^twice, a 10 ³ fold dilution prepared.

After dispensing 50 μL of the mycelium diluted in NA (Nutrient Agar) medium and smearing it with a glass rod, it was cultured for 48 h in an incubator at 30 ° C.

The number of grown colonies was measured and CFU (colony-forming unit) was confirmed using Equation 4 below.

[Formula 4]

CFU = number of colonies × dilution rate

As a result, it was confirmed that each microorganism was present in the rice straw and chicken manure as shown in FIG. 17, and it was found to have a greater amount of microorganisms when the rice straw and chicken manure were mixed than the microorganisms contained in the raw material. In particular, it was confirmed that the largest amount of microorganisms was contained in the sample group in which rice straw and chicken manure were mixed at a ratio of 7:3 (w:w).

3-1. Confirmation of changes in chemical properties according to fermentation period (5 to 20 days) of rice straw

1) EC (Electrical capacity) check

As it was reported that high electrical conductivity during fermentation enhances the microbial decomposition effect (Karanja et al., 2019), the EC of the rice straw and chicken manure mixture according to the lapse of fermentation time was confirmed.

After pulverizing rice straw and processed chicken meal with a grinder, it was classified using 20 mesh sieve and 80 mesh sieve, and 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on size was used as a sample.

1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed 1:5 (w:w) and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by measurement with an EC meter (HI8733, HANNA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 18 , it was determined that rice straw 7: chicken manure 3 (w:w) showing the highest electrical conductivity was most effective for rice straw fermentation.

2) Check the pH

It has been reported that when compost is mixed with livestock meal, the initial pH rises to 8.0 or higher and the pH is stabilized to neutral when composting is completed (Lee et al., 2004). Accordingly, rice straw and chicken manure mixture according to fermentation time The pH was confirmed.

After pulverizing rice straw and processed chicken meal with a grinder, a size of 20 mesh pass-80 mesh on which was classified with a mesh sieve was used as a sample. 1 g of the sample and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed in a ratio of 1:5 (w:w) and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by measurement with a pH meter (HI1295, HANNA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 19 , it was confirmed that the initial pH of the rice straw and chicken meal mixture used in the experiment was 8, and as the number of fermentation days increased, the pH was suitable for the range of 6-6.5, which is a slightly acidic pH suitable for melon growth.

In particular, it was confirmed that the rice straw and chicken manure 7:3 (w:w) mixture among the mixing ratios had the most suitable pH among the test groups, and thus exhibited suitable chemical activity as fermented compost.

As it was confirmed from the above results that it showed a similar tendency to the composting process, it was confirmed that the fermentation of EK, rice straw and chicken meal mixture was successfully performed.

4. Confirmation of fermentation conditions of rice straw and chicken manure mixture

4-1. Check fermentation temperature

Rice straw and chicken manure were mixed in 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 (w:w) ratios based on whole dry weight, put into an autoclaving jar, and the moisture content was adjusted to 70%, and then a fermenter (KGC-712KC, Korea) was run. Microbial activity was confirmed in the sample of the mixture fermented for 10 days by setting room temperature, 30 ℃ and 60 ℃ temperature using the use of rice straw as a control.

1 g of the sample and 9 mL of sterilized distilled water were mixed and immersed for 30 minutes, and then the supernatant was used as the mycelium. 100 μL of mycelium was added to an e-tube containing 900 μL of sterilized distilled water and diluted, and 10 ^2- fold and 10 ^3- fold dilutions were prepared in the same way.

After dispensing 50 μL of the mycelium diluted in NA (Nutrient Agar) medium and smearing it with a glass rod, incubate for 48 h in an incubator at 30 ° C. After measuring the number of grown colonies, use Equation 4 to calculate CFU (colony-forming unit) ) was confirmed.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 20, rice straw and chicken manure were mixed in a dry weight ratio of 7:3, and it was confirmed that the rice straw fermentation temperature was 30° C. most suitable.

4-2. Check fermentation period and mixture ratio

Rice straw and chicken manure were mixed in 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 (w:w) ratios based on whole dry weight, put into an autoclaving jar, and the moisture content was adjusted to 70%, and then a fermenter (KGC-712KC, Korea) was run. Microbial activity was confirmed in the same manner as in 4-1, using a mixture fermented for 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days as a sample by setting a temperature of 30 ° C.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 21 , when rice straw and chicken manure were mixed at a total dry weight ratio of 7:3, the highest microbial activity was confirmed, and 10 days of rice straw fermentation was found to be the most suitable.

From the above results, it was confirmed that the fermentation conditions for the production of fermented rice straw suitable as a raw material for functional soil were the conditions of mixing rice straw and chicken manure in a total dry weight ratio of 7:3 and fermenting them at 30 ° C. for 10 days for microbial activity.

<Example 4> Confirmation of optimal mixing conditions of wood raw material, nitrogen supply source and fermented rice straw for melon growth

1. Confirmation of toxic gas emission according to the mixing ratio of wood raw material, nitrogen supply source and rice straw

1-1. Formaldehyde emission check

Formaldehyde (KS M 1988: 2009 method) emission of the existing artificial soil and functional soil mixture according to the period of pot application was confirmed.

1) Preparation of acetyl acetone-ammonium acetate

150 g of ammonium acetate was placed in a 1000 ml flask, about 800 ml of distilled water was added to dissolve, 3 ml of acetic acid and 2 ml of acetylacetone were added, and distilled water was added to the solution to make 1000 ml.

2) Preparation of test pieces

For the formaldehyde measurement method, the experiment was conducted using the desigator method (KS M 1998). Store in a constant temperature and humidity room (20℃, 65%) for 7 days until the sample reaches a constant weight, put the sample that has reached constant weight in an 11L desiccator and 300 mL distilled water in a glass container, and place it in a constant temperature and humidity room (20℃, 65%). Stored for 24 hours. Afterwards, the water that absorbed the formaldehyde in the glass collecting bowl was used as a test solution, and 25 mL of distilled water was used as the background sample.

3) Preparation of standard samples

1.0 mL of 35% formaldehyde solution was diluted with distilled water to make 1 L and used as a standard solution. Take 1.0 mL of the formaldehyde standard solution and dilute it to 25 mL with distilled water to prepare a formaldehyde standard sample diluted so that the formaldehyde standard solution becomes 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mL.

4) Formaldehyde check

25 mL of each test piece, standard sample and blank sample, and 25 mL of acetylacetone-ammonium acetate were mixed and heated in a water bath at 65° C. for 10 minutes. After cooling the solution, absorbance was measured with a UV-vis spectrophotometer 412 nm, and formaldehyde was confirmed using Equation 5 below.

[Formula 5]

G=F*(Aa-Ab)*1800/S

G: Formaldehyde concentration of test piece (mg/L)

F: Slope of the calibration curve for formaldehyde standard solution (mg/L)

Aa: Absorbance of the solution in the desiccator containing the specimen

Ab: Absorbance of formaldehyde blank test solution

S: surface area of the test piece (cm ² )

As a result, as shown in FIG. 22, the test group in which oak chips and fermented rice straw were mixed had a formaldehyde emission level of E0 (0.3 mg/L or less), which was confirmed to be a safe value for crop growth.

1-2. Check carbon dioxide emissions

Carbon dioxide emission (KS M ISO 14855-1 method) was confirmed.

30 g of a mixture of heat-treated wood flour, nitrogen source, and fermented rice straw was placed in an airtight container, carbon dioxide was collected for one day, and the amount of release in the airtight container was checked using a carbon oxide meter (GC-2028).

The carbon dioxide content suitable for crop growth is 800-1200 ppm, and as shown in FIG. 23, when oak chips mixed with nitrogen source and fermented rice straw are mixed at 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 (w:w), It has been shown to emit a suitable carbon dioxide content.

2. Evaluation of the growth of melon seedlings in the manufactured functional soil and confirmation of the optimal mixing formulation of functional soil raw materials

3-1. Confirmation of growth efficacy for melon seedlings in functional soil

Growth efficacy evaluation was performed on melon seedlings.

As a control, oak wood flour mixed with commercially available soil and a nitrogen source was used. The number of repetitions was performed 5 times, and the number of test days was 14 days. Oak wood flour mixed with a nitrogen source and fermented rice straw were mixed in a ratio of 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 based on the total dry weight and used as a test group.

As a result, it was possible to confirm the growth of melon seedlings as shown in FIG. 24 . Also, referring to FIG. 25 , it was confirmed that the stem of the melon seedling of the test group mixed with oak wood flour and fermented rice straw mixed with a nitrogen source at a ratio of 9:1 (w/w) exhibited the highest growth effect.

In addition, the root (root) length of the melon seedlings transplanted into the prepared functional soil was confirmed.

As a result, heat-treated wood flour mixed with nitrogen source as shown in FIG. 26 showed higher root growth than untreated group when fermented rice straw was added. As it was confirmed to show growth, it was confirmed that a growth effect at a level similar to that of commercial soil as a control was shown, and it was confirmed that there was no significance in fermented rice straw.

In addition, the number of leaves of the melon seedling transplanted into the prepared functional soil was confirmed.

As for the leaf number, only leaves with a leaf length of 1 cm or more per melon stem were investigated, and the growth rate of melon seedlings can be known through the leaf number because the increase in the number of leaves stops when growth is complete.

As a result, it was confirmed that the mixture of 9 heat-treated wood flour mixed with nitrogen source and 1 ratio of fermented rice straw showed the largest number of leaves among the test groups as shown in FIG. 27 . From the above results, it was confirmed that the mixture of heat-treated wood flour and fermented rice straw mixed with a nitrogen source could exhibit a similar level of growth effect to that of commercial soil as a control, and it was confirmed that there was no significance in fermented rice straw.

3-2. Derivation of optimal mixing formulation of functional soil raw materials through response surface analysis

In order to derive the optimal mixing formulation of functional soil raw materials for melon growth, response surface methodology (RSM) was performed. It was performed under the conditions of Table 6 according to the box-behnken method, and RSM was analyzed using Design expert version 11.

Run Independent variables
(coded) Independent variables
(actual) Stem length, mm root length,
mm X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3 Y1 Y2 One One 0 -One 80 8 10 52.47 81.64 2 0 0 0 80 4.5 15 25.14 16.54 3 One 0 One 86 8 5 45.16 40.53 4 -One One 0 86 4.5 10 55.20 85.16 5 0 0 0 92 8 10 51.25 82.64 6 0 -One -One 86 4.5 10 55.94 86.94 7 -One 0 -One 86 4.5 10 56.41 85.15 8 One -One 0 86 8 15 24.69 20.14 9 -One 0 One 92 4.5 15 32.15 31.52 10 0 -One One 80 4.5 5 48.15 42.62 11 One One 0 86 One 15 38.15 19.54 12 0 One One 86 One 5 45.64 23.59 13 0 0 0 92 One 10 12.44 22.70 14 0 0 0 80 One 10 15.23 15.98 15 -One -One 0 86 4.5 10 55.14 85.11 16 0 One -One 92 4.5 5 49.51 43.58 17 0 0 0 86 4.5 10 55.66 83.14 Independent variables Levels -One 0 One X1: heat-treated wood flour, g 80 86 92 X2: nitrogen source, g One 4.5 8 X3: fermented rice straw, g 5 10 15

As a result, it was predicted that a plant length of 58.0 mm could be obtained when 86.4 g of wood flour, 4.3 g of nitrogen source, and 5.3 g of fermented rice straw were added for stem growth as shown in FIGS. 28 and 29, and the actual measurement was confirmed to be 55.69 mm. and the reliability was 0.75.

The prediction formula derived from the RSM analysis is as follows.

Stem growth (mm) = 55.69+0.5454A+7.76B-8.54C+0.3942AB+1.41AC-3.21BC-11.26A ² -11.58B ² -5.69C ² (A = weight of heat treated wood flour; B = weight of nitrogen source; C = Weight of fermented rice straw)

In addition, it was predicted that a root length of 88.1 mm could be obtained when 84.8 g of heat-treated wood flour, 6.1 g of nitrogen source, and 8.8 g of fermented rice straw were added for root growth as shown in FIGS. 30 and 31, and the actual measurement was confirmed to be 87.9 mm, reliability was 0.76.

The prediction formula derived from the RSM analysis is as follows.

Root growth (mm) = -2835.52+63.51836A+28.72299B-19.96523C-0.06811AB+0.116872AC-0.23345BC -0.37144A ² -1.71318B ² -1.52652C ² (A = weight of heat treated wood flour; B = weight of nitrogen source; C = weight of fermented rice straw)

<Example 5> Confirmation of melon growth effect according to the mixing of pine hot water extract

A pine hot water extract was obtained through the same process as in FIG. 32 .

First, 20 g of pine wood flour and 400 mL of distilled water were added, and then reacted for 2 hours at a boiling point using a soxhlet extractor. The obtained pine hot water extract was vacuum-concentrated in a water bath below 40 ° C, and frozen in a -72 ° C deep freezer for 48 hours, and fine powder of the hot pine hot water extract was obtained through a freeze dryer, which was heat treated wood flour 84.8 g, nitrogen source 6.1 g and 8.8 g of fermented rice straw were treated with 2 g.

As a result, as shown in FIGS. 33 and 34, when 2 g of pine hot water extract powder was added to a mixture of heat-treated wood flour, nitrogen source and fermented rice straw, it was confirmed that it was effective for the stem and root growth of melon seedlings, especially 2% pine hot water extract powder When 2 g was added, it was confirmed that the root and stem growth of melon seedlings was superior to that of commercially available soil.

Carbohydrates contained in pine hot water extract powder are based on 100 g of whole dry weight of wood flour (in the absence of water), and glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose and arabinose are 0.267 g, 0.166 g, 0.039 g, 0.078 g and 0.397 g, respectively. Confirmed.

Accordingly, the complex functional soil manufacturing process for the best melon growth is shown in FIG. 35 .

As the specific parts of the present invention have been described in detail above, for those of ordinary skill in the art, it is clear that these specific descriptions are only preferred embodiments, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereby. something to do. Accordingly, the substantial scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (12)

Artificial soil composition containing 85 to 95 parts by weight of a mixture of heat-treated oak chips and a nitrogen source and 5 to 15 parts by weight of fermented rice straw as active ingredients; and
With respect to 100% by weight of the artificial soil composition, an artificial soil composition for growing crops, characterized in that 1 to 3% by weight of the pine hot water extract is included. The artificial soil composition for growing crops according to claim 1, wherein the heat-treated oak chips are heat-treated at 50 to 110° C. for 50 to 70 minutes. The artificial soil composition for growing crops according to claim 1, wherein the heat-treated oak chips are made of wood flour and mixed with a nitrogen source. The artificial soil composition for growing crops according to claim 1, wherein the artificial soil composition is mixed with 80 to 95% by weight of heat-treated oak chips and 5 to 20% by weight of a nitrogen source. The artificial soil composition for growing crops according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen source is yeast extract, NH ₄ HCO _{3 or a mixture thereof.} The artificial soil composition for growing crops according to claim 1, wherein the fermented rice straw is mixed with rice straw and livestock powder in a ratio of 9:1 based on dry weight. The artificial soil composition for growing crops according to claim 1, wherein the fermented rice straw is fermented at 25 to 35°C for 5 to 12 days. delete The artificial soil composition for cultivation of crops according to claim 1, wherein the artificial soil composition increases the germination rate and leaf number of crops, and improves the growth of plant and root lengths of crop seedlings. The method according to claim 1, wherein the crop is potato, red pepper, green pepper, tomato, cucumber, watermelon, melon, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, radish, cabbage, rapeseed, strawberry, rice, barley, corn and ginseng, characterized in that selected from the group consisting of Artificial soil composition for growing crops. delete delete

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