KR101245021B1 - Discriminating apparatus using waveform shaping of infrared rays factor and method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A denomination identification apparatus and a method thereof using infrared element waveform are provided to improve accuracy of real paper money identification and denomination identification. CONSTITUTION: Variation of current is checked by received light intensity received by a plurality of infrared reception devices(S14-S16). If the current is not varied, the passage of a specific time is checked(S18). It is recognized whether the number of a period of paper money reaches the preset number(S19). Current variation in the infrared reception device comprising an infrared reception array is occurred, the current variation is compared with the data of the denomination matrix of the roadmap recorded in a memory unit(S20,S21). [Reference numerals] (S14) Irradiating a paper money with infrared rays from an infrared irradiator array; (S16) Detecting a current value in an infrared reception array(RD); (S17) Variation in the current value?; (S18,S23) Predetermined time passed?; (S19,S24) M = Predetermined repeating period; (S20) Comparing a changed current value, RD(n), with the m-th row and n-th column data of a money type(L) road map recorded in a memory unit; (S21) Same?

Description

Discriminating apparatus using waveform shaping of infrared rays factor and method

The present invention relates to a paper type and bill identification device to identify the kind and authenticity of the bill inserted into the input hole, in particular, by irradiating a plurality of infrared rays at a predetermined or specific interval toward the surface or the back side of the bill, the infrared rays penetrate the bill By receiving the transmitted infrared rays to identify whether the infrared response according to the current change or voltage change, and periodically compare with the road map created by the infrared response by each type, to identify the species, to identify the swelling and puffiness Provided is a winding type identification device using infrared element waveforms and a method thereof.

Existing counterfeit bill identification device detects magnetic ink to detect counterfeit bills or uses the absorption and reflection information of bills for ultraviolet or infrared light.It uses a lot of infrared wavelength band for more precise counterfeit bill recognition. have.

Specifically, the banknote is passed between the infrared light emitting unit and the infrared light receiving unit to collect information on the absorption amount and the reflection amount of the banknote with respect to the infrared light to find out the geological or ink information of the banknote which is not visually displayed. In general, the response of government banknotes in the infrared wavelength band and counterfeit banknotes by color copiers or color printers is markedly different from any wavelength band.

Banknotes using infrared ink to prevent forgery of the banknote cannot be visually confirmed, but ink information can be obtained through the absorption and reflection of infrared rays in the portion where infrared ink is used as a transmission and reflection reaction through the infrared light source. Therefore, it is possible to extract the infrared response pattern and to obtain brightness information.

In general, the infrared recognition method of banknotes which are widely used now includes an infrared light receiving sensor and an infrared light emitting unit at intervals of 10 to 15 [mm], similar to a light emitting light source, and uses transmittance data on the entire banknote or as a counting sensor. Infrared light is used, and the transmittance of the light emitting part is used to identify whether or not the counterfeit is counterfeit.

Since the use position or the pattern of the infrared ink applied to each kind of banknote is different, precise recognition is possible only when the position and angle are constant when passing through the infrared recognition portion.

However, in the case of a banknote counter or a financial device of a high speed continuous input method, the direction, angle, position, etc. of the banknotes are often not constant after the banknotes are inserted, and there is a problem in that there is a limit in applying the method.

In addition, when using a conventional one-dimensional sensor in a state where the banknote input direction and position is not constant, the number of data required to calculate the angular position, the direction of the plane, etc. when the banknote passes through the identification unit is small, Since the value detected when the banknote passes is the value corresponding to the banknote, the range detected by one light-receiving unit sensor is about 5 to 15 [mm] wide. There is a limit to the identification of banknotes using local special ink.

The present invention devised to solve the above problems is to create a road map by converting the waveform of the infrared element printed on the pneumoconiosis into digital data, and when using the plurality of infrared light emitting elements to identify the pneumoconiosis and winding species Infrared rays are transmitted through the infrared rays, and the infrared rays are received by a plurality of infrared light receiving elements. Then, the current change generated in each infrared light receiving element is compared with the data on the road map to identify the swelling and puffiness. The purpose is to improve the reliability of identification.

The purpose of the above is to identify the kind and authenticity of banknotes to be inserted into the slot, wherein the bill is fixed toward the surface or the back of the banknote when the banknote passes in the transverse direction or the longitudinal direction through the slot. Or an infrared light emitting array provided with a plurality of infrared light emitting elements at a predetermined or specific interval such that the infrared rays transmit the banknote by irradiating a plurality of infrared rays at specific intervals; An infrared light receiving array provided with a plurality of infrared light receiving elements at intervals corresponding to the infrared light emitting elements of the infrared light emitting array so as to receive the infrared light of the infrared light emitting array that has passed through the banknote; An address is assigned to each of the infrared light receiving elements of the infrared light receiving array, and data of the reaction between the infrared elements and the infrared rays composed of the bills generated at a predetermined period or a specific period in each infrared light receiving element is made into a road map. A memory unit in which road maps are prepared and stored according to each kind; An infrared detector configured to detect the reaction between the infrared element and the infrared ray according to a current change occurring in at least one of the infrared light receiving elements of the infrared light receiving array of the infrared light receiving array as the banknote passes through the irradiation table; When the infrared detection unit detects the presence of an infrared ray component and an infrared ray reaction, at least one type of infrared ray element data storing whether the infrared ray element reacts with the infrared ray at the same address as that of the at least one infrared light receiving element is stored in the memory unit. A comparator configured to read from and compare data with each other; When the banknotes inserted into the input port pass through the irradiation table, the infrared light emitting array irradiates infrared rays, and the infrared rays passing through the banknotes are received by the infrared light receiving array, and the current generated from each infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array. When the infrared detector detects the reaction between the infrared ray and the infrared element according to the change, it reads the roadmap for each type of memory unit matching the infrared light receiving element of the address where the current change has occurred, so that the reaction between the infrared ray and the infrared ray element at a certain period or a specific period is performed. The comparison unit compares whether or not a match, and identifies the species according to the matched roadmap for each kind, and if there is no roadmap for each category, the control unit for determining the counterfeit using an infrared element waveform, characterized in that It is achieved by a winding identification device.

The apparatus may further include an amplifier configured to amplify the amount of current corresponding to the amount of infrared light received by the infrared light receiving array.

On the other hand, the above object is an infrared ray transmitted through the banknote by irradiating the infrared light with an infrared light emitting array provided with a plurality of infrared light emitting elements at a predetermined interval or at a predetermined interval toward the longitudinal direction or transverse direction of the banknote passing through the irradiation table through the inlet An infrared irradiation step for receiving the infrared light receiving array provided with a plurality of infrared light receiving elements so as to correspond to the infrared light emitting array; When the infrared light is received by the infrared light receiving array in the infrared irradiation step, the current change of the infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array is detected at a predetermined period or a specific period by using any one of a time interval or a distance interval through which the bill passes through the irradiation table. An infrared reaction detection step of detecting whether the infrared rays react with the infrared elements; In the infrared reaction detecting step, when a current change of at least one infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array is detected, a road map extraction step of searching for a matching road map by comparing an infrared element of each volume of the memory unit matching the corresponding address with the road map Wow; The roadmap matching step of detecting whether at least one roadmap extracted in the roadmap extraction step is matched with the extracted roadmap by detecting whether a reaction between the infrared elements and the infrared elements is performed at a predetermined or specific period through an infrared irradiation step and an infrared reaction detection step. Wow; If there is a road map of the matching species according to the roadmap matching step, it is determined by the corresponding species, and if there is no road map of the matching species, it is achieved by a winding type identification method using an infrared element waveform including a winding type and a pneumatic discrimination step. do.

The road map may be data in which current or voltage detected at a predetermined period or a specific period is recorded for each address allocated to each infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array for each winding type of exhaustion.

According to the present invention, the infrared elements formed or distributed on the banknote are digitalized by detecting their waveforms with an infrared light emitting array and an infrared light receiving array, and are divided into magnitudes of amplitudes according to changes in current or voltage, and compared with actual data of a road map. The unique waveforms of the infrared elements each have in real time, and compared with the data of pneumoconiosis, have the effect of enabling reliable pneumatic identification and volume identification.

The above effects can discourage the use of electronic devices and software for controlling them, which have been excessively applied to identify conventional winding types and pneumonia and pneumoconiosis. In manufacturing, it is possible to greatly reduce the cost to improve the competitiveness of the product.

1 is a simplified view of the arrangement of the fifty thousand won bill and the infrared array according to the present invention.
2 is a flow chart for the winding identification method using the infrared element waveform according to the present invention.
3 is a flow chart for branch A of FIG.
4 is a flow chart for branch B of FIG.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a waveform of a current change obtained when receiving infrared rays transmitted through the 50,000 won circle shown in FIG. 1; FIG.
6 is a conceptual diagram conceptually illustrating a state created by a road map by converting the waveform of FIG. 5 into digital;

1 is a view schematically showing the arrangement of the fifty thousand won bill and the infrared array according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a flow chart for the winding identification method using the infrared element waveform according to the present invention, Figure 3 is a branch A of Figure 2 4 is a flowchart of branch B of FIG. 2, FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a current change obtained by receiving infrared rays transmitted through the 50,000 won circle shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 6 is a diagram of FIG. 6. It is a conceptual diagram conceptually showing the state created by the roadmap by converting the waveform of 5 into digital.

The present invention detects that the infrared elements formed on the banknote react with the infrared rays irradiated by the pneumoconiosis, and detects them in either a temporal sequential or distance sequential form from one column to form a wave, and the waveforms are referred to as roadmaps in the memory section. After digitally storing the waveform of pneumonia by category, the pneumonia and species are identified by irradiating infrared rays with bills to identify pneumonia or species, and comparing them with the data of each category stored in the roadmap.

FIG. 1 is a five thousand won circle illustrated to explain the present invention, and another winding type can also be identified by the same mechanism as describing the five thousand won circle. However, since each roll type has different positions and waveforms of infrared elements, the data stored in the road map are also different from each other, and the roll type can be identified by different points of the data.

Hereinafter, the configuration of the winding type identification device for identifying the winding type using the infrared element waveform according to the present invention will be described, and then the winding type identification method will be described.

First, the banknote passes through the irradiation table through the inlet for inserting the banknote, typically the banknote passes through the transverse direction to detect the infrared element of the banknote, as shown in FIG. The invention is not limited to the passing direction and the infrared element detection direction, but may pass the banknote in the longitudinal direction.

However, it is usually desirable to allow banknotes to pass through the irradiation table in the transverse direction so as to be convenient to use and to easily detect the waveform at a short distance.

When the banknote passes through the irradiation table, in the infrared light emitting array installed above the irradiation table, a plurality of infrared light emitting elements are irradiated toward the surface or the back side of the banknote according to the direction of the banknote into which infrared rays are injected into the inlet.

Here, the plurality of infrared light emitting elements constituting the infrared light emitting array may be spaced apart at specific intervals according to a designer's intention or the distribution of infrared elements distributed in each volume, and are spaced at regular intervals in a batch. The present invention is not limited thereto as it may be installed in a state.

Therefore, the infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array which is installed under the irradiation table to receive the infrared ray passing through the banknote is also installed corresponding to the infrared light emitting elements.

As a result, when the infrared light is irradiated from the infrared light emitting array consisting of a plurality of infrared light emitting elements, the infrared rays transmitted through the bill is received by the infrared light receiving array consisting of a plurality of infrared light receiving elements, wherein the bills pass through the irradiation table Infrared rays are continuously irradiated to the (area) along the banknote passing direction.

Herein, infrared rays are received by a plurality of infrared light receiving elements constituting the infrared light receiving array, and at this time, a change in oil or a change in voltage occurs according to the amount of light received by the infrared light receiving elements, and the current of the infrared light receiving elements The change or voltage change is detected at regular or specific periods so that the infrared detector detects the reaction between the infrared component of the banknote and the infrared ray.

Here, the amplification unit is configured to amplify the amount of current corresponding to the amount of infrared light received by the infrared light receiving array to increase the change of the current and the voltage, thereby facilitating detection of the infrared reaction.

On the other hand, in order to identify the pneumoconiosis and the roll type, an address is assigned to each infrared light receiving element constituting the infrared light receiving array.

The infrared rays irradiated to the bills for each kind of pneumonia are received by the infrared light receiving element at a certain period or a specific period, and accordingly, the memory unit generates data by reacting with the infrared elements due to the current change or the voltage change according to the amount of infrared light received. As shown in FIG. 6, the operation of storing the roadmap for each kind should be preceded.

The control unit according to the present invention irradiates infrared rays to the bill passing through the irradiation table to identify the pneumoconiosis and swelling, as described above, the detection of the presence or absence of the infrared reaction in the infrared detection unit is made in a certain period (m) or a specific period When the data of the infrared light receiving element of each address and the road map of the memory unit are obtained, the data of the corresponding address (RDn) is read out at each period (m) for comparison by the comparison unit, and the winding type that is consistent with the data of each type of road map. By retrieving, the swelling can be identified.

Hereinafter, a winding type identification method using an infrared element waveform will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6.

First, as shown in FIG. 2, when the banknote passes through the test slot through the input hole (S1), the controller initializes the 'L' storing the data of the paper type since the type of the paper type is not yet identified (S2). .

In addition, before receiving infrared light from the infrared light receiving array, 'm', which means the total number of infrared light receptions per bill, is also initialized (S3).

That is, the above S1 to S3 is a reset process for initializing the values of all variables. After the reset process is performed as described above, the infrared light emitting device constituting the infrared light emitting array is irradiated with the surface or the back side of the banknote ( Infrared irradiation step is performed.

In this case, the banknote is in the process of passing through the irradiation table, and as described above, irradiating infrared rays from the infrared light emitting array means that the infrared light receiving array receives infrared rays, so that 'm' means the number of infrared light receiving times. In addition, the infrared detection unit performs an infrared reaction detecting step (S6) of detecting a current or voltage according to the amount of light received by the infrared light emitting elements Rn from the infrared light emitting elements R1 of the infrared light receiving array. do.

In the infrared reaction detection step, the current detection as described above is detected either at a time interval or at a distance interval between bills passing through the irradiation table, and when one banknote passes through the irradiation table, the period is described. Is made a set number of times.

That is, in the infrared reaction detecting step, when the infrared elements of the banknote and the infrared rays irradiated from the infrared light emitting array react, a plurality of infrared light receiving elements Rn constituting the infrared light receiving array pass through the banknote by absorbing infrared rays or the like. A difference occurs in the amount of light received by the light source. As a result, in the infrared reaction detecting step, the current amount is detected by the amount of light received by the infrared light receiving device.

Accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, in the infrared detection of the m, m + 1, and m + 2 cycles, there is no reaction between the infrared and the infrared elements, and thus the amount of current is high. Therefore, it turns out that the amount of infrared light which permeate | transmitted the banknote is small and the amount of electric current is low.

In addition, in the m + 4, m + 5 and m + 6 cycles, since the amount of infrared elements printed on the bill is small, the amount of infrared light received by the infrared light-receiving element that penetrates the bill by passing the infrared and infrared elements reacts with infrared rays. It can be seen that a difference occurs in the amount of light received by the light receiving element.

The difference according to the received amount of infrared rays can also be seen in RD (n-2) and RD (n-1) of FIGS. 5 and 6.

For example, in Fig. 1, when the banknote passes through the irradiation table, the infrared ray of the infrared light emitting element RD (n) is moved from the head of the 50,000 won circle to the head, forehead, nose, lips, chin, neck, and chest. Is investigated.

In this case, the infrared light emitted from the infrared light emitting device RD (n) passes through a banknote and is received by the infrared light receiving device. The waveform diagram at this time is the same as the waveform shown at the bottom of the waveform diagram of FIG. 5.

As shown in FIG. 5, the waveform diagram of the infrared light emitting device RD (n) is less where the amount of light received by the infrared light receiving device is low and the current detection amount is low, and where the infrared light factor is not distributed. In a small place, the amount of light received by the infrared light receiving element increases, resulting in a high amount of current detection.

As a result, when the current is detected in the infrared light receiving element RD (n) of the infrared light receiving array, the controller detects whether the current fluctuates (S7). When the set time is reached and the set time is reached before increasing by (S8), it is checked whether the value of m reaches the set value (S9). When the value of m is smaller than the set value, the value is increased by 1 The current is detected again according to the amount of light received from the infrared light receiving array.

In addition, when the value of m is equal to the set value, as shown in FIG.

On the other hand, when the current amount of the infrared light receiving element RD (n) is changed in the infrared reaction detecting step, the changed current value RD (n) is recorded in all winding table of the road map recorded in the memory, that is, FIG. As shown in Fig. 6, it is compared with the data of m rows and n columns of each winding type (S11), and preferably, the variation range from the amount of current when there is no reaction with the infrared element is preferably compared.

As described above, data is read from the table for each kind of road map and compared with the changed infrared light receiving element RD (n) to determine whether there is matching data (S11). A roadmap extraction step of assigning a winding value of a table matching 'L' (S12) and then branching to A (roadmap matching step) is performed.

Here, each table of the road map is a table in which data values of the infrared light receiving elements RD (n) are recorded for each kind, and there is a matching table as described above. Can be considered to be present.

On the other hand, as described above, if any one of the infrared light receiving element has a variable amount of current, if any of the table of the road map does not match, branch to B to display the counterfeit, if there is a matching table It is to assign the volume value of the table to 'L' (S12).

The branch A is a road map matching step, as shown in FIG. 3.

That is, the branch A is a 'road map matching step', and as shown in FIG. 2, a change in current occurs in at least one of the plurality of infrared light receiving elements RD (n) constituting the infrared light receiving array. Even if the variation value matches at least one of the plurality of table tables constituting the road map of the memory section or the plurality of table lists is consistent with each other, the change value is finally recognized as a current category when it is matched with the current fluctuation value or the current fluctuation period which is detected in multiple cycles. Therefore, the value of the infrared light-receiving array, which is obtained periodically, is matched with the band table in the road map to more accurately identify the band type.

That is, as shown in FIG. 3, the branch A allocates 1 to k at the first execution, indicating that there has been one matched row, and increments by one when there is a matched row.

In addition, an infrared reaction detecting step of checking whether there is a change in the current value by using current detection by the amount of light received by the plurality of infrared light receiving elements RD (n) constituting the infrared light receiving array as in S14 to S16 is performed. do.

If there is no change in the current value, it is checked whether or not a certain time has elapsed as shown in S18 and S19 (S18) so that a periodic amount of current is detected. It is determined whether the set number of times per sheet has been reached (S19) and the routine is branched to B or the value of m is increased by 1 to detect the infrared light receiving amount in the infrared light receiving array.

On the other hand, when a change occurs in the amount of current in the infrared light receiving element constituting the infrared light receiving array, the changed current value RD (n) is compared with the data of winding m (L) m rows n columns of the road map recorded in the memory unit ( S20) to determine whether they coincide with each other (S21), and if it does not match, the number of cycles is increased after elapse of time as in S23 without increasing the value of 'k' that accumulates the number of matching rows. A roadmap matching step is performed to determine whether the set number of bills has been reached (S24) to branch the routine to B or to increase the value of m by 1 to detect the amount of infrared light received by the infrared light receiving array.

On the other hand, as described above, if the value of 'k' is increased by the match in the roadmap matching step and finally reaches the set number of times, the value of 'm' is branched to B. The above-described branch B will be described with reference to FIG. 4 as follows.

As shown in FIG. 4, when the winding and pneumatic discrimination stages are executed, the control unit compares the infrared response line for each winding L having pneumonia and the matching row k of the banknote to be identified at the comparison unit ( S25) to increase the count (1) of the corresponding paper type (S26), if it is identical to each other (S26), and to determine whether the banknotes remain in the slot (S27), if it remains, branching to the 'C' of the next banknote The routine for discriminating the denomination and the authenticity is performed, and if there are no banknotes left in the slot, the number of the denomination and the number of the denominations are displayed (S28), and the identification of the denomination is finished.

On the other hand, when the number of infrared reaction rows of the corresponding paper species stored in the road map is different from the number of infrared reaction rows (k) of the bill to be currently identified (S25), it is a counterfeit and displays a counterfeit (S29), and waits for the user's input signal (S30). After that, if there is an input signal, the process branches to the step of determining whether there is a banknote in the slot (S27) to identify the paper type of the next banknote or end the paper type identification.

Meanwhile, the road map stored in the memory unit of the present invention digitalizes a current or voltage detected at a predetermined period or a specific period as shown in FIG. 5 for each address assigned to each infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array for each winding type of exhaustion. As the data recorded for each cycle as shown in FIG. 6, the difference between the number of rows of the infrared light receiving elements reacting with infrared rays and the amplitude of the current amount as shown in FIG. Allows you to compare amplitudes for changes or voltage changes.

Claims (4)

In the paper sorting device to identify the kind and authenticity of the bills fed into the input slot,
When the bill passes through the irradiation table in the transverse direction or the longitudinal direction, a plurality of infrared light emitting elements are fixed or irradiated by the plurality of infrared rays at a predetermined or specific interval toward the surface or the back side of the banknote so that the infrared rays transmit the banknote. An infrared light emitting array provided at a specific interval;
An infrared light receiving array provided with a plurality of infrared light receiving elements at intervals corresponding to the infrared light emitting elements of the infrared light emitting array so as to receive the infrared light of the infrared light emitting array that has passed through the banknote;
An address is assigned to each of the infrared light receiving elements of the infrared light receiving array, and data of the reaction between the infrared elements and the infrared rays composed of the bills generated at a predetermined period or a specific period in each infrared light receiving element is made into a road map. A memory unit in which road maps are prepared and stored according to each kind;
An infrared detector configured to detect the reaction between the infrared element and the infrared ray according to a current change occurring in at least one of the infrared light receiving elements of the infrared light receiving array of the infrared light receiving array as the banknote passes through the irradiation table;
When the infrared detection unit detects the presence of an infrared ray component and an infrared ray reaction, at least one type of infrared ray element data storing whether the infrared ray element reacts with the infrared ray at the same address as that of the at least one infrared light receiving element is stored in the memory unit. A comparator configured to read from and compare data with each other;
When the banknotes inserted into the input port pass through the irradiation table, the infrared light emitting array irradiates infrared rays, and the infrared rays passing through the banknotes are received by the infrared light receiving array, and the current generated from each infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array. When the infrared detector detects the reaction between the infrared ray and the infrared element according to the change, it reads the roadmap for each type of memory unit matching the infrared light receiving element of the address where the current change has occurred, so that the reaction between the infrared ray and the infrared ray element at a certain period or a specific period is performed. The comparison unit compares whether or not a match, and identifies the species according to the matched roadmap for each kind, and if there is no roadmap for each category, the control unit for determining the counterfeit using an infrared element waveform, characterized in that Kwon Identifier. The method of claim 1,
And amplifying unit configured to amplify the amount of current corresponding to the amount of infrared light received by the infrared light receiving array. Infrared rays are radiated from the infrared light emitting array installed with a plurality of infrared light emitting elements at a predetermined or specific interval toward the longitudinal direction or the horizontal direction of the paper money passing through the irradiation table so that the infrared rays transmitted through the paper money correspond to the infrared light emitting array. An infrared irradiation step for receiving the infrared light receiving array in which the plurality of infrared light receiving elements are installed;
When the infrared light is received by the infrared light receiving array in the infrared irradiation step, the current change of the infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array is detected at a predetermined period or a specific period by using any one of a time interval or a distance interval through which the bill passes through the irradiation table. An infrared reaction detection step of detecting whether the infrared rays react with the infrared elements;
In the infrared reaction detecting step, when a current change of at least one infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array is detected, a road map extraction step of searching for a matching road map by comparing an infrared element of each volume of the memory unit matching the corresponding address with the road map Wow;
The roadmap matching step of detecting whether at least one roadmap extracted in the roadmap extraction step is matched with the extracted roadmap by detecting whether a reaction between the infrared elements and the infrared elements is performed at a predetermined or specific period through an infrared irradiation step and an infrared reaction detection step. Wow;
If there is a road map of the matched species by the roadmap matching step, discrimination by the corresponding species, and if there is no road map of the matched species, the classification of the kind using the infrared element waveform comprising a pneumonic and pneumatic discrimination step. The method of claim 3,
The road map is,
A winding type identification method using an infrared element waveform characterized in that the data recorded for each period of the current or voltage detected by a certain period or a specific period for each address assigned to each infrared light receiving element of the infrared light receiving array for each pneumonia.

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