KR101928034B1 - Bottom sealed and top cover connector type chamber test device used the water pressure test of the ocean equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a testing device comprising: a chamber having a cable connector and a specimen holder for connecting a cable and a pipe on the upper part while the lower part is sealed by being manufactured to have a predetermined size to test the pressure of marine equipment; a water supply unit connected to the chamber to supply test water and pressurizing the chamber at set pressure; a drainage unit connected to the chamber to discharge the test water used and discharged from the chamber to the outside; a notification unit for detecting the physical change in the chamber and to output the same; and a controller connected to the drainage unit and the alarm unit to control operations of the drainage unit and the alarm unit. A valve is automatically controlled by a pressure change generated when a liquid is filled in the chamber for hydraulic testing, and the valve is automatically controlled. A cable connection for observing and measuring is facilitated through a configuration in which a specimen holder and a cable connector are installed on a cover forming the upper part of the chamber. The present invention provides a testing device capable of minimizing interference between a cable, a cable connector, and a specimen holder.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention [0001] The present invention relates to a bottom sealing and top cover connector type chamber testing device used for water pressure testing of marine equipment,

The present invention relates to an apparatus for testing a lower sealed and upper lid connector type chamber, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for testing an underwater operation (search, structure, exploration) or a ship structure or deep sea plant related equipment The present invention relates to a lower enclosure and an upper lid connector type chamber testing device used for hydrostatic testing of marine equipment capable of testing physical changes such as leakage, buckling,

Underwater equipment such as deep water equipment, underwater pipes, unmanned robots, submersibles, submersibles, and pressure vessels used in water are usually subjected to buckling / fatigue strength tests under water pressure, safety during water pressure, Perform an internal pressure test such as an operating performance test.

This pressure test is carried out through a hyperbaric chamber, which is a deep sea pressure simulating test facility for artificially reproducing the underwater (high pressure) water pressure (high pressure) environment.

Here, the high-pressure chamber test equipment is manufactured in the form of a closed container, and includes a chamber into which a test specimen is put and subjected to a hydraulic test, an injection device that continuously injects water into the chamber, A tubular body extending from the uppermost end of the chamber to the outside of the chamber so that the tubular body can be discharged to the outside as it is injected, and valve means for blocking the discharge of air or water through the tubular body.

Such a conventional high-pressure chamber test facility is a structure that waits until the water is discharged through the pipe body, and then pressurizes the inside of the chamber by closing the valve means.

However, there is a possibility that the tube or the valve means provided outside the chamber is damaged due to the pressing of the inside of the chamber, and it is difficult to design and manufacture the tube and the valve means for preventing damage to the tube or the valve means due to pressurization of the chamber, In order to discharge water through the tubular body, a personnel for closing the valve means at an appropriate time was required.

On the other hand, withstand pressure test to reproduce water pressure (high-pressure) environment artificially underwater (deep water) is carried out by putting the test specimen in the chamber with the test specimen placed in the holder and measuring / measuring / After installation in the chamber, the water pressure corresponding to the depth of the water is provided in the chamber, and the state and performance of the specimen are observed according to the water pressure.

At this time, when a cable connector for connecting various cables of the observation / measurement / power supply equipment is installed on the bottom surface of the chamber, a person must enter the chamber to fasten the cable, and the specimen holder and cable There is an inconvenience that the specimen holder should be inserted without interference.

In other words, since the chamber in which the conventional specimen holder is put does not disclose a structure that can prevent the interference of the underwater connector and the cable installed in the chamber, interference should be avoided when the pressure vessel is closed. It is troublesome for the person to directly enter the inside of the chamber and fasten the cable.

Accordingly, there is a need for a technique that facilitates connection of observation and measurement cables while placing the specimen holder in the chamber, and minimizes interference between the cable, the connector, and the specimen holder.

Also, important parts (control, communication, power supply, respiratory equipment, electrical / electronic, mechanical parts) of various systems (underwater / unmanned submersible, underwater sensor, hydraulic equipment, Hereinafter referred to as "marine equipment") are designed and manufactured in consideration of the structural strength so as to withstand the pressure corresponding to the used water depth.

However, due to various causes that may occur during the fabrication and assembly process, the marine equipment can not withstand the pressure of the water depth and the structure is deformed or the joint part is defected, so that leakage occurs frequently.

In the event of leaks, the monitoring process to assess the pressure resistance performance is very important, as most components in the marine equipment will not be able to operate normally and will seriously affect the operation of the entire underwater system.

Korean Patent Laid-Open No. 10-2016-0062975 (entitled " Test piece mounting device for internal pressure test and internal pressure test method using the same)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a watertight test chamber in which a valve is automatically controlled by a pressure change caused by filling of a hydraulic test chamber, It is an object of the present invention to provide a lid connector type chamber testing apparatus.

In addition, the top cover is equipped with a specimen holder and cable connector to facilitate the connection of the cable for observation and measurement and to the hydrostatic test of the marine equipment which minimizes the interference between the cable and the cable connector and the holder for the specimen. It is another object of the present invention to provide a lower sealed and upper lid connector type chamber testing device.

The present invention made for this purpose relates to a lower sealing and upper lid connector type chamber testing apparatus used for hydraulic test of marine equipments and is manufactured to a size set to be able to test the pressure of marine equipment, A chamber having a cable connector for connection of the cable and the pipe and a holder for the specimen; A water supply unit connected to the chamber to supply test water and pressurize the chamber with a predetermined pressure; A drain unit connected to the chamber and discharging test water used and discharged from the chamber to the outside; A notification unit configured to detect and output a physical change in the chamber; And a controller connected to the drainage unit and the announcement unit to control operations of the drainage unit and the announcement unit.

The chamber may include a housing having a lower portion closed and an upper portion opened, a protrusion formed along the outer surface of the opened upper portion, and at least one first through hole formed along the protrusion; And a second through hole is formed at a position corresponding to the first through hole and at a position corresponding to the opening, the cable connector and the holder for the test piece are formed at a position corresponding to the protrusion of the housing to close the opening of the housing. And an engagement screw inserted into the first and second through holes to integrally fix the housing and the lid.

The cover may be formed to penetrate through a predetermined size and be openable and closable under the control of the controller. When the test water is supplied by the water supply unit, the cover may further include a vent for circulating the inside air to the outside.

In addition, the chamber may include at least one observation member provided therein so as to visually observe a physical change of the specimen during the pressure-resistance test.

Further, the water supply unit may include a supply member connected to the chamber, the supply water being accommodated in the supply water to supply test water to the chamber; And a pressure member connected to the chamber and providing pressurized water for pressurization of the chamber after the test chamber is filled with the test water from the supply member.

The supply member may include: a supply water tank for receiving the test water supplied to the chamber; And a supply valve provided between the supply water tank and the chamber for controlling the transfer of the test water from the supply water tank to the chamber.

The pressing member may include: a pressurizing water tank for receiving pressurized water provided in the chamber; A pressurizing pump provided in the pressurized water tank for pressurizing the chamber while transferring pressurized water from the pressurized water tank to the chamber through external pressure; And a pressurizing valve provided between the pressurizing pump and the chamber for controlling the transfer of pressurized water from the pressurizing pump to the chamber.

The drainage unit may further include a drain pump connected to the chamber and discharging the test water in the chamber; A drain valve installed between the drain pump and the chamber for controlling drainage of the test water in the chamber; And a drain port connected to the drain pump and providing a passage for discharging the test water discharged through the drain pump to the outside.

The notification unit may further include: a pressure gauge installed in a part of the chamber to measure a pressure in the chamber; And a timer provided in a part of the chamber to allow measurement of physical changes in the chamber, such as water leakage and buckling, of the marine equipment according to the pressure change through the pressure meter.

In addition, the controller includes a conversion program that can be handled according to a change in the set pressure and the set time, controls the operation of the drain unit and the alarm unit by the action of the conversion program, Change records can be saved.

The observation member is any one of a camera, an endoscope or a CCTV connected to a monitor outside the chamber so that the observation member can be visually confirmed during a test under the control of the controller.

As described in detail above, according to the lower enclosure and upper lid connector type chamber testing apparatus used in the hydraulic test of marine equipments according to the present invention, the valve is automatically opened by the pressure change generated as the liquid is filled in the hydraulic test chamber There is a controlled effect.

In addition, it is possible to connect the cable for observation and measurement easily, and to minimize the interference between the cable and the cable connector and the holder for the specimen, by installing the holder for the specimen and the cable connector on the lid covering the chamber housing. Thus, it is possible to achieve easy installation of marine equipment.

Further, during the test, physical changes in the inside of the chamber due to leaking or buckling of the marine equipment can be confirmed by the naked eye and the pressure, so that a safe pressure resistance test can be performed and convenience of the pressure resistance test can be facilitated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall configuration of a lower enclosure and upper lid connector type chamber testing apparatus used in hydraulic testing of marine equipment according to the present invention,
2 is a view showing a process of pressurizing and draining a chamber of a lower sealing and upper lid connector type chamber testing apparatus used in a hydraulic test of a marine equipment according to the present invention.
3 is a reference view showing marine structural equipment monitored in the chamber according to the present invention.
4 illustrates a coupling structure for a housing and a lid of the chamber according to the present invention.

The following detailed description of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It should be understood that the various embodiments of the present invention are different, but need not be mutually exclusive. For example, certain features, structures, and characteristics described herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in connection with one embodiment. It should also be understood that the position or arrangement of individual components within each disclosed embodiment may be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar functions throughout the several views.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, so that those skilled in the art can easily carry out the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall configuration of a lower sealed and upper lid connector type chamber testing apparatus used in a hydraulic test of a marine equipment according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a cross- And FIG. 3 is a reference view showing marine structural equipment to be monitored in the chamber according to the present invention, and FIG. 4 is a view showing the structure of a marine vessel FIG. 2 is a view showing a coupling structure for the housing and the cover of the chamber according to FIG.

1 to 4, the present invention may include a chamber 100, a water supply unit 200, a drainage unit 300, a notification unit 400, and a controller 500.

The chamber 100 may be manufactured to have a size that allows the pressure of the marine equipment 20 to be tested. More preferably, the chamber 100 is manufactured in a sealed form, (102a) and a specimen holder (102c).

Here, the determination of the operating pressure is determined by the water depth at which the marine equipments 20 are to be used, where the depth and pressure equations are P = 9.8 × d, d = depth (m) Unit: kPa).

More specifically, the chamber 100 may include a housing 101 and a lid 102, and may further include a coupling screw 103 for fixedly coupling the lid 102 to the housing 101 .

For this purpose, the housing 101 can be opened at its upper portion while the lower portion thereof is hermetically closed, a protrusion 101a can be formed along the outer surface of the opened upper portion, and at least one first A through hole 101b may be formed.

The cover 102 may be formed to cover the protrusion 101a of the housing 101 so as to seal the opening of the housing 101. A cable connector 102a may be provided at a position corresponding to the opening, And a second through hole 102b corresponding to the first through hole 101b are formed correspondingly to the first through hole 102b and the second through hole 102b.

In addition, when the test water is supplied by the water supply unit 200 to the lid 102, a vent 102d may be further provided to allow the internal air to flow to the outside. The vent 102d is set And may be provided to be openable and closable under the control of the controller 500, and various well-known ventilation configurations may be applied.

Accordingly, the chamber 100 can be easily discharged or blocked to the inside air.

The coupling screw 103 is inserted into the first and second through holes 101b and 102b to integrally fix the housing 101 and the lid 102 together.

In the present invention, the housing (101) and the lid (102) are formed by screwing by bolting. However, this is only one embodiment of the present invention, (Not shown) such as a cover (not shown) hinged to a hook (not shown) that engages with a protruding jaw of the housing, and a protrusion (not shown) formed by bending the protruding jaw A housing and a cover of another embodiment using a combination of hooks may be applied.

In addition, a lock-and-lock method using a separate sealing means and a pressing means, or a clamping method using a separate clamping device can be applied, and this is generally known in the art. Therefore, Can be designed.

According to the configuration of the present invention described above, unlike the conventional structure in which the user enters the chamber directly by the cable connector installed at the bottom and the cable installation work has been performed, separation and coupling between the housing 101 and the lid 102 are free The cable connector 102a and the holder 102c for the test piece are formed on the lid 102 so that the cable for observation and measurement can be connected from the outside and the cable and cable connector 102a and the specimen The interference between the cradles 102c can be minimized, and thus, the easy installation of the marine equipment 20 can be achieved.

Meanwhile. The chamber 100 may include a viewing member 110.

At least one of the observation members 110 is provided in the interior of the chamber 100, that is, the housing 101, so that the physical changes of the specimen during the pressure resistance test can be visually observed.

The observation member 110 may be any one of a camera, an endoscope, and a CCTV connected to a monitor outside the chamber 100 so that the observation member 110 can be visually confirmed during a test under the control of the controller 500.

In this manner, the observation member 110 can monitor in real time the defects of the marine equipment 20.

The water supply unit 200 may be connected to the chamber 100 to supply the test water and simultaneously pressurize the chamber 100 to a predetermined pressure.

The water supply unit 200 may include a supply member 210 and a pressing member 220.

The supply member 210 is connected to the chamber 100 and is supplied with water to supply the test water to the chamber 100.

The supply member 210 may include a supply water tank 212 and a supply valve 214.

The supply water tank 212 can receive the test water supplied to the chamber 100.

The supply valve 214 may be provided between the supply water tank 212 and the chamber 100 to control the transfer of the test water from the supply water tank 212 to the chamber 100.

The pressure member 220 is connected to the chamber 100 and may provide pressurized water for pressurizing the chamber 100 after the chamber 100 is filled with test water from the supply member 210.

The pressure member 220 may include a pressurized water tank 222, a pressurizing pump 224, and a pressurizing valve 226.

The pressurized water tank 222 may receive pressurized water supplied to the chamber 100.

The pressurizing pump 224 is installed in the pressurized water tank 222 and can pressurize the chamber 100 while transferring the pressurized water in the pressurized water tank 222 to the chamber 100 through external pressure.

The pressure pump 224 is a manually operated pump that is manually controlled by the user. Depending on the circumstances, an automatic pump whose operation is automatically controlled through a controller or the like may be employed.

The pressurizing valve 226 may be installed between the pressurizing pump 224 and the chamber 100 to control the transfer of pressurized water from the pressurizing pump 224 to the chamber 100.

The drainage unit 300 is connected to the chamber 100 and may discharge the test water used and discharged in the chamber 100 to the outside.

The drain unit 300 may include a drain pump 310, a drain valve 320, and a drain 330.

The drain pump 310 may be connected to the chamber 100 to discharge the test water in the chamber 100.

The drain valve 320 may be installed between the drain pump 310 and the chamber 100 to control the drainage of the test water in the chamber 100.

An anti-siphon valve or a check valve may be used as the drain valve 320 to prevent backflow of the test water.

The drain port 330 may be connected to the drain pump 310 to provide a path for discharging the test water discharged through the drain pump 310 to the outside.

The notification unit 400 may sense a physical change inside the chamber 100 and output it.

The alarm unit 400 may include a pressure gauge 410 and a timer 420.

The pressure gauge 410 may be installed in a part of the chamber 100 to measure the pressure in the chamber 100.

The timer 420 measures the physical change of the inside of the chamber 100 such as leakage phenomenon and buckling of the marine equipments 20 according to the pressure change through the pressure measuring device 410, May be provided in a part of the chamber 100.

More specifically, the notification unit 400 includes a pressure meter 410 and a timer 420 provided in the chamber 100 to detect and output a physical change in the chamber 100, Such as water leakage or buckling of a ship structural specimen, and can also be visually perceived through the observation member 110, which will be described later.

That is, the notification unit 400 according to the present invention displays the pressure during the pressure resistance test on the ship structure in the chamber 100 by the pressure measuring instrument 410, and calculates the time when the pressure acts for a certain period of time Can be confirmed through the timer 420.

The controller 500 is provided to correspond to the physical change output from the notification unit 400 as described above.

The controller 500 is connected to the drainage unit 300 and the announcement unit 400 to control the operation of the drainage unit 300 and the announcement unit 400.

Specifically, the controller 500 incorporates a conversion program 510 that can be handled according to the change of the set pressure and the set time, and controls the operation of the water supply unit 300 and the alarm unit 400 by the action of the conversion program 510 And may store pressure change records in the chamber 100 over time.

Therefore, since all the operations of the chamber testing apparatus 10 according to the present invention are performed through the above-mentioned conversion program 510, only a few conditions related to the operation are inputted for controlling the system, ) Automatically performs all operations related to driving and pressurization and depressurization of the system 10 according to the present invention in accordance with a preprogrammed procedure.

The controller 500 according to the present invention having the above-described configuration is capable of changing the set pressure and setting time of the ship structure provided in the chamber 100, Making it easy to take follow-up measures such as continuing or stopping the examination.

In addition, the chamber testing apparatus 10 of the present invention can use an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which is a device for regulating the power supply to computers and peripheral devices, You can limit the voltage drop or sudden rise or fall.

The function and effect of the lower sealing and upper lid connector type chamber testing device 10 used in the hydraulic test of marine equipment according to the present invention will be described.

First, the marine equipment 20 is fixed in the chamber 100 by means of a rope, a cable tie, an adhesive tape or the like so that the marine equipment 20 is not damaged and does not float by buoyancy but is easy to observe the region of interest.

Then, the observation member 110 is installed so as to easily observe the region of interest of the specimen. Before the pressure test, the ambient condition is checked to see if there is no interference with the operation of the test equipment, the temperature and humidity inside the test chamber are recorded, After receiving the final safety confirmation of the person in charge, the test is started by pressing with the pressing member 220.

The pressure is gradually increased to the pressure defined by the pressing member 220 according to the present invention while confirming that the specimen is not abnormal through the observation member 110 provided inside the chamber 100. [

In this way, when the prescribed test pressure is reached, the observation image of the observation member 110 provided in the chamber 100 is photographed, and after pressing to the prescribed test pressure, Continue to maintain pressure.

At this time, the state of the marine equipment 20 is checked through the observation member 110 for observing the inside of the chamber 100 for the duration of time, and it is checked whether there is any abnormality such as breakage and leakage.

If, for example, breakage and leakage of the marine equipments 20 are found for a duration, or if the pressure above the set pressure at the test pressure is depressurized, a leak may be suspected and in such a case the test is stopped .

On the other hand, when the above-mentioned abnormality is not found and the specified time is reached, the pressure of the chamber 100 is gradually reduced to the atmospheric pressure, then the lid 102 of the chamber 100 is opened and the marine equipment 20 And removes moisture from the outside.

Then, the drain pump 310 of the drainage unit 300 is operated so that the test water remaining in the chamber 100 can be easily discharged, and at the same time, the drainage valve 320 is opened to discharge the test water to the outside .

As described above, according to the lower sealing and upper lid connector type chamber testing apparatus 10 used in the hydraulic test of the marine equipments according to the present invention, by automatically changing the pressure caused by the filling of the liquid in the hydraulic test chamber 100 There is an effect that the valve is adjusted.

It is also possible to easily connect the observation and measurement cable from the outside through the structure in which the stand 102c for the test piece and the cable connector 102a are provided on the lid 102 covering the upper portion of the housing 101 of the chamber 100, It is possible to minimize the interference between the cable connector 102a, the cable connector 102a, and the mount stand 102c, thereby achieving an easy installation of the marine equipment 20.

In addition, it is possible to monitor the physical change amount of the marine equipment 20 provided inside, so as to prevent the marine equipment 20 from being damaged.

In addition, during the test, the physical conditions inside the chamber 100 due to the defects of the marine equipment 20 can be confirmed through pressure and visual observation through the notification unit 400 and the observation member 110, And at the same time facilitates the high-pressure test.

While the present invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, And such variations and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

10: Chamber Tester 20: Marine Equipment
100: chamber 101: housing
101a: protruding portion 101b: first through hole
102: cover 102a: cable connector
102b: second through hole 102c: holder for specimen
102d: Ventilation hole 103: Coupling screw
110: observation member 200: water supply unit
210: supply member 212: supply water tank
214: supply valve 220: pressure member
222: Pressurizing water tank 224: Pressurizing pump
226: pressure valve 300: drainage unit
310: Drain pump 320: Drain valve
330: Drain 400: Announcement unit
410: Pressure gauge 420: Timer
500: controller 510: conversion program

Claims (11)

A chamber having a size set to test the pressure of the marine equipment and having a lower portion sealed and having a cable connector for connection of a cable and a pipe and a holder for a specimen;
A water supply unit connected to the chamber to supply test water and pressurize the chamber with a predetermined pressure;
A drain unit connected to the chamber and discharging test water used and discharged from the chamber to the outside;
A notification unit configured to detect and output a physical change in the chamber;
A controller connected to the drainage unit and the announcement unit to control operations of the drainage unit and the announcement unit;
The chamber may comprise:
A housing having a lower portion closed and an upper portion opened, a protrusion formed along an outer surface of the opened upper portion, and at least one first through hole formed along the protrusion;
And a second through hole is formed at a position corresponding to the first through hole and at a position corresponding to the opening, the cable connector and the holder for the test piece are formed at a position corresponding to the protrusion of the housing to close the opening of the housing.
A coupling screw inserted into the first and second through holes to integrally fix the housing and the cover;
Wherein the cover comprises:
Further comprising a vent which is formed to penetrate through a predetermined size and which is openable and closable under the control of the controller and which circulates the internal air to the outside when test water is supplied by the water supply unit The lower enclosure and upper lid connector type chamber test equipment used in the hydraulic test of the. delete delete The method according to claim 1,
The chamber may comprise:
A lower enclosure and upper lid connector type chamber test apparatus for use in hydrostatic testing of marine equipment comprising at least one or more observer members provided internally to visually observe the physical changes of the specimen during the pressure test.
The method according to claim 1,
The water supply unit includes:
A supply member connected to the chamber and accommodated in the supply water to supply test water to the chamber;
And a pressure member connected to the chamber and providing pressurized water for pressurization of the chamber after the chamber is filled with test water,
The supply member
A supply water tank for receiving the test water supplied to the chamber; And
And a supply valve provided between the supply water tank and the chamber for controlling the transfer of test water from the supply water tank to the chamber,
The pressing member
A pressurizing water tank for receiving pressurized water provided in the chamber;
A pressurizing pump provided in the pressurized water tank for pressurizing the chamber while transferring pressurized water from the pressurized water tank to the chamber through external pressure; And
And a pressurizing valve provided between the pressurizing pump and the chamber for controlling the transfer of pressurized water from the pressurizing pump to the chamber. Device. delete delete The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the drainage unit comprises:
A drain pump connected to the chamber to discharge test water in the chamber;
A drain valve installed between the drain pump and the chamber for controlling drainage of the test water in the chamber; And
And a drain port connected to the drain pump and providing a passage for discharging the test water discharged through the drain pump to the outside,
The notification unit,
A pressure gauge installed in a part of the chamber for measuring a pressure in the chamber; And
And a timer provided in a part of the chamber so that measurement of physical changes in the chamber, such as water leakage phenomenon and buckling, of the marine equipment according to the pressure change through the pressure meter, can be performed over time. Bottom seal and top shell connector chamber test equipment for hydraulic testing of marine equipment. delete The method according to claim 1,
The controller comprising:
A conversion program capable of coping with changes in the set pressure and the set time is built in and controls the operation of the drain unit and the notification unit by the action of the conversion program and stores the pressure change records according to the passage of time in the chamber A lower enclosure and upper lid connector type chamber test device used for hydrostatic testing of marine equipment characterized.
5. The method of claim 4,
Wherein the observation member comprises:
Wherein the controller is one of a camera or an endoscope or a CCTV connected to a monitor outside the chamber so that the controller can be visually confirmed during a test. Device.

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