KR101267134B1

KR101267134B1 - A equipment to preventing earthquake

Info

Publication number: KR101267134B1
Application number: KR1020100108164A
Authority: KR
Inventors: 이택원
Original assignee: (주)원에스티
Priority date: 2010-11-02
Filing date: 2010-11-02
Publication date: 2013-05-24
Also published as: KR20120046484A

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide a seismic isolation device that is installed at a lower portion of a protected object and protects a protected object by reducing vibration and impact externally applied thereto. The seismic isolation device includes a lower plate, a lower guide installed on the lower plate, A lower guide and an upper plate installed on the upper guide so as to face the lower plate, wherein the lower guide and the upper guide are provided with a roller member having roller guide members on both sides thereof, And a plurality of tilting rollers that are tilted on the roller guide member are rotatably provided.
According to the seismic isolation device of the present invention, an inclined roller is provided between a rail member constituting the lower guide and the upper guide and a block member rolling in the longitudinal direction of the rail member, and is closely contacted between the rail member and the block member by a load So that it is not necessary to apply a preload to the rollers separately, and the flat peripheral surface of the rollers can be closely contacted and rotated, so that there is no need to deform the outer shape of the rollers.

Description

A equipment to prevent earthquake}

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a seismic isolation device, and more particularly, to a seismic isolation device that is installed at a lower portion of a protected object to reduce vibration and impact applied from the outside to safely protect the protected object.

Generally, when an earthquake occurs, even if the building itself is fine, it is often the case that the objects in the room fall down or the inner appliance or the equipment collides with each other due to vibration of the building (vibration) .

Therefore, apart from the seismic design of the building itself, there is a need for an isolation device that absorbs vibration generated by an earthquake or the like and protects equipments and objects installed on the supporting surface.

The conventional LM guiding device includes a lower panel, a first LM guide installed on the upper surface of the lower panel, a second LM guide installed on the upper portion of the first LM guide, An upper panel installed on an upper portion of the guide and a buffer spring installed on the first or second LMP guide to damp the transmission of vibration by equipment or objects stacked on the upper panel.

As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional first and second ELM guides include a rail member (not shown) provided at the lower portion of the upper panel and the upper panel of the lower panel, (15) which are stacked on the rail member (11) while reciprocally moving along the guide bar (13) while maintaining a predetermined gap with the rail member (11) And a roller 17 which is received and rotated horizontally while being in contact with the guide bar 13.

The contact surface between the roller 17 and the guide bar 13 is vertical so that the rollers 17 and the guide bars 13 can be separated from each other when a large load is applied to the block member 15 or the rail member 11. [ Can be separated from each other.

A concave groove 17a is formed horizontally on the outer circumferential surface of the roller 17 so that the concave groove 17a and the guide bar 13 are brought into contact with each other and the concave groove 17a and the guide bar 13) and then adjust the preload.

As described above, the conventional LM guide consumes a longer time to manufacture the roller 17, such as forming a concave groove on the outer circumferential surface of the roller 17, and the manufacturing cost of the roller 17 increases accordingly And the pre-pressures must be adjusted in order to prevent shaking between the rollers 17 and the guide bars 13. Thus, there is a problem in that the time required to manufacture the LM guide becomes long.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been conceived in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a rolling device, which is provided with an inclined roller between a rail member constituting a lower guide and an upper guide and a block member rolling in a longitudinal direction of the rail member, The present invention is to provide an isolation device in which the outer shape of the roller is not required to be deformed because it is possible to tightly contact the block member so as to be rotatable,

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a base isolation device comprising a lower plate, a lower guide provided on the lower plate, an upper guide installed perpendicularly to the lower guide and rolling in a direction perpendicular to the lower guide, Wherein the lower guide and the upper guide include a rail member having roller guide members on both sides thereof, and a block having a plurality of inclined rollers that are tilted in contact with the roller guide member, .

The rail member includes a first inclined portion inclined to the inward lower portion, a second inclined portion inclined to the lower side in the outward direction from both ends of the first inclined portion, and a guide seat portion provided in the outward direction from both ends of the second inclined portion The block member may include a fourth extension portion extending inwardly and a third slope portion inclined upward inwardly from both ends of the fourth extension portion.

The inclined roller may be installed on the third inclined portion such that the rotation center axis thereof is perpendicular to the third inclined portion and the second inclined portion.

The inclined roller may contact the first inclined portion when the contact with the roller guide member drops.

An auxiliary roller may be installed on the block member between the inclined roller and the inclined roller.

The auxiliary roller may be installed such that the rotation center axis is horizontal.

The buffer member is provided on the lower plate in a direction orthogonal to the lower guide. The buffer member includes a spring supporter spaced apart from the lower guide in a direction perpendicular to the lower guide, and a buffer spring installed between the spring supporter and the block member. .

According to the seismic isolation device of the present invention as described above, the inclined roller is installed between the rail member constituting the lower guide and the upper guide and the block member rolling in the longitudinal direction of the rail member, So that it is not necessary to apply a preload to the rollers separately, and the flat outer circumferential surface of the rollers can be closely contacted and rotated, so that there is an effect that the outer shape of the roller is not required to be deformed.

1 is a sectional view showing an LM guide provided in a conventional isolation device,
2 is a perspective view illustrating an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
3 is a front view showing an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
4 is an exploded perspective view showing a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
5 is a perspective view illustrating a lower guide installed in a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
6 is a partially enlarged perspective view for explaining a lower guide installed in a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
7 is a side view illustrating a lower guide installed in an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
8 is a front view illustrating a lower guide installed in a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
9 is a plan view showing a state in which an upper plate is removed in a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
10 and 11 are diagrams for explaining the operating state of the isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
12 is an exemplary view showing a state in which a plurality of isolation devices according to an embodiment of the present invention are connected and used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in order to facilitate a person skilled in the art to easily carry out the present invention.

In the following description, the direction in which the gap between the tapered roller 127 and the tapered roller 127 in Fig. 7 approaches is referred to as an inward direction, the direction away from the tapered roller 127 is referred to as an outward direction, and the direction perpendicular to the plane of Fig.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 3 is a front view illustrating an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing the apparatus.

The isolation device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided between bottom surfaces on which various objects to be protected (not shown) are placed to securely protect an object to be protected by an external force such as vibration or impact. 4, a lower plate 110, an upper plate 160 opposed to the lower plate 110, and a plurality of lower guides (not shown) coupled to each other in an orthogonal direction between the lower plate 110 and the upper plate 160 120, and 130, and upper guides 170 and 180, respectively.

The lower plate 110 and the upper plate 160 are opposed to each other.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the lower plate 110 serves as a base on which components constituting the present invention are mounted, and the upper plate 160, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, Which is located opposite to the upper portion of the main body 110 and is an object to be protected from vibration such as an earthquake, is loaded.

The shape of the lower plate 110 or the upper plate 160 is not particularly limited and a rectangular plate shape is generally used as shown in the drawing. However, the shape of the lower plate 110 and the upper plate 160 is not limited thereto. Circular shapes or various polygonal shapes can be freely selected.

When structural reinforcement is required for the lower plate 110 or the upper plate 160, a separate frame may be further provided on the lower plate 110 or the upper plate 160.

2 and 4, the lower guides 120 and 130 include a first lower guide 120 and a second lower guide 130 installed on the upper surface of the lower plate 110.

The first lower guide 120 and the second lower guide 130 are each inclined in a plane symmetrical to each other. In the present invention, since the lower plate 110 has a rectangular shape, (Not shown).

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the upper guides 170 and 180 include a first upper guide 170 and a second upper guide 180 installed on a lower surface of the upper plate 160.

The first upper guide 170 and the second upper guide 180 are installed to be inclined in a plane symmetrical to each other like the first lower guide 120 and the second lower guide 130, Since the upper plate 160 has a rectangular shape, the upper plate 160 is installed on the upper plate 160 so as to be inclined with a rectangular side.

The first lower guide 120 and the first upper guide 170 and the second lower guide 130 and the second upper guide 180 are perpendicular to and opposed to each other.

The lower plate 110 and the upper plate 160 are connected to the lower guides 120 and 130 and the upper guides 170 and 180 so as to be opposed to each other.

The first lower guide 120, the second lower guide 130, the first upper guide 170, and the second upper guide 180 may have the same configuration, .

FIG. 5 is a perspective view illustrating a lower guide installed in a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a partially enlarged view of a lower guide installed in an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a side view illustrating a lower guide installed in a seismic isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a lower guide installed in an isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. And FIG. 9 is a plan view showing a state in which the top plate is removed from the isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

A detailed description of the second lower guide 130, the first upper guide 170 and the second upper guide 180 will be given below with reference to the first lower guide 120, Since it acts in the same manner as the guide 120, it is omitted.

5 and 6, the first lower guide 120 includes a hollow rail member 121 having a length and a roller guide member (not shown) provided on both sides of the rail member 121 in the longitudinal direction A block member 125 provided on an upper portion of the rail member 121 so as to roll in the longitudinal direction of the rail member 121 in the vicinity of the rail member 121 and the roller guide member 123, And a plurality of tilting rollers 127 slantingly provided on the block member 125 and rotatably installed in contact with the roller guide member 123.

7, the rail member 121 includes a flat first flat portion 1211, a first extending portion 1212 extending downward from both ends of the first flat portion 1211, A first inclined portion 1213 extending obliquely downward inwardly from both ends of the lower end of the first extended portion 1212 and a second inclined portion 1213 inclined downward inwardly from both ends of the lower end of the first inclined portion 1213, A guide seat part 1215 recessed outward from both ends of the lower end of the second slope part 1214 and a guide part 1215 extending downward from both ends of the guide seat part 1215, 2 extending unit 1216 and a first ground unit 1217 connected to both ends of the lower end of the second extending unit 1216 horizontally.

7, the block member 125 includes a flat second flat portion 1251, a third extending portion 1252 extending downward from both ends of the second flat portion 1251, A fourth extension portion 1253 extending inwardly from both ends of the third extension portion 1252 and a third inclination portion 1253 inclined upward in the inward direction from both inner ends of the fourth extension portion 1253, And a second ground surface 1255 having both ends of the third inclined portion 1254 horizontally connected to each other.

Here, roller guide members 123 are installed in the guide seating part 1215 provided on both sides of the rail member 121 in the longitudinal direction.

The roller guide member 123 may be a cylindrical bar.

A gap is formed between the first flat portion 1211 and the second ground portion 1255 and between the roller guide member 123 and the fourth extended portion 1253 seated in the guide seating portion 1215 The length of the second inclined portion 1214 is longer than the length of the first inclined portion 1213 and the second inclined portion 1214 and the third inclined portion 1254 are parallel to each other do.

The inclined roller 127 is located in a space surrounded by the first inclined portion 1213, the second inclined portion 1214, the third inclined portion 1254 and the roller guide member 123, And is installed in the block member 125 so as to contact the roller guide member 123 and rotate while forming a gap between the second inclined portion 1214 and the third inclined portion 1254.

The inclined rollers 127 are inclined at the same inclination angle as the second inclined portions 1214 and are each provided in pairs in the longitudinal direction as shown in FIG.

Therefore, since the pair of inclined rollers 127 can be installed in the longitudinal direction of one side and the other side, four inclined rollers 127 can be installed.

In addition, the rotation axis of the tilting roller 127 is coupled to the block member 125 to support the tilting roller 127.

The inclination roller 127 may be installed on the third inclined portion 1254 such that its rotation center axis is perpendicular to the third inclined portion 1254 and the second inclined portion 1214.

When an external force in the longitudinal direction is applied to the block member 125, the inclined roller 127 rotates along the roller guide member 123 and the block member 125 rotates in the longitudinal direction of the rail member 121 As shown in FIG.

At this time, even if the contact of the slope roller 127 and the roller guide member 123 is deteriorated due to the upward movement of the block member 125 along the rail member 121, The first inclined portion 1213 can prevent the block member 125 from being lifted further.

On the other hand, the gap between the first inclined portion 1213 and the second inclined portion 1214 and the gap between the inclined roller 127 causes the block member 125 to roll along the rail member 121 , The shaking may occur when the deflecting load acts on one side or the other side of the block member 125.

6 to 8, an auxiliary roller 129 is installed on the block member 125 between the inclined roller 127 and the inclined roller 127 which are spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction .

It is preferable that the auxiliary roller 129 is installed vertically, that is, the auxiliary roller 129 is preferably installed so as to be horizontal, and is rotatably provided on the block member 125, The roller guide member 123 is protruded outward by a corresponding gap between the fourth extended portion 1253 of the block member 125 and the roller guide member 123 and is contacted with the roller guide member 123.

The auxiliary roller 129 is installed on each side of the block member 125 between the inclined roller 127 and the inclined roller 127.

As described above, when the first lower guide 120, the second lower guide 130, the first upper guide 170, and the second upper guide 180 are provided, as shown in FIGS. 2 to 3 A first lower guide 120 is slanted on one side of the lower plate 110 and a second lower guide 130 is slanted on the other side of the lower plate 110 so as to be symmetrical with the first lower guide 120.

The first ground surface portion 1217 of the rail member 121 of the first lower guide 120 and the second lower guide 130 is coupled to the upper surface of the lower plate 110.

A first upper guide 170 is installed perpendicular to and opposed to the first lower guide 120 and a second upper guide 180 is installed perpendicularly to the second lower guide 130 and opposed thereto.

The second flat portion 1251 of the first lower guide 120 block member 125 and the second flat portion 1251 of the first upper guide 170 block member 125 are perpendicular to each other, And the second flat portion 1251 of the second lower guide 120 block member 125 and the second flat portion 1251 of the second upper guide 180 block member 125 are perpendicular to each other Respectively.

Subsequently, the first upper guide 170 and the second upper guide 180 are installed on the lower surface of the upper plate 160.

The first ground surface portion 1217 of the first upper guide 170 and the second upper guide 180 rail member 121 is coupled to the lower surface of the upper plate 110.

9, the lower plate 110 is provided with a buffer member 140 in a direction orthogonal to the first lower guide 120 and the second lower guide 130, respectively.

The buffer member 140 includes a spring support 143 separated from the first lower guide 120 and the second lower guide 130 in a direction orthogonal to the lower plate 110, And a buffer spring 147 installed between the block member 125 of the first lower guide 120 and the block member 125 of the second lower guide 120.

The block member 125 is prevented from being abruptly moved by providing the frictional force due to the rolling movement along the rail member 121 through the buffer member 140 and when the vibration (shaking) ) To its original position.

FIGS. 10 and 11 are views illustrating an operation of the isolation device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As described above, when the isolation device 100 according to the present invention is constructed, the splitter 100 is installed between the bottom surfaces on which the protection object is placed.

Subsequently, when vibration is transmitted from the bottom surface to the lower plate 110 due to an earthquake or the like, the lower plate 110 is moved in a direction in which the lower guides 120, 130 and the upper guides 170, It is possible to protect the object to be protected mounted on the upper plate 160 by damping the transmission of vibration to the upper plate 160 while moving relative to the upper plate 160.

For example, as shown in FIG. 10, when vibration is transmitted in the direction F1 by the lower plate 110, the lower plate 110 can be moved in the direction S1.

At this time, since the block member 125 of the first lower guide 120 is coupled to the block member 125 of the first upper guide 170 at the side of the first lower guide 120, Only the rail member 121 is moved in the direction S1 which is the direction orthogonal to the first upper guide 170. [

The second lower guide 130 is connected to the rail member 121 of the second lower guide 130 and the second member 130 coupled to the block member 125 of the second lower guide 130 and the block member 125 of the second lower guide 130. [ The block member 125 of the guide 180 is integrally moved in the direction S1 parallel to the second upper guide 180. [

The inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 are positioned at the first lower guide 120 in the relationship between the rail member 121 of the first lower guide 120 and the block member 125 and the buffer member 140, The kinetic energy in the direction S1 is canceled by the frictional force between the roller guide member 123 and the buffer member 140 and the kinetic energy in the direction S1 is canceled by the friction between the rail member 121 of the second upper guide 180 The kinetic energy in the S1 direction is canceled due to the frictional force between the inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 and the roller guide member 123 and the buffer member 140 in the relationship between the block member 125 and the buffer member 140 do.

Subsequently, the lower plate 110 can be moved in the S2 direction.

At this time, the first lower guide 120 is connected to the rail member 121 of the first lower guide 120, the first member 120 coupled to the block member 125 and the block member 125 of the first lower guide 120, The block member 125 of the guide 170 is integrally moved in the direction S2 parallel to the first upper guide 170. [

Since the block member 125 of the second lower guide 130 is coupled to the block member 125 of the second upper guide 180 at the side of the second lower guide 130, Only the rail member 121 is moved in the direction S2 which is the direction orthogonal to the second upper guide 180. [

The inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 are positioned at the first lower guide 120 in the relationship between the rail member 121 of the first upper guide 170 and the cushioning member 140 and the block member 125, The kinetic energy in the direction S2 is canceled by the frictional force between the roller guide member 123 and the buffer member 140 and the kinetic energy in the direction of the second guide 130 is canceled by the rail member 121 of the second lower guide 130 The kinetic energy in the direction S2 is canceled due to the frictional force between the inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 and the roller guide member 123 and the buffer member 140 in the relationship between the block member 125 and the buffer member 140 do.

Accordingly, the lower plate 110 is moved in the S1 and S2 directions, and the kinetic energy is canceled to attenuate the vibration transmitted in the F1 direction, thereby preventing transmission of vibration to the object to be protected mounted on the upper plate 160. [

11, when the vibration is transmitted to the lower plate 110 in the F2 direction, the lower plate 110 can be moved in the direction S3 as described above.

At this time, the first lower guide 120 is connected to the rail member 121 of the first lower guide 120, the first member 120 coupled to the block member 125 and the block member 125 of the first lower guide 120, The block member 125 of the guide 170 is integrally moved in the direction S3 parallel to the first upper guide 170. [

Since the block member 125 of the second lower guide 130 is coupled to the block member 125 of the second upper guide 180 at the side of the second lower guide 130, Only the rail member 121 is moved in the direction S3 which is the direction orthogonal to the second upper guide 180. [

The inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 are positioned at the first lower guide 120 in the relationship between the rail member 121 of the first upper guide 170 and the cushioning member 140 and the block member 125, The kinetic energy in the S3 direction is canceled by the frictional force between the roller guide member 123 and the cushioning member 140 and the kinetic energy in the direction of the arrow C is canceled by the rail member 121 of the second lower guide 130 The kinetic energy in the S3 direction is canceled due to the frictional force between the inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 and the roller guide member 123 and the buffer member 140 in the relationship between the block member 125 and the buffer member 140 do.

Subsequently, the lower plate 110 is moved in the direction S4.

At this time, since the block member 125 of the first lower guide 120 is coupled to the block member 125 of the first upper guide 170 at the side of the first lower guide 120, Only the rail member 121 is moved in the direction S4 orthogonal to the first upper guide 170. [

The second lower guide 130 is connected to the rail member 121 of the second lower guide 130 and the second member 130 coupled to the block member 125 of the second lower guide 130 and the block member 125 of the second lower guide 130. [ The block member 125 of the guide 180 is integrally moved in the direction S4 parallel to the second upper guide 180. [

The inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 are positioned at the first lower guide 120 in the relationship between the rail member 121 of the first lower guide 120 and the cushioning member 140 and the block member 125, The kinetic energy in the S4 direction is canceled by the frictional force between the roller guide member 123 and the cushioning member 140 and the kinetic energy in the direction of the arrow C is canceled by the rail member 121 of the second upper guide 180 The kinetic energy in the S4 direction is canceled due to the frictional force between the inclined roller 127 and the auxiliary roller 129 and the roller guide member 123 and the buffer member 140 in the relationship between the block member 125 and the buffer member 140 do.

Therefore, the lower plate 110 moves in the directions of S3 and S4 to cancel the kinetic energy and attenuate the vibration transmitted in the F2 direction, thereby preventing the vibration from being transmitted to the object to be protected.

12 is an exemplary view showing a state in which a plurality of isolation devices according to an embodiment of the present invention are connected and used.

As shown in Fig. 12, a plurality of seismic isolation devices 100 are continuously arranged in a plurality, and the seismic isolation device 100 and the bottom plate 110 of the other seismic isolation device 100, The upper plate 160 of the heat exchanger 100 may be connected to the connection bar 500 separately.

By doing so, it is possible to prevent transmission of vibration even if the object to be reported is a large object to be protected, which is larger than the plane of the isolation device 100, and it is also possible to prevent the vibration from being entirely transmitted over a certain area .

While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of illustration, It will be readily apparent that various substitutions, modifications, and alterations can be made herein.

110: lower plate 120: first lower guide
127: tilting roller 130: second lower guide
140: buffer member 160: top plate
170: first upper guide 180: second upper guide

Claims

A lower guide 120 installed at the lower plate 110 and an upper guide 120 installed perpendicular to the lower guides 120 and 130 so as to be perpendicular to the lower guides 120 and 130, (170, 180) and an upper plate (160) installed on the upper guides (170, 180) so as to face the lower plate (110) The lower guides 120 and 130 and the upper guides 170 and 180 include a rail member 121 provided with roller guide members 123 on both sides thereof and a plurality of inclined rollers 121, And a block member (125) rotatably provided on the base (127); The rail member 121 includes a first inclined portion 1213 inclined downward in the inward direction, a second inclined portion 1214 inclined downward in the outward direction from both ends of the first inclined portion 1213, And a guide seating part (1215) formed on both sides of the second inclined part (1214) and formed in the outward direction and recessed; The block member 125 includes a fourth extension portion 1253 extending inwardly and a third slope portion 1254 inclined upward in the inner direction from the inner end portion of the fourth extension portion 1253 &Lt; / RTI > The roller guide member 123 is seated on the guide seat part 1215; The second inclined portion 1214 and the third inclined portion 1254 are opposed to and parallel to each other and the inclined roller 127 is inclined with respect to the first inclined portion 1213, the second inclined portion 1214, The third inclined portion 1254 and the roller guide member 123 are located in a space surrounded by the first inclined portion 1213 and the second inclined portion 1214 and a gap is formed between the first inclined portion 1213 and the third inclined portion 1254 The first inclined portion 1213 is provided on the third inclined portion 1254 of the block member 125 so as to be rotatable in contact with the roller guide member 123. When the block member 125 is lifted upward, And is rotated to come into contact with each other.

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The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the inclined roller (127) is mounted on the third inclined portion (1254) so that its rotation center axis is perpendicular to the third inclined portion (1254) and the second inclined portion (1214) Isolation device.

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The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an auxiliary roller (129) is provided on the block member (125) between the tilting roller (127) and the tilting roller (127) Wherein the spacer is installed in the housing.

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The method according to claim 1,
A buffer member 140 is installed on the lower plate 110 in a direction perpendicular to the lower guides 120 and 130. The buffer member 140 is spaced apart from the lower guide 120 in a direction perpendicular to the lower guides 120 and 130, And a cushion spring 147 installed between the spring support 143 and the block member 125. The shock absorber according to claim 1,