KR102300668B1 - Mesocosm system for evaluating the damage on terrestrial agroecosystem by chemical exposure - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is a mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation; and to a method for assessing the terrestrial ecological impact of exposure to hazardous chemicals using the system. The mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention is constructed based on the effect of chemical substances on a single species under conditions similar to the actual environment and the food chain by using representative species of paddy fields corresponding to three or more trophic levels. It can be usefully used to evaluate the effect of chemicals on the structure and function of the rice paddy ecosystem.

Description

Mesocosm system for evaluating the damage on terrestrial agroecosystem by chemical exposure}

The present invention is a mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation; and to a method for assessing the terrestrial ecological impact of exposure to hazardous chemicals using the system.

With the development of the domestic chemical industry, the types and amounts of chemical substances distributed and consumed in Korea are increasing year by year. In particular, the hydrofluoric acid leak accident that occurred in Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk-do in September 2012 caused not only casualties but also various environmental damage such as crops, roadside trees, and forests in the surrounding farmland. did

Korea manages chemicals distributed and used in Korea through the 「Chemical Substances Control Act」 to prevent damage to people's lives, property, or the environment due to chemical substances in advance. According to the 「Chemical Substance Control Act」, in order to prepare for chemical accidents, chemical substances with high acute toxicity and explosive properties are highly likely to occur, or chemical substances that are likely to cause large damage in the event of a chemical accident are designated and managed as 'accident preparation materials'. are doing

In the event of a chemical accident, the handler must immediately take emergency measures according to the risk management plan and report it to the competent authority so that the relevant organizations can take immediate action on the spot. After first aid measures, a chemical accident investigation team should be formed to investigate the cause of chemical accidents, and to minimize and recover human life and environmental damage. The Ministry of Environment is instructing the conduct of health and environmental impact surveys in areas surrounding the occurrence of chemical accidents through 「Guidelines on the Organization and Operation of Chemical Accident Investigation Teams and Impact Investigations」. The environmental impact survey is not only about the concentration of the accident material in the environmental media (air, water, soil), but also the area of vegetation damage in the surrounding area, including livestock and aquatic organisms, damage to birds, lost water, crops, etc., affected species, and degree of damage. etc. are the subjects of investigation. However, as a result of reviewing domestic chemical accident investigation reports, only very few accident investigation reports mention environmental damage caused by chemical accidents. This is thought to be because the establishment of methods and standards for investigating environmental damage caused by chemical accidents is insufficient, and it is necessary to develop test methods and standards to accurately evaluate environmental damage caused by chemical accidents in the future.

For the safe use of chemical substances, the chemical substance supplier must provide a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) containing the chemical ecotoxicological information. Ecotoxicity can be defined as a potential side effect that a chemical can cause to a receptor (living organism) in an aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem, and is basically determined by the toxicity of the chemical and the sensitivity of the organism.

Because it is impossible to evaluate the toxicity of chemical substances to all living things on Earth, researchers select an indicator species representing each ecosystem and evaluate the biological damage caused by chemicals exposed to the environment. ISO and OECD provide standard test methods using species such as plants, worms, and earthworms to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in the terrestrial environment. However, with the recent development of the chemical industry, the types of newly imported or developed chemical substances are continuously increasing, and the establishment of ecotoxicological data of these substances is insufficient. In particular, the rate of establishing an ecotoxicity database for terrestrial ecosystem indicator species is significantly lower than that of aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the standard test methods for evaluating the biological effects of chemical substances provided previously have limitations in that they are difficult to apply to substances exposed to the gaseous phase or highly volatile because the test methods are designed to be suitable for chemical substances with high persistence. have.

Existing chemical toxicity evaluation studies were mostly limited to the evaluation of a single species and were conducted at the laboratory level where environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity can be precisely controlled. This has a limitation in that it cannot explain the ecosystem composed of various living things in the actual field. Recently, studies related to ecosystems using the mesocosm system are being conducted. Mesocism refers to an experimental system with boundaries that is conducted outdoors and is used to bridge the gap between laboratory-level research and actual field (Kwak, JI and An, Y.-J. (2016), “The current state of the art in research on engineered nanomaterials and terrestrial environments: Different-scale approaches”, Environmental Research, Vol. 151, pp.368-382).

Research using the mesocosm system has the advantage of being able to control various variables that can affect experiments in real natural ecosystems and use toxic substances that cannot be exposed to real ecosystems (Kangas, PC and Adey, WH (Kangas, PC and Adey, WH). 2008), “Mesocosm management”, Encyclopedia of Ecology, pp.2308-2313).

Meanwhile, according to the National Statistical Office’s national arable area for each paddy field, the area of paddy fields in 2018 was 844,265 ha, accounting for about 53% of the total cultivated land. Among them, paddy rice was cultivated in 737,408 ha, and the production in 2018 was 3,763,340 tons, recording the highest production among crops cultivated in Korea. In particular, it is necessary to develop a technology to evaluate the impact of a chemical accident on the rice paddy ecosystem because the rice paddy area south of Chungcheong Province, where major domestic industrial complexes are located, accounts for 84% of the total area. The rice paddy ecosystem not only produces rice, but also provides habitat for various living things such as insects, amphibians, reptiles, and fish, and has various public benefits such as flood control, groundwater cultivation, and water quality improvement. The importance of paddy ecosystems for the conservation of biodiversity has increased as the ‘Resolution on Wetlands for Rice Fields’ was adopted at the 10th Ramsar Convention in Korea in 2008. In order to predict the damage of various organisms that compose rice fields including rice due to chemical accidents, it is necessary to develop a technology to evaluate the impact of the rice paddy ecosystem on various accident materials.

In this regard, there is a single species-based chemical toxicity evaluation conducted at the laboratory level in the prior art. There is a problem that an error may occur when doing so.

Under this background, the present inventors, as a method for evaluating the ecosystem impact through the exposure of accidental substances that cannot be exposed to the real environment, have terrestrial meso composed of representative species of paddy fields corresponding to three or more trophic levels that simulate the paddy ecosystem. The cosm system was built, and the present invention was completed by confirming that this breeding mesocosm system was useful in the evaluation method of the paddy ecosystem impact.

Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2011-0096655 Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2018-0085895

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for evaluating the terrestrial ecological impact of exposure to hazardous chemicals using the mesocosm system.

In order to achieve the object of the present invention as described above, the present invention is a container case (1) having a space formed therein, an open top, and a drain hole formed on the bottom; Water and valve installed on one side of the container case (2); a soil layer (3) located at the bottom of the container case; a freshwater layer (4) located above the soil layer; and a producer (5), a consumer (6), and a decomposer (7) as biological indicator species for each trophic level in the soil layer and the freshwater layer, providing a mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the land mesocosm system for ecological environment evaluation may further include a drain pipe 17 located below the container case 1 and capable of separately collecting and treating the drained water. have.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation includes a case cover 8 that is detachably attached to the open upper surface of the container case; a fixing frame 9 capable of supporting the case cover; a gas injection pipe 12-1 installed on one side of the case cover; an opening/closing valve 12 provided on the gas injection pipe; a gas cylinder 10 provided with a flow regulator 11 connected to the gas injection pipe; a fan (13) installed on the inner surface of the case cover and capable of homogenizing the gas; a gas discharge pipe 14-1 installed on the other side of the case cover; an on/off valve 14 provided on the gas discharge pipe; It may further include a gas adsorption unit 15 connected to the gas discharge pipe.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the producer may be rice.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the consumer may be at least one selected from the group consisting of king snails, rice worms, silk snails and water snails.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the decomposer may be a real earthworm.

In addition, the present invention comprises the steps of (a) exposing harmful chemicals to the mesocosm system for evaluation of the terrestrial ecological environment; and (b) measuring each of the toxicity indicators of producers, consumers and decomposers after exposure to hazardous chemicals.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the hazardous chemical is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, acrylonitrile, acrylaldehyde, methanol, sulfurous acid gas, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, fluorine, chlorine, methane bromide, Methane chloride, prene chloride, ethylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, monomethyla, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, toluene, benzene, phosgene, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, mustard gas, algin, monosilane, di It may be selected from the group consisting of silanes, divores, hydrogen serenides, phosphines and monogermanes.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the toxicity index measured when the producer is rice in step (b) may be selected from the group consisting of mortality rate, number of leaves, length, ratio of damaged leaves, fresh weight of above-ground parts and chlorophyll content. have.

In one embodiment of the present invention, in the step (b), the toxicity index measured when the consumer is a king serpent, rice worm, silk snail or water snail may be selected from the group consisting of mortality, shell length and weight.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the toxicity index measured when the decomposer is a real earthworm in step (b) may be a mortality rate or a reproduction rate.

The mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention is constructed based on the effect of chemical substances on a single species under conditions similar to the actual environment and the food chain by using representative species of paddy fields corresponding to three or more trophic levels. It can be usefully used to evaluate the effect of chemicals on the structure and function of the rice paddy ecosystem.

1a is a flow chart schematically showing the on-site installation process of the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention, and 1b is a photograph showing the mesocosm system installed in the paddy field in the site of Deokso Farm (Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do) attached to Korea University.
2 is a cross-sectional view showing the mesocosm system of the present invention that can be used to evaluate the ecological environment on land according to the exposure of the liquid accident material.
3 is a cross-sectional view showing the mesocosm system of the present invention that can be used for the evaluation of the ecological environment on land according to the exposure of the gaseous accident material.
4 is a graph showing the change in soil acidity (pH) with time after the accident material is treated in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention.
5 is a graph showing the change in the chlorophyll content of rice leaves measured with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502) over time after the accident material was treated in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention.
6 is a photograph of rice leaves exposed to accidental substances in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention. On the left is a photograph of a leaf judged to have been damaged by consumption by consumers, and on the right is a photograph of a leaf determined to have been damaged by exposure to chemicals.
7 is a graph showing the ratio of leaves damaged by exposure to accidental substances among the leaves of rice exposed to accidental substances in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the ratio of the leaves exposed to the accidental material in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention, which is affected by eating damage by consumers.
9 is a graph showing the measurement of the raw weight of rice exposed to the accident material in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention.
10 is a graph showing the measurement of the number of young individuals of real earthworms exposed to accidental substances in the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation of the present invention.

The present invention relates to a terrestrial mesocosm system for simulating a paddy ecosystem polluted by chemicals and a terrestrial ecosystem evaluation method using the mesocosm system.

In the case where it is stated throughout this specification that a component "includes" another component, it does not exclude any other component, but further includes any other component unless otherwise stated. It could mean that you can.

Furthermore, when it is stated that a component is "connected", "installed" or "installed" of another component, the component may be directly connected to or installed in contact with another component, It may be installed spaced apart by a certain distance, and in the case of being installed spaced apart by a certain distance, a third component or means for fixing or connecting the corresponding component to another component may exist, and this It should be noted that the description of the third component or means may be omitted.

Similarly, other expressions describing the relationship between each element, that is, "on", etc. should be interpreted as having the same meaning.

In addition, in this specification, terms such as "one side", "the other side", "one side", "the other side", "first", "second", etc., if used, with respect to one component, this single component It is used to be clearly distinguished from other components, and it should be understood that the meaning of the component is not limitedly used by such terms.

In addition, in the present specification, terms related to positions such as "upper", "lower", "left", and "right", if used, should be understood as indicating a relative position in the drawing with respect to the corresponding component, Unless an absolute position is specified with respect to their position, these position-related terms should not be construed as referring to an absolute position.

In addition, in this specification, in specifying the reference numerals for each component of each drawing, the same component has the same reference number even if the component is shown in different drawings, that is, the same reference is made throughout the specification. Symbols indicate identical components.

In the drawings attached to this specification, the size, position, coupling relationship, etc. of each component constituting the present invention are partially exaggerated, reduced, or omitted for convenience of explanation or in order to sufficiently clearly convey the spirit of the present invention. may be described, and therefore the proportion or scale may not be exact.

As used herein, the term "mesocosm" is a compound word of meso- or 'medium' and -cosm 'world', and refers to an outdoor experimental system capable of simulating the natural environment under controlled conditions.

Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

As shown in FIG. 2, in one embodiment of the present invention, the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation is a container case with a space formed therein, an open top, and a drain 16 on the bottom. (One); Water and valve installed on one side of the container case (2); a soil layer (3) located at the bottom of the container case; a freshwater layer (4) located above the soil layer; And it may include a producer (5), a consumer (6) and a decomposer (7) as a biological indicator species for each trophic level in the soil layer and the freshwater layer.

In this case, it may further include a drain pipe 17 located at the lower side of the container case and capable of separately collecting and treating the drained water.

The mesocosm system as described above can be usefully used in the evaluation of the ecological environment on land according to the liquid accident material exposure.

On the other hand, the mesocosm system for evaluating the ecological environment on land according to the exposure of the gaseous accident material may be in the form as shown in FIG. 3 .

That is, in another embodiment of the present invention, the mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation includes: a container case 1 having a space formed therein, an open top, and a drain 16 formed on the bottom; Water and valve installed on one side of the container case (2); a soil layer (3) located at the bottom of the container case; a freshwater layer (4) located above the soil layer; Producers (5), consumers (6) and decomposers (7) as biological indicator species for each trophic level in the soil layer and the freshwater layer; a case cover 8 detachably attached to the open upper surface of the container case; a fixing frame 9 capable of supporting the case cover; a gas injection pipe 12-1 installed on one side of the case cover; an opening/closing valve 12 provided on the gas injection pipe; a gas cylinder 10 provided with a flow regulator 11 connected to the gas injection pipe; a fan (13) installed on the inner surface of the case cover and capable of homogenizing the gas; a gas discharge pipe 14-1 installed on the other side of the case cover; an on/off valve 14 provided on the gas discharge pipe; a gas adsorption unit 15 connected to the gas discharge pipe; It is located on the lower side of the container case and may include a drain pipe 17 that can separately collect and treat the drained water.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the container case 1 has a space formed therein and an open top, and a drain 16 may be formed on the bottom. Inside the container case (1), a space for accommodating the soil layer (3), the freshwater layer (4), the producer (5), the consumer (6) and the decomposer (7) is formed, and the upper part is provided to enable the growth of the producer. is an open form. In addition, a drain 16 may be formed on the bottom of the container case 1, and this drain hole is for discharging wastewater that comes out into the soil according to exposure to harmful chemicals in the mesocosm system for evaluating the terrestrial ecology of the present invention. am.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the water supply and the valve 2 are installed on one side of the container case 1, and through this, the depth of fresh water can be adjusted.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the soil layer 3 may be located at the innermost bottom of the container case 1 , and the soil used for the soil layer is silty clay loam corresponding to optimal soil based on non-soil soil. ), clay loam, and loam, and in the following examples, actual paddy soil corresponding to loam among the soils having the above-mentioned soil was used.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the freshwater layer 4 is located above the soil layer 3 , and the depth of the freshwater layer can be adjusted by the water supply and the valve 2 .

In the following example of the present invention, after filling the container case (1) with about 150 kg (about 110 L) of paddy soil treated with paddy cultivation and fertilizer, freshwater treatment was performed to form paddy soil.

Producers (5), consumers (6) and decomposers (7) as biomarkers for each trophic level in the mesococcal system of the present invention are, for example, rice ( Oryza sativa ), king worm ( Pomacea canaliculata ), and worms ( Tubifex tubifex ) may be exemplified, but is not limited thereto.

As a biomarker species for each trophic level in the mesococcal system of the present invention, the producer 5 is preferably rice ( Oryza sativa ). The mesocosm system of the present invention aims to simulate a paddy field ecosystem, and as a biomarker species for each trophic level, the producer can use rice ( Oryza sativa ).

In the mesocosmic system of the present invention, the consumer 6 as a biomarker species for each trophic level may be fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, shellfish, and the like.

The above fish is willowfish, willowfish, whitefish, crucian carp, rice cake carp, carp, piranha, mackerelfish, blackfishfish, redfish, willowfish, rice loach, loach, loach, catfish, miyugi, continental killifish, thornfish, dung beetle, eelfish , push, mudfish, etc. can be exemplified.

The amphibians and reptiles are salamanders, ladybug frogs, toads, water toads, tree frogs, Suwon tree frogs, green frogs, Korean frogs, northern mountain frogs, valley mountain frogs, true frogs, gold frogs, scabbard frogs, bullfrogs, turtles, tortoises, Red-eared tortoises, crocodile snakes, muskoxes, koji snakes, bloodsuckers, serpents, shrikes, and snakes can be exemplified.

Examples of the crustaceans include persimmon shrimp, long-tailed shrimp, Asian cockle prawns, smooth clams, hairy horned clams, chestnut horned clams, water fleas, large water fleas, water fleas, Humpback daphnia, prickly pears, alcysts, Broad daphnia, long-necked daphnia, black snail worm, roe worm, taupyeong snail worm, sawtooth daphnia datum flea, magnolia daphnia, water beetle, Japanese daphnia, mingashiyeso shrimp, hairy lobster, blue crab, southeast crab, crayfish, lobster , raw prawns, string prawns, stinging spider prawns, jinguing prawns, Korean stinging prawns, brown horse leeches, and the like can be exemplified.

Said shellfish are water snail, algae snail, parasitic water snail, long-lived water snail, left-leaning water snail, water snail, snail water snail, umbilical cord water snail, silk snail, water snail, sea water snail, iron Small serpent serpent, Small serpent serpent, Salt serpent serpent, Large Paddy serpent, Long Paddy worm, Round Paddy serpent, Paddy serpent, River serpent, King serpent, Daseulgi, Potato serpentgi, Wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle serpentine, Chlamdaseulgi, Band bead serpentine, Oxal rhizome, Freshwater clams, mountain clams, triangular mountain clams, soybean jaecheop, jaecheop, chamjaecheop, pale jaecheop, gongju jaecheop, spotted jaecheop, japanese jaecheop, horse clams, small clams, sword clams, ear-toothed clams, soybean clams, symmetry This, small symmetry, pearl oyster, etc. can be illustrated.

In one embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable to use shellfish such as king snail, rice serpent, silk snail and water snail as the consumer 6 as the biomarker species for each nutritional level.

In the mesococcal system of the present invention, the decomposer 7 as a biomarker species for each trophic level may be an earthworm, for example, a real earthworm ( Tubifex tubifex ) may be used.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the case cover 8 can be detachably attached to the open upper surface of the container case 1, and serves to prevent harmful chemicals from leaking (exposure) to the outside when exposed to gaseous accident materials. do. The case cover 8 should be high enough not to interfere with the growth of rice, and the front surface should be transparent.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the fixing frame 9 serves to support the case cover 8 .

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the gas injection pipe 12-1 may be installed on one side of the case cover 8, and an on/off valve 12 may be provided on the gas injection pipe 12-1. have. In addition, in the mesocosm system of the present invention, the gas injection pipe 12 - 1 may be connected to the gas cylinder 10 provided with the flow rate controller 11 .

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the fan 13 is installed on the inner surface of the case cover 8, so that the accident material can be uniformly distributed inside the system.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the gas discharge pipe 14-1 may be installed on the other side of the case cover 8, and an on/off valve 14 may be provided on the gas discharge pipe 14-1. Also, in the mesocosm system of the present invention, the gas discharge pipe 14 - 1 may be connected to the gas adsorption unit 15 .

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the gas adsorption unit 15 serves to remove the gaseous accident material coming out from the gas discharge pipe 14-1. The gas adsorption unit 15 may include an adsorbent capable of adsorbing a gaseous accident material.

In the mesocosm system of the present invention, the drain pipe 17 may be installed to separately collect and treat wastewater drained from the soil through a drain hole after an accident of exposure to hazardous chemicals.

In addition, the present invention comprises the steps of (a) exposing a hazardous chemical to the mesocosmic system; and (b) measuring each of the toxicity indicators of producers, consumers and decomposers after exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Exposure to hazardous chemicals in step (a) is preferably performed after system stabilization for about 1 week after introducing the producer and decomposer into the mesocosm system of the present invention.

The hazardous chemical is a group of substances exposed to the terrestrial ecosystem by spilling to the soil surface in water-soluble containing sulfuric acid and methanol according to physical and chemical characteristics and exposure routes; a group of substances that evaporate into the atmosphere after flowing out to the soil surface in a liquid phase due to low water solubility and high volatility, including toluene; And it can be divided into a group of substances that leak into a gaseous phase containing hydrogen chloride and ammonia and are exposed to terrestrial ecosystems.

For example, the hazardous chemicals include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, acrylonitrile, acrylaldehyde, methanol, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, fluorine, chlorine, methane bromide, methane chloride, prene chloride , ethylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, monomethyla, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, toluene, benzene, phosgene, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, mustard gas, algin, monosilane, disilane, diboret, Hydrogen serenide, phosphine, and monogermane may be exemplified, but the type is not particularly limited.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the accident material may be introduced into the terrestrial mesococcal system by using a suitable method according to the physical and chemical properties of the hazardous chemical and the exposure route of the terrestrial ecosystem.

Specifically, the accident material having high water solubility and flowing out to the soil surface makes an aqueous solution having a concentration suitable for the concentration to be exposed, and the aqueous solution is directly freshened in the mesocosm system of the present invention to simulate the paddy ecosystem exposed to the accident material. can do.

The insoluble accident material that can leak to the soil surface can simulate the paddy ecosystem exposed to the accident material by creating a fresh water condition after evenly spraying an amount of the material to be exposed on the soil surface.

In the present invention, the case cover 8 is used to expose substances introduced into the terrestrial ecosystem in the gas phase. The gaseous accident material exposure can simulate the rice paddy ecosystem exposed to the gaseous accident material by controlling the concentration, flow rate, and exposure time of the gaseous accident material connected to the case cover 8 . After the exposure of the gaseous accident material is over, the accident material may be discharged to the outside of the case cover 8 and collected and disposed of using a suitable adsorbent 15 or the like.

In the present invention, the toxicity index measured when the producer is rice in step (b) of the present invention may exemplify the mortality rate, the number of leaves, the length of the leaf, the ratio of damaged leaves, the fresh weight of the above-ground part, the chlorophyll content and the number of ears, etc. , but not limited thereto.

In the present invention, in the step (b), the toxicity index measured when the consumer is a king worm, a rice worm, a silk snail or a water snail may be mortality, shell length and weight, but is not limited thereto.

In the present invention, when the decomposer in step (b) is a real earthworm, the toxicity index measured may be a mortality rate or a reproduction rate, but is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present invention, as an index for evaluating the effect of microbial activity in soil exposed to the accident material, soil enzyme (eg, β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, etc.) activity measurement can be used, but is not limited thereto.

In another embodiment of the present invention, measurement of the concentration by type of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) in the soil exposed by the accident material may be used for the evaluation of ecosystem impact, but is not limited thereto.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail through examples. These examples are for explaining the present invention in more detail, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.

<Example 1>

Establishment of land mesocosm system

In this experiment, a mesocosm system was installed in the paddy fields in the site of the Deokso Farm attached to Korea University to create suitable environmental conditions for the paddy fields. In detail, the container part was manufactured using commercially available rubber barrels to construct a land mesocosm system that mimics the paddy field ecosystem. In the container part, a faucet was installed at a position of 30 cm from the floor to control the water level in the future. On the other hand, a hole was drilled in the bottom of the container to allow drainage, and a drainage pipe was installed to collect and treat the drained water separately (to prevent contaminated water from seeping into the rice fields).

As the soil for the land mesocosm system, paddy soil in the site of Deokso Farm attached to Korea University was used. After plowing and fertilizing suitable for rice farming, 150 kg of paddy soil was filled in the mesocosm system, and fresh water and drainage were continued to level the paddy soil surface. The soil texture used in this experiment is loam, and the physicochemical properties of the soil are detailed in Table 1 below.

Physicochemical properties of the soil used in the terrestrial mesococcal system of the present invention Soil physicochemical properties Example Saturn loam sand(%) 51.73 mass(%) 31.00 clay(%) 17.27 Packing capacity (%) 50.10 Acidity (pH) 6.72 Electrical conductivity (EC, dS/m) 0.060 Organic content (%) 8.57 Cation displacement capacity (cmolc/kg) 10.68 Effective phosphoric acid (mg/kg) 55.23 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/kg) 6.09 Nitrous Nitrogen (mg/kg) 1.05 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/kg) 0.56

In this experiment, rice, which is a producer of the mesocosm system, was selected as a variety (Misomi) that can be applied to the central plains and midwestern coastal areas of Korea. Rice seeds were sown in clean topsoil for water supply, and transplanted into the mesocosm system after about one month. At this time, in the mesocosm system, 9 plants were planted with 3 to 4 plants per plant, and the distance between plants was maintained at 21 cm before transplanting.

In this experiment, as a consumer of the mesococcal system, Pomacea canaliculata was selected as a consumer of the mesocosmous system in domestic rice farms to remove weeds. Each of the nine lobster larvae was released.

In this example, a real earthworm (Tubifex tubifex ) living in paddy soil was selected as a decomposer of the mesocosmic system, and 90 birds were spun into the mesocosmic system.

In the evaluation of the impact on the paddy ecosystem by the accident material in this example, the mesocosm system was managed based on the crop technology information (general rice - machine transplantation - water management) provided by the Rural Development Administration (see Table 2 below).

Crop technology information provided by the Rural Development Administration Rice growing season Water management tips Water depth (cm) note rice transplanter put it shallow 2-3 survival put it deep 5 to 7 whistle-blower put it shallow 2-3 Invalid balancing machine middle watering 0 5 to 10 days reproductive period filter water 2 to 4 3 days irrigation, 2 days drainage watering machine moderate depth 3 to 4 maturation filter water 2-3 3 days irrigation, 2 days drainage falling season full fall 0 Around 35 days after departure

<Example 2>

Exposure method to land mesocosmic system of accidental substances (sulfuric acid, nitric acid)

In this experiment, according to the spill accident scenario of _{sulfuric acid (H 2} SO ₄ ) and nitric acid (HNO ₃ ), which are substances with high accident frequency in Korea, in the land mesocosm system that simulates the rice paddy ecosystem, the two substances Ecosystem impact was evaluated. In this experiment, the predicted no effictive concentration (PNEC) and 50% harmful concentration ( Hazardous concentration 50%, HC ₅₀ ) was calculated and exposure experiments were carried out.

According to the risk assessment guidelines, the PNEC concentration of sulfuric acid and nitric acid was calculated by dividing the chronic toxicity data (NOEC) value obtained through the toxicity assessment using the above terrestrial species by the evaluation factor of 10, and the PNEC values of sulfuric acid and nitric acid were 20, 12.5 mg/kg.

_{In accordance with the risk assessment guidelines, HC 50} was predicted using a statistical approach using the Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) constructed based on the results of the toxicity assessment of terrestrial species conducted previously, _{and the HC 50} values of sulfuric acid and nitric acid were 1,850 and 1,031 mg/kg, respectively.

The volume to be mixed to expose sulfuric acid and nitric acid to _{concentrations corresponding to PNEC and HC 50} in an onshore mesococcal system depends on the soil mass (150 kg), specific gravity (1.84 sulfuric acid; nitric acid 1.38), and the purity of the solution (sulfuric acid 98). %, nitric acid 60%) and prepared as 20 L aqueous solution for exposure to land mesocosm system.

In this experiment, the effect on the rice paddy ecosystem due to the spill accident of sulfuric acid or nitric acid after rice planting was evaluated.

According to the domestic rice farming schedule, rice was transplanted on May 17th, and on May 22nd, worms and worms were inoculated into the terrestrial mesocosm system. Accidental material exposure was conducted on May 29, one week after animal inoculation, so that organisms in land mesocosm could be stabilized in the system.

Of sulfuric acid (corresponding to the water depth of 5 cm) aqueous solution of 20 L of concentration for the before exposing the nitrate was removed all the water had been fresh water on land meso kojeum system PNEC of sulfuric acid, nitric acid and the HC ₅₀ to land meso kojeum system poured and exposed.

Unlike this experiment, when exposing an accident material exposed in gaseous phase, the high-pressure container (bombe) of the gaseous accident material can be connected to the gas inlet of the case cover after attaching the case cover to the onshore mesocosm container. By controlling the flow rate and exposure time of the gas, the concentration of accidental substances in the system is maintained, the air inside the system is homogenized using the fan installed in the case cover, and the gaseous accidental substances inside the system are discharged after the exposure is completed. Accidental substances can be removed by using an appropriate adsorbent depending on the situation.

<Example 3>

Measurement of toxicity indicators in land mesocosm systems exposed to accidental substances (sulfuric acid, nitric acid)

In this experiment, the effect on the terrestrial ecosystem was evaluated based on the change in soil chemistry and the toxic endpoints of individual species constituting the terrestrial mesococcal system. The major toxicity indicators of soil and species were measured according to the following method (refer to Table 3 below). The measured toxicity index values were tested for statistical significance of the treatment group with respect to the control group through analysis of variance (ANOVA) under a 95% confidence level.

Key Toxic Indicators of Soils and Species nutrition stage Main Toxicity Indicators soil - Soil pH (pH) producer (rice) - Death rate (eating, chemical effects)
- number of leaves
- length
- Percentage of damaged leaves (feeding, chemical effects)
- Fresh weight above ground (biomass)
-Chlorophyll content Consumers - mortality
- shell length
- weight Decomposer (Threadworm) - mortality
- fertility rate

As a result of checking the change in soil acidity with time in this experiment, it was found that the soil pH did not differ significantly from that of the control after 2 days of exposure in the system exposed to PNEC concentrations of sulfuric and nitric acid. On the other hand, _{the system exposed to the HC 50} concentration showed a significant difference from the control, and although the pH increased over time, it was confirmed that the state before exposure was not restored (see FIG. 4 ).

In addition, in this experiment, the chlorophyll content of leaves was measured periodically to confirm the change in the effect of sulfuric acid and nitric acid on rice over time. Leaf chlorophyll was measured in a non-destructive manner using a chlorophyll meter. The chlorophyll content of the rice leaves confirmed through the control showed the highest content at the 4th week of July, and then started to decrease as the rice ripened. The rice in the mesocosmic system exposed to PNEC concentrations of sulfuric acid and nitric acid did not show a significant difference in chlorophyll content from that of the control rice, but it was confirmed that the chlorophyll content was low at the beginning of exposure in the _{sulfate HC 50 treatment group.} From one month after exposure, _{the chlorophyll content of the sulfuric acid and nitric acid treatment group with HC 50} concentration started to be significantly higher than that of the control group and the PNEC treatment group, and the chlorophyll content at a statistically significantly high concentration was maintained continuously during the experiment period (Fig. 5). Reference).

In addition, in this experiment, the number of rice killed by consumer feeding or exposure to accidental substances was evaluated 28 days after exposure to accidental substances. In some of the nitrate PNEC-treated groups, the rice was killed by the feeding of the lobster. _{In the HC 50} treatment group of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, plants that died due to chemical exposure were found, but there was no significant difference from the control group.

In addition, in this experiment, the number and length of leaves were measured by randomly harvesting 3 plants per land mesocosm system. Both the number and length of leaves of the sulfate HC _{50 treatment group were significantly reduced.}

In addition, the proportion of leaves damaged by consumer feeding or accidental material exposure was calculated among the total number of leaves. The calculation of the damage ratio due to eating (R _f ) and the damage ratio due to accidental material exposure (R _c ) is as follows.

-

-

Here, N _c is the number of leaves damaged by accidental material exposure, N _f is the number of leaves damaged by feeding, and N _T is the total number of leaves.

It was evaluated whether damage occurred to the leaf caused by feeding and whether damage occurred to the leaf caused by accidental material exposure (see FIG. 6 ). The proportion of leaves damaged by feeding _{showed a significant difference from the control group in the sulfuric acid HC 50} treatment group, and the ratio of leaves damaged by chemical exposure in all treatment groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. A significant difference was confirmed (see FIGS. 7 and 8).

In addition, as a result of measuring the fresh weight of the rice harvested in this experiment, a _{significant difference was confirmed in the HC 50} sulfuric acid treatment group and the control group (see FIG. 9 ).

In addition, in this experiment, the lobster introduced into the terrestrial mesococcal system _{died in the HC 50} treatment group, and no dead individuals were found in the control group and the PNEC treatment group. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between the shell length and weight of the surviving lobsters in the control group and the PNEC-treated group.

In addition, it was confirmed that all the worms introduced into the land mesocosm system in this experiment _{died in the HC 50 treatment group.} Although the number of adult worms recovered from the soil of the terrestrial mesocosmic system decreased in the PNEC-treated group, there was no significant difference with the control group. However, it was confirmed that the young population of real earthworms was statistically significantly lower in the PNEC treatment group than in the control group. (see FIG. 10).

On the other hand, sulfuric acid and nitric acid were treated respectively after planting and after the watering season to evaluate the impact on the terrestrial ecosystem according to the exposure period. This effect was evaluated.

Tables 4 and 5 below are experimental results showing changes in the growth and production characteristics of rice according to exposure concentration and exposure period after exposing _{sulfuric acid (H 2} SO ₄ ) to the onshore mesocosm system of the present invention after planting and watering, respectively.

In addition, the following Tables 6 and 7 are experimental results showing changes in the growth and production characteristics of rice according to the exposure concentration and exposure period after exposing _{nitric acid (HNO 3} ) to the land mesocosm system of the present invention after planting and seeding, respectively.

Changes in rice growth and production characteristics according to exposure concentration and exposure period after exposing sulfuric acid to the land mesocosm system of the present invention after planting Days after exposure Endpoint Control H ₂ SO ₄ PNEC HC ₅₀ 28 d
(short-term monitoring) Height (cm) 38.03
(7.06) 36.09
(1.98) 27.93*
(4.37) Shoot biomass (g hill-1) 9.50
(2.76) 8.15
(1.80) 1.56*
(0.78) Chlorophyll content 33.93
(3.76) 35.20
(1.01) 35.97
(1.40) 138 d (long-term monitoring) Height (cm) 81.81
(6.04) 86.28
(5.51) 88.44*
(6.15) Shoot biomass (g hill-1) 118.72
(47.81) 120.89
(33.87) 168.60*
(76.84) Chlorophyll content 12.45
(1.84) 12.60
(2.25) 27.50*
(8.77) Article number per hill 21.75
(5.85) 20.22
(4.22) 27.50*
(8.77) Whole grain weight (g) 278.33
(51.93) 280.67
(21.39) 390.00*
(8.49) 1000 grain weight (g) 22.57
(0.30) 22.35
(0.56) 22.05
(0.08) Water content in grain (%) 25.61
(1.79) 24.58
(3.00) 28.49*
(3.72) Harvest index 0.43
(0.17) 0.39
(0.06) 0.43
(0.06)

Changes in rice growth and production characteristics according to exposure concentration and exposure period after exposing sulfuric acid to the onshore mesocosm system of the present invention after the watering season Endpoint Control H ₂ SO ₄ PNEC HC ₅₀ Height (cm) 81.81
(6.04) 83.61
(7.54) 84.72
(8.87) Shoot biomass (g hill-1) 118.72
(47.81) 122,25
(31.13) 98.00
(38.29) Chlorophyll content 12.45
(1.84) 16.33
(3.67) 17.13
(3.33) Article number per hill 21.75
(5.85) 18.81
(4.58) 20.22
(5.80) Whole grain weight (g) 278.33
(51.93) 250.67
(19.43) 234.67
(43.47) 1000 grain weight (g) 22.57
(0.30) 21.89
(0.50) 23.20
(1.02) Water content in grain (%) 25.61
(1.79) 23.92
(1.48) 17.89*
(1.32) Harvest index 0.43
(0.17) 0.42
(0.04) 0.41
(0.06)

Changes in rice growth and production characteristics according to exposure concentration and exposure period after exposing nitric acid to the land mesocosm system of the present invention after planting Days after exposure Endpoint Control HNO ₃ PNEC HC ₅₀ 28 d
(short-term monitoring) Height (cm) 38.03
(7.06) 33.72*
(1.98) 32.60*
(3.54) Shoot biomass (g hill-1) 9.50
(2.76) 9.45
(3.00) 5,66
(3.11) Chlorophyll content 33.93
(3.76) 35.37
(2.58) 40.90*
(0.89) 138 d (long-term monitoring) Height (cm) 81.81
(6.04) 88.39*
(4.74) 88.72*
(6.15) Shoot biomass (g hill-1) 118.72
(47.81) 131.65
(54.37) 189.44*
(65.70) Chlorophyll content 12.45
(1.84) 11.30
(1.20) 17.27
(4.28) Article number per hill 21.75
(5.85) 23.53
(6.62) 32.44*
(8.24) Whole grain weight (g) 278.33
(51.93) 316.00
(29.46) 443.33*
(92.64) 1000 grain weight (g) 22.57
(0.30) 22.65
(0.70) 19.79*
(1.21) Water content in grain (%) 25.61
(1.79) 23.63
(1.65) 27.52
(3.26) Harvest index 0.43
(0.17) 0.42
(0.01) 0.40
(0.04)

Changes in the growth and production characteristics of rice according to exposure concentration and exposure period after exposure to nitric acid to the onshore mesocosm system of the present invention after harvest season Endpoint Control HNO ₃ PNEC HC ₅₀ Height (cm) 81.81
(6.04) 80.72
(6.49) 84.44
(7.60) Shoot biomass (g hill-1) 118.72
(47.81) 96.22
(28.16) 129.07
(50.25) Chlorophyll content 12.45
(1.84) 11.77
(0.76) 23.03*
(2.38) Article number per hill 17.28
(3.56) 17.87
(6.29) 18.81
(4.58) Whole grain weight (g) 278.33
(51.93) 230.00
(53.78) 287.33
(19.43) 1000 grain weight (g) 22.57
(0.30) 22.56
(0.50) 22.63
(0.59) Water content in grain (%) 25.61
(1.79) 24.72
(0.71) 24.70
(3.00) Harvest index 0.43
(0.17) 0.40
(0.02) 0.45
(0.06)

As a result, when sulfuric acid was exposed to the onshore mesocosm system of the present invention after planting, the length of the rice, the above-ground growth amount, the chlorophyll content, the number of bullets per plant, the total ear mass, and the moisture in the ears in the _{sulfuric acid HC 50 treatment group} It was found that the content showed a statistically significant difference from the control (see Table 4).

On the other hand, when sulfuric acid was exposed to the onshore mesocosm system of the present invention after the watering season, the sulfuric acid HC ₅₀ treated group showed a statistically significant difference in the moisture content in the ears from the control group (see Table 5).

In addition, when nitric acid was exposed to the terrestrial mesocosm system of the present invention after planting, the length of rice in the nitrate PNEC treatment group and the control group showed a statistically significant difference from that of the control group, and in the HC ₅₀ treatment group, the length of rice, chlorophyll content, and growth of above-ground parts There were statistically significant differences between the weight, the number of grains per stem, the total ear mass, and the control group (see Table 6).

On the other hand, when nitric acid was exposed to the terrestrial mesocosm system of the present invention after the watering season _{, the chlorophyll content in the nitrate HC 50} treated group showed a statistically significant difference from the control group (see Table 7).

As discussed above, in this experiment, the effects of sulfuric acid and nitric acid among accident materials with high accident frequency in Korea were evaluated on the rice paddy ecosystem. In particular, by using a system composed of representative organisms for each nutritional level, the effects of chemical substances and consumers' consumption of producers were simultaneously evaluated.

So far, the present invention has been looked at with respect to preferred embodiments thereof. Those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains will understand that the present invention can be implemented in a modified form without departing from the essential characteristics of the present invention. Therefore, the disclosed embodiments are to be considered in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The scope of the present invention is indicated in the claims rather than the foregoing description, and all differences within the scope equivalent thereto should be construed as being included in the present invention.

1: container case
2: Water and valve
3: soil layer
4: freshwater layer
5: Producer
6: Consumer
7: Decomposer
8: Case Cover
9: Fixing frame for case cover support
10: gas cylinder
11: Flow regulator
12, 14: on/off valve
12-1: gas inlet pipe
14-1: gas exhaust pipe
13: fan
15: gas adsorption unit
16: drain hole
17: drain pipe

Claims (11)

A container case (1) having a space formed therein and having an open top and a drain hole formed on the bottom;
Water supply and valve installed on one side of the container case (2);
a soil layer (3) located at the bottom of the container case;
a freshwater layer (4) located above the soil layer;
Producers (5), consumers (6) and decomposers (7) as biological indicator species for each trophic level in the soil layer and the freshwater layer;
a case cover 8 detachably attached to the open upper surface of the container case;
a fixing frame 9 capable of supporting the case cover;
a gas injection pipe 12-1 installed on one side of the case cover;
an opening/closing valve 12 provided on the gas injection pipe;
a gas cylinder 10 provided with a flow regulator 11 connected to the gas injection pipe;
a fan (13) installed on the inner surface of the case cover and capable of homogenizing the gas;
a gas discharge pipe 14-1 installed on the other side of the case cover;
an on/off valve 14 provided on the gas discharge pipe; and
including a gas adsorption unit 15 connected to the gas discharge pipe; A mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation. According to claim 1,
The system further comprising a drain pipe (17) located below the container case and capable of separately collecting and treating drained water. delete According to claim 1,
The producer is rice, characterized in that the land ecological environment evaluation mesocosm system. According to claim 1,
The mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation, characterized in that the consumer is at least one selected from the group consisting of king snails, rice worms, silk snails and water snails. According to claim 1,
The decomposer is a real earthworm, a mesocosm system for terrestrial ecological environment evaluation. (a) exposing a hazardous chemical to the mesocosmic system of any one of claims 1, 2 and 4-6; and
(b) A method for assessing the terrestrial ecological impact of exposure to a hazardous chemical, comprising the step of measuring each of the toxicity indicators of producers, consumers and decomposers after exposure to hazardous chemicals. 8. The method of claim 7,
The hazardous chemicals include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, acrylonitrile, acrylaldehyde, methanol, sulfurous acid gas, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, fluorine, chlorine, methane bromide, methane chloride, prene chloride, ethylene oxide, Hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, monomethyla, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, toluene, benzene, phosgene, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, mustard gas, arginine, monosilane, disilane, dibore, hydrogen serenide, phosgene A method, characterized in that it is selected from the group consisting of fins and monogermanes. 8. The method of claim 7,
In step (b), the toxicity index measured when the producer is rice is selected from the group consisting of mortality rate, number of leaves, length, damaged leaf ratio, fresh weight above ground, and chlorophyll content. 8. The method of claim 7,
In the step (b), the toxicity index measured when the consumer is a king squirrel, a rice worm, a silk snail or a water snail is selected from the group consisting of mortality, shell length and weight. 8. The method of claim 7,
When the decomposer in step (b) is a real earthworm, the toxicity index measured is the mortality or reproduction rate.

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