KR101323378B1 - Transmission rate related information transmission apparatus and method for receiver selection in multi cell mimo downlink network, and receiver selection apparatus, method and system in multi cell mimo downlink network - Google Patents
Transmission rate related information transmission apparatus and method for receiver selection in multi cell mimo downlink network, and receiver selection apparatus, method and system in multi cell mimo downlink network Download PDFInfo
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- KR101323378B1 KR101323378B1 KR1020120135450A KR20120135450A KR101323378B1 KR 101323378 B1 KR101323378 B1 KR 101323378B1 KR 1020120135450 A KR1020120135450 A KR 1020120135450A KR 20120135450 A KR20120135450 A KR 20120135450A KR 101323378 B1 KR101323378 B1 KR 101323378B1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/022—Site diversity; Macro-diversity
- H04B7/024—Co-operative use of antennas of several sites, e.g. in co-ordinated multipoint or co-operative multiple-input multiple-output [MIMO] systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
- H04B7/0417—Feedback systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
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Abstract
The present invention discloses an apparatus and method for transmitting rate related information for recipient selection in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network, and an apparatus, method and system for receiver selection in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network. In a multi-cell multi-input downlink network having a plurality of sender groups and a receiver group of the present invention, a method for transmitting rate-related information to a sender for receiver selection includes receiving a pilot signal from the sender; Calculating approximate sum rate information assuming a non-linear receiver based on a pilot signal, and transmitting the approximated sum rate information to the sender. Therefore, it is possible to select a receiver capable of achieving a computational complexity similar to that of the conventional scheme and a higher sum rate than the conventional scheme.
Description
The present invention relates to an apparatus, a method and a system related to opportunistic user selection, and more particularly, to a multi-cell multiple input multiple output (MIMO) downlink system environment. An apparatus, method, and system for opportunistic user selection that can be applied in the present invention.
A multi-cell multi-output multi-input downlink network is a situation in which a plurality of base stations exist and a group of recipients to which each base station receives information is assigned. It has an antenna
In order to perform the optimized beamforming in the considered network, it is necessary to transmit channel information with considerable overhead. Opportunity beamforming is a technique for reducing such overhead. The opportunistic beamforming technique is a technique in which a sender creates an arbitrary matrix and finds an optimized user in the current situation in a situation where one sender has a receiver group composed of a plurality of receivers. At this time, the receiver receives channel information from the sender and returns a reference value for user selection so that the receiver selects a user from the sender. The advantage of this technique is that beamforming only transmits a reference value for receiver selection with less overhead, whereas channel information with large overhead needs to be transmitted between the sender and receiver in order to implement the optimized beamforming technique. Assuming that the overhead is small and the number of receivers is sufficient, a bit rate similar to that of a conventional beamforming scheme can be achieved.
Opportunistic Interference Alignment User Selection (OIAUS) is a technique derived from interference alignment (OIAUS) and selects the most highly correlated user based on correlation of interference signals. In this way, the opportunistic beamforming technique had to apply a singular value decomposition (SVD) process to all users by allowing only selected users to generate a beamforming matrix. The selection technique further reduces the complexity by applying the singular value decomposition (SVD) process only to the selected users. However, the opportunistic interference alignment user selection technique has a disadvantage in that the sum rate performance is not good because the power of the interference transmission signals is not taken into account when the user is adopted.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention for solving the above problems is that in a multi-cell multi-input / output downlink network having a large number of senders and each sender having a group consisting of a plurality of receivers, the highest sum rate can be achieved only by a low complexity operation. An apparatus and method for transmitting rate related information for receiver selection in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network and a receiver selection apparatus, method and system in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network are provided.
In a multi-cell multi-input downlink network having a plurality of sender groups and a receiver group of the present invention for achieving the above object, a method for transmitting rate-related information to a sender for receiver selection includes receiving a pilot signal from the sender. Receiving, calculating the approximate sum rate information assuming a non-linear receiver based on the received pilot signal and transmitting the approximated sum rate information to the sender.
The calculating of the approximate sum rate information calculates the approximated sum rate information based on the sum of the variance matrix of the interference signals of other receivers existing in the current receiver group and the variance matrix of the self-designated signal. It may include the step.
The approximated sum rate information calculating step
Where w is the approximate sum rate, I N is the unit matrix of N × N, Q [j, ki ] is the sum of the variance matrices of the interference signals of the k-th receiver in the i-th group, and Q [i, ki ] is calculating the approximate sum rate information using the distribution matrix of the designation signal for the k-th receiver in the i-th group).The sender may transmit a selection signal by selecting a receiver having transmitted the largest value among at least one of the approximated sum rate information received from the receiver belonging to the receiver group corresponding to the sender.
The transmission rate-related information transmission method generates a reception beamforming matrix capable of maximizing a transmission rate by using a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique when receiving the selection signal from the transmitter, thereby interfering with the transmitter. The method may further include executing communication in a situation.
The pilot signal may include local channel knowledge.
In the multi-cell multi-input downlink network having a plurality of sender groups and a receiver group of the present invention for achieving the above object, an apparatus for transmitting a rate-related information to a sender for receiver selection includes receiving a pilot signal from the sender. It may include a receiving unit for receiving, a calculating unit for calculating approximate sum rate information assuming a nonlinear receiver based on the received pilot signal, and a transmitting unit for transmitting the approximated sum rate information to the sender.
A method for selecting a receiver in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network having a plurality of sender groups and a receiver group of the present invention for achieving the above object comprises the steps of: transmitting a pilot signal to each receiver, corresponding receiver Receiving at least one approximate sum rate information calculated on the assumption of a nonlinear receiver from at least one receiver belonging to a group, and selecting a receiver having transmitted the largest value among the at least one approximated sum rate information received And transmitting the selection signal.
The approximate sum rate information is
Where w is the approximate sum rate, I N is the unit matrix of N × N, Q [j, ki ] is the variance matrix of the interference signal of the k-th receiver in the i-th group, and Q [i, ki ] is the i-th Information may be calculated using the distribution matrix of the designation signal for the k-th receiver in the group).The method of selecting a receiver may further include receiving reception beamforming matrix information from the selected receiver to perform communication in an interference channel situation.
The receiver selection method may further include generating a random transmission beamforming matrix and generating the pilot signal based on the random beamforming matrix.
In order to achieve the above object, an apparatus for selecting a receiver in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network having a plurality of transmitter groups and a receiver group of the present invention includes a pilot signal transmitter for transmitting a pilot signal to each receiver; The largest value of the sum rate information receiver and the received at least one approximated sum rate information, which receives at least one approximated sum rate information calculated on the assumption of a nonlinear receiver from at least one receiver belonging to the corresponding receiver group, It may include a selection signal transmission unit for transmitting the selection signal by selecting the receiver to be transmitted.
A system for receiver selection in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network having multiple sender groups and receiver groups of the present invention for achieving the above object receives a pilot signal from a sender and receives the received pilot signal. Based on the assumption of a non-linear receiver, the approximate sum rate information is calculated, the receiver for transmitting the approximate sum rate information to the sender and the pilot signal are transmitted to each receiver, and belonging to a corresponding receiver group. It may include a sender for receiving the at least one approximated sum rate information from at least one receiver to select a receiver having transmitted the largest value of the at least one approximated sum rate information to transmit a selection signal .
The receiver may calculate the approximate sum rate information on the assumption that the receiver is a nonlinear receiver based on the sum of the variance matrix of the interference signals of the other receivers present in the current receiver group and the variance matrix of the self-designated signal.
The recipient is
Where w is the approximate sum rate, I N is the unit matrix of N × N, Q [j, ki ] is the variance matrix of the interference signal of the k-th receiver in the i-th group, and Q [i, ki ] is the i-th The approximate sum rate information may be calculated using the variance matrix of the designation signal for the k-th receiver in the group.When the receiver receives the selection signal from the sender, the receiver generates a reception beamforming matrix capable of maximizing a transmission rate using a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique to communicate with the sender in an interference channel situation. You can run
According to the present invention, an apparatus and method for transmitting rate related information for receiver selection in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network, and a receiver selection apparatus, method and system in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network, are similar to those of the conventional scheme. It is possible to select a receiver that can achieve a computational complexity, a higher aggregate transfer rate than the conventional method, and the present invention is limited to only three users, whereas the present invention can be applied to any number of users. have.
1 is a conceptual diagram of a MIMO downlink network system having M transmitters;
2 is a flow chart of opportunistic interference alignment user selection;
3 is a flowchart illustrating a receiver selection method in a multi-cell multi-input / output downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention;
4 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an apparatus for transmitting rate related information for selecting a receiver in a multi-cell multi-input / output downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention;
5 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an apparatus for selecting a receiver in a multi-cell multiple input / output downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention;
6 is a view showing a result of comparing a receiver selection method and a conventional computational complexity in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a comparison between a receiver selection method and a conventional transmission rate in a multi-cell multi-input / output downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail.
It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments, but includes all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Terms such as first and second may be used to describe various components, but the components should not be limited by the terms. The terms are used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another. For example, without departing from the scope of the present invention, the first component may be referred to as the second component, and similarly, the second component may also be referred to as the first component. And / or < / RTI > includes any combination of a plurality of related listed items or any of a plurality of related listed items.
When a component is referred to as being "connected" or "connected" to another component, it may be directly connected to or connected to that other component, but it may be understood that other components may be present in between. Should be. On the other hand, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly connected" to another element, it should be understood that there are no other elements in between.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. Singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. In this application, the terms "comprise" or "have" are intended to indicate that there is a feature, number, step, operation, component, part, or combination thereof described in the specification, and one or more other features. It is to be understood that the present invention does not exclude the possibility of the presence or the addition of numbers, steps, operations, components, components, or a combination thereof.
Unless defined otherwise, all terms used herein, including technical or scientific terms, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with the meaning in the context of the relevant art and are to be interpreted in an ideal or overly formal sense unless explicitly defined in the present application Do not.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In order to facilitate the understanding of the present invention, the same reference numerals are used for the same constituent elements in the drawings and redundant explanations for the same constituent elements are omitted.
Throughout this specification, a transmitter refers to an apparatus for performing data communication, that is, a transmitter, and a receiver refers to an apparatus for communicating with the sender and receiving data, that is, a receiver. . The recipient may also be referred to as a user.
In the opportunistic beamforming scheme, a transmitter arbitrarily forms a transmission beamforming matrix, and then each receiver receives local channel information based on the transmission beamforming matrix, and transmits a user selection value to the transmitter. Then, the sender can select and communicate with the receiver in such a manner that the receiver selects the optimized receiver in the current situation, and this method can achieve a high transmission rate when a sufficient number of
Multicell Multiple Inputs and Outputs
Downlink
Recipient Selection System in the Network
1 is a conceptual diagram of a MIMO downlink network system having M transmitters. As shown in Fig. 1, the MIMO downlink network system includes M senders 10-1, 10-2, ..., 10-M and M receiver groups 20-1, 20-2, .. , 20-M), and each recipient group may include at least one
Referring to FIG. 1, there are M senders 10-1, 10-2, ..., 10-M in the network, and each sender 10-1, 10-2, ..., 10-. M) has a recipient group 20-1, 20-2, ..., 20-M consisting of K recipients 22-1, 22-2, ..., 22-K. Assume that there is no information exchange between each
In addition, each
In this communication situation, the received signal Y [ ki ] of the k-
Here, X [i] is a transmission signal of the i-
That is, the
Here, U [k] means a reception beamforming matrix, and is generally calculated through singular value decomposition (SVD) operation, but may be calculated through various other methods. However, operations such as singular value decomposition are computation methods with high computational complexity. If such operations are included in the entire procedure, the overall process complexity is increased. However, each
That is, the attainable sum transmission rate may be calculated based on the sum of the covariance matrix of the interference powers and the dispersion matrix of the designated signal. The sum of the dispersion matrices of the interference powers is expressed as follows.
In addition, the variance matrix of the designated signal is as follows.
The sum rate can be expressed as follows.
That is, since the sum rate includes the reception beamforming matrix term of U [i, ki ], the singular value decomposition operation with high computational complexity must be performed several times to calculate the sum rate. On the system, it can be said that it is quite inefficient for all
Thus, an opportunistic interference alignment user selection technique can be used that selects a user based on the degree of interference that enters them. The opportunistic interference alignment user selection technique measures and returns the alignment information of the interference coming into the
Here, D 2 (A, B) means the crescent distance between the matrices A, B. L 1 and L 2 mean interference spaces from two
Then, only the receiver having the minimum value, that is, the receiver whose interference is maximally aligned, generates the reception beamforming matrix through singular value decomposition of the opportunistic beamforming technique. Among them, the reception beamforming matrix generated by the maximum signal-to-interference and noise technique can achieve the highest sum rate. The reception beamforming matrix may be expressed as follows.
Here, v d [A] means a singular vector for the d-th largest singular value of the matrix A.
2 is a flowchart of an opportunistic interference alignment user selection technique. Referring to FIG. 2, first, the
However, since the opportunistic interference alignment user selection technique only considers the degree of alignment of the interference signal, there is a problem in that performance is degraded in various interference power environments and it is difficult to apply to three or more users. In addition, compared to the scheme that considers the power of the designated signal, there is a significant disadvantage in that the performance degradation of the sum rate occurs. Accordingly, the present invention performs a user selection based on the sum rate described above in order to overcome this problem, but provides an improved method for improving the overall efficiency by improving the complexity.
3 is a flowchart illustrating a receiver selection method in a multi-cell multiple input / output downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, in the receiver selection method of the present invention, a receiver returns a largest value among a rate calculation step S310, a calculated value return step S320, and a sender that assumes a nonlinear receiver. Recipient selection step (S330) may be included. Through this, each
Referring to FIG. 3, in the rate calculation step S310, the
The approximate sum rate is equal to or greater than the sum rate calculated through
w is an approximate sum factor that is closer than C 'and is the factor that all
Then, in the conveyance step S320, the
The
Subsequent steps are the same as described above, using Equation (7) to generate a reception beamforming matrix that can maximize its transmission rate. In this case, the reception beamforming matrix may be generated through a signal-to-interference and noise ratio maximization technique. Then, the
Device for transmitting rate related information for receiver selection in multi-cell multi-input downlink network
4 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a transmission rate related
Referring to FIG. 4, the
The
The
Then, the sender selects the
When receiving the selection signal from the
Receiver selection device in multi-cell multi-input downlink network
5 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an
Referring to FIG. 5, the
The sum rate
The
The
6 is a diagram illustrating a result of comparing a complexity of a receiver selection method and a conventional method in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention. This is a simulation result to help understand the effect of the receiver selection method of the present invention. In the simulations of FIGS. 6 and 7, in addition to the opportunistic user selection technique described herein, the minimum interference technique (MIN-INR) of the Opportunistic BeamForming User Selection (OBFUS) technique is conventionally employed. performances were compared. That is, the performance of the three techniques proposed by the present invention, Opportunistic Maximum Rate User Selection (OMRUS), Opportunistic Interference Alignment User Selection (OIAUS), and Minimal Interference (MIN-INR) Compared.
Referring to FIG. 6, the recipient selection method (OMRUS) according to one embodiment of the present invention requires some computational complexity than the opportunistic interference alignment user selection technique (OIAUS), but much more than the minimum interference technique (MIN-INR). You can see that it requires less computational complexity.
FIG. 7 illustrates a comparison between a receiver selection method and a conventional transmission rate in a multi-cell multi-input / output downlink network according to an embodiment of the present invention. The simulation shows that the antennas of all transmitters and receivers are N T with the interference-to-signal ratio α = 0.7 and the number of transmitters and receivers M = 3 and K = 10. = N R = 4 and the number of transmission data is d = 2, and the sum rate in each SNR interval is tested.
As shown in FIG. 7, the OMRUS according to an embodiment of the present invention exhibits a significantly higher sum rate than an opportunistic interference alignment user selection scheme (OIAUS) and a minimum interference scheme (MIN-INR). You can check it.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the inventions as defined by the following claims It will be understood that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (16)
Receiving a pilot signal from the sender;
Calculating approximate sum rate information assuming a non-linear receiver based on the received pilot signal;
And transmitting the approximated sum rate information to the sender. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the approximate sum rate information to the sender.
And calculating the approximate sum rate information on the assumption that the receiver is a nonlinear receiver based on a sum of variance matrices of interference signals of other receivers present in the current receiver group and a variance matrix of self-designated signals. A method of transmitting rate related information for receiver selection in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network.
Where w is the approximate sum rate, I N is the unit matrix of N × N, Q [j, ki ] is the sum of the variance matrices of the interference signals of the k-th receiver in the i-th group, and Q [i, ki ] is calculating the approximate sum rate information using a distribution matrix of a designated signal for a k-th receiver in an i-th group). Transmission rate related information.
The sender selects a receiver that transmits the largest value among at least one of the approximated sum rate information received from a receiver belonging to a receiver group corresponding to the sender, and transmits a selection signal. A method of transmitting rate related information for receiver selection in a link network.
When receiving the selection signal from the sender, by using a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique to generate a reception beamforming matrix that can maximize the transmission rate and performing communication in the interference channel situation with the sender The transmission rate related information transmission method for the receiver selection in a multi-cell multi-input and downlink network further comprising.
And the pilot signal includes local channel knowledge. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot signal comprises local channel knowledge.
A receiver which receives a pilot signal from the transmitter;
A calculator calculating an approximate sum rate information on the assumption of a nonlinear receiver based on the received pilot signal; And
And a transmitter for transmitting the approximate sum rate information to the sender.
Transmitting a pilot signal to each recipient;
Receiving at least one approximate sum rate information calculated on the assumption of a nonlinear receiver from at least one receiver belonging to a corresponding receiver group;
And selecting a receiver having transmitted the largest value among the received at least one approximated sum rate information and transmitting a selection signal.
The approximate sum rate information is Where w is the approximate sum rate, I N is the unit matrix of N × N, Q [j, ki ] is the variance matrix of the interference signal of the k-th receiver in the i-th group, and Q [i, ki ] is the i-th Means a distribution matrix of a designation signal for a k-th receiver in a group).
Receiving reception beamforming matrix information from the selected receiver to perform communication in an interference channel situation.
Generating a random transmit beamforming matrix;
And generating said pilot signal based on said random beamforming matrix.
A pilot signal transmitter for transmitting a pilot signal to each receiver;
A sum rate information receiver configured to receive at least one approximated sum rate information calculated on the assumption of a nonlinear receiver from at least one receiver belonging to a corresponding receiver group; And
And a selection signal transmitter for transmitting a selection signal by selecting a receiver having transmitted the largest value among the received at least one approximated sum transmission rate information.
A receiver receiving a pilot signal from a transmitter, calculating approximate sum rate information assuming a nonlinear receiver based on the received pilot signal, and transmitting the approximated sum rate information to the sender; And
Transmitting the pilot signal to each receiver, receiving at least one approximated sum rate information from at least one receiver belonging to a corresponding group of recipients, and receiving the at least one approximated sum rate information A receiver selection system in a multi-cell multiple input / output downlink network, comprising: a sender for selecting a receiver having transmitted a large value and transmitting a selection signal.
The approximate sum rate information is calculated based on the sum of the variance matrix of the interference signals of the other receivers present in the current receiver group and the variance matrix of the self-designated signal. Recipient Selection System in Downlink Networks.
Where w is the approximate sum rate, I N is the unit matrix of N × N, Q [j, ki ] is the variance matrix of the interference signal of the k-th receiver in the i-th group, and Q [i, ki ] is the i-th Means approximation sum rate information using a distribution matrix of a designated signal for a k-th receiver in a group.
When receiving the selection signal from the sender, by using a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique to generate a reception beamforming matrix that can maximize the transmission rate to perform communication in the interference channel situation with the sender A receiver selection system in a multi-cell multi-input downlink network.
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KR101632825B1 (en) * | 2015-01-21 | 2016-06-23 | 한국과학기술원 | Method and apparatus for receiving of uplink supporting mobility in large-scale antenna system |
CN108234101A (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2018-06-29 | 郑州航空工业管理学院 | Efficiency maximizes pilot signal design method and large-scale multi-antenna system |
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KR20090038090A (en) * | 2007-10-15 | 2009-04-20 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus and method for calculation channel information for multiple user mode in multiple inpute multiple output wireless communication system |
KR20100138126A (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-31 | 주식회사 케이티 | Method for selecting data transmission mode in distributed antenna system |
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KR20090038090A (en) * | 2007-10-15 | 2009-04-20 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus and method for calculation channel information for multiple user mode in multiple inpute multiple output wireless communication system |
KR20100138126A (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-31 | 주식회사 케이티 | Method for selecting data transmission mode in distributed antenna system |
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KR101632825B1 (en) * | 2015-01-21 | 2016-06-23 | 한국과학기술원 | Method and apparatus for receiving of uplink supporting mobility in large-scale antenna system |
CN108234101A (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2018-06-29 | 郑州航空工业管理学院 | Efficiency maximizes pilot signal design method and large-scale multi-antenna system |
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