KR101317502B1 - Method of biological control in facilities of grain storage - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for biological control in a grain storage or processing facility, comprising controlling the timing or amount of radiation of natural enemies based on the pest species and pest form density in the grain storage or processing facility. According to the present invention of the above-described configuration, by selecting the natural enemy, the timing of the radiation, and the amount of radiation to suit the various forms and situations of grain processing and storage facilities, the density of the storage pests can be reduced to below the economic damage level and maintained for a long time. There is an advantage that elastic biological control is possible.

Description

Method of biological control in facilities of grain storage

The present invention relates to a method for biological control in grain storage or processing facilities. More specifically, the present invention provides a method for controlling biological control using natural enemies that can replace chemical control using chemical agents such as insecticides in grain storage or processing facilities, and a method for increasing efficiency in application. The present invention relates to methods of biological control in grain storage or processing facilities where biological control is carried out mainly on storage pest species and habitat density.

Stored foods are distinguished from food being grown and include grains, processed foods, feeds, etc., and are stored in storage facilities such as warehouses. Insect damage to food resources is largely categorized as damage during cultivation and damage during storage. Pest control during crop cultivation has long been recognized as a premise for successful crop production. Therefore, intensive research on pest control during cultivation has been and has been applied (eg Metcalf and Luckman, 1994).

On the other hand, the damage caused by pests of stored foods, despite their importance, has not been recognized, and research on pest control and reasonable control have been neglected.

The damage of preserved foods by pests is relatively high, since they cannot be compensated, unlike damage during cultivation. In addition, the damage is not limited to quantitative losses, and their excretion and secretions cause loss of qualitative value as a resource of the stored food, and silk secretion by larvae of moths makes processing of the stored food difficult. Increasing temperature and humidity due to pest activity promotes the activity of storage fungi, such as the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium, and other storage pests that eat their by-products, thereby accelerating the deterioration of stored grains and in some cases promoting the production of aflatoxins. It also affects food hygiene (Beti et al., 1995; Tzanakaki, 1959).

Nevertheless, no reasonable pest control measures for preserved foods have been made. Pest control for preserved foods, both at home and abroad, depends primarily on warehouse fumigation. However, due to the expression of the resistance of the pest to fumigation, the control cost is increasing and the control efficiency is falling. In particular, due to safety issues such as pesticide residues in food, the use of pesticides is strictly controlled, and other means than chemical methods are being taken.

Recently, physical control methods using cold storage, radiation, and biological control methods using natural enemies have been discussed. However, it has been discussed so far that the former has problems such as uncertainty of effect and high cost burden. For example, the physical means of radiation have to bear the high cost of mass treatment, and the reliability of the effect is low, and at the same time, this method is difficult to carry out because it avoids consumer consumption.

In this situation, biological control using natural enemies can be used as an effective means of preventing damage from pests by removing the pest from the storage pests, thereby preventing the pests from entering the grains. Nevertheless, it is true that few studies have been successful because of the lack of a reasonable method for the efficient use of natural enemies and the lack of long-term effects.

The present invention to solve the problems of the prior art, the object of the present invention is to maximize the efficiency of the control and the application of biological control using natural enemies without problems such as resistance expression, food safety and reduced consumer preference It is to provide biological control methods in grain storage facilities that can be used.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a biological control device of a grain storage or processing facility that can maximize the efficiency of biological control without problems such as expression of resistance, reduced food safety and reduced consumer preference.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, claims and drawings.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the present invention is a grain storage or processing facility, the organism in a grain storage or processing facility comprising the step of determining by adjusting the emission timing or radiation dose of natural enemies on the basis of pest species and pest form density Provide a method of enemy control.

According to the present invention having the above-described configuration, it is possible to maximize the efficiency of biological control by determining and controlling the timing and / or the amount of radiation of natural enemies by focusing on the control effect of natural enemies according to the pest species and / or pest form density. There is an advantage to that.

In the biological control method according to the present invention, it is preferable to determine and control the timing or the amount of radiation of natural enemies according to the intra-competitive species of the pest species.

The competition type of pest species can be largely divided into a sequence competition type or a non-sequence competition type, and the control effect by natural enemies differs depending on the competition type. Can increase the efficiency.

In the case of the species-competitive type of the pest species is a sequence competition type, it is preferable that the spontaneous / pest (parasitic / host) ratio is emitted once at a predetermined level or more. In general, pests that exhibit sequence competition in species competition can effectively suppress the density of pest populations regardless of the parasite / host ratio in a single radiation.

It is desirable to maintain the natural enemy / pest (parasitic / host) ratio to a certain level or more. Since the control effect is different according to the natural enemies / parasites (parasitics / hosts) ratio according to the pest species, it is not necessary to identify the most economical natural enemies / pests (parasites / hosts) ratio according to the pest species and maintain it above a certain level. As a result, the cost of the control can be reduced as much as possible, which greatly increases the efficiency of biological control. In particular, pests that exhibit acute competition can be significantly suppressed only when the parasite / host ratio is above a certain level.

Various parasitic rods are known to be parasitic to pests, and any of the parasitic rods parasitic to key pests may be used as natural enemies in the present invention. However, in order to obtain a better control effect, it is necessary to select a natural enemy of the potential pest density among these potential enemies. In the conjunction when the key pest of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) of rice weevil turned gold jombeol and (Anisopteromalus calandrae) is known as the most effective natural enemies for the control, key pests line alrak name moth (Ephestia cautella), hwaranggok moth ( In the case of moths such as Plodia interpunctella ), the bracon hebetor is known as the most suitable biological control factor.

Therefore, the present invention is not limited thereto, but the natural enemy (parasitic) is a rice weevil larva ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ), The pest (host) is rice weevil, and at this time, it is preferable to spin with a natural / pest (parasitic / host) ratio of 0.02 or more. As a result, the density of the stored pests can be reduced to less than the economic damage level (90% or more control efficiency).

In addition, when the intra-competitive type of the pest species is a non-sequential competition type, it is preferable to maintain the ratio of natural enemies / pests (parasitic / host) to 0.05 or more. In general, in the case of non-thermal competition type, if the ratio of natural enemies / pests (parasitic / host) is less than 0.05, the control effect by natural enemies is negligible, and the pests are significantly suppressed only when 0.05 or more.

Although not limited to this, the natural enemy ( parasitic ) is a barley moth, and a pest ( Bracon hebetor ), the pest (host) is a Hwagok-moth moth, and at this time, maintaining the natural / pest (parasitic / host) ratio of 0.14 or more It is preferable. As a result, the density of the stored pests can be reduced to less than the economic damage level (90% or more control efficiency).

In addition, the continuous suppression of Hwaranggok moths requires periodic and repetitive radiation of the Bracon hebetor .

According to another aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a biological storage system for a grain storage or processing facility comprising means for determining and controlling the timing or amount of radiation of natural enemies based on pest species and pest density. Provides a control device.

The means for determining and controlling the timing or amount of radiation of the natural enemy is monitoring means for monitoring the type of target pest and the pest density, and the storage of the natural enemy stored in the state where the natural enemy is paused. Means, and control means for radiating the natural enemy stored in the storage means by determining the timing or amount of emission of natural enemies on the basis of the pest species and pest form density based on the monitoring result by the monitoring means. .

The monitoring means may use a conventionally known technique such as pheromone trap.

The storage means is selected from the parasitic rods of the key pests to create and package the environment in which the artificially produced natural enemy is suspended, and when necessary, by opening a predetermined number of packaging containers to kill the key pests.

Furthermore, the artificially produced natural enemy stored in the storage means can be processed and stored in a manner that can appropriately respond to the long-term and short-term demand of the control. That is, the efficiency of the control can be improved by varying the method of filling and processing natural enemies according to necessity such as short-term mass spraying and long-term repeated spraying.

If short-term, large-scale spraying is required, an adult natural enemy, preferably less than 24 hours old, can be stored in pairs with the host in an insulated container. At this time, the density ratio of the natural enemy and the host that can be added per unit volume is 20 to 50:50 to 80, and may be set differently according to the moving time.

On the other hand, when a small amount of repeated spraying for a long time is necessary, it is desirable to create and package an environment in which the growth of the larvae is temporarily stopped, and to open and use the container whenever necessary. The pause of the larvae development is possible at a temperature in consideration of the minimum developmental threshold temperature, preferably at 5-10 ° C. or at a gas composition environment in which carbon dioxide is increased than oxygen. The ratio of carbon dioxide and oxygen is arbitrarily set within the range of 97: 3-85: 15. If the container is opened by the necessity of the control, the development of the larva proceeds again, and the natural radiation of the natural adult can be achieved to obtain the control effect.

The biological control device is characterized in that it controls the timing or amount of radiation of natural enemies according to the species species of the pest species.

The biological control device is characterized by radiating natural enemies when the natural enemy / pest (parasitic / host) ratio is less than a certain standard.

Although not limited thereto, the natural enemy (parasitic) is a rice weevil larva ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ), and the pest (host) is a rice weevil, at this time, maintaining a natural / pest (parasitic / host) ratio of 0.02 or more It is preferable to make it.

In addition, when the species competition type of the pest species is a non-thermocompetitive type, it is preferable to maintain the natural enemy / pest (parasitic / host) ratio of 0.05 or more.

Although not limited to this, the natural enemy ( parasitic ) is a barley moth, and the pest ( Bracon hebetor Say), the pest (host) is a Hwaranggok moth, maintaining the natural / pest (parasitic / host) ratio of 0.14 or more desirable.

As described above, the present invention is able to reduce the density of stored pests below the level of economic damage and maintain them for a long time by selecting natural enemies, adjusting the timing of radiation, and controlling the amount of radiation to suit various forms and situations of grain processing and storage facilities. It can achieve the effect that elastic biological control is possible.

In addition, according to the present invention it is possible to solve the side effects of the conventional control methods, such as the expression of resistance, reduced food safety and reduced consumer preference. At the same time, biological control costs at grain processing and storage facilities can be lowered and unnecessary control strategies can be provided according to the pest species to maximize the efficiency of biological control.

FIG. 1A is a diagram showing the allegorical water of rice weevil, allegorizing at a density of 100 and 150 rice weevil per 2 kg brown rice.
Figure 1b is a diagram showing the allegorical water of rice weevil larva zombie beating at a density of 100 and 150 rice weevil per 2 kg brown rice.
FIG. 1C is a diagram showing the allegorical water of rice weevil, which is allied at a density of 1000 rice weevil per 20 kg brown rice.
2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the increase rate of parasitic rodent rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) and the parasitic rod / host ratio.
3 is a non-linear regression diagram showing the relationship between the rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) and the host-parasitic rod ratio based on the integrated data.
Fig. 4A is a diagram showing allegorical number of allegory of Hwaranggok moths, allegorizing at 100 and 150 Hwarangok moth densities per 2 kg brown rice.
FIG. 4B is a diagram showing the allegorical number of barley moths and chivalgers, allergic to densities of 100 and 150 galaxies per 2 kg of brown rice.
Fig. 4C is a diagram showing allegorical number of allegory of Hwaranggok moths, which are allegedly at 1000 Hwarangok moth densities per 20 kg of brown rice.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the increase rate of the parasitic rods and the parasitic rod / host ratio.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the inhibition rate of the Bracon hebetor and the host-parasite ratio based on the integrated data.
FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating changes over time of rice weevil density predicted through a matrix model.
FIG. 7B is a diagram showing changes over time of the gallery moth density predicted through the matrix model.
8A and 8B are diagrams showing k- values of rice weevil and Hwaranggok moth estimated from simulation data.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only for describing the present invention in more detail and that the scope of the present invention is not limited by these embodiments in accordance with the gist of the present invention .

Materials and methods

(1) Testimonials

The rice weevil, used in the present invention, was originally collected in a family house in Seoul in 1984, and has been cultivated as brown rice in Korea University Population Ecology Laboratory. (Ryoo and Cho 1988). Hwaranggok moths were collected in Daegu in a food storage store for dry vegetables in 1994 and have been raised as brown rice in the same laboratory. (Na and Ryoo 2000). In 1987, rice weevil larvae and rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ), which were collected from rice weevil stock culture, were reared in rice weevil fed brown rice. Larval parasites of the Hwakkok Moth , Bracon hebetor , were collected in 1996 from Hwakkok Moth stock culture and were bred from Hwakkok Moth larvae fed artificial feed (Yu et al. 1999). All insects were maintained in incubators maintaining an environment of 28 ± 1 ° C. and 70-75% RH (light cycle 16: 8 (L: D)).

(2) analysis of data

Data were statistically analyzed using PROC TTEST and PROC GLM (SAS Institute 2004). The effectiveness of the control was estimated using the following formula, similar to Abbott's formula (Abbot 1925):

는 기생봉이 접종된 후 살아남은 평균 기주수이고

는 대조구에서 평균 기주수이다. 기생봉/기주 비율에 대한 효율의 반응곡선은 비선형회귀분석을 통하여 추정되었다 (R Development Core Team 2004).
here

Is the average number of hosts survived after the parasitic vaccination

Is the average number of hosts in the control. The response curve of the efficiency for the parasitic rod / host ratio was estimated by nonlinear regression analysis (R Development Core Team 2004).

Example 1.Rice weevil gold zombie against rice weevil ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) Effect on host-parasitic ratio and host density A. calandrae  Reaction)

Rice weevil larvae were mixed with 100 and 150 brown rice containing 2kg brown rice in a plastic cage (32x22x7cm). The mixture was maintained at 28 ± 1 ° C. and 70-75% RH for 24 hours, then 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 fertilized rice weevil ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) females (<24 h old) was inoculated into the cage. The cage was then incubated until all inoculated parasites died under the same conditions: approximately 8-9 days. Dead parasites were removed from the cage. The cages were incubated under the same conditions, and the number and sex of offspring paranormal rods were recorded daily and continued until no more parasites were allegorized. At this point, the number of alleged weevils was recorded. The experiment was repeated six times for each weevil and parasitic rod density. In addition, treatments that were not inoculated with parasitic rods were also performed as controls.

In order to evaluate the effect of parasitic rods on the size and amount of resources, 1000 brown rice containing the 4th-largest larvae of rice weevil were mixed with 20 kg of brown rice in a wooden box (50x50x50cm) (weets per kg of brown rice) The same number but 10 times more space). The box was kept at room temperature (25-31 ° C) for 24 hours and 25 and 50 pairs of rice weevil bees ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) were inoculated into the box. The other procedure was the same as the experiment mentioned above. Boxes without parasitic inoculation were used as controls. This experiment was repeated 10 times for the control and 5 times for the treatment.

The results are shown in FIGS. 1A to 3. As the density of rice weevil ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) increased from 2 to 32, the number of alleged rice weevils decreased significantly in both 100 and 150/2 kg brown rice treatments (F = 499.60; df = 5, 30 P <0.0001 and F = 2456.72; df = 5, 30; P <0.0001) (FIG. 1A).

The number of offspring of parasitic rods increased from 50.67 ± 4.31 to 67.67 ± 4.62 and from 91.83 ± 3.81 to 122.83 ± 1.76 at densities of 100 and 150/2 kg, respectively. On the other hand, the density of rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) increased from 2 to 8 but decreased at higher densities (Fig. 1b) (treatment for 100 and 150 larvae respectively: F = 51.07; df = 4, 25 ; P <0.0001 and F = 271.19; df = 5, 30; P <0.0001). As shown in FIG. 2, at high densities, the rate of parasitic rod growth was very low, suggesting mutual interference between parasitic rods. This relationship is illustrated by the equation:

(r ² = 0.91; F = 317.48; df = 2,57; P <0.001)

Similar reactions were found when using a wider space. Anseopteromalus calandrae inhibited significantly egregious weevil number (FIG. 1C) (F = 546.90; df = 2, 17; P <0.0001).

3 shows a non-linear regression relationship between the rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) and the host-parasitic rod ratio on the basis of the integrated data ( p = P _t / H _t ):

(r ² = 0.99; F = 4761.73; df = 2, 68; P <0.001)

Inhibition efficiency here is defined in materials and methods. The efficiency was 90% when the host-parasite ratio was 0.02. Rice weevil was completely removed when the ratio was 0.10.

Example 2. Barley Moth Cut and Punishment for Gallery Moth Bracon hebetor ) Effect on host-parasitic ratio and host density B. hebetor  Reaction)

A total of 100 and 150 larvae (> 3rd larval instar) were inoculated in 2 kg brown rice in a plastic cage (32x22x17 cm). In order to stabilize the test conditions, the cage was maintained for 24 hours at 28 ± 1 ° C and 70-75% RH. Next, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 fertilized Bracon hebetor (<24 h old) females were inoculated into the cage and then maintained until all parasites died. .: About 8-9 days. The cage was subsequently incubated under the same conditions, and the fabled parasites and sex ratios were recorded daily until there were no more fabled parasites. At this point, allegorical moths were also recorded. This process was repeated six times for each moth and parasitic rod density. Cages without parasitic rods were used as controls.

To determine the effect of parasitic rods on space size in this system, 1,000 moth larvae were inoculated in 20 kg of brown rice in a crate (moth density 50 / kg same as the above-mentioned experiment, but the laboratory space is 10 times larger). ). The crates were then maintained for 24 hours at room temperature, and after 24 hours, 25 or 50 pairs of Barcon hebetors were inoculated into the crates. The rest of the experiment is the same as above.

The results are shown in FIGS. 4A to 6. The number of allergic galaxies moths decreased significantly as Bracon hebetor increased from 2 to 32 in both 100 and 150 larvae / 2 kg (F = 118.25; df = 5,30; P). <0.0001) (FIG. 4A). The number of offspring of the dominant Bracon hebetor showed no significant difference regardless of the number of parasitic rods inoculated (treatment for 100 and 150 larvae respectively: F = 1.20; df = 4, 25; P > 0.3335 and F = 0.60; df = 4, 25; P > 0.6270) (FIG. 4B).

In the widening experiments, the number of allegorical galaxies moths was not suppressed by Bracon hebetors regardless of the number of parasitic rods inoculated (20 and 50) (F = 0.92; df = 2, 17) ; P = 0.4185) (FIG. 4C). These findings suggest that the parasitic rod / host ratio is a very important factor in determining the parasitic rod's ability to contain Hwaranggok moths. In the widened space, the ratios were 0.025 and 0.05, and the inhibition of Hwagwak moth by parasitic rods was negligible (r = 0.05; df = 10; P = 0.90). 5 shows the relationship between the growth rate of parasitic rods and the parasitic rod / host ratio. In this figure, the decrease in the increase rate showed an inverse relationship with the parasitic rod / host ratio, which is expressed as:

(r ² = 0.88; F = 215.11; df = 2.57; P <0.001)

FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the inhibition rate of the Bracon hebetor and the host-parasite ratio based on the integrated data:

(r ² = 0.91; F = 340.36; df = 2, 68; P <0.001)

In the Plodia - Bracon system, the effectiveness of the control is 90% when the parasitic / host ratio is greater than 0.14.

Example 3. Model Simulation

Table 1 Table 2 shows the values of the parameters determined from each model. Models of rice weevil and gorge moth fit the observed values, suggesting that these models can be used to simulate the population dynamics of the insects used in the experiment.

Table 1. Values of the parameters ( a and b ) for the number of dead larvae in the two populations Parameters No. of dead rice weevil
larvae ^a a b r ² 0.3006 0.0037 0.55 No. of dead Indianmeal
Moth larvae ^b a b r ² 56.43 0.0026 0.92

^a Data from Ji (2002). The number of weevil larvae that died from intraspecific competition was estimated using the exponential growth equation: y = ae ^bx , where x and y are the total number of adult weevils and dead larvae, respectively.

^b Data from Yoon et al. (2001). The number of moth larvae that died from intraspecific competition was estimated using the exponential growth equation: y = ae ^bx , where x and y are the total number of moths and dead larvae, respectively.

Table 2.The estimated attack rate ( a ), handling time ( T _h ), female developmental periods ( D _A ) and female longevity ( L _A ) in species Parasitoid species a T _h D _A L _A

m r ² A. calandrae ^a 0.03 0.023 13 15 0.6 0.94 0.32 a T _h D _A L _A c d r ² B. hebetor ^b 0.21 0.67 11 21 0.1853 -0.00008 0.94

^{P t (1- m )}]. ^a Data from Chun et al. (1993), Shin et al. (1994) for A. calandrae . The parameters for functional response were estimated using the equation: y = aH _t P _t T _t / (1+ aT _h H _t ), where H _t and P _t are the number of weevil larvae and female parasitoids, respectively. For numerical response, the equation was described as P t + 1 = H t [1- e -

^{P t (1- m )} ].

^b Data from Yu et al. (2003) and Shin (2009) for B. hebetor . The parameters for functional response were estimated using the equation: y = a ( H _{t /} P _t ) P _t T _t / (1+ aT _h ( H _{t /} P _t )), where H _t and P _t are the number of weevil larvae and female parasitoids, respectively. For numerical response, the equation was described as P _{t + 1} = H _t ( c + d ( H _t / P _t )) (1- e ^{- a ( H t / P t )} ).

(3-1) General Model

A stage-structured matrix model was constructed to describe population dynamics of rice weevil and Hwagok-moth moths with and without parasitic rods. This model is known as a highly flexible model for simulating insect population dynamics and has been used to simulate the behavior of populations with different life histories (Caswell 2001). The temperature for the simulation was 28 ° C, the optimal temperature for insects in this study.

(3-2) Model simulation for dynamic rice weevil

The life stages of rice weevil are divided into eight stages: eggs, young larvae, homeless larvae, pupa, and four adult stages. The adult stage was divided into four stages to describe age-related variations in the survival and reproduction of the adult. Therefore, this model has the form:

와

는 각각 t와 t+1 시간에서 연령벡터이다.

는 아래의 형태를 갖는 projection matrix이다: here

Wow

Are the age vectors at t and t + 1 hours, respectively.

Is a projection matrix of the form:

,

,

와

는 4단계 동안 성충당 하루 산란수이고,

,

,

,

,

,

와

는 각각의 단계에서 다음 단계로 넘어갈 전이확률이며,

,

,

,

,

,

,

와

는 단위시간 내에서 같은 단계에 남아있을 확률이다. here

,

,

Wow

Is the number of eggs per adult per day during stage 4,

,

,

,

,

,

Wow

Is the probability of transition from one stage to the next,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Wow

Is the probability of remaining in the same phase within unit time.

To assess the adult's density-dependent mortality ( D _mw ( t )), the following exponential growth equation was used:

는 t 시간에서 전체 성충의 수이다.

는 두 부분으로 나뉘어지며, 각각의 어린 유충과 노숙유충의 단계에서 죽은 유충수가 감해졌다 (표 1).here

Is the total number of adults in t time.

Are divided into two parts, with the number of larvae killed at each of the young and homeless larvae subtracted (Table 1).

Holling's disc formula was used to evaluate the functional response of rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) to the density of rice weevil (Holling 1959):

와

는 각각 t 시간에서 쌀바구미 유충수, 기생봉수 그리고 기생봉에 의해 공격받은 쌀바구미수이다.; a, T _h 와 T _t 는 각각 기생봉의 공격률, 처리시간, 그리고 기주가 기생봉에 노출된 전체시간이다. 시간 간격 단위는 하루로 설정하였다. 세대 당 기생봉의 수반응은 식 (4)를 통해 추정되었으며 이 식에는 기주를 탐색하는 기생봉 간 종내경쟁이나 상호간섭을 포함하고 있다.here,

Wow

Are rice weevil larvae, parasitic bees and rice weevils attacked by parasitic bee at t times, respectively; a , T _h and T _t are the parasitic rod attack rate, treatment time, and the total time the host was exposed to the parasitic rods, respectively. The time interval unit was set to one day. The number of parasitic rod reactions per generation was estimated by Eq. (4), which included intra-species competition or mutual interference between parasitic rods seeking the host.

와

는 각각 g와 g+1 세대에서 기생봉의 수이고,

는 g 세대에서 쌀바구미의 노숙 유충의 수이다. 이것은 아래의 식을 사용하여 모형화할 수 있다:here

Wow

Is the number of parasitic rods in g and g + 1 generations,

Is the number of homeless larvae of rice weevil in g generation. This can be modeled using the following equation:

와

는 각각 t와 t+1 시간에서 기생봉의 수이다.

는 발육기간이고

는 기생봉 성충의 수명이다. 기능반응과 수반응에 대한 매개변수들은 표 2에 첨부하였다. 본 발명자들은 이 식을 우리의 확장된 행렬모형에 통합하였다.
here

Wow

Is the number of parasitic rods at t and t + 1 hours, respectively.

Is the developmental period

Is the lifespan of a parasitic adult. The parameters for functional and water reactions are attached in Table 2. We have integrated this equation into our extended matrix model.

The results are shown in Figure 7a. FIG. 7A is a diagram showing how the density of rice weevil changes over time when parasitic rods are inserted through the matrix model and when they are not. When the parasitic rods are injected, the density of the rice weevil can be confirmed through the drawings that the ratio of the parasitic rods / hosts is more than 0.01 when compared to the other cases. In the absence of rice weevil larvae ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ), the growth of the rice weevil population was observed to increase the sigmoid type at the saturation level, which is a typical characteristic of the sequence competition type (Fig. 7a). When rice weevil zombie ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ) was inoculated into the rice weevil population at a rate of 0.02, the inhibition efficiency was estimated at 90% and the rice weevil population was killed after reaching the peak (FIG. 7A). These results suggest that rice weevil can be controlled to the desired density by rice weevil zombie ( Anisopteromalus calandrae ).

(3-3) Model Simulation for Dynamics of Gallery Moth

To describe the population dynamics of Hwagok-moth, this population was categorized into five biologically defined levels: eggs, young larvae, homeless larvae, pupa and adults. The larval stage is divided into two stages because the survival rate varies with age.

This model can be described using the equation:

는 t 시간의 각 단계에서 개체군의 밀도를 제공하는 벡터이고,

는 population projection matrix이다.

는 다음 형태를 갖는다:here

Is a vector giving the density of the population at each stage of t time,

Is the population projection matrix.

Has the form:

는 성충 개체 하루 당 산란수이고,

,

,

와

는 각각 다음 단계로 넘어가기 위한 전이 확률이다. 여기서,

,

,

,

와

는 각각의 단계가 단위 시간 내에서 같은 단계에 머무를 확률이다. here

Is the number of spawning eggs per adult

,

,

Wow

Are the probability of transition to the next stage, respectively. here,

,

,

,

Wow

Is the probability that each step stays in the same step within unit time.

Since the Bracon hebetor is a parasitic rod of the colonus of the Hwagok Moth, the number of attacked hosts and the number of descendants of allegorical parasitic rods is related to the ratio of parasitic rods to host (Yu et al. 2003; Shin; 2009), therefore, the model for parasitic functional response was modified in (4) as follows:

,

와

는 각각 t 시간에서 화랑곡나방수, 기생봉수, 그리고 기생봉에 의해 공격받은 화랑곡나방유충수이다.here,

,

Wow

Are the Hwaranggok Moth, Parasitic Bongsu, and Hwaranggok Moth Larvae, attacked by Parasitic Bong at t time, respectively.

Parasitic rod water responses were modified in Eq.

와

는 각각 g와 g+1 세대에서 기생봉의 수이다.

는 g 세대에서 노숙유충의 수이고,

와

는 기생자/기주 비율에 대한 기주당 우화한 기생봉 수의 회귀계수이다. 모형에 대한 다른 부분은 쌀바구미의 것과 동일하다.
here

Wow

Is the number of parasitic rods in g and g + 1 generations, respectively.

Is the number of homeless larvae in generation g,

Wow

Is the regression coefficient of the number of allied parasitic rods per host for the parasite / host ratio. The other part of the model is the same as that of rice weevil.

FIG. 7B is a diagram showing how the density of Hwaranggok moths changes over time when parasitic rods are put in and out through the matrix model. As shown in FIG. 7B, in the absence of the Bracon hebetor , the Hwagok- moth population periodically vibrated in a manner similar to the restricted cycle, suggesting that the Hwa-beef moth was a non-sequential competition. When bracon hebetors were inoculated into moth populations, the population dynamics of Hwagok- moth also showed periodic oscillations for a short time regardless of parasitic rod / host ratio (FIG. 7B). That is, when parasitic rods were injected, the Hwaranggok moth had a low density until about 80 days as the parasitic rod / host ratio was increased, but after that, the density was higher than that when parasitic rods were not input. Thus, this figure suggests that periodic pestilence of nemesis is necessary for pests having a non-thermal competition type.

(3-4) Effects of Inner Competition and Parasitics on Rice Weevil and Hwarangok Moths.

8A and 8B show the k -values of rice weevil and Hwagong moth estimated from simulation data (Varley et al. 1973). The most important factor in controlling rice weevil was apparently parasitic. In addition, intraday competition did not show any density-related phenomenon. In contrast, H. larva larvae suggested that both parasitic and intra-competition larvae could be a major factor in larval lethality, depending on the density of Hwag-rok moths between larvae (compare Figs. 7b and 8b). These results indicate that parasitics can periodically suppress the density of moths.

Claims (11)

In a grain storage or processing facility, in a grain storage or processing facility comprising adjusting the timing or amount of radiation of natural enemies based on intraspecies competition and pest densities of pest species consisting of sequence-competitive and non-sequential competition types. Biological control methods. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoring the natural / pest rate and pest densities of the grain storage or processing facility. delete According to claim 1 or 2, wherein if the species of competition species of the pest species is the competition type, the biological control in the grain storage or processing facility, characterized in that the spinning once to maintain the natural enemy / pest ratio of 0.01 or more Way. The organism according to claim 4, wherein the natural enemy is Anisopteromalus calandrae and the pest is rice weevil, and the insects are spun at a natural enemy / pest ratio of 0.02 or more. Enemy control method. The biological control method according to claim 1, wherein the natural / pest ratio is maintained at 0.05 or more when the species-competitive type of the pest species is a non-thermal competition type. 7. The biological control of the grain storage or processing facility according to claim 6, wherein the natural enemy is Bracon hebetor , and the pest is Hwarangok moth, and the natural pest / pest ratio is maintained at 0.14 or more. Way. In a grain storage or processing facility, means for determining and controlling the timing or amount of radiation of natural enemies on the basis of intraspecies competition and pest densities of pest species consisting of sequence-competitive and non-sequential competition,
Means for determining and adjusting the emission timing or radiation amount of the natural enemy
Monitoring means for monitoring the types of target pests and the pest density;
Storage means stored in a state in which the natural enemy for the pest is paused development; And
On the basis of the monitoring result by the monitoring means, the emission time or radiation amount of the natural enemy is determined and the storage means is opened and stored so that the natural enemy / pest ratio and the pest form density according to the species competition type of the pest species are maintained at a constant level. And control means connected to said storage means for radiating natural enemies. delete delete 9. The biological control device of a grain storage or processing facility according to claim 8, wherein the natural emission is carried out when the natural enemy / pest ratio is less than a predetermined standard.

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