KR101653108B1 - Method of signal constellation for quadrature amplitude modulation, and method of quadrature amplitude modulation using the signal constellation - Google Patents

Method of signal constellation for quadrature amplitude modulation, and method of quadrature amplitude modulation using the signal constellation Download PDF

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KR101653108B1
KR101653108B1 KR1020150082696A KR20150082696A KR101653108B1 KR 101653108 B1 KR101653108 B1 KR 101653108B1 KR 1020150082696 A KR1020150082696 A KR 1020150082696A KR 20150082696 A KR20150082696 A KR 20150082696A KR 101653108 B1 KR101653108 B1 KR 101653108B1
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signal
signal point
amplitude modulation
quadrature amplitude
point arrangement
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KR20160088210A (en
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윤동원
홍희진
장연수
임형용
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한양대학교 산학협력단
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
    • H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
    • H04L27/3405—Modifications of the signal space to increase the efficiency of transmission, e.g. reduction of the bit error rate, bandwidth, or average power

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Abstract

An optimal signal point placement method for quadrature amplitude modulation and a quadrature amplitude modulation method using the same are disclosed. The signal point arrangement method for the quadrature amplitude modulation determines the signal point arrangement based on the total number M of signal points and the Euclidean distance 2d and increases as the total number M of signal points increases, The signal point arrangement is determined. Therefore, it can be effectively applied to all wired / wireless communication and broadcasting systems including terrestrial and satellite which require large-capacity data transmission in terms of having near-optimal error performance and low PAPR, and can be applied to generalized expressions It is easy to actualize the modulation order according to the degree of modulation.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention [0001] The present invention relates to a method of arranging signal points for quadrature amplitude modulation and a quadrature amplitude modulation method using the same, and a quadrature amplitude modulation method using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a high-order modulation technique, and more particularly, to an optimal signal point placement method for quadrature amplitude modulation and a quadrature amplitude modulation method using the same.

2. Description of the Related Art In recent wireless communication and broadcasting systems, a higher order modulation scheme capable of transmitting large amounts of data at a very high speed has been applied in order to accommodate surging multimedia data transmission. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is widely used as such a higher order modulation scheme have.

For example, Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) uses 16, 64, 256-ary square QAM, and Digital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation Terrestrial (DVB-T2) uses 16, 64, 256- QAM and DVB-C2 (Digital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation Cable) uses 16, 64, 256, 1024, and 4096-ary square QAM. UHD (Ultra High Definition) broadcasting recently uses 4096- Experimental broadcasting using QAM has been successful.

QAM can place signal points in various forms. Among the various types of signal point constellation, the signal point constellation of QAM (hereinafter, referred to as optimal QAM) having the optimum error performance is a method having optimal error performance in BER (Bit Error Rate) and SER (Symbol Error Rate) It is theoretically suggested by Foschini.

However, the optimal QAM can not be expressed mathematically by generalizing the X coordinate value and the Y coordinate value of the signal point to the modulation order. Also, as the modulation order increases, signal points may be located near the origin and on the axis, and symmetric signal points can not be arranged, which makes them unsuitable for actual communication or broadcasting system applications.

Accordingly, the square QAM, which is simple to implement and detect because the signal points are simply arranged in a square form, is widely applied to the latest communication and broadcasting systems.

However, the error performance of the square QAM is less than the optimum QAM by about 0.5 dB based on SER 10 -5 and about 0.6 dB based on BER 10 -5 . In addition, the square QAM is disadvantageous in that it is not suitable for a system using a high power amplifier because the average power to peak power ratio (PAPR), which is a large burden on the power amplifier, is high.

In order to solve the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a method of arranging signal points for quadrature amplitude modulation.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a quadrature amplitude modulation method according to signal point arrangement.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of arranging signal points for quadrature amplitude modulation according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein a signal point arrangement is determined based on a total number M of signal points and a Euclidean distance 2d, The point arrangement is symmetrical with respect to the origin.

Here, the signal point arrangement is arranged in the uppermost row in the first and second quadrants

Figure 112015056451258-pat00001
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00002
And the signal points are arranged so that the signal points are symmetrical about the signal points and the origin placed in the first and second quadrants in the third and fourth quadrants.

Here, the signal point arrangement is arranged in the uppermost row in the first and second quadrants

Figure 112015056451258-pat00003
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00004
The number of signal points is increased by two, and the number of signal points is
Figure 112015056451258-pat00005
After that,
Figure 112015056451258-pat00006
To the line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00007
In the third and fourth quadrants, the signal points can be arranged so as to be symmetrical about the signal points and the origin placed in the first and second quadrants.

Here, the signal point arrangement is expressed by the following equation

Figure 112015056451258-pat00008
(X n , y m ). (Where M is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) )

Here, the signal point arrangement is expressed by the following equation

Figure 112015056451258-pat00009
(X n , y m ). (Where M is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) )

Here, the signal point arrangement can be arranged in a form close to the N-ary shape as the total number of signal points increases.

Here, the N-ary shape may be an octagonal shape.

Here, the signal point arrangement can be set by rotating at a preset angle.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of arranging signal points for quadrature amplitude modulation, the signal point constellation is determined as a shape closer to the N-ary shape as the total number M of signal points increases, The point arrangement is symmetrical with respect to the origin.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a quadrature amplitude modulation method for generating a modulated signal through quadrature amplitude modulation based on a symmetrical signal point arrangement with respect to an origin, The number M and the Euclidean distance 2d.

The signal point arrangement method and the quadrature amplitude modulation method for the quadrature amplitude modulation according to the present invention as described above are characterized in that all of the signals including the ground and the satellite including a large amount of data transmission And can be effectively applied to wired / wireless communication and broadcasting systems.

In addition, since it can be represented by a generalized expression according to the modulation order, there is an advantage that actual implementation according to the modulation order is easy.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram illustrating signal point arrangement when the total number of signal points is 64 according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.
2 is an exemplary diagram illustrating signal point placement when the total number of signal points is 256 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
3 is an exemplary diagram illustrating signal point placement when the total number of signal points is 1024 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
4 is an exemplary diagram illustrating a result of rotating the signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 3 by 60 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a result of rotating the signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 3 by 90 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention.
6 is an exemplary diagram showing a result of moving a part of signal points to an arbitrary position in the signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
7 is a diagram for explaining a quadrature amplitude modulation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a result of comparing SER and BER with respect to a signal point arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments, but includes all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention. Like reference numerals are used for like elements in describing each drawing.

The terms first, second, A, B, etc. may be used to describe various elements, but the elements should not be limited by the terms. The terms are used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another. For example, without departing from the scope of the present invention, the first component may be referred to as a second component, and similarly, the second component may also be referred to as a first component. And / or < / RTI > includes any combination of a plurality of related listed items or any of a plurality of related listed items.

It is to be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "connected" to another element, it may be directly connected or connected to the other element, . On the other hand, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly connected" to another element, it should be understood that there are no other elements in between.

The terminology used in this application is used only to describe a specific embodiment and is not intended to limit the invention. The singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In the present application, the terms "comprises" or "having" and the like are used to specify that there is a feature, a number, a step, an operation, an element, a component or a combination thereof described in the specification, But do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof.

Unless defined otherwise, all terms used herein, including technical or scientific terms, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries are to be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with the contextual meaning of the related art and are to be interpreted as either ideal or overly formal in the sense of the present application Do not.

First, in the present invention, the concept of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) will be briefly described as follows.

QAM is a method for obtaining two times the transmission efficiency in a limited frequency band by combining two amplitude-modulated signals into one channel.

One QAM signal has two carriers, each having the same frequency but with a phase difference of 90 degrees. One of the signals is called an I-axis signal and the other is called a Q-axis signal. Also, one of the signals can be expressed mathematically as a sinusoid, and the other can be expressed as a cosine curve.

The two modulated carriers are combined at the transmitting end for transmission and then separated at the receiving end. When data is extracted from each carrier, it is combined with the original modulation information. Therefore, QAM is advantageous for high-speed data transmission within a limited transmission bandwidth.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a signal point arrangement in a case where the total number of signal points is 64 according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a case where the total number of signal points is 256 according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram illustrating signal point arrangement when the total number of signal points is 1024 according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.

Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3, the signal point arrangement in the case where the total number M of signal points is 64, 256, and 1024, respectively, can be confirmed.

The signal point arrangement for the quadrature amplitude modulation according to the embodiment of the present invention is determined based on the total number M of signal points and the Euclidean distance 2d and may have a symmetrical shape with respect to the origin. For example, M may be 64, 256, 1024, and so on. Further, the Euclidean distance 2d may mean a distance between signal points.

More specifically, in the first and second quadrants,

Figure 112015056451258-pat00010
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00011
The number of signal points is increased by two, and the number of signal points is
Figure 112015056451258-pat00012
After that,
Figure 112015056451258-pat00013
To the line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00014
Signal points can be arranged.

In the third and fourth quadrants, the signal points can be arranged to be symmetrical about the signal points and the origin points arranged in the first and second quadrants.

The coordinate values (x n , y m ) for such signal point arrangement can be generalized as shown in Equation 1 or 2 below.

The optimum QAM can not express the quantitative coordinate value as a mathematical expression because the signal point arrangement is irregular. However, the arrangement of the signal points for the quadrature amplitude modulation according to the embodiment of the present invention can be represented by one expression generalized according to the modulation order. That is, since the signal point arrangement for the quadrature amplitude modulation according to the embodiment of the present invention can quantify the signal points of the X and Y axes, it can be highly utilized in the actual implementation aspect.

However, the present invention is not limited to the signal point arrangement according to the following equation (1) or (2).

Figure 112015056451258-pat00015

Figure 112015056451258-pat00016

Where M is the total number of signal points (M = 2 2l , l ? 3), d is the half value of the Euclidean distance 2d, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, mod (m, 2) may mean an operation of finding the remainder of dividing m by 2.

In addition, the signal point arrangement for quadrature amplitude modulation according to the embodiment of the present invention can be arranged in a form close to the N-ary shape as the total number of signal points increases.

1 to 3, signal points can be arranged in an octagonal shape as the total number M of signal points increases, and an octagonal signal point arrangement can be named as an octagonal QAM signal point arrangement. That is, when signal points are arranged on the basis of the coordinate values (x n , y m ) determined according to Equation 1 or 2, signal points are formed in an octagonal shape as the total number M of signal points increases .

Table 1 below shows the comparison between the signal point constellation (Octagonal QAM) of the present invention and the PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) of the square QAM according to the present invention.

M PAPR Octagonal QAM Square QAM 64 2.0491 2.3333 256 2.2847 2.6471 1024 2.4096 2.8182

Referring to Table 1, since octagonal QAM has a smaller PAPR than square QAM, nonlinear amplification characteristics can be more robust.

Also, from the viewpoint of error performance, Octagonal QAM achieves a gain of more than 0.6 dB in SER compared to square QAM.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a result of rotating a signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 3 by 60 degrees according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 6 is an exemplary diagram illustrating a result of moving a portion of signal points to an arbitrary position in the signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the signal point arrangement having the shape as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 can be set by rotating at a predetermined angle.

More specifically, the signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 3 can be obtained by rotating the signal point arrangement of FIG. 3 by 60 degrees. By rotating the signal point arrangement of FIG. 3 by 90 degrees, The signal point arrangement can be obtained. In other words, the predetermined signal point arrangement can be reset by rotating at a predetermined angle, and the reset signal point arrangement can also maintain a symmetrical shape with respect to the origin.

For example, the coordinate value (x n , y m ) for the signal point arrangement can be determined using Equation 1 or 2 described above, and the signal point arrangement can be set based on the determined coordinate value. Therefore, it is possible to obtain the reset signal point arrangement by rotating the signal point arrangement thus set at a predetermined angle.

However, FIG. 4 or 5 shows only the case where the predetermined signal point arrangement is rotated by 60 degrees or 90 degrees according to the embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention does not limit the rotation angle to 60 degrees or 90 degrees. That is, the present invention can be applied to various angular rotations while the predetermined signal point arrangement maintains a symmetrical shape with respect to the origin.

Referring to FIG. 6, two signal points symmetrically positioned at the origin in the signal point arrangement shown in FIG. 1 can be moved to an arbitrary position to reset the signal point arrangement.

More specifically, according to the embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to reset the signal point arrangement by moving two signal points symmetrically positioned at the origin in the predetermined signal point arrangement, and the reset signal point arrangement is also symmetric Can be maintained.

For example, the coordinate value (x n , y m ) for the signal point arrangement can be determined using Equation 1 or 2 described above, and the signal point arrangement can be set based on the determined coordinate value. Therefore, the signal point arrangement can be reset by shifting the signal point symmetrically to the origin at an arbitrary position in the thus set signal point arrangement.

However, FIG. 6 shows a case where one signal point is rearranged in the predetermined signal point arrangement according to the embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the rearrangement of one signal point. That is, the present invention can be applied to a case where one or more signal points are rearranged while maintaining a symmetrical shape with respect to the origin in a predetermined signal point arrangement.

7 is a diagram for explaining a quadrature amplitude modulation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 7, a quadrature amplitude modulation method according to an embodiment of the present invention generates a modulated signal (or a QAM signal) through quadrature amplitude modulation based on a symmetrical signal point arrangement with respect to an origin, The total number of points M and the Euclidean distance 2d.

Further, the arrangement of the signal points may be arranged in a form closer to the N-ary shape as the total number of the signal points increases, and the N-ary shape may be octagonal.

For example, the arrangement of the signal points is such that in the first and second quadrants,

Figure 112015056451258-pat00017
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00018
The number of signal points is increased by two, and the number of signal points is
Figure 112015056451258-pat00019
After that,
Figure 112015056451258-pat00020
To the line
Figure 112015056451258-pat00021
Signal points can be arranged. In the third and fourth quadrants, the signal points can be arranged to be symmetrical about the signal points and the origin points arranged in the first and second quadrants.

More specifically, an in-phase value (x n ) and a quadrature value (y m ) can be generated from information bits (S 710, S 720). For example, the in-phase value (x n ) and the quadrature-phase value (y m ) can be generated using Equation 1 or 2 described above.

In addition, the predetermined signal point arrangement may be reset by rotating at various angles while maintaining a symmetrical shape with respect to the origin, or one or more signal points may be rearranged while maintaining a symmetrical shape with respect to the origin in a predetermined signal point arrangement The process of resetting can be applied to the process of generating the in-phase value (x n ) and the quadrature phase value (y m ).

Accordingly, the in-phase value (x n ) is calculated with cos w c t (S 730), the quadrature value y m can be calculated with sin w c t (S 740) (Or a QAM signal) (S750).

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a result of comparing SER and BER with respect to signal point arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 8, when the total number M of signal points is 64, a symbol error rate (SER) and a bit error rate (BER) for a square QAM, an optimal QAM, and an octagonal QAM according to an embodiment of the present invention, ) Can be confirmed.

Referring to FIG. 8, it can be seen that the octagonal QAM has a gain of about 0.61 dB compared to the square QAM based on the SER 10 -5, and the octagonal QAM has a gain of about 0.50 dB compared to the square QAM based on the BER 10 -5 .

The signal point arrangement method and the quadrature amplitude modulation method for quadrature amplitude modulation according to the embodiment of the present invention as described above are suitable for a method of arranging a signal point and a quadrature amplitude modulation method, Wireless communication and broadcasting systems, including the Internet.

In addition, since it can be represented by a generalized expression according to the modulation order, there is an advantage that actual implementation according to the modulation order is easy.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims It can be understood that

Claims (22)

The signal point arrangement is determined based on the total number M of signal points and the Euclidean distance 2d, and the signal point arrangement is symmetrical with respect to the origin,
The signal point arrangement includes:
In the first and second quadrants,
Figure 112016042306185-pat00055
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112016042306185-pat00056
The signal points are arranged by increasing the number by two,
And in the third and fourth quadrants, signal points are arranged so as to be symmetrical about signal points and origin points arranged in the first and second quadrants.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. delete The method according to claim 1,
The signal point arrangement includes:
When the number of signal points is
Figure 112016042306185-pat00026
After that,
Figure 112016042306185-pat00027
To the line
Figure 112016042306185-pat00028
Wherein the signal points are arranged in the order of < RTI ID = 0.0 >
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. The method according to claim 1,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Equation
Figure 112015056451258-pat00029

(X n , y m ).
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation.
(Where m is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) box.) The method according to claim 1,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Equation
Figure 112015056451258-pat00030

(X n , y m ).
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation.
(Where m is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) box.) The method according to claim 1,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Wherein the signal points are arranged in a shape close to an N-ary shape as the total number of signal points increases.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. The method of claim 6,
Characterized in that the N-angles are octagonal.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. The method according to claim 1,
The signal point arrangement includes:
And is rotated and set at a preset angle.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. As the total number M of signal points increases, the signal point arrangement is determined to be close to the N-ary shape, and the signal point arrangement is symmetrical with respect to the origin,
The signal point arrangement includes:
In the first and second quadrants,
Figure 112016042306185-pat00057
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112016042306185-pat00058
The signal points are arranged by increasing the number by two,
And in the third and fourth quadrants, signal points are arranged so as to be symmetrical about signal points and origin points arranged in the first and second quadrants.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. The method of claim 9,
Characterized in that the N-angles are octagonal.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. The method of claim 9,
The signal point arrangement includes:
The total number of signal points and the Euclidean distance (2d).
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. delete The method of claim 9,
The signal point arrangement includes:
When the number of signal points is
Figure 112016042306185-pat00035
After that,
Figure 112016042306185-pat00036
To the line
Figure 112016042306185-pat00037
Wherein the signal points are arranged in the order of < RTI ID = 0.0 >
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. The method of claim 9,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Equation
Figure 112015056451258-pat00038

(X n , y m ).
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation.
(Where M is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) .) The method of claim 9,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Equation
Figure 112015056451258-pat00039

(X n , y m ).
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation.
(Where M is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) .) The method of claim 9,
The signal point arrangement includes:
And is rotated and set at a preset angle.
A method of signal point placement for quadrature amplitude modulation. A modulated signal is generated by quadrature amplitude modulation based on a symmetrical signal point arrangement with respect to the origin,
The signal point placement is determined based on the total number M of signal points and the Euclidean distance 2d,
The signal point arrangement includes:
In the first and second quadrants,
Figure 112016042306185-pat00059
And the number of signal points is set in two lines from the second line
Figure 112016042306185-pat00060
The signal points are arranged by increasing the number by two,
And in the third and fourth quadrants, signal points are arranged so as to be symmetrical about signal points and origin points arranged in the first and second quadrants.
Quadrature amplitude modulation method. 18. The method of claim 17,
The signal point arrangement includes:
When the number of signal points is
Figure 112016042306185-pat00042
After that,
Figure 112016042306185-pat00043
To the line
Figure 112016042306185-pat00044
Wherein the signal points are arranged in the order of < RTI ID = 0.0 >
Quadrature amplitude modulation method. 18. The method of claim 17,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Equation
Figure 112015056451258-pat00045

(X n , y m ).
Quadrature amplitude modulation method.
(Where m is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) box.) 18. The method of claim 17,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Equation
Figure 112015056451258-pat00046

(X n , y m ).
Quadrature amplitude modulation method.
(Where m is the total number of signal points, d is the half value of the Euclidean distance, [X] is the maximum integer not greater than X, and mod (m, 2) box.) 18. The method of claim 17,
The signal point arrangement includes:
Wherein the signal points are arranged in a shape close to an N-ary shape as the total number of signal points increases.
Quadrature amplitude modulation method. 23. The method of claim 21,
Characterized in that the N-angles are octagonal.
Quadrature amplitude modulation method.
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KR20230064136A (en) 2021-11-03 2023-05-10 강릉원주대학교산학협력단 Method and apparatus for generating modulation symbol with lattice structure

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