KR101459833B1 - Polymannitol-based osmotically gene transpoter and gene therapy using the same as a gene carrier - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotically gene transporter (PMT) and gene therapy using the same. The biodegradable polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention contains an osmotically active mannitol skeleton and enhances the membrane permeability by imparting osmotic pressure to the cell membrane, thereby promoting the intracellular uptake pathway, thereby remarkably improving the transformation efficiency . In addition, the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention exhibits a high binding capacity to DNA, effectively protects DNA from nucleic acid degrading enzymes, has an increased duration in the cytoplasm, And exhibits very low cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, and thus can be usefully used as a gene carrier for gene therapy.

Description

A polymannitol-based osmotic gene transporter and gene therapy using the polymannitol-based osmotically transposable gene transporter.

The present invention relates to a biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotically gene transporter (PMT) and a method for producing the gene transporter. The present invention also relates to a gene transfer complex in which a therapeutic gene is bound to the gene carrier and a pharmaceutical composition for gene therapy comprising the complex as an active ingredient. In addition, the present invention relates to the gene carrier, gene transfer complex, and gene therapy using the same.

Gene therapy is the treatment of diseases by delivering therapeutic genes to the desired organs in the body so that new proteins are expressed in the cells, not by treating the symptoms of the disease, but by treating and eliminating the causes of the disease . Gene therapy can be applied over a long period of time by improving the rate of treatment and the rate of treatment of diseases that can have better selectivity compared to treatment with common drugs and are difficult to control with other therapies. As a therapeutic gene, DNA is susceptible to hydrolysis by in vivo enzymes and has low efficiency to enter cells. Therefore, in order to perform effective gene therapy, a gene transducer capable of safely delivering therapeutic gene to a desired target cell and achieving high expression efficiency gene carrier.

Gene transporters should be low or no toxic, and should be able to deliver genes selectively and efficiently to the desired cells. These gene carriers can be divided into viral and nonviral. Until recently, viral vectors with high transfection efficiency were used in clinical trials. However, viral vectors such as retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses are not only complicated in the manufacturing process, but also include immunogenicity, susceptibility to infection, inflammation induced, nonspecific DNA And the size of the DNA that can be accommodated is limited. Therefore, there are many limitations to apply to the human body. Currently, non-viral vectors are attracting attention as substitutes for viral vectors.

The non-viral vector has an advantage that it can be repeatedly administered with a minimal amount of immunity, capable of specific delivery to specific cells, excellent in storage stability, and easy in mass production. Examples of such non-viral vectors include N- [1- (2,3-dioleyloxy) propyl] -N, N, N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) as a cationic liposome family, alkylammonium alkylammonium, cationic cholesterol derivatives, gramicidin, and the like.

Recently, cationic polymers among non-viral vectors have attracted much attention because they can form complexes through ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA. Such cationic polymers include poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly (4-hydroxy-L-proline ester), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly [ (PDMAEMA), and the like. They protect DNA from enzymatic degradation by forming DNA nanoparticles by compressing the DNA, and rapidly decompose the DNA It penetrates inside and helps to escape from the endosome. Most non-viral vectors have advantages such as biodegradability, low toxicity, non-immunogenicity and ease of use compared to viral vectors, but have problems such as relatively low transformation efficiency and limited particle size.

In particular, most of the cationic polymers used as non-viral vectors exhibit high transformation efficiency in vitro, which is an environment with low serum concentration, but in vivo environment, the cationic polymer / gene complex The transfection efficiency of the gene is seriously impaired and the intracellular inflow of the gene is not smooth. This is because in the living body, excessive positive charge is generated on the surface of the cationic polymer / gene complex, resulting in nonspecific interaction with plasma proteins and blood components. Therefore, the transfection efficiency of the cationic polymer is remarkably lowered in a living body in which a large amount of serum is present rather than an environment in which serum-free medium or serum exists in a very low concentration in a test tube. If the same is applied in vivo, The therapeutic application of the cationic polymer can not be greatly limited because it can lead to aggregation and accumulation in the liver and spleen and further opsonization and elimination by the reticuloendothelial system. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), which has been extensively studied as a non-viral vector, also has inferior transfection efficiency in vivo and has problems such as high cytotoxicity and low expression of genes due to low blood compatibility. Therefore, there is a desperate need to develop a gene carrier that enhances transformation efficiency while maintaining the advantages of existing non-viral vectors.

Therefore, the present inventors have made intensive researches to develop a gene transporter exhibiting a high transformation efficiency while having low cytotoxicity, and as a result, they have found that production of a mannitol-based derivative of polyethyleneimine (PEI) A polymannitol-based osmotically gene transporter (PMT), which exhibits very low cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, exhibits significantly enhanced trait by osmotic activity by the mannitol skeleton and proton sponge effect by the polyethyleneimine skeleton The present inventors have accomplished the present invention by confirming that the above-mentioned mannitol-based osmotic gene transporter can be effectively used as a gene carrier for gene therapy.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle in which transformation efficiency is remarkably improved without exhibiting cytotoxicity as a gene carrier.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for producing the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a gene delivery complex comprising a therapeutic gene conjugated to the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for gene therapy comprising the gene transfer complex as an active ingredient

In one aspect, the present invention provides a biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) represented by the following formula (2).

In the above formula, n is an integer between 1 and 500.

The biodegradable polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention is produced by a Michael addition reaction between a low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) and a mannitol derivative containing an acrylate group or a methacrylate group .

The term "polyethylenimine (PEI)" in the present invention refers to a cationic polymer having primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups and having a molar mass of 1,000 to 100,000 g / mol, effectively compressing the plasmid DNA into colloidal particles , and a high gene transfer efficiency due to the buffering ability of the pH-responsive property, thereby effectively transferring the gene to various cells in vitro and in vivo. In the present invention, the polyethyleneimine may be linear or branched as represented by the following formula (2) and its molecular weight may be low molecular weight, preferably 50 to 10,000 Da (Based on weight average molecular weight). Polyethyleneimine dissolves in water, alcohols, glycols, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, esters and the like, and is not soluble in high molecular weight hydrocarbons, oleic acid and diethyl ether.

In the present invention, polyethyleneimine acts as a Michael donor in the Michael addition reaction with a mannitol derivative, and as a result, it has a high expression efficiency, a low cytotoxicity and a proton sponge effect on the synthesized copolymer, And the like.

The term "mannitol derivative " of the present invention refers to any compound having an alcoholate sugar alcohol skeleton and having an acrylate group or a methacrylate group in the sugar alcohol skeleton, as a copolymer that is finally modified by modification with polyethyleneimine Any mannitol skeleton can be used without limitation. In the present invention, the mannitol derivative reacts with polyethyleneimine to synthesize a polymannitol-based osmotic gene carrier by Michael addition reaction. Therefore, the mannitol derivative acts as a Michael acceptor in the Michael addition reaction with polyethyleneimine. In the present invention, the mannitol skeleton imparts hydrophilicity, biodegradability and osmotic activity to the copolymer and plays a role in increasing the stability in serum and after freeze-drying.

Examples of the mannitol derivatives suitable for the present invention include mannitol diacrylate (MDA), mannitol dimethacrylate (MDM), mannitol triacrylate (MTA), mannitol trimethacrylate trimethacrylate (MTM), mannitol tetracrylate (MTEA), mannitol tetramethacrylate (MTEM), mannitol pentacrylate (MPA), or mannitol petamethacrylate ), And the like, and preferably mannitol diacrylate represented by the following formula (4) can be used.

The term "polymannitol-based osmotic gene carrier (PMT)" in the present invention refers to a polymannol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) expressed by the above formula (1) formed by Michael addition reaction between an amine group of a polyethyleneimine and an acrylate group or a methacrylate group of a mannitol- It is called coalescence. The polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention has a structure in which 0.9 to 0.1 molecule of polyethyleneimine is repeatedly attached to a mannitol derivative of 0.1 to 0.9 molecule. The polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention efficiently induces intracellular influx due to the osmotic activity of the mannitol skeleton and the proton sponge effect of the polyethyleneimine (PEI) skeleton, thus exhibiting remarkably improved transformation efficiency, The cytotoxicity is so low that it can be used for gene therapy as a gene therapy. The polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention preferably has a molecular weight (based on weight average molecular weight) in the range of 1,000 to 100,000 Da for effective gene delivery. In addition, the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention has a zeta potential in the range of 1 to 50 mV for effective gene transfer. When the physiochemical properties of the above range are exhibited, the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) of the present invention can be efficiently introduced into the endosome of the cell as a gene transporter.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic gene comprising a step of forming a copolymer by a Michael addition reaction between a low molecular weight polyethyleneimine and a mannitol derivative containing an acrylate group or a methacrylate group A method of manufacturing a carrier (PMT) is provided.

The production method of the present invention,

1) dissolving a low molecular weight polyethyleneimine and an acrylate or methacrylate group-containing mannitol derivative in a reaction solvent;

2) adding a solution of the mannitol derivative to the polyethyleneimine solution to perform a Michael addition reaction; And

3) separating the copolymer formed from the reaction product to obtain a polymonitol-based osmotic gene carrier (PMT).

Specifically, Step 1) is a step of dissolving polyethyleneimine and a mannitol derivative in a reaction solvent for a Michael addition reaction between a low molecular weight polyethyleneimine as a Michael donor and a mannitol derivative containing an acrylate group or a methacrylate group as a Michael acceptor To prepare a reaction solution. Examples of the mannitol derivatives containing an acrylate group or a methacrylate group suitable for the present invention include mannitol derivatives such as mannitol diacrylate (MDA), mannitol dimethacrylate (MDM), mannitol triacrylate (MTA) (MTM), mannitol tetraacrylate (MTEA), mannitol tetramethacrylate (MTEM), mannitol pentaacrylate (MPA), mannitol pentamethacrylate (MPM), and the like. In the examples, mannitol diacrylate is used. The low molecular weight polyethylene imine suitable for the present invention may be a linear or branched one having a molecular weight (based on weight average molecular weight) of 50 to 10,000 Da. The reaction solvent usable in the present invention may be any reaction solvent as long as it can react with polyethyleneimine and mannitol derivatives or dissolve them without decomposing them. Examples of such a reaction solvent include dimethyl sulfoxide, anhydrous methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, dimethylformamide, dioxane and the like.

Step 2) is a step of performing a Michael addition reaction between the amine group of the polyethyleneimine and the acrylate group of the mannitol derivative by adding the mannitol derivative reaction solution while stirring the polyethylene imine reaction solution prepared in the step 1). The Michael addition reaction according to the invention is carried out at 40 to 100 DEG C for 1 to 24 hours. In the Michael addition reaction according to the present invention, the molar ratio of the polyethyleneimine to the mannitol derivative is 1: 0.1 to 1:10, preferably 1: 1. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mannitol diacrylate reaction solution is slowly added dropwise to the polyethyleneimine reaction solution prepared above, followed by reaction at 80 ° C for 24 hours to carry out Michael addition reaction.

Step 3) is a step of separating the copolymer formed by the Michael addition reaction of step 2). In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the obtained reaction product is dialyzed against distilled water (dialysis membrane: Spectra / Por, MWCO = 3500) to isolate the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT). The thus isolated polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) can be frozen-dried and stored at -25 ° C. Freeze-drying can be carried out using a commonly used freeze-drying method or freeze-dryer , Resulting in a biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) having viscosities in which by-products are removed.

Analysis of the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) prepared according to the method of the present invention by gel permeation chromatography showed that the PMT copolymer had a molecular weight (based on weight average molecular weight) of 17,470 Da and ¹ H NMR The chemical composition of the polyethyleneimine and mannitol diacrylate in the copolymer was 56 and 44 mol%, respectively (see FIG. 2). In addition, the peak for the proton of the polyethyleneimine in the PMT copolymer according to the present invention was detected at? = 2.6-3.0 ppm and the peak for the proton of mannitol diacrylate was detected at? = 3.2-3.6 ppm (see FIG. 2) . The above results indicate that the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) according to the present invention was effectively synthesized by Michael addition reaction between polyethyleneimine and mannitol diacrylate.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a gene transfer complex in which a therapeutic gene is bound to the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT). The type of the therapeutic gene that can be bound to the biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any gene that can be delivered to a desired target according to the object of the present invention, Are also included in the scope of the present invention. For example, genes that can be delivered in complex form with the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention include a normal gene of a therapeutic gene related to a disease, an expression-suppressing gene of a target protein, and an antisense polynucleotide A small and a small polynucleotide, a ribozyme, or siRNA.

In order to effectively form the gene delivery complex according to the present invention, the therapeutic gene and the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) are reacted at a molar ratio of 1: 0.5 to 1: 100, preferably 1: 5 to 1:30 desirable.

In order to investigate the condensation capability of the polymannitol-based osmotically active gene carrier (PMT) according to the present invention, the polymonitol-based osmotic gene carrier and DNA were reacted at various molar ratios, In the case of 1: 1 or more, the gene transfer complex (PMT / DNA) of the polymannitol-based copolymer and DNA is most effectively formed (see A in FIG. 3), and the DNA in the gene transfer complex (See Fig. 3B), it was confirmed that the formed gene delivery complex had a spherical compressed structure (see Fig. 4). In addition, the gene delivery complex according to the present invention exhibits a relatively uniform particle size distribution of 150-300 nm on average (see Table 1) and has a particle size suitable for use as a gene carrier, and has a surface charge of 2.5 to 41 mV of zeta potential (see Table 2) and was found to be able to bind effectively to the surface of anionic cells.

In order to investigate the transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention, a gene transfer complex (PMT / DNA) was prepared by reacting a polymonitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) And their transformation efficiencies were investigated through luciferase activity assay. As a result, when the molar ratio of the DNA and the polymannitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) was varied, the transgenic plants showed similar high transfection efficiencies at all molar ratios from 1:10 to 1:40. In particular, in the PEI 25K-treated group used as the comparative group, the gene transfer efficiency was drastically decreased as the molar ratio was increased, while the gene transfer complex of the present invention maintained constant transformation efficiency regardless of the molar ratio, (Fig. 5), it was confirmed that the transforming efficiency was stably maintained as compared with the PEI 25K-treated group in which the transformation efficiency was drastically reduced. The results show that the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) of the present invention is excellent in binding ability to DNA, thereby forming a nano-sized gene transfer complex, thereby exhibiting high transformation efficiency, Is stably maintained even in the presence of serum, which means that it can be advantageously used for in vivo application. This high transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention is due to the buffering capacity of the copolymer.

Therefore, in order to investigate the transformation mechanism of the polymonitol-based osmotically active gene carrier (PMT) according to the present invention, the use of bafilomycin A1, an endosome proton pump inhibitor, As a result, the transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention was drastically decreased after treatment with barfilomycin A1 (see A in FIG. 6). This indicates that the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention can be effectively released into the cytoplasm from the endosome by the proton sponge effect.

In order to confirm that the mechanism of the PMT and PEI genome transduction complexes were identical during intracellular ingestion, Chloropromazine (CH), Src phosphorylase inhibitor Genistein, GE), methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Mb-CD) as the intracellular uptake inhibitor, or Wortmannin (WO) as a liquid intracellular uptake inhibitor (See B to E in Fig. 6). As a result, the transfection efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) according to the present invention hardly changed when treated with CH and WO, but was drastically decreased when GE and M-b-CD were treated. This implies that the transformation of the PMT / DNA complex occurs through the selective cystic intracellular uptake pathway, and the involvement of the clathrin or liquid cell intracellular uptake pathway is low. In contrast, the transformation efficiency of the PEI / DNA complex is reduced by treatment with all four of the CH, GE, Mb-CD, and WO, suggesting that it occurs via a nonselective intracellular uptake pathway .

Meanwhile, the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention contains osmotically active mannitol skeleton, and osmotic pressure is applied to the cell membrane to purify the cell membrane, thereby promoting cell reabsorption by improving membrane permeability . In order to confirm this, the change of cell packed cell volume (PCV) by the treatment of the PMT copolymer of the present invention was measured, and it was found that the PMT / DNA complex having the mannitol skeleton was the same as that caused by pure mannitol treatment (Fig. 7). ≪ tb > < TABLE > From the above results, it can be seen that the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention exhibits a further improved transformation efficiency due to osmotic activity by the mannitol skeleton.

In addition, the cytotoxicity of the polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention was investigated in various cell lines, and the cell toxicity was significantly lower than that of PEI 25K used as the comparative group (see FIG. 8).

In order to confirm the in vitro transduction efficiency of the polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention, PMT and green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes were mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 1 (PMT / GFP) was prepared and transfected into cells and analyzed by flow cytometry. As a result, significantly increased GFP signal was detected in the PMT / GFP complex treated group according to the present invention compared to the PEI 25K / GFP complex treated group, which was a comparative group, and no cytotoxicity was observed in all treatment groups Reference).

In order to investigate the in vivo transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention, the gene transfer complex (PMT / tGFP) prepared as described above was aerosolized into the lungs of normal mice The tGFP signal was detected by fluorescence microscopy in the lungs taken from the mice and it was found that tGFP signal was detected in all the mice to which PMT / tGFP complex of the present invention was administered and in particular, tGFP signal was detected higher than PEI 25K / tGFP complex (See FIG. 10).

The mechanism of gene transfer of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene transporter (PMT) according to the present invention was found to be dependent on the ingestion of the selective cysts. The mechanism of this was confirmed by western blotting of the covalene-1 phosphorylation. As a result, the phosphorylation of caveolin-1 was temporarily induced by the PMT / DNA complex and mannitol, but not with the PEI / DNA complex and the negative control. In addition, it was confirmed that covalent-1 was not phosphorylated beforehand by treatment with a Src phosphorylase inhibitor (genistein, GE) before the cells were treated with the PMT / DNA complex, thereby confirming that phosphorylation was induced by Src phosphorylase 11).

To confirm the intracellular distribution of the polymonitol gene delivery complex according to the present invention, PMT / DNA or PEI / DNA complex with FITC attached thereto and dextran (marker of lysosome) attached with AlexaFluor 594 were incubated with A549 Afterwards, it was observed in living cells with a confocal microscope and an imaging program. As a result, the ratio of the comparative PEI / DNA complex to the lysosome was 3.8 times higher than that of the PMT / DNA complex (see FIG. 12). This suggests that PMT / DNA complexes have lower rate of transfer to lysosomes than PEI / DNA complexes, leading to an increase in cytoplasmic time, which will be highly efficient in transferring genes to cells.

Therefore, the biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention exhibits a high binding capacity to DNA, effectively protects DNA from DNA degrading enzymes, and has a spherical uniform particle size gene transfer complex Not only can the osmotic pressure be imparted to the cell membrane, the membrane permeability is enhanced, the intracellular uptake path is promoted, and the duration in the cytoplasm is increased to exhibit physico-chemical properties suitable for use as a gene carrier, It exhibits very low cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo and has a very high transformation efficiency and can be used as a gene carrier for gene therapy.

Accordingly, the present invention provides, as one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition for gene therapy comprising as an active ingredient, a gene transfer complex in which a therapeutic gene is bound to the biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT). The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In oral administration, in addition to the active ingredient, a binder, a lubricant, a disintegrant, an excipient, a solubilizer, a dispersant, a stabilizer, , Perfumes, and the like. In the case of an injection, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be mixed with a buffer, a preservative, an anhydrous agent, a solubilizer, an isotonic agent, a stabilizer, and the like. Further, at the time of topical administration, the composition of the present invention can use a base, an excipient, a lubricant, a preservative, and the like.

Formulations of the compositions of the present invention may be prepared in a variety of ways by mixing with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as described above. For example, oral administration may be in the form of tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, etc. In the case of injections, unit dosage ampoules or multiple dosage forms may be prepared. Other solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations, and the like.

Examples of suitable carriers, excipients and diluents for formulation include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltoditol, starch, acacia, alginate, gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cellulose, Methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate or mineral oil. Further, it may further contain a filler, an anti-coagulant, a lubricant, a wetting agent, a fragrance, a preservative, and the like.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered orally or parenterally. The route of administration of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be, but is not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intracardiac, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, , Sublingually or topically. For such clinical administration, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be formulated into a suitable formulation using known techniques. For example, upon oral administration, it may be admixed with an inert diluent or edible carrier, sealed in a hard or soft gelatin capsule, or pressed into tablets. For oral administration, the active ingredient may be mixed with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. In addition, various formulations for injection, parenteral administration, and the like can be prepared according to known techniques or conventional techniques in the art.

The effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention varies depending on the patient's body weight, age, sex, health condition, diet, administration time, administration method, excretion rate and severity of disease, Can be easily determined by an expert.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an aerosol formulation of the pharmaceutical composition formulated to deliver a gene delivery complex comprising a polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) to a target site via aerosol delivery.

Drug delivery through inhalation is one of the non-invasive methods, and gene transfer through aerosol delivery can be advantageously exploited, particularly for the extensive treatment of pulmonary disease. This is because the anatomy and location of the lungs allows for an immediate, non-invasive approach and can be topically applied to the gene delivery system without affecting other organs. Accordingly, when a gene transfer complex comprising the biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle of the present invention as a therapeutic gene, in which a gene related to lung disease, particularly lung cancer, is conjugated to the lungs by an aerosol method, You can expect.

In one aspect, the invention includes a method of delivering an aqueous dispersion of a genetic macromolecule, such as a therapeutic gene, complexed with a polymannitol-based copolymer through the airways of an individual in need of gene therapy therapy, through a small particle aerosol , And methods of targeting therapeutic therapies such as gene therapy therapies via airway.

Methods for delivering a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may include oral inhalation and intranasal inhalation methods, facial masks or oral tubes, and oxygen oxygen hoods used for administering oxygen. Generally, a small particle aerosol is created by an atomization process, and this atomization process is performed by a jet atomizer.

It should be specifically contemplated that the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be prepared for aerosol delivery of an aqueous dispersant to the airways of an individual or animal. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to determine the appropriate dosage of an aerosol formulation without undue experimentation. When used in vivo for targeted gene therapy therapies, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are administered to a patient or animal in a therapeutically effective amount, that is, an amount that effectively eliminates or alleviates the disease by effectively expressing the therapeutic gene. The dosage and dosage regimen will depend on the type of disease, the characteristics of the particular polymannitol-based copolymer / DNA complex, such as its therapeutic index, patient, patient history and other factors. The dosage of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention will typically be from about 0.01 to about 0.1 g / kg body weight. The compositions and formulations may contain minor amounts of additives, e. G., Substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability (e. G., Buffers and preservatives).

The biodegradable polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention contains an osmotically active mannitol skeleton and enhances the membrane permeability by imparting osmotic pressure to the cell membrane, thereby promoting the intracellular uptake pathway, thereby remarkably improving the transformation efficiency . In addition, the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention exhibits a high binding capacity to DNA, effectively protects DNA from nucleic acid degrading enzymes, has an increased duration in the cytoplasm, And exhibits very low cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, and thus can be usefully used as a gene carrier for gene therapy.

1 is a view showing a process of synthesizing the polymannitol gene carrier (PMT) of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a freeze-drying the composition of the polyester-based osmotic mannitol gene delivery system (PMT) ¹ H- nuclear magnetic resonance ^{(1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance,} 1 H-NMR) (Avance 600, Bruker, Germany, 600 mHz) Respectively.
Fig. 3 is a diagram for confirming DNA condensation ability and DNA protection ability of a polymannitol gene carrier (PMT). Fig. Specifically, FIG. 3A shows DNA condensation activity by agarose gel electrophoresis, and FIG. 3B shows agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm whether DNA is protected when DNAse I is treated.
FIG. 4 shows the morphology of a gene delivery complex (PMT / DNA) prepared by reacting a polymonitol osmotic gene carrier with pGL3 plasmid DNA at a molar ratio (N / P ratio) of 10: 1 using a transmission electron microscope (LIBRA 120, Carl Zeiss, Germany). 4A), freeze-dried PMT / pGL3 (FIG. 4B), PEI / pGL3 (FIG. 4C), freeze-dried PEI-pGL3 ). ≪ / RTI >
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the in vitro luciferase activity assay in order to examine the transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT). Luciferase activity was analyzed in A549 cells (Fig. 5A and D), HeLa cells (Fig. 5C) and N2a cells (Fig. 5B) And D is a graph showing the transformation efficiency according to the serum addition ratio.
Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the transformation mechanism of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene transporter. 6), chitosan (Fig. 6B), genistein (Fig. 6C), methyl-beta-cyclodextrin Of E), and the influence on the transformation efficiency was confirmed through the analysis of the activity of luciferase.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing changes in the packed cell volume (PCV) by the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT).
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the cytotoxicity of a carrier by measuring cell viability by performing a cell proliferation assay (Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay) after treating various cells with a polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) . Specifically, it is a graph showing the viability of cells after treatment with various N / P ratio PMTs on A549 cells (FIG. 8A), N2a cells (FIG. 8B), and HeLa cells (FIG. 8C).
9 is a flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression of PMT and PEI in A549 cells in order to examine the in vitro transformation efficiency of polymonitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) and PEI. FIG. 9A shows the results of FACS data and fluorescence microscopy, and FIG. 9B is a graph comparing the ratio of transformed cells.
10 is a graph showing the in vivo gene transfer efficiency of an aerosol of a polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT). Fig. 10A shows the lung tissue of the rat without any treatment, Fig. 10B shows the lung tissue of the rats treated with PEI / tGFP complex as an aerosol, and Fig. 10C shows the result of treatment with the PMT / tGFP complex as an aerosol The lung tissue of the rat was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the phosphorylation of caveolin-1, which is an essential step in the intracellular ingestion of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene transporter, by Western blotting in order to confirm whether or not the intracellular ingestion of catecholamines is promoted by intracavitary ingestion .
FIG. 12 is a fluorescence microscope image to identify lysosomal transfer of PMT and PEI / DNA complexes in cells. FIG. FIG. 12A shows the FITC-PEI / DNA complex (green) and lysosome (red), and FIG. 12B shows the FITC-PMT / DNA complex (green) and lysosome (red). The yellow dots indicate that the complex moved to the lysosome when the complex and the lysosome were present.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, the following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.

Example  One. Mannitol Diacrylate  And Polymannitol system Osmotic  Preparation and Characterization of Gene Delivery

The polymannitol-based gene transporter (PMT) according to the present invention can be produced by reacting mannitol diacrylate (MDA) and branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) according to a slightly modified Michael addition reaction, (Fig. 1).

1-1. Mannitol Diacrylate  Produce

For this purpose, mannitol diacrylate was first prepared. Mannitol diacrylate was prepared by reacting mannitol with acryloyl chloride. Briefly, 1 g of anhydrous mannitol was dissolved in 30 ml of DMF in the presence of 10 ml of pyridine solution. After stirring for 30 minutes, acryloyl chloride dissolved in 7.5 ml of DMF was added dropwise and reacted. After reacting at 4 캜 for 24 hours, the mannitol diacrylate (MDA) was dried at room temperature overnight after precipitation with diethyl ether.

MDA was first prepared to serve as a crosslinking agent to prepare the following polymannitol-based osmotic transducer. The molar ratio of mannitol and acryloyl chloride was adjusted to 1: 2 so that the diacrylate reacted only with the hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 6 of mannitol.

1-2. Polymannitol system Osmotic  Gene carrier preparation

Mannitol diacrylate (MDA) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI, 1200 kDa) prepared above were synthesized by Michael addition reaction. MDA (Mn: 290) was dissolved in anhydrous DMSO and added dropwise to the BPEI solution dissolved in anhydrous DMSO at a molar ratio of 1: 1. The Michael addition reaction was carried out with nitrogen bubbles (N ₂ ) for 24 hours at 80 ° C and stirred continuously. The resulting copolymer was dialyzed against distilled water for 5 hours at 4 ° C using a dialysis membrane (Spectra / Por, MWCO = 3500) to remove unreacted materials. The separated polymannitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) was freeze-dried at -20 ° C for 3 days. Through the Michael addition reaction, the nucleophilic diacrylate end of MDA was reacted with the amine group of BPEI.

1-3. Polymannitol system  Characterization of Osmotic Gene Carrier

Analyzed the structure of the dry poly osmotic mannitol-based gene delivery system (PMT) as ¹ H- nuclear magnetic resonance ^{(1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance,} 1 H-NMR) (Avance 600, Bruker, Germany, 600 mHz) - freeze . ^{For 1} H-NMR analysis, the polymannitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 10 mg / ml. As a result, as shown in Fig. 2, the peak for the proton of polymannitol was detected at δ = 3.2 to 3.6 ppm, the peak for the proton of polyethyleneimine was detected at δ = 2.6 to 3.0 ppm, and the concentration of the polyethyleneimine and polymannitol It was confirmed that the copolymer was effectively synthesized.

In addition, the molecular weight of the PMT was measured using a gel permeation chromatography column (GPC) with TSKgel G5000PWxl-TSKgel G3000PWxl-C. The GPC analysis was carried out at a flow rate of 1.0 ml / min using 0.1 M NaNO ₃ as a mobile phase, and the temperature of the column was maintained at 35 ° C.

The characteristics of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) analyzed as described above are summarized in Table 1 below.

division Reactant (wt%) Mole ratio
MDA: PEI
(mol / mol) PEI composition
(mol-%) ^a MDA composition
(mol-%) ^a Molecular weight (Da) ^b MDA PEI MDA / PEI 0.19 0.81 1: 1 56 44 17470

^a < ¹ > H NMR measurement value, ^b GPC measurement value

The synthesized PMT had a very high solubility, and the PMT had an ester linkage and was easily hydrolyzed in a physiological environment producing acids or alcohols or producing low molecular weight nontoxic products.

Example  2: Polymannitol system Osmotic  The gene carrier / DNA  Characterization of complex

2-1. Of polyethyleneimine copolymer DNA Condensability

One of the most important features of gene carriers is their ability to interact with and condense plasmid DNA. Thus, the DNA condensation ability of the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) prepared in Example 1 was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. First, pGL3 plasmid (5.3 kb, Promega) was mixed with PMT solution at various N / P ratios of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10, vortexed lightly, and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes . After incubation, each reaction solution was subjected to electrophoresis (100 V) on a 1% agarose gel, and DNA mobility was observed under ultraviolet light. At this time, pGL3 plasmid alone, which was not reacted with the PMT of the present invention, was used as a control.

As a result, when the molar ratio of the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) of the present invention to the plasmid DNA was 1: 1 or more as shown in Fig. 3A, DNA mobility was completely delayed. Indicating that the polymannitol-based osmotic gene transducer effectively condensed the plasmid DNA to form a gene transfer complex (PMT / DNA). The control, unreacted plasmid DNA, migrated through the gel without any delay. From the above results, it can be seen that it is preferable to mix the plasmid DNA and the polymannitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) of the present invention at a molar ratio of 1: 1 or more in order to effectively form the gene delivery complex.

2-2. Polymannitol system  The osmotic gene transporter / DNA  Composite DNA  Protection effect

For efficient gene expression, DNA in gene transfer complexes must be protected from enzyme attack, such as nucleic acid degrading enzymes. To confirm this DNA protection effect, the polymonitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) prepared in Example 1 and pGL3 plasmid DNA (0.2 mg) were mixed at a molar ratio (N / P ratio) of 10: 1 (PMT / DNA) were prepared. To 4 μl of the gene transfer complex solution or 4 μl of unreacted plasmid DNA solution, DNase I (2 units) or DNase / Mg ^{2 +} degradation buffer (50 mM TrisCl, pH 7.6 and 10 mM MgCl ₂₎ was added and incubated for 30 minutes in 1 ㎕ culture stirrer at 37 ℃. To stop the enzyme reaction, 4 μl of EDTA (250 mM) was added to all the reaction solutions for 30 minutes. Then, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 7.2) was added to separate the PMT- Were mixed to a final volume of 15 [mu] l and incubated at 25 [deg.] C for 2 hours. After incubation, the reaction solution was subjected to electrophoresis at 50 V for 1 hour in 1% agarose gel using Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer.

As a result, as shown in Fig. 3B, the DNA in the gene transfer complex (PMT / DNA) of the present invention was digested with DNase I while the control plasmid DNA was completely decomposed by DNase I (lane 3) (Lane 5). ≪ tb >< TABLE > These results indicate that the gene transfer complex of the present invention can effectively transfer the DNA into the cells while protecting the DNA from the attack of the nucleic acid degrading enzyme.

2-3. Polymannitol system  The osmotic gene transporter / DNA  Morphological analysis of complex

The morphology of the gene delivery complex (PMT / DNA) prepared by reacting the polymonitol osmotically transfected gene carrier with pGL3 plasmid DNA at a molar ratio (N / P ratio) of 10: 1 was analyzed by transmission electron microscope LIBRA 120, Carl Zeiss, Germany).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 4, the gene delivery complexes (PMT / pGL3 and freeze-dried PMT / pGL3) according to the present invention were compared with the PEI / DNA complexes (PEI 25K / pGL3 and lyophilized PEI 25K / pGL3 (PMT) and plasmid DNA were effectively condensed to have a uniform spherical compacted structure (Fig. 4). In addition, the lyophilized PEI 25K / DNA complex used as the comparative group exhibited structural integrity and freeze-drying even after freeze-drying, unlike the case where aggregation of particles occurred (Fig. 4D) (Fig. 4B). This is due to the cryoprotective function of the mannitol skeleton in the polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention.

The particle size of the gene delivery complex is essential for the complex to approach and pass through the target site, which is essential for intracellular entry of the complex. Since most gene transfer complexes are introduced into cells by endocytosis or pinocytosis, the size of the complex is required to be below a certain level for optimal intracellular entry. A gene transfer complex prepared at various molar ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20) under serum-free conditions using a dynamic light scattering spectrophotometer (DLS-7000, Otsuka Electronics, Osaka, Japan) Particle sizes of the gene delivery complexes prepared in the presence of various concentrations of serum (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were measured. At this time, the temperature was maintained at 20 ° C and the scattering angle was measured at 20 °. The measurement results are summarized in Table 1 below.

Particle size according to N / P ratio of PMT / DNA complex PMT / DNA N / P ratio Particle Size (nm) 5 173.5 ± 4.5 10 228.7 ± 9.6 15 239.5 ± 4.1 20 279.1 + - 7.8

Unlike the PEI / DNA complex, the particle size of the PMT / DNA complex slowly increases from N / P 30 to 279 nm as the N / P ratio increases, because the bulk of the bulk of the polymannitol is repulsive (Table 2).

2-4. Polymannitol system  The osmotic gene transporter / DNA  Measure surface charge of complex

Positive surface charge of the gene transfer complex is essential for binding to the anionic cell surface, which facilitates intracellular entry of the complex. The gene transfer complex (PMT / DNA) formed by reacting the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention at various molar ratios with the plasmid DNA and the comparative group were compared with the zeta potential of the PEI / Scattering spectrophotometer (DLS-7000, Otsuka Electronics, Osaka, Japan). The measurement results are summarized in Table 2 below.

Zeta potential according to N / P ratio of PMT / DNA complex and PEI / DNA complex PMT / DNA N / P ratio Zeta potential (mV) 5 2.67 ± 0.1 10 17.8 ± 1.6 15 40.7 ± 4.5 20 31.6 ± 6.7

As a result, the gene transfer complex prepared by reacting the polymonitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) of the present invention with a plasmid DNA at a molar ratio of 20: 1 showed the highest positive zeta potential, Respectively. This positive charge on the surface charge implies that the negatively charged DNA is completely surrounded by the gene transfer complex. Positive surface charge not only facilitates the entry of the gene transfer complex into the cell, There is an advantage that electrostatic repulsive force is generated to reduce aggregation phenomenon between particles.

Example  3: Polymannitol system Osmotic  In vitro transfection efficiency of the gene delivery vehicle

3-1. Serum-free  Analysis of transfection efficiency under conditions

In order to investigate the transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention, in vitro luciferase activity assay was carried out under serum-free conditions.

First, RPMI 1640 (Gibco BRL) medium containing 10% FBS (HyClone), 100 μg / ml streptomycin and 100 U / ml penicillin was added to a 24-well plate and A549 cells (A and D in FIG. 5) HeLa cells (FIG. 5C) and N2a cells (FIG. 5B) were inoculated at a density of 1.0 × 10 ⁵ cells / well and cultured at 37 ° C. in a 5% CO ₂ incubator until a density of 80-90% . In addition, a pGL3 expression vector (5.3 kb, Promega) containing the luciferase gene whose expression was induced by the SV40 promoter and enhancer was added to the polymonitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) solution of the present invention at 10, 20, 30 and 40 (PMT / GL3) was prepared by lightly vortexing and incubating at room temperature for 30 minutes. The medium of the well plate was replaced with a medium containing serum-free medium or 1 ㎍ of the prepared gene transfer complex (PMT / GL3) and cultured in a 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C for 4 hours. At this time, cell cultures treated with the same concentration of PEI 25K (25 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich) and lipofectamine were used as a comparative group. The medium of the well plate was then replaced with fresh complete medium and incubated again in a 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C for 24 hours. Then, after removing the medium, 100 쨉 l of cell lysis buffer was added to each well. Then, the luciferase activity assay was according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, the cell lysis buffer was added and incubated at -20 DEG C for 24 hours. Then, the culture was transferred into 1.5 mL e-tube and centrifugation was performed at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain supernatant . The resulting supernatant is transferred to a new tube and stored in ice. The relative light units were then measured using a chemical elution analyzer (Autolumat, LB953; EG & G Berthold, Germany). The relative optical units were normalized relative to the total protein measured by the BCA measurement method. Transformation under different serum concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) proceeded in A549. The experiment was repeated 3 times and the transformation activity was measured as RLU / total protein mg.

As a result, as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, as the reaction molar ratio of DNA and PEI 25K increases, the transformation efficiency of the formed gene delivery complex decreases, while the polymonitol osmotic gene The transporter (PMT) was higher than PEI 25K even when the reaction molar ratio with DNA increased, and the transfection efficiency was similar to that of lipofectamine. This means that the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) of the present invention has an excellent binding ability to DNA to form a nano-sized gene transfer complex, thereby exhibiting high transformation efficiency. This high transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention is due to the buffering capacity of the copolymer. Also, as shown in FIG. 5D, the PMT / DNA complex according to the present invention maintained a high level of transformation efficiency regardless of the serum concentration, unlike the case where the transformation efficiency of PEI was significantly reduced in the presence of serum. Generally, when a gene is delivered in vivo using a cationic polymer, the gene transfer complex binds to serum proteins present in the blood due to its cationic property. As a result, a gene transfer complex having a larger size causes blockage of blood vessels or gene Resulting in problems such as deterioration of expression efficiency. However, it has been confirmed that the PMT / DNA complex according to the present invention does not form aggregates even in the presence of serum and thus does not cause clogging of blood vessels or decrease of gene expression efficiency.

3-2. Polymannitol system  Analysis of Transformation Mechanism of Osmotic Gene Carrier Endo  Quantum absorption inhibitor)

The relatively high transformation efficiency of PEI is known to be due to the inherent ability to escape the endosome by the quantum sponge effect. This effect is known to be due to the buffering action of PEI during the acidification of the endosomes by the proton and Cl ^- influx, resulting in swelling and hemolysis of endosomes. To investigate whether the polymannitol-based osmotically active gene carrier (PMT) according to the present invention also had a transformation mechanism according to the same proton sponge effect, the buffering ability of the copolymer was investigated.

As in Example 3-1, A549 cells were cultured at a density of 80% to 90% by inoculation in a 24-well plate at 1.0 × 10 ⁵ cells / well. Then, an endosome proton pump inhibitor diluted in DMSO proton pump inhibitor (bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar type H ⁺ ATPase, 200 nM) was added to serum-free medium and incubated for 15 minutes. The luciferase activity was measured in the same manner as above, and the transformation efficiency was measured. The gene transfer complex according to the present invention was prepared in such a manner that PMT and DNA were prepared at a molar ratio (N / P ratio) of 10: 1. As a comparative group, PEI 25K and DNA were mixed at a molar ratio of N / P Ratio) was used.

As a result, as shown in Fig. 6A, the transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention was drastically decreased after treatment with barfilomycin A1. Treatment of barbiturromycin A1 prevents entry of the proton (H ⁺ ) into the endosomes, which prevents the endosomal acidification, swelling and hemolysis. The dramatic reduction of PMT / DNA complex transformation by treatment with bar philomicin A1 indicates that the transfection ability of the PMT / DNA complex into the cell through endosomes is based on the proton sponge effect.

That is, the PMT of the present invention has a high buffering ability, and therefore can be rapidly released from the endosomes by the proton sponge effect, and can be introduced into the cytoplasm.

3-3. Polymannitol system  Analysis of transformation mechanism of osmotic gene transporter (effect of cell sorbent inhibitor)

To compare the genomic delivery complexes produced with PMT and PEI in the new intramuscular ingestion process, four cell sorption inhibitors were treated prior to transformation.

As in Example 3-1, A549 cells were inoculated at a density of 80% to 90% at a density of 1.0 × 10 ⁵ cells / well in a 24-well plate, and then cultured in DMSO to obtain a clathrin intracavitary inhibitor Genistein (GE), an Src phosphorylase inhibitor, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Mb-CD) as an intracellular uptake inhibitor, a liquid intracellular uptake inhibitor Wortmannin (WO) was added to serum-free medium and incubated for 15 minutes. The luciferase activity was measured in the same manner as above, and the transformation efficiency was measured. The gene transfer complex according to the present invention was prepared in such a manner that PMT and DNA were prepared at a molar ratio (N / P ratio) of 10: 1. As a comparative group, PEI 25K and DNA were mixed at a molar ratio of N / P Ratio) was used.

As a result, when A549 cells were treated with GE and Mb-CD, the transformation efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention, as shown in Fig. 6B, Was decreased rapidly. On the other hand, the transfection efficiency of PMT / DNA complexes remained largely unchanged in the intracellular uptake pathways treated with CH and WO, suggesting that transformation of the PMT / DNA complex occurs via the intracellular uptake pathway , Clathrin, or the intracellular uptake pathway means low involvement. In contrast to the PMT / DNA complex, the transformation efficiency of the PEI / DNA complex is reduced by treatment with all four of the CH, GE, Mb-CD and WO, It implies. These results demonstrate that the intracellular uptake pathway of the PMT / DNA complex has changed from intracellular uptake to intracellular uptake by the polymannitol structure.

3-4. Osmotic activity measurement

The polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention is a biodegradable gene carrier containing an osmotically active mannitolol skeleton. To investigate the effect of polymannitol osmotransformant gene transfer (PMT) on the transformation efficiency in response to high osmotic pressure, changes in the packed cell volume (PCV) were measured.

First, A549 cells were suspended in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS and treated with different concentrations (2, 3, and 5 mg) of polymannitol or equivalent amount of pure mannitol. After the incubation mixture was incubated at 37 ° C for 5 minutes, the cells were centrifuged at 4500 rpm in a mini-PCV tube for 1 minute to measure the volume change of the cells.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 7, as a result, the polymannitol showed cell volume reductions of 7%, 9%, and 14% when 2, 3, and 5 mg were administered, , 15%, and 22%, respectively. That is, it was confirmed that polymannitol has an ability to extract the water inside the cell similarly to pure mannitol. The reduction of PCV in the presence of the PMT / DNA complex according to the present invention can explain the hypothesis that the mannitol skeleton in the PMT imparts osmotic pressure to the cell membrane to purify the cell membrane, thereby improving the membrane permeability and thereby promoting cell reabsorption.

Example  4: Polymannitol system Osmotic  Cytotoxicity of gene carriers

In order to examine the cytotoxicity of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention, gene transfer complexes prepared at various molar ratios of DNA and PMT were treated in various cells as in Example 3-1, (Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay) was performed to examine cell viability.

First, A549 cells (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells; ATCC number CCL-185) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium, HeLa cells (human cervical epithelial carcinoma cells; ATCC number CCL-2) Cells; ATCC number CCL-131) were cultured in alpha-MEM. At this time, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) and 1% penicillin / streptomycin were added to each medium. The cultured A549, HeLa and N2a cells were inoculated into a 24-well plate at a density of 1 x 10 ⁵ cells / well and grown at a density of 80-90% in a 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C. Separately, the polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) or PEI of the present invention and DNA were mixed at different N / P ratios to prepare a gene transfer complex. The cultured cell culture medium was replaced with a serum-free medium containing the complex, followed by incubation for 24 hours at 37 ° C in a 5% CO ₂ incubator. The MTT reagent was then added to each well and incubated for 4 hours to reduce to purple Formazan. After removing the culture medium, the formazan was dissolved in each well with DMSO. The colored solution was transferred to a 96-well plate and the optical density was measured with a VERSAmax tunable microplate reader (Sunnyvale, USA).

As a result, as shown in FIG. 8, in the cells treated with the PMT / DNA complex of the present invention, the cell survival rate was 40% or higher in all the cells even when the molar ratio of PMT increased (max 40: 1) , And the cell survival rate of PEI 25K treated cells decreased rapidly as the molar ratio of PEI increased. From the above results, it was confirmed that the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention has very low cytotoxicity and thus is excellent in biocompatibility.

Example  5: Polymannitol system Osmotic  In vitro and in vivo transformation efficiency analysis of gene delivery

5-1. For flow cytometry  In vitro transfection assay

In order to examine the in vitro transfection efficiency of the polymonitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of the present invention, GFP expression of PMT in A549 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.

First, a plasmid pcDNA3.1 / CT-GFP (6.1 kb, Invitrogen) expressing the PMT of the present invention and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) was mixed at a molar ratio of 10 to prepare a gene delivery complex (PMT / tGFP) Respectively. A549 cells were transfected with the PMT / tGFP complex prepared above, washed with PBS and treated with trypsin. Transfection efficiency was evaluated by recording the percentage (%) of GFP expressed from the cells using a FACS Caliber System (Becton-Dickinson, San Joes, Calif.). The experiment was repeated three times.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 9, the in vitro transformation efficiency using the PMT / tGFP of the present invention reached 35%, which was five times higher than that of the comparative group, PEI / tGFP.

5-2. In vivo transfection efficiency analysis by aerosol transfer

In order to confirm the in vivo gene transfer efficiency of the polymonitol osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) according to the present invention by aerosols, the following experiment was conducted.

First, a plasmid pcDNA3.1 / CT-GFP (6.1 kb, Invitrogen) expressing GFP was mixed with polymonitol osmotic gene carrier (PMT) at a molar ratio of 10 to prepare a gene delivery complex (PMT / tGFP).

Six-week-old male C57BL / 6 mice (Breeding and Research Center) were kept in a laboratory animal facility at a temperature of 23 ± 2 ° C and a relative humidity of 50 ± 20% for a 12 hour night / day cycle. All experimental procedures in this study were approved by Seoul National University's Animal Care and Use Committee at Seoul National University, SNU-101211-2. A chamber (NOEC; Dusturbo, Seoul, Korea) for exposing only the nose portion of the mouse was used to confirm gene transfer efficiency through aerosols. Four mice were randomly divided into two groups (two mice per group) as follows: : PEI 25K / GFP complex treated group; And PMT / GFP complex treated group. Each mouse of each group was exposed to aerosols based on the method used in the literature to deliver 1 mg of DNA (HL Jiang, et al. Biomaterials 30: 5844-5852, 2009).

After 24 hours of aerosol exposure, mice in each group were sacrificed and the lungs were harvested. The extracted lungs were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde solution, immersed in the solution for 12 hours, immersed in 30% sucrose solution and stored at 4 ° C for 48 hours. Fixed lungs were embedded with OCT compound (Tissue-Tek OCT, Sakura) at a temperature of -20 ℃ or lower and cut into microtomes to prepare 20 ㎛ thick lung tissue sections. For histopathological analysis, the prepared lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E), and then the tGFP signal was observed with a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM510, Carl Zeiss).

As a result, as shown in Fig. 10, strong tGFP signal was detected in the PMT / tGFP complex treated group (C in Fig. 10) of the present invention compared to the PEI / tGFP complex treated group This is very good.

Example  6: Caveolin -One( pY  14) of Western Blasting  analysis

Intracellular intracellular uptake is stimulated by stimulation of certain ligands or cell pressures, which is essential for the caveolin-1 protein to undergo Src-phosphorylase-mediated phosphorylation. The phosphorylation is known to be essential for germination of cysts. It was confirmed by the above example that the polymonitol gene transfer complex of the present invention was delivered into the cells by the ingestion of the selective cysts. The mechanism of this was confirmed by western blotting of the covalene-1 phosphorylation.

A549 cells were treated with genistein (GE) for 30 minutes prior to transformation or transformation, and cells were treated with 600 mM mannitol for 10 minutes for a hypertonic state as a positive control. The PMT / DNA complex or the PEI / DNA complex was transformed by treatment with an N / P ratio of 20 for 30 minutes. The cells were dissolved in RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay) solution containing a protease inhibitor and a dephosphorylase inhibitor to extract proteins. The mixture was allowed to stand for 30 minutes on ice and lightly mixed for 5 minutes, and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 25 minutes at 4 ° C to obtain supernatant. Protein concentration was measured by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) analysis and the same amount of protein was separated into SDS-PAGE gel (15%) mixed with 5x sample buffer containing DTT. Proteins from the separated gels were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and blocked overnight with Tris buffer containing Tween 20 and albumin. Then, the primary antibody, phosphorylated-caveolin 1 (pY14) IgG (rabbit polyclonal antibody) or actin IgG (rabbit polyclonal antibody) was attached to the blocked membrane and washed three times for 15 minutes each. Thereafter, the secondary antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP antibody was treated for 1 hour, rinsed again, and visualized with a light emission image analyzer LAS-3000 (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan).

As a result, as shown in Fig. 11, phosphorylation of caveolin-1 was temporarily induced by PMT / DNA complex and mannitol (positive control) (lanes 3 and 5), whereas treatment with PEI / DNA complex and negative control . In order to confirm that the phosphorylation of caveolin-1 is mediated by Src phosphorylase, caveolin-1 is phosphorylated when the cells are pre-treated with Src phosphorylase inhibitor (Genentin, GE) prior to treatment with PMT / And it was confirmed that the corresponding phosphorylation was caused by the Src phosphorylation enzyme.

Example  7: Polymannitol system  Gene transfer complex Intracellular  Distribution analysis

Fluorescence microscopy was performed to track the lysosomal transfer of PMT and PEI / DNA complexes in A549 cells. The PMT / DNA or PEI / DNA complex with FITC and the dextran (lysosome marker) with AlexaFluor 594 were incubated with A549 and the lysosomal delivery rates of the two complexes were measured using a photorefractive confocal microscope and imaging program Lt; / RTI > and quantified. Specifically, PMT and PEI were labeled with FITC fluorescence in pH 8.0 sodium bicarbonate buffer for 12 hours at room temperature. The labeled mixture was filtered through a dialysis membrane (MW limit 3500) at 4 degrees Celsius for 24 hours, and the filtered filtrate was lyophilized under reduced pressure for 3 days. Cells were inoculated on cover glass-bottom culture dishes (35 mm) and grown at 80% density. This was transformed by treatment with FITC-PMT / pGL3 or FITC-PEI / pGL3 complex for 3 hours after incubation in Alexa-dextran 594 (Alexa-dextran 594, 50 ug / ml) for 12 hours. The same location of the complexes in the lysosomes was observed using Image Restoration Microscopy (DeltaVision RT, Applied Precision, USA) and quantified using the ImageJ program (NIH Image, Bethesda, MD).

As shown in FIG. 12, the PMT / DNA or PEI / DNA appeared green in the cytoplasmic region, and the lysosome was indicated as a red color signal. Although the yellow signal was observed in the PMT / DNA and PEI / DNA complex treatment groups, it was thought that the PMT / DNA or PEI / DNA was located at the same position as the lysosomes and the delivery ratio of the two complexes to the lysosomes was different. The ratio of PEI / DNA complexes to lysosomes was 3.8 times higher than that of PMT / DNA complexes. These results suggest that PMT / DNA complexes have a lower rate of transfer to lysosomes than PEI / DNA complexes, thereby increasing the cytoplasmic duration and thus delivering genes to cells.

These results indicate that the polymannitol osmotic gene transporter forms homogeneous particles and the cytotoxicity thereof is markedly reduced as compared with the gene carrier using existing PEI, . Above all, it was confirmed that it has excellent effect in in vitro and in vivo gene transfer efficiency experiments. These results suggest that the use of PEI with polymannitol rather than conventional PEI can increase gene transfer efficiency and can significantly reduce cytotoxicity.

From the above description, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. In this regard, it should be understood that the above-described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention should be construed as being included in the scope of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (16)

A biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) represented by the following formula (1):
≪ Formula 1 >

In the above formula, n is an integer between 1 and 500.
The biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT) according to claim 1, wherein the carrier has a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 100,000 Da.
1) dissolving a mannitol derivative and a low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) each having an alcohol skeleton of mannitol sugar and having an acrylate group or a methacrylate group in the sugar alcohol skeleton in dimethylsulfoxide;
2) adding a low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) solution to the mannitol derivative solution to perform a Michael addition reaction; And
3) separating the copolymer formed from the reaction product. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymonitol-based osmotic transporter (PMT)
delete The method of claim 3, wherein the mannitol derivative is selected from the group consisting of mannitol diacrylate (MDA), mannitol dimethacrylate (MDM), mannitol triacrylate (MTA), mannitol trimethacrylate mannitol trimethacrylate (MTM), mannitol tetracrylate (MTEA), mannitol tetramethacrylate (MTEM), mannitol pentacrylate (MPA) and mannitol petamethacrylate, MPM). ≪ / RTI >
The method according to claim 5, wherein the mannitol derivative is mannitol diacrylate (MDA) represented by the following formula (4):
≪ Formula 4 >

4. The process according to claim 3, wherein in step 1) the low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) is linear or branched with a weight average molecular weight ranging from 50 to 10,000 Da.
delete 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the Michael addition reaction is carried out at 40 to 100 DEG C for 1 to 24 hours in step 2).
The process according to claim 3, wherein the reaction molar ratio of the mannitol derivative to the low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) in step 2) is 1: 0.1 to 1:10.
A gene transfer complex comprising the therapeutic gene linked to the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) of claim 1.
12. The gene delivery complex according to claim 11, wherein the therapeutic gene and the biodegradable polymannitol-based osmotic gene delivery vehicle (PMT) are bound at a molar ratio of 1: 0.5 to 1: 100.
12. The gene delivery complex of claim 11, wherein the gene delivery complex has an average particle size of from 150 to 300 nm.
12. The gene delivery complex of claim 11, wherein the gene delivery complex exhibits a zeta potential in the range of 1 to 50 mV.
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