KR101565889B1 - Methods for Predicting or Determining Arterial Stiffness Using plasma metabolites - Google Patents

Abstract

(A) obtaining a sample containing blood separated from a subject; (18: 2/18: 2) and lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2) in the sample, and (b) the L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosylceramide, And a method for providing information necessary for diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications including the step of measuring the concentration of a plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of the group consisting of According to the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a plasma of a plasma selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosylceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) The concentration of the metabolite was positively correlated with the blood vessel stiffness, and the lyso-phosphatidylcholine (18: 2) had a negative correlation with the blood vessel stiffness, so that the plasma metabolite having the above- A low concentration of plasma metabolites with negative correlations increases the risk of cardiovascular complications due to high vascular stiffness. Therefore, the method of the present invention has an effect of being useful for diagnosis of cardiovascular complications by determining the blood vessel stiffness by analyzing the values of the concentrations and parameters of various plasma metabolites in an overweight subject.

Description

Methods for predicting or diagnosing vascular stiffness using plasma metabolites [

The present invention relates to a method for predicting vascular stiffness, predicting or diagnosing cardiovascular complications using a plasma metabolite having a correlation with blood vessel stiffness, and a diagnostic kit for cardiovascular complications.

A recent systematic review of studies examining the relationship between BMI and total-cause mortality has shown that overweight is associated with a lower risk of death compared with normal weight, whereas obesity is associated with higher mortality risk (1 ). However, Borrell et al. (2) did not find a protective effect against overweight adults in relation to pre-etiology or cardiovascular disease-specific risk of death. McDonough et al. Also showed that overweight people had a 20% lower chance of having a health-related quality of life than people with normal weight (3). The contradictory consequences for these overweight people may be due to differences in the broad racial or age ranges covered in previous studies.

It is well established that high vascular stiffness in adults is associated with increased CVD risk (4). Vascular stiffness, as measured by central pulse wave velocity (PWV), is most strongly associated with CVD (5) and predicts both cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in adults (6). PWV has been reported to be associated with metabolic disease even in the absence of hypertension (7). Several studies of healthy persons have also reported a parallel increase in central and brachial systolic blood pressure and vascular stiffness with increasing BMI (8-10). In addition, a recent late study on middle-aged subjects revealed increased age-related increases in vessel stiffness in the presence of metabolic disease with increased BMI and waist circumference (11). However, age-related major factors in the metabolic abnormality and vascular stiffness in the middle-aged overweight are not yet known.

Numerous papers and patent documents are referenced and cited throughout this specification. The disclosures of the cited papers and patent documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to better understand the state of the art to which the present invention pertains and the content of the present invention.

The present inventors conducted metabolome profiling of an overweight group that maintained overweight for a certain period of time in the middle age (40-55 years) and compared the metabolic profile of a control group maintaining normal body weight over the same period, And plasma metabolic parameters and parameters. As a result, L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosyl ceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) were significantly increased in the overweight group and the index of blood vessel stiffness Positive correlation with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV); Lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2) was significantly lower than that of the control group and had a negative correlation with lactosylceramide, confirming the high risk of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the overweight group also had a higher level of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, insulin, (HOMA-IR) was significantly increased compared with the control group, and BMI and SBP had a positive correlation with the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and thus, the risk of cardiovascular complications was increased due to the high vascular stiffness. .

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for providing information necessary for the diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a cardiovascular complication diagnostic kit.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, claims and drawings.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a method for preparing a blood sample comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a sample containing blood separated from a subject; (18: 2/18: 2) and lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2) in the sample, and (b) the L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosylceramide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosyl ceramide, and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2), wherein the concentration of the plasma metabolite is selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, palmitic amide, ) Or the concentration of the lyso-phosphatidylcholine (18: 2) is lower than that of the control sample, the blood vessel stiffness is high, and thus, the concentration of the plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of Providing a method for providing information necessary for the diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications that are considered to be at high risk.

The present inventors conducted metabolome profiling of an overweight group that maintained overweight for a certain period of time in the middle age (40-55 years) and compared the metabolic profile of a control group maintaining normal body weight over the same period, And plasma metabolic parameters and parameters. As a result, L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosyl ceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) were significantly increased in the overweight group and the index of blood vessel stiffness Positive correlation with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV); Lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2) was significantly lower than that of the control group and had a negative correlation with lactosylceramide, confirming the high risk of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the overweight group also had a higher level of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, insulin, (HOMA-IR) values were significantly higher than those of the control group. BMI and SBP were positively correlated with the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, indicating that the risk of cardiovascular complications was increased due to the high vascular stiffness.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for predicting vascular stiffness by measuring the concentration or biochemical parameters of a plasma metabolite and providing information necessary for the diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications, and a diagnostic kit for cardiovascular complications.

As used herein, the term diagnosis includes determining the susceptibility of an object to a particular disease or disorder, determining whether an object currently has a particular disease or disorder (e.g., high-LDL-cholesterol disease Determining the prognosis of an object that has suffered a particular disease or disorder, or including therametrics (e.g., monitoring the status of an object to provide information about the therapeutic efficacy) do.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cardiovascular complications of the present invention include, but are not limited to, hypertriglyceridemia, congestive heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease (CAD) no.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the coronary artery disease of the present invention is used for the treatment and / or prevention of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pruritus angina, other chronic coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome but are not limited to, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)), peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD)

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cardiovascular diseases of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of congestive heart failure, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial and cerebral infarction, atherosclerosis, atheroma, thrombosis, ischemic heart disease, post- angioplasty restenosis, , Platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, hypertension, hypertension, renal insufficiency, renal insufficiency, renal adenocarcinoma, pulmonary edema, seizure, seizure, consistent ischemic attack, cerebrovascular disorder, restenosis, But are not limited to, vascular complications associated with the use of medical devices, wounds associated with the use of medical devices, pulmonary thromboembolism, cerebral thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, hypoplasia or bleeding disorders.

The method of the present invention will be described in detail in each step as follows:

Step (a): obtaining a sample containing blood separated from a subject

According to the present invention, first, a sample containing blood separated from a subject is obtained. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the subject of the present invention is a subject having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg / m ² or more. As described in the following examples, the subject of the present invention is a subject that is classified as overweight with a BMI of 25 kg / m ² or more. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the subject of the present invention has a BMI of 25-50 kg / m ² , 25-40 kg / m ² , 25-35 kg / m ² , 25-30 kg / m ^{2 2} or 25 kg / m ² or more and less than 30 kg / m ² . The subject of the present invention includes all animals corresponding to a mammal, and according to a specific embodiment of the present invention, the subject is a human.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the subject of the present invention is 35-60 years old, 38-58 years old or 40-55 years old.

Step (b): measuring the concentration of the plasma metabolite in the sample of step (a)

After step (a) is carried out, the concentration of the plasma metabolite in the sample of step (a) is measured.

As used herein, the term plasma metabolite refers to a metabolite obtained from a liquid sample of blood origin. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the blood origin is whole blood, and according to another embodiment of the present invention, it is plasma. According to one embodiment of the present invention, whole blood can be pretreated to detect plasma metabolites of the present invention. For example, filtration, distillation, extraction, separation, concentration, inactivation of interfering components, addition of reagents, and the like. In addition, the metabolites may include substances produced by metabolism and metabolism, biological enzymes, and substances generated by chemical metabolism by molecules.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the control of the present invention is a subject having a body mass index (BMI) of less than 25 kg / m ² . As described above in the following examples, the subject of the present invention is a subject classified as a normal weight with a BMI of less than 25 kg / m ² . In further embodiments, the subject of the invention is a body mass index (BMI) is 10 kg / m ² over 25 kg / m is less than ^2, 15 kg / m ² over 25 kg / m is less than ^2, 18 kg / m ² or more but less than 25 kg / m ² or 18.5 kg / m ² or more but less than 25 kg / m ² .

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the age of the control group of the present invention is 35-60 years, 38-58 years, or 40-55 years.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention further comprises the step of administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, after step (b) (C) measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of glucose, insulin, serum sensitive sensitive C-response protein (hs-CRP) and homeostasis model evaluation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) , It is judged that the risk of cardiovascular complications is high because the blood vessel stiffness is high when the value of the parameter is increased as compared with the control group.

L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosyl ceramide, phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) or lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2), it is possible to provide information necessary for the diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications according to the higher consistency and higher reliability of blood vessel stiffness by confirming that the value for the parameter is increased than that of the control group.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the measurement of the present invention is measured after a lapse of time of 1-10 years from the reference time point and the reference time point. According to another embodiment of the invention, the measurements are taken after a time period of 1-7 years, 1-5 years, 2-5 years, 2-4 years or 3 years from the baseline and baseline.

As used herein, the term baseline refers to a specific time point at which to initiate the measurement of plasma metabolism (i.e., measurement of plasma metabolite concentration) or the parameter value.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention is characterized in that the concentration of the plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, L-octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine of the present invention, The increased risk of cardiovascular complications is associated with increased vascular stiffness. As evidenced in the following examples, it was found that the concentration measured for the L-leucine, L-octanoyl carnitine or decanoyl carnitine in the control group after the lapse of 3 years from the reference time was found to decrease (Table 2).

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention can be used as a model of a homeostasis model of triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, insulin, serum sensitive emetic C-reactive protein (hs- (HOMA-IR) is higher than the value measured at baseline, the risk of cardiovascular complications is high because of the high vascular stiffness. (Hs-CRP) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as a control group, as demonstrated in the following examples, in the case of the control group, ), The measured value after 3 years time is found to be smaller than the measured value at the reference time (Table 1).

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention is characterized in that after step (b), L-valine, L-phenylalanine, lysophosphatidylcholine 14: 0, lysophosphatidylcholine 16: The concentration of plasma metabolites selected from the group consisting of phosphatidylcholine (18: 0), lysophosphatidylcholine (20: 3), lysophosphatidylcholine (22: 6) and phosphatidylcholine (18: 0/20: And further comprising the step of measuring.

According to the present invention, the change of L-octanoyl carnitine of the present invention is positively correlated with the change of L-leucine, L-phenylalanine or decanoyl carnitine.

According to the present invention, the change of the lactosyl ceramide of the present invention is positively correlated with the change of decanoyl carnitine.

According to the present invention, the change of the lactosylceramide of the present invention is inhibited by L-valine, lysophosphatidylcholine (14: 0, 16: 0, 18: 0, 18: 2, 20: 3 or 22: 6) or phosphatidylcholine 18: 0/20: 4).

According to the present invention, the change of L-valine of the present invention has a positive correlation with the change of HOMA-IR.

According to the present invention, the change of L-leucine of the present invention is positively correlated with the change of HOMA-IR.

The heart contracts the arteries to generate a pulse or energy that the blood can circulate, and the arteries become rigid due to aging and atherosclerosis. Myocardial infarction and stroke among the major causes of death are all direct consequences of atherosclerosis. Increased vascular stiffness is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. There are three main methods for measuring these vessel stiffness: (a) compliance, measuring the stiffness of a portion of the vessel; (b) pulse wave velocity (PWV), measuring the stiffness of a portion of a blood vessel (e.g., aorta, upper or lower extremity); And (c) pulse wave analysis (PWA) and measurement of systemic blood vessel stiffness.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the vascular stiffness of the present invention is measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the vascular stiffness measured by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measured in the present invention is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications.

As used herein, the term " pulse wave velocity (PWV) " refers to the propagation velocity of a pulse wave traveling along a blood vessel, and indicates the degree of stiffness between blood vessel segments. In general, the pulse rate of the human aorta is> 15 m / s at about 5 m / s. Measurement of aortic PWV can predict or diagnose vascular stiffness. Increased aortic PWV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease [eg, renal failure (Blacher et al., Circulation . 1999; 99: 24342439), hypertension (Laurent et al., Hypertension . 2001; 37: 12361241), diabetes (Cruickshank et al. , Circulation . 2002; 106: 20852090)]. Recent studies have shown that brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with aortic PWV (Yamashina A et al., Hypertens Res. , 25: 359-364. 2002). Accordingly, in the present invention, the measurement of the branchial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was performed.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises the step of measuring the waist-to-hip ratio after step (c).

According to the present invention, the change in the upper arm-ankle pulse wave velocity of the present invention is positively correlated with the change in the waist circumference, waist hip circumference ratio, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, triglyceride or serum-sensitive C-reactive protein level.

According to the present invention, the change of L-octanoyl carnitine of the present invention is positively correlated with changes in the waist-to-hip circumference ratio, total cholesterol, or free fatty acid level.

As used herein, the term increase (of plasma metabolite concentration or parameter value) means that the plasma metabolite concentration of a control having normal body weight, the parameter value, or the reference time point thereof, Means that the concentration, level or extent of change has increased. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the parameter value of the control group is increased by 5%, 7%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 100% or more. According to one embodiment of the present invention, it means that the plasma metabolite concentration of the control group is increased by 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% or more. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the reference time point of the subject and the plasma metabolite concentration or parameter value after the time curing change positively with respect to the change of the plasma metabolism concentration or parameter value after the reference time point of the control group and the time lapse , Or the degree of change is increased by 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% or 40% or more.

As used herein, the term reduction (of plasma metabolite concentration or parameter value) means that the plasma metabolite concentration of the control with normal body weight, the parameter value or the reference time point thereof, Means that the concentration, level, or degree of change is reduced. According to one embodiment of the invention, it means that the plasma metabolite concentration of the control group is reduced by 5% or more by 10% or more. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the reference time point of the subject and the degree of plasma metabolism concentration change after time curing are reduced by 10%, 15%, or 20% or more.

In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that VIP (variable importance in three years) in L-valine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L- octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosyl ceramide and phosphatidylcholine The projection is a plasma metabolite with a value of 1 or more, indicating a large difference from the control.

In addition, according to the present invention, the strongest independent predictor of the change in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is the risk of cardiovascular complications due to increased baseline body mass index, systolic blood pressure, L-octanoyl carnitine or lactosylceramide, and vascular stiffness Tumor Strong plasma metabolites or parameters are the body mass index, systolic blood pressure, L-octanoyl carnitine or lactosylceramide.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosylceramide, phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) and lysophosphatidylcholine : ≪ / RTI > 2). ≪ Desc / Clms Page number 2 >

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the diagnostic kit of the present invention is a kit comprising body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA) , Serum tightly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homeostasis model evaluation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosylceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) The risk of increased cardiovascular complications is increased when the concentration of plasma metabolite is increased compared to the control.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, when the concentration of L-valine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine (18: 2) of the present invention is reduced compared to the control, it represents a risk of increased cardiovascular complications.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus for quantifying the plasma metabolite of the present invention is a chromatography / mass spectrometer.

The chromatography used in the present invention can be carried out by liquid-solid chromatography (LSC), paper chromatography (PC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas- Gas-Solid Chromatography (GSC), Liquid-Liquid Chromatography (LLC), Foam Chromatography (FC), Emulsion Chromatography (EC) Including, but not limited to, gel filtration chromatography (GLC), ion chromatography (IC), Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC), or Gel Permeation Chromatography All chromatographies for routine use can be used. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the chromatography used in the present invention is liquid-solid chromatography, and according to another embodiment of the present invention is ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC).

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the mass analyzer used in the present invention is a Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer (FTMS) and according to a specific embodiment of the present invention, LTQ-orbitrap MS.

The components of blood glucose metabolism of the present invention can be identified by using not only the molecular weight information obtained through the mass spectrometer but also the elemental composition.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, when the value of the parameter of the present invention is increased relative to the control, it represents a risk of increased cardiovascular complications.

The features and advantages of the present invention are summarized as follows:

(a) The present invention provides a method and a diagnostic kit for measuring plasma metabolism associated with vascular stiffness to provide information necessary for diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications.

(b) According to the present invention, there is provided a method for the production of a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, palmitic amide, L-octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, lactosylceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) The concentration of the plasma metabolite to be selected has a positive correlation with the blood vessel stiffness and the lyso-phosphatidylcholine (18: 2) has a negative correlation with the blood vessel stiffness, so that the concentration of the plasma metabolite having the above- Low concentrations of plasma metabolites with high or negative correlations have a high risk of cardiovascular complications due to high vascular stiffness.

(c) Therefore, the method of the present invention is effective for diagnosing cardiovascular complications by determining the blood vessel stiffness by analyzing the values of various plasma metabolites and parameters of overweight subjects.

Figure 1 shows the identification of a significantly altered plasma metabolite after three years. Figure 1a shows a score plot from the PLS-DA model for a baseline and three-year normal weight subject (n = 59). Figure 1B shows a score plot from the PLS-DA model for baseline and three years later overweight subjects (n = 59). Figure 1c shows a score plot from the PLS-DA model for normal weight and overweight subjects three years later. Figures 1d-1f show S-plots for the covariance [p] and confidence [p (corr)] from the PLS-DA model.
2a-2d show changes in ba-PWV and L-octanoyl carnitine (Fig. 2a), ba-PWV changes and lactosylceramide changes (Fig. 2b), L- Nocturnal carnitine change and waist-hip ratio (WHR) change (Fig. 2c), L-octanoyl carnitine change and free fatty acid change (Fig. 2d). Pearson correlation. r ₀ is the correlation coefficient of the whole population, r ₁ is the correlation coefficient of the control group, and r ₂ is the correlation coefficient of the overweight group.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only for describing the present invention in more detail and that the scope of the present invention is not limited by these embodiments in accordance with the gist of the present invention .

Example

Materials and Experiments

Subject

The present invention was made in 118 patients (40-55 years old) who underwent 3-year medical evaluation during the period from January 2009 to February 2012 at National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea. Year). The present inventors selected 59 subject groups that were overweight during repeated measurement (25 ≤ BMI <30 kg / m ² ) over a three-year period. The overweight group was compared with a control group of 59 normal weight (18.5? BMI <25 kg / m ² ) with age and gender matched. Before participating in the present invention, the participants explained to each participant in detail the purpose of the study and obtained the consent. The Ilsan Hospital supported by the NHIC and the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University have ethically approved the protocol of this invention, which was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Anthropometry parameters, blood pressure, blood sampling and dietary intake assessment

Body mass index: for (BMI body mass index, kg / m 2) measured was measured while michakyong the clothing and footwear the weight and height of the subject in the morning. The waist circumference after normal exhalation was measured at the level of the navel of the standing subject. After 20 minutes of rest, blood pressure was measured in the left arm of the patient while sitting with an automatic blood pressure monitor (TM-2654, A & D, Japan). After 12 hours of fasting, venous blood samples were collected in EDTA-treated or general tubes and centrifuged to obtain plasma or serum, which was stored at -70 ° C until analysis. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall method were used to evaluate the general dietary intake of the subjects. Nutrient intake was assessed and calculated based on a three-day food record using a Computer-Aided Nutritional Analysis Program (CAN-pro 3.0 .;

Homeostasis of fasting blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance - Model evaluation

Fasting blood glucose levels were analyzed by the hexokinase method using a Hitachi 7600 automatic analyzer (Hitachi Ltd., Japan). Insulin levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay using a commercial kit from Immuno Nucleo Corporation (Stillwater, USA). Insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostasis-model assessment (HOMA) using the following equation: HOMAIR = [fasting insulin (μIU / mL) fasting blood glucose (mmol / L)] / 22.5.

Serum lipids and free fatty acids

The fasting levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were analyzed by enzyme analysis and measured using a Hitachi 7600 automatic analyzer. The ApoB-containing lipoprotein was precipitated with dextran-magnesium sulfate and the HDL-cholesterol concentration in the supernatant was determined enzymatically. For subjects with serum triglyceride levels <400 mg / dL, LDL-cholesterol concentrations were indirectly estimated using the Friedwald formula: LDL-cholesterol = total cholesterol- [HDL-cholesterol + (triglyceride / 5)]. For subjects with serum triglycerides ≥ 400 mg / dL, the LDL-cholesterol concentration was directly measured. Free fatty acid (FFA) was analyzed by an enzymatic assay [acylCoA synthetase-acylCoA oxidase (ACS-ACOD) method] on a Hitachi 7600 automatic analyzer.

Evaluation of Serum Critically Sensitive C-Reaction Protein and Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV)

The serum-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-1) was assayed by the ExpressPlus TM auto-analyzer (Chiron Diagnostics Co., Walpole, USA) using a commercially available sensitive CRP-latex (II) X2 kit (Seiken Laboratories Ltd., Japan) The baPWV was measured using an automatic waveform analyzer (model VP-1000, Nippon Colin Ltd., Japan) according to the previously known method 13. For analysis, the mean baPWVs were used.

Overall (non-targeted) plasma metabolism profiling

Sample preparation and analysis

Prior to analysis, 800 μL of 80% acetonitrile was added to 100 μL plasma, mixed and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C. The supernatant was dried with N ₂ , dissolved in 10% methanol, mixed and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C. The supernatant was then transferred to a new vial.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)

Plasma extraction samples (7 μL) were loaded on a coupled in-line Acquity UPLC-BEH-C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm; Waters, USA) coupled with UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) Lt; / RTI &gt; The injected sample was equilibrated with water containing 0.1% formic acid. The sample was eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid at a rate of 0.35 mL / min for 20 minutes. Metabolites were separated using UPLC (Waters, USA) and analyzed by LTQ-Orbitrap-XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The mass spectrometer operated in an ESI-positive mode. The spray voltage was 5 kV. The flow rates of the nitrogen sheath gas and the auxiliary gas were 50 and 5 (arbitrary units), respectively. The capillary voltage, tube-lens voltage and capillary temperature were maintained at 35 V, 80 V and 370 ° C, respectively. Orbitrap data were collected over the m / z 50-1,000 range. For data quality control, a mixture of four standard compounds (acetaminophen, sulfadimethoxine, terfenadine and reserpine) was injected into each of 10 samples. MS / MS spectra of the metabolites were obtained by impact-energy lamps at 55-65 eV and analyzed using Excalibur 2.1 and MS Frontier software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

Data processing and Metabolism  Sympathy

All MS data, including retention time, m / z and ionic strength, were extracted using SIEVE software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) integrated in the instrument and the output MS data results were collected in a matrix. The SIEVE parameters are as follows: m / z range 50-1,000; m / z width 0.02; Retention time width 2.5; And an m / z resistance of 0.005. Metabolites were searched using the following databases: ChemSpider (www.chemspider.com), Human Metabolome (www.hmdb.ca), Lipid MAPS (www.lipidmaps.org), KEGG (www.genome.jp/kegg ) And MassBank (www.massbank.jp). Metabolites selected based on both the retention time and the mass spectrum were compared to standard samples.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v. 21.0 (IBM SPSS statistics 21, USA). For statistical analysis, distorted variables were logarithmically transformed. For descriptive purposes, the mean values are presented as untransformed values. Results are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE). A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Differences in clinical variability between baseline and three years later between the control and overweight groups were measured using Student's independent t -test. A general linear model (GLM) test was applied to compare the differences between the two groups by adjusting the baseline value. Paired t-test was used to calculate baseline and 3-year differences in each group. Pearson's correlation coefficient and partial correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the relationship between variables over time. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the major plasma metabolites associated with blood pressure. R package 'fdrtool' was used to calculate the corrected discovery rate (FDR) and corrected q -value.

Multivariate statistical analysis was performed using SIMCA-P + software version 12.0 (Umetrics, Sweden). Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is used as a taxonomy to model differences between normal and overweight subjects by visualizing a score plot or S-plot using the first and second PLS elements. Respectively. To validate the model, the reliability of the model was further rigorously checked by applying a 7-fold validation to the PLS-DA model followed by a permutation test (n = 200). R ² Y was used to quantify the goodness of the fit, and Q ² Y was used to quantify the predictive ability. In general, R ² Y shows how well the data is mathematically generated in the training set and varies between 0-1 (1 means perfect fit of the model). The model with Q ² Y ≥ 0.5 was considered to have good predictive ability.

Experiment result

The baseline and 3-year clinical characteristics, arterial stiffness and Dietary intake

The baseline characteristics, including gender (29 males and 30 females in both groups) and age (control, 46.3 ± 0.71 years, overweight, 46.3 ± 0.73 years) did not differ significantly between control and overweight groups . At baseline, the overweight group showed higher BMI, waist circumference, triglyceride, FFA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and hs-CRP and showed lower HDL-cholesterol (Table 1). Similarly, the overweight group showed higher BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), triglyceride, FFA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and ba-PWV after 3 years and low HDL-cholesterol It looked. In the overweight group, the waist circumference, SBP, DBP, triglyceride, FFA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and ba-PWV were increased in the overweight group, The changes in the waist circumference, SBP, DBP, triglyceride, FFA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and ba-PWV were significantly (Table 1). Estimated total calorie intake for the control and overweight groups was 2,119 ± 41 kcal / d and 2,272 ± 39 kcal / d at baseline ( p = 0.008) and 2,125 ± 38 kcal / d and 2,283 ± 37 kcal / d ( p = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of total calorie intake obtained from macronutrients between baseline and three years later; In particular, polyunsaturated / monounsaturated / saturated (P / M / S) at baseline (control, 1 / 0.85 / 0.71; overweight group, 1 / 0.87 / 0.77) after 3 years (control, 1 / 0.82 / 0.59; Overweight group, 1 / 0.89 / 0.60). There was no significant difference in total energy consumption or percentage of smoking and / or drinking patients between baseline and three years later (data not shown).

Each value is expressed as mean ± standard error. ^∮ was tested by logarithmic transformation; ^A P - values are standard (baseline) at the time of stand-t - was derived from the test (independent t -test); P ^b - values were derived from independent t-tests after 3 years; P ^c - value: derived from independent t - test at the changed value; P ^d -value: derived from the independent t-test at the changed value after baseline adjustment; ^{* P <0.05, ** P <} 0.01, *** P <0.001 is paired sample t - was derived from the test (paired t -test).

UPLC - LTQ - Orbitrap  Plasma using a mass spectrometer Metabolism  Profiling

Non-target Metabolism  Pattern analysis

Mass spectrometer (MS) data of plasma metabolites obtained at baseline and three years later were analyzed by PLS-DA score plot. PLS-DA score plots were expressed in the following three sets of combinations: (1) normal body weight at baseline and normal body weight at 3 years (FIG. 1A); (2) overweight at baseline and overweight at 3 years (Figure 1b); And (3) normal weight and overweight after three years (FIG. 1c). The two-element PLS-DA scatter plot of the plasma metabolite shows that the normal weight at baseline and those with normal body weight after three years are clustered separately and clearly distinguished [ R ² X (cum) = 0.155 , R ² Y (cum) = 0.695, Q ² Y (cum) = 0.502] (FIG. The PLS-DA model was verified using permutation test, the R ² Y intercept was 0.0762, Q ² Y The intercept was -0.158. Similarly, the two-element PLS-DA scatter plot of the plasma metabolite showed an overweight at baseline and an overweight at three years [ R ² X (cum) = 0.203, R ² Y (cum) = 0.653, Q ² Y (cum) = 0.537] (FIG. 1 b), the permutation test was 0.0642 R ² Y intercept and -0.176 Q ² Y Respectively. In addition, the two-element PLS-DA scatter plot of the plasma metabolite showed a clear distinction between normal weight and 3-year-old overweight after three years [ R ² X (cum) = 0.197, R ² Y = 0.744, Q ² Y (cum) = 0.644] (FIG. 1 c), the permutation test was 0.0884 R ² Y intercept and Q ² Y Respectively. An S-plot of the covariance p (1) and the confidence relationship p ( corr ) (1) was generated using centroid scaling to identify metabolites that differed at baseline and three years later (1d, 1e and 1f). The S-plot is an association that separates the two groups, indicating that the metabolites exhibiting higher or lower p ( corr ) values are more relevant to the distinction between the two groups.

plasma Metabolism  Sympathy

Among the 764 plasma metabolites, the metabolites (variables) that play an important role in the classification of each group were selected according to the Variable Important in the Projection (VIP) parameter, and the VIP value> High correlation. A total of 76 metabolites were selected based on VIP> 1.0, of which 23 were already identified and 53 were unknown. There was no significant difference in baseline metabolic rate between control and overweight groups. Three years later, the control group showed a significant reduction in the following 12 metabolites: C14: 0, C16: 1, C16: 0, C17: 0, C18: 1, C18: 0, C20: PC (18: 0/18: 2) and PC (18: 0/20: 4) containing lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPCs) (Table 2). C18: 0, C18: 0, C18: 0, C20: 4, C20: 3, and C22: 0 were significantly decreased in the overweight group : Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPCs) (data not shown) and PC (18: 0/20: 4) (Table 2) containing 6: 6 L-leucine, palmitic amide, L Octanoyl carnitine, decanoyl carnitine, PC (18: 2/18: 2) and lactosylceramide (Table 2). In the case of lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2) was significantly decreased in the overweight group after 3 years, unlike the control group: 5040139 ± 211025 (peak intensity of control group at baseline), 4601299 ± 153221 (Peak intensity of control after 3 years); 5096388 ± 176350 (Peak intensity of overweight group at baseline), 4115088 ± 106848 (Peak intensity of overweight group at 3 years) ( q <0.001).

Next, the inventors compared the metabolic changes (baseline and three years later) between the control and overweight groups. In the overweight group, L-octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine were significantly increased compared with the control group, and the peak intensity was higher in L-leucine, L-octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine after 3 years than in the control group 2).

Each value is expressed as mean normalized peak intensity +/- standard error; ^* Q <0.05, ^** q <0.01, ^*** q <0.001, derived from the corresponding sample t-test; Derived from independent t- test ^{‡ q <0.05, ‡‡ q <} 0.01, ‡‡‡ q <0.001 was derived from a changed value between the control group and overweight. VIP: variable importance measure.

Biochemical parameters and major plasma Metabolite  Change and baPWV  Correlation of change

On any object (n = 118), ba- PWV changes △ waist circumference (r = 0.294, P = 0.001 ), △ waist and hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.268, P = 0.003), △ SBP (r = 0.0.319, P <0.001), △ triglycerides (r = 0.214, P = 0.020 ), △ hs-CRP (r = 0.233, P = 0.012), △ L- octanoyl carnitine (r = 0.528, P <0.001 ), Decanoyl carnitine ( r = 0.452, P <0.001) and ΔLactosyl ceramide ( r = 0.288, P = 0.002) (FIG. 2). Based on these results, the present inventors performed multiple regression analysis to determine independent predictors of? Ba-PWV. It was found that the age, sex, baseline BMI, waist circumference,? SBP,? Triglyceride,? HOMA-IR, insulin,? Hs-CRP,? L- leucine,? L-octanoyl carnitine,? Decanoyl carnitine and? The yarn ceramides were tested. Although standardized BMI (normalized β = 0.185, P = 0.034) and ΔSBP (normalized β = 0.196, P = 0.020) were also important, L-octanoyl carnitine (normalized β = 0.428, P = 0.003 ) And lactosylceramide (normalized β = 0.201, P = 0.012) were the strongest independent predictors of Δ ba-PWV.

Biochemical parameters and major plasma Metabolite  Changes and L- Octanoyl carnitine  And Lactosylceramide  Correlation of change

The change of L-octanoyl carnitine was found to be significantly different from that of DELTA WHR (Fig. 2), total cholesterol,? FFA (Fig. 2),? L- leucine,? L- phenylalanine and? Decanoyl carnitine ( r = 0.815, P < Positive correlation. The changes in lactosyl ceramide showed a positive correlation with △ decanoyl carnitine, and ΔL-valine, △ lysoPCs (14: 0, 16: 0, 18: 2, 18: 0, 20: 3 and 22: ) And △ PC (18: 0/20: 4), respectively ( r = 0.266, P = 0.004). In addition, there was a positive correlation between ΔL-valine ( r = 0.411, P <0.001) and ΔL-leucine ( r = 0.479, P <0.001) with ΔHOMA-IR ( r = 0.479, P <0.001) .

Review

The present invention revealed that middle-aged overweight subjects exhibited significant increases in ba-PWV (14, 15) as indicators of atherosclerotic stiffness in excess of that observed in normal weight controls during follow-up. In addition, changes in the physiologically active forms of octanoyl carnitine, L-octanoyl carnitine and lactosylceramide, were independent predictors of ba-PWV changes, similar to baseline BMI and SBP changes. In addition, the mean changes in the markers of vascular stiffness, ba-PWV and SBP, were positively correlated with changes in L-octanoyl carnitine and lactosylceramide. This finding suggests that the persistence of overweight is an important risk factor for increased vascular stiffness, particularly in the middle years, and that such an increase in vascular stiffness may be associated with an age-related increase in plasma L-octanoyl carnitine and lactosylceramide.

In overweight subjects, a 34% increase in L-octanoyl carnitine and a 27% increase in decanoyl carnitine were associated with this ba-PWV increase over a 3-year period, as opposed to no significant change in normal weight subjects. The increase in acylcarnitine production may occur when the tricarboxylic acid cycle exceeds complete oxidation with carbon dioxide (16). Thus, the intermediate chain acyl carnitine, including octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine, is known as a by-product of intermediate fatty acid beta -oxidation 17 and a marker 18 of incomplete fatty acid oxidation. Indeed, high body fat correlated with β-oxidation of overfaturated fatty acids, which predominantly leads to an increase in the amount of intermediate chain acylcarnitine (18). Thus, an increase in octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine in the middle-aged overweight subjects of the present invention may be associated with up-regulated fatty acid? -Oxidation, possibly due to high FFA load and high abdominal fat accumulation (18, 19 ). Changes in octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine in the present invention were closely related to changes in fasting FFA and waist-to-hip ratio.

White adipose tissue is a major player in the systemic metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (20-22). Compared with healthy weight obese subjects, the abundant mRNA of BCAA enzymes decreased markedly in the long-term (but not subcutaneously) white adipose tissue of obese subjects with metabolic syndrome, (20), which may contribute to the metabolic phenotype of BCAA. In the present invention, overweight subjects compared with normal weight subjects three years later showed a significant increase in waist circumference and a high plasma leucine / isoleucine level after 3 years time. This suggests that the essential obesity signal downregulates the expression of BCAA enzymes in white adipose tissue and that the increase of systemic BCAAs tracks insulin resistance and worsens blood glucose control (20). In fact, the strong positive correlation between valine, leucine and HOMA-IR of the present invention is consistent with previous findings (23). Thus, a higher prevalence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR indices in the overweight group than in normal weight subjects may support a previous report that there is a close association between permeable BCAAs and insulin resistance phenotype (24).

In the present invention, we found a decrease in age-related lysoPCs in both normal and overweight groups. These results are consistent with previous animal studies, which show that lysoPCs decrease with age (25). In addition, an age-related increase in plasma palmitic amide and lactosylceramide was observed in overweight subjects. Lactosylceramides, a universal glycosphingolipid, are produced in vascular endothelial cells after vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, which is related to vasculopathy (26). Lactosyl ceramide plays an important role in the up-regulation of intracellular adhesion molecule expression (27), which is positively correlated with ba-PWV. Likewise, changes in lactosylceramide were one of the independent predictors of ba-PWV changes in the present invention. Further, the invention of Lactobacillus room ceramide and PC negative correlation between (18: 0/20 4) galactosyl ceramide chamber is Ca ^{2 +} in the cytoplasm - a support previous studies to accelerate the dependent activity of PLA _2, and (29 ), The preferred substrate being phospholipids containing arachidonic acid (20: 4 ω6) at the sn-2 position (30).

Although a large number of metabolic markers have been detected in UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS in the present invention, most metabolites have not been identified at present. Many databases of endogenous biomolecules have not yet been established for use in LC-MS-based techniques for metabolomic studies (31). Despite these limitations, the approach of the present invention using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS-based metabolite analysis and multivariate data analysis showed a greater increase in L-octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine in the overweight group compared to the control group . In addition, as in baseline BMI and SBP changes, the overweight group showed an increase in L-leucine, lactosylceramide and ba-PWV over a 3-year period. This finding suggests that overweight persistence is a significant deterioration factor for vascular stiffness, especially in middle age, and that this increased vascular stiffness may be associated with age-related increases in plasma L-octanoyl carnitine and lactosylceramide.

In sum, the present invention suggests that increased vascular stiffness and metabolic disorders are associated with abdominal fat accumulation occurring in middle-aged overweight subjects.

references

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While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.

Claims (12)

Methods for providing information necessary for the diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular complications:
(a) obtaining a sample containing blood separated from a subject; And
(b) measuring the concentration of a plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of palmitic amide, lactosylceramide, phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) and lysophosphatidylcholine (18: 2) Wherein the concentration of the plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of palmitic amide, lactosylceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) is higher than that of the control sample, or the concentration of the lyso-phosphatidylcholine : 2) is lower than that of the control group, it is considered that the risk of cardiovascular complications is high due to high vascular stiffness.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a subject having a body mass index (BMI) of at least 25 kg / m &lt; ² &gt;.
The method of claim 1, wherein the control is a subject having a body mass index (BMI) of less than 25 kg / m ² .
The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of: after step (b), measuring a body mass index (BMI), a systolic blood pressure (SBP), a diastolic blood pressure (DBP), a waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol, FFA, Characterized in that the method further comprises the step (c) of measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of serum sensitive sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homeostasis model evaluation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) When the value of the parameter is increased as compared with the control group, it is determined that the risk of cardiovascular complications is high because the blood vessel stiffness is high.
5. The method according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the measurement is performed after a lapse of time of 1-10 years from the reference time point and the reference time point.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises measuring the concentration of a plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of L-leucine, L-octanoyl carnitine and decanoyl carnitine.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vessel stiffness is measured by a brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
A kit for determining cardiovascular complications comprising a plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of palmitic amide, lactosylceramide, phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) and lyso-phosphatidylcholine (18: 2).
The diagnostic kit according to claim 8, wherein the diagnostic kit comprises at least one of BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, insulin, - a quantification device for a parameter selected from the group consisting of a response protein (hs-CRP) and a homeostasis model evaluation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the concentration of plasma metabolite selected from the group consisting of palmitic amide, lactosylceramide and phosphatidylcholine (18: 2/18: 2) is increased compared to the control, increased cardiovascular complications And the degree of the risk.
The diagnostic kit according to claim 8, wherein when the concentration of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (18: 2) is lower than that of the control, the risk of increased cardiovascular complications is indicated.
10. The diagnostic kit according to claim 9, wherein when the value of the parameter is increased as compared with the control, the risk of increased cardiovascular complication is indicated.

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