KR101202139B1 - Bi-Metallic Connectors, Method for Producing the Same, and Method for Connecting the Same to a Structure - Google Patents

Abstract

The bimetal coupling element has a primary part made from the primary metal, one part of which is adapted to attach to the structure. The secondary part of the part has a peripheral wall forming a cavity. The secondary portion of the connector is made from a secondary metal, the primary portion via a pulse self-forming (PMF) process, received concentrically with respect to the cavity and impacting the peripheral wall toward the tertiary portion. It has a tertiary part that is fixed to the part. The secondary part of the connector has a fourth part. The secondary part of the connector has a fourth part adapted to attach to a component made from a tertiary metal. The structure, which is typically a connector to be fixed by welding, is made from a quaternary metal that is compatible with welding with the primary metal. Also disclosed is a method of connecting a bimetallic connector to a structure to enable components made from metals incompatible with the structure to be connected to the structure.

Bimetal connector

Description

Bi-Metallic Connectors, Method for Producing the Same, and Method for Connecting the Same to a Structure}

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to bimetallic connectors consisting of components made of metals with different properties, and more particularly to allowing other components to be attached to structures such as conveying or mechanical bodies and / or chassis through connectors. To a designed connector. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the connector and a method of connecting the connector to a structure.

Bimetallic components are known in the art and are disclosed, for example, in the following publications.

In US Pat. No. 3,916,518, an elbow-type terminator for electrically connecting an insulated aluminum connector wire to a copper terminal receives a one-piece bimetal aluminum-copper connector. The connector includes an aluminum part and a copper part welded together over the entire interface by an inertia welding process. The method of making the one-piece bimetallic connector includes providing a cylindrical copper blank and a cylindrical aluminum blank, heat treating the aluminum blank, cleaning the blank surface to be welded, and the two blanks by an inertial welding process. Welding together and machining a blank joined to the connector of the desired shape.

In Japanese Patent No. 8338413, a steel bolt discloses that the head has a main body forming a lower support surface. A metal alloy consisting of an aluminum side and a steel side is arranged on the support surface. The upper surface of the steel side is connected by applying a stud weld to the support surface. The aluminum member is connected to the lower surface of the aluminum side by spot welding.

In EP 666614, bimetallic connectors typically comprise aluminum parts and copper parts connected together by friction welding and extending in opposite directions from the bimetal bonds. The coupling is located in the middle of the connector and is adapted to attach the connector to the installation means. The aluminum part (a) occupies a large area substantially centered on the axis; (b) has two parallel opposing surfaces forming a thickness less than that of the middle portion; (c) A first blade is provided which provides at least one passage extending between the opposing surfaces. The copper part is provided with a second blade having at least one orifice.

In SU 979069, a method of making a bimetal contact bolt is disclosed that includes cutting a contact blank from a plastic metal with high contact properties, seating a stud with a head, and digging a metal into the head in a cylindrical recess. do. The method can be more economical when the outer surface of the stud bead is made of a cone and because it is pressed through the main axis and the outer diameter is pressed in parallel. The inner concave surface takes the form of a conical diameter through which the head side insert can be pressed in with the next operation.

In US Pat. Nos. 5,981,921 and 6,379,254, a method for securing a component of a conveyer drive shaft includes placing a neck of the distal end into an open distal end of a driveshaft tube. An end fitting is fixed relative to the drive shaft tube such that an annular gap is formed between the neck and the drive shaft tube. An inductor is provided around the drive shaft tube adjacent the end that receives the neck. A voltage is applied to the inductor to create a magnetic field to collapse the drive shaft tube around the neck at high speed to allow the drive shaft tube and the end device to be welded to each other. The end feeding includes a body adapted to be received in a tubular member. The body includes an outer surface having a primary portion that generally spreads in the axial direction and a secondary portion that generally spreads radially from the primary portion. The outer surface includes a pocket formed in the secondary portion. The end fitting further includes a pair of arms with aligned holes formed through the body portion.

In U. S. Patent No. 5,824, 998, assigned to the current assignee, discloses a method of joining two workpieces through a pulsed magnetic force to impact one workpiece towards another.

As used herein, the term "metal" includes metallic materials including single element metals, or mixtures of metals and / or alloys, or alloys or alloys, whether mixed metals and / or alloys, and the like.

As used herein, the term "compatibility" means that the interface between the two metals is substantially free of corrosion or at least below a predetermined unacceptable threshold, and / or that the mechanical integrity of the bond between the two metals is defined by the two metals. It relates to two metals which can be fixed and joined together, for example by welding, bolting or riveting, which are not compromised by the joining method. Thus, compatibility is, for example, when welding two metallic components made from the same metal together, for example aluminum over aluminum, copper over copper, brass over brass, and so on, or two metals, for example different aluminum alloys. Like aluminum alloys welded on, it can be found in some special metal pairs belonging to the same family of alloys containing the base of the alloy, or in fact not the same metal group.

The term "metal family" is understood herein to include a group or group of metal alloys having a common base material, and also a group comprising the base material itself.

As used herein, the term “structure” refers to a ship, vehicle, aircraft, spacecraft or other form of transport, such as, for example, the outer surface and / or internal structure of a ship's hull, aircraft, satellite, spacecraft, missile, or the like. Any form of structure, body, element, component, etc., such as a chassis or metal body, that forms part of any conveying device, such as a device; Or from a substantially static structure, such as an aluminum housing or wall, or from a quaternary metal, typically of the same metal, for example through welding, rivet fastening, bolt fastening, or the like. Reference to some form of dynamic structure, such as a rocking bridge made of the same metal group.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an article made from a primary metal, having a secondary portion that typically includes a primary portion that is secured to fit to a structure and a peripheral wall that forms a cavity. Primary parts; A first concentrically received relative to the cavity and fixed to the primary component via a pulse magnetic forming (PMF) process comprising impacting the peripheral wall toward the third portion A bimetallic coupling element having a tertiary portion and a quaternary portion suitable for attaching other components made from a tertiary metal, the secondary component comprising a secondary component made from a secondary metal, the structure comprising: A bimetallic connecting element is characterized in that it is made from a quaternary metal that is compatible with the primary metal. In particular, the quaternary metal is compatible to form mechanically robust welds that can withstand galvanic corrosion resulting from the contact surface between the quaternary metal and the primary metal.

Optionally, instead of fitting to connect to other components made from the tertiary metal, the fourth portion may be of a particular shape that is particularly important for a given application. For example, the fourth portion may be in the form of a turbine blade and thus a high value added item.

The cavity includes a concave surface that coaxially arranges the secondary component with respect to the primary component, and the third portion may be accommodated coaxially within the concave surface.

In one embodiment, the primary portion comprises a plurality of regularly spaced toes projecting longitudinally from the primary portion in opposite directions with respect to the secondary component. The primary portion is adapted to be fixedly attached to another component by forming a suitable weld between the ledge and the component.

In another embodiment, the primary portion includes a peripheral flange circumscribed at the longitudinal end of the primary component opposite the secondary component. The primary portion is fixedly attached to the structure by forming a suitable weld point between the primary portion and the structure by any suitable welding method. The welding method may include, for example, any one of fusion welding, beam welding, resistance welding, solid state welding, and the like. In particular, the welding method is GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding), GMAW (gas metal arc welding), LBW (laser beam welding), EBW (electron beam welding), RSW (resistance spot welding), SW (seam welding), PW (Protection welding). PRW (pulse resistance welding), stud welding, FRW (friction rotation welding), FOW (single welding), friction stir welding, friction point welding and the like.

Thus, in certain specific embodiments, the primary part comprises a blotter for welding to the structure that is partially hollow or wholly full (not substantially empty). In another particular embodiment, the primary part is likewise not hollow and includes a base for welding, bolting or riveting the structure using any suitable method. In another particular embodiment, the primary part is hollow and typically welded to the structure by friction welding or other suitable welding process.

In other embodiments, the primary portion may be attached to the structure or other component in another way, such as by bolting, riveting, or the like.

Optionally, the fourth portion includes a screw thread so that other components can be attached to the fourth portion. Optionally, the fourth portion includes a flat cross section with a bore to allow attachment to other components. Further optionally, the tertiary portion includes an annular face that is placed side by side with the fourth portion to allow other components to be installed and attached to the tertiary portion. Optionally, the fourth portion allows welding another component to the fourth portion.

Typically, the primary metal and the secondary metal have substantially different properties, for example, different electrical conductivity from each other. However, it is also possible to provide a bimetallic connector according to the invention when the primary metal and the secondary metal are substantially the same metal. This application of the invention is for example a number of times the user needs to be made of the same metal as the primary part, for example a high value part and need to be improved with other end fittings as compared to the manufactured ones. As with having items (primary parts), there may be advantages. Such high value primary parts may include, for example, gas turbine blades.

Typically, the primary metal is selected from, but is not limited to, aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, copper alloys, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steels, titanium, titanium alloys, and the like. Typically, secondary metals are selected without limitation in stainless steel, steel, copper, brass, titanium, and alloys thereof. Typically, the tertiary metal will be one of stainless steel, steel, copper, brass, titanium, and alloys thereof. Typically the quaternary metal is selected from, but is not limited to, aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, copper alloys, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steels, titanium, titanium alloys, and the like. Typically the primary metal and the quaternary metal are included in the same metal group.

Typically, the primary metal and the secondary metal belong to different metal groups, although the primary metal and the secondary metal may belong to the same metal group as well.

Typically, the primary part and the secondary part are each formed of essential components.

In one particular embodiment of the connecting element the primary metal is aluminum or an aluminum alloy and the secondary metal is stainless steel.

Optionally, the peripheral wall and the tertiary portion may be joined together by welding due to a PMF process to provide a high strength bond, the impact velocity associated with the PMF process being, for example, from about 200 m / sec to about It will be in the range of approximately 500 m / sec. Optionally, the peripheral wall and the tertiary portion are joined together by crimp molding due to the crimp molding due to providing a relatively low strength bond, and the impact velocity associated with the PMF process is from about 50 m / sec. It will be in the range of about 200 m / sec.

In some embodiments, the size (h2) of the radial gap between the primary portion and the inner surface of the peripheral wall is related to the size (t1) of the thickness of the peripheral wall by the following equation:

h2 = k * (t1)

k is a coefficient having a value between approximately 0.5 and approximately 0.9.

The size of the diameter D of the lumen associated with the forming coil of the device configured to provide the MPF process is related to the size of the outer diameter D3 of the peripheral wall by the following equation:

D = D3 + q

q is between about 0.5 mm and about 5.00 mm, preferably between about 1.5 mm and about 3.0 mm.

The size of the axial length l ₁ of the peripheral wall zone deformed over the primary part is the size of the working zone provided by the lumen associated with the forming coil of the device configured to provide the MPF process by And the magnitude of the axis length l ₀ and the diameter D.

l ₁ = (0.5 to 0.9) * l ₀ When D is greater than l ₁

l ₁ = l ₀ When D is less than or equal to l ₁

The invention also provides a primary part made of a primary metal, the primary part having a primary portion adapted to fixedly attach to a structure, and a secondary portion comprising a peripheral wall forming a cavity;

A pulse self-forming process made of a secondary metal and having a tertiary portion, the tertiary portion being received concentrically with respect to the cavity and impacting the peripheral wall towards the tertiary portion Wherein the secondary part secures the third part with respect to the upper limb primary part, the second part being adapted to attach another component made of the third metal to the fourth part. Providing a secondary part, characterized in that it comprises a true fourth part;

In the bimetal bonding element manufacturing method comprising:

The structure relates to a method for producing a bimetallic bonding element, characterized in that the structure is made of a quaternary metal compatible with the primary metal.

In the method according to the invention, the primary metal and the secondary metal typically have substantially different properties, for example different electrical conductivity.

In another aspect of the present invention, in a primary metal compatible with the structure metal and a secondary metal compatible with the component metal, the two metals may be used to substantially prevent galvanic corrosion between the two metals. Providing a bimetal connector element made of two metals, characterized in that it is engaged within the connector;

Welding the bimetal connector element to the structure by a portion of the connector made of primary metal using a suitable welding process;

A method is provided for coupling a component to a structure, wherein the component and the structure are made of incompatible metals to prevent galvanic corrosion between the component and the structure.

Bimetallic connector elements are typically formed by suitable pulse self-molding (PMF) processes, ie, welding the primary and secondary metals through a PMF process and are typical shapes and structures of the bimetal coupling elements of the present invention.

The method may be applied to any suitable structure including at least a portion of any of, for example, automobiles, aircraft, ships, amphibians, satellites, spacecraft, missiles, virtually static structures, dynamic structures, and the like. In particular, the structure may include any one of a chassis, a metal body, a hull of a ship, an outer surface of the vehicle, an internal structure of the vehicle, a metal sealed container, a rocking bridge, and the like.

The primary metal is selected from, for example, aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium, titanium alloy. The secondary metal is for example selected from stainless steel, steel, copper, brass, titanium, and alloys thereof. The structure may be made of, for example, a metal selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium, titanium alloy. The primary metal and the metal from which the structure is made are included in the same metal group.

The welding method includes, for example, any one of fusion welding, beam welding, resistance welding, solid state welding, and the like. In particular, the welding method is GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding), GMAW (gas metal arc welding), LBW (laser beam welding, laser beam welding), EBW (electron beam welding, electron beam welding), RSW (resistance spot welding), SW (seam welding), PW (protection welding). PRW (pulse resistance welding), stud welding, FRW (friction rotating welding), FOW (forge welding), friction stir welding, friction spot welding ( friction spot welding).

Therefore, in any particular industrial application where it is necessary to connect components made of different metals with significantly different properties, such as for example electrical conductivity, the bimetallic connectors of the present invention are, for example, ambulances and fire trucks It would be useful when the aluminum panels need to be screwed or riveted to a reinforcement using steel bolts, or when steel components need to be welded together to an aluminum chassis or other components. In another application, the bimetallic connector of the present invention is useful for grounding the aluminum body or chassis of the vehicle, for example using copper wire connections, since aluminum is generally lacking the mechanical strength necessary for such a connection. In general, steel screws or bolts are needed to attach copper wires or cables.

In each case, the connector of the present invention avoids or minimizes galvanic corrosion that may occur at the interface between metals having substantially different electrical conductivity. While such corrosion problems do not generally occur when using stainless steel, stainless steels are generally unsuitable for welding, as relatively fragile compounds tend to form at the welding points, and, as in the bodywork and chassis, steel and When aluminum components are subjected to dynamic forces, it is usually more desirable to weld the steel component than bolting it to the aluminum component: the connector of the present invention allows such steel component to be effectively welded in place. Useful for doing

In order to understand the present invention and how it is actually implemented, referring to the accompanying drawings, preferred embodiments will be described only by way of non-limiting examples:

1 is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the present invention, inserted into the lumen of a PMF device.

2A and 2B show, in isometric view, the embodiment of FIG. 1 that receives a PMF process before and after.

3A shows a cross-sectional view, and FIGS. 3B-3D show various variations of the embodiment of FIG. 1 in partial isometric view.

4 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention in a cross-sectional view, inserted into the lumen of a PMF device.

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of a variant of the embodiment of FIG. 4, including components welded to the structure and secured to the structure after the PMF process has been applied.

FIG. 6 is a side view of a partial cross section showing a deformation of the contact edge of the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5.

7 (a) -7 (d) show cross-sectional side views of a number of variations of the embodiment of FIG. 4 prior to applying the PMF process.

8 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the present invention prior to receiving the PMF process of the present invention.

9 is an isometric view of the embodiment of FIG. 8 secured to a structure using a solid state welding method.

10 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a variant of the FIG. 1 embodiment secured to a structure using a solid state welding method.

FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of the FIG. 8 embodiment secured to the structure using the welding method.

12 illustrates, in isometric view, the FIG. 8 embodiment secured to a structure using a beam welding method.

According to a first aspect of the invention, a bimetallic bonding element, and a method of making the same, are provided.

According to a first aspect of the invention, a first embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 1, 2 a, and 2b, from a primary essential part 110 and a secondary metal made from a primary metal. Bimetal coupling elements, collectively designated 100, having a secondary essential part 130 made. The primary component 110 is coupled to or attached to a structure 190 typically made of a quaternary metal that is compatible with the primary metal, while the secondary component 130 is generally associated with the primary A component 140 made of a tertiary metal compatible with the secondary metal is tailored to attach to the secondary component.

The primary part 110 is generally cylindrical and at one longitudinal end of the primary part the primary part is in particular the same metal as the fourth metal, typically the primary metal described above or A primary portion in the form of a base 112, which is to be welded onto a structure 190 made of the same metal group. For this purpose, in this embodiment, the base 112 includes a pair of opposing stems 114 protruding from the base in the longitudinal direction. In other embodiments, there may be a larger number of accumulators disposed as needed about the periphery of the base 112. Optionally, the base 112 can be otherwise welded to the structure 190.

When it is necessary to secure and engage the coupling element 100 to another structure 190, a welding point 192 is formed between the ledge 114 and the surface of the component 190. The ledge 114 advantageously provides a fixation point for the base 112 with respect to the structure 190. For example, such an arrangement may drain water from between the base and the structure 190, thus preventing water from accumulating in the base after the welding process.

The welding process is for example:

Welding such as GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) or GMAW (gas metal arc welding) or the like (illustrated in FIG. 2B);

Beam welding, including for example LBW (laser beam welding) and EBW (electron beam welding) and the like;

Resistance welding, for example RSW (resistance spot welding), SW (seam welding), PW (protection welding), PRW (pulse resistance welding), stud welding, etc .;

Any suitable welding process such as, for example, solid phase welding, including FRW (friction rotational welding), FOW (single contact), friction stir welding, friction point welding and the like.

In the FRW example shown in FIG. 10, the base 112 does not include an axle 114, but the base 112 and the structure 190 when an appropriate pressure P and relative rotation R are applied to the member 100. Rather, the free end 150 of the base is rotated at a suitable high speed while in contact with and adjoining the structure 190 so that a frictional rotational welding point 152 is formed in the contact surface between the two surfaces. Of course, the free end 150 may be non-empty cylindrical or optionally tubular, as shown in FIG. 6, in the latter case the free end 150 forming a FRW weld with the structure 190. It may be a reduced edge of.

The primary component 110 forms a cavity 124 of diameter D1 at a second longitudinal end facing the base 112 and comprises a secondary portion of diameter D3 comprising a peripheral wall 122. 120). Thus, as opposed to the generally non-empty base 112, the secondary portion 120 is generally empty. The peripheral wall 122 is typically of substantially uniform radial thickness t1, while typically including a tubular one, for example, comprises a suitable cross section which is an ellipse or polygon. In particular, the cavity 124 is disposed coaxially with respect to the open longitudinal end 125 and the cavity 124 and is longitudinally oppositely closed, including a concave portion and a concave surface of an axis D2 and a depth h1. Terminal ends. Advantageously, a bell mouse or cornered surface 127 connects the cavity 124 to the concave surface 128. The concave surface 128 serves as a seating structure for receiving an inward free end 134 of the secondary part 130. In another embodiment, the primary portion of the primary part is preferably such that a seating structure is formed and, for example, held in place and at least the element for receiving the free end 134 integrally. For example, it may include annular layered recesses, a plurality of stops or tabs, such that the secondary parts may be arranged coaxially with respect to the primary part prior to applying the PMF process to the primary part. do.

In this embodiment, the secondary component 130 of the connector 100 has a primary portion 132 and is received against the concave surface 128, preferably in a tight-fitting manner. In the form of a cylindrical stem comprising a longitudinal end 134. Whereas the secondary component 130 is substantially hollow, i.e., not empty, in other embodiments, as long as the secondary component is typically mechanically strong enough that the PMF process can be applied to this component without significant deformation, As will be clearer from, it is possible to be hollow or partially hollow. Thus, the cavity 128 allows the primary component 110 and the secondary component 130 to be coaxially arranged and held in place in a simple manner until the PMF process is applied, as described below. Thus, the diameter of the distal end 134 is slightly smaller than D2 and the concave surface 128 maintains the radial spacing h2 between the primary portion 132 and the inner surface of the cavity 124 and is the same for the cavity 124. In a centered manner, it facilitates the seating of the primary portion 132. Optionally, the diameter of the end 134 is substantially the same as or slightly larger than D2, and the secondary part 130 is forced to axially engage the primary part.

In other embodiments, the secondary component 130 may have a suitable cross section other than cylindrical, such as an oval or polygonal cross section. In addition, the secondary component may have a prismatic shape having a substantially constant cross section along its longitudinal length. Alternatively, with reference to FIG. 3A, for example, the primary portion 132 ′ of the secondary component may comprise a diameter smaller than D15 but greater than D2 and end 134 ′ of smaller diameter D2. Protrudes coaxially from the primary portion 132 ′ stepwise to be received in the concave surface 128. Optionally, the primary portion 132 ′ is also one or more such that it is easy to locate on the secondary portion of the washer 142 or the like, which may, for example, carry a ground cable 144. It is made stepwise at the longitudinal end of the primary portion adjacent to the secondary portion 138 ′, including the annular surface 135 above. A nut 146 is used to secure the washer to the primary portion 132 ′ in a conventional manner and the nut 146 may be selectively welded in place of 149.

Therefore, the primary portion 138 ′ or 138, which is longitudinally opposite to the primary portion 132, may be made of another metal that is compatible with the secondary metal, ie, the third metal. The component 140 is adapted to couple to the secondary portion. Thus, the secondary portion 138 or 138 'may include threads for screwing the nut or the like to the secondary portion. Alternatively, the secondary portion 138 or 138 'of the secondary component may comprise a flat portion for welding or soldering a cable or wire to the secondary portion. As an alternative and with reference to FIGS. 3B and 3C, for example, the secondary portion 138 ′ of the secondary part may be threaded bore, for example to secure another component to the connector 100. It may include a flat portion having a bore 136 that is threaded or smooth through the flat portion to be able to couple to 136. Alternatively, and with reference to FIG. 3D, for example, the secondary portion 138 ″ of the secondary component includes a threaded or smooth, transverse bore 133.

The secondary component 130 is fixed relative to the primary component 110 using a process that generates a suitable magnetic pulse force, such as impacting the peripheral wall 112 toward the primary portion 132. . Suitable pulse self-molding (PMF) processes are described in US Pat. No. 5,824,998 (currently assigned to the assignee), the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. The disclosed PMF process can be applied to the present invention with the necessary modifications. In detail, the secondary component 130 is connected to the secondary component 110 by the cavity 128 such that the primary portion 132 is disposed concentrically and coaxially with respect to the peripheral wall 134. The connector 100, which is seated relative to it and not yet secured, is inserted into the lumen 50 of the forming coil 46 (FIG. 1). The shaping coil 46 is effectively coupled to a suitable charging and operating facility (not shown) and a suitable current is discharged in the coil 46 to produce a PMF effect on the portion of the connector 100 housed in the lumen 50. As a result, it fits into the primary portion 132 along the compression and zone Z of the peripheral wall 134 (FIG. 2B).

In essence, the pulse current generator produces a high current pulse in the coil 46, which current generates a high magnetic field in the working region of the coil, ie the lumen 50. The magnetic field generates an eddy current in the outer layer of the peripheral wall 122 and is coaxial with the lumen 50 so that the mechanical field in the radial direction towards the axis 99 of the connector as a result of the interaction between the magnetic field and the eddy current is To generate force. Peripheral wall 122 is therefore collapsed by high speed mechanical forces, typically hundreds of meters per second, and cold welded or crimped to primary portion 132.

Depending on the PMF conditions, in particular the velocity of impact and the minimum dynamic angle between the peripheral wall 122 and the primary part 132, these two components provide a high strength bond between the two components and together by welding Can be combined. For example, a high strength weld with an impact velocity in the range of approximately 200 m / sec to approximately 500 m / sec forms a corrugated bond while an impact velocity in the velocity range of approximately 50 m / sec to less than approximately 200 m / sec is formed. A combination can be provided.

Impact velocity v and minimum dynamic angle α are discussed in the following two references: Pearson J., Explosive Machining of Metals , J. Metals, I960, v12, No9, p678-681 (Pearson J., Metal working with explosive , J.METALS, I960, vl2, No 9, p673-681); Bakhrani AS, Glassland B., Explosion Welding & Cladding . Introduction overview and preliminary examination results , litigation in the Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1965, v79, pt7, p264 (Bahrani AS, Grassland B., Explosive welding and cladding.An introductory survey and preliminary results , PROCEEDINGS of INSTITUTE MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, 1965, v79, pt7 , p264). The contents of these references are all incorporated in this specification.

Preferably, the size h2 of the radial spacing between the primary portion 132 and the inner surface of the peripheral wall 122 is related to the size t1 of the thickness of the peripheral wall by the following equation.

h2 = k * (tl)

k is a coefficient having a value between about 0.5 and about 0.9.

Typically, the optimal value of k is, for example, the mass of the moving part-that is, the primary part 120-the magnitude and duration of the PMF force generated and applied to the primary part 120, the strength of the part 120. It depends on a number of empirical factors, such as strength, non-electric resistance of the various components of the coupling element, physical properties of the primary and secondary metals, and the like. The above equation for h2 is a useful means of designing the coupling element, which actually fits well.

Preferably, the size D of the diameter of the lumen 50 is related to the size D3 of the outer diameter of the peripheral wall 122 by the following equation:

D = D3 + q

q is between about 1.5 mm and about 3.0 mm.

In other words, the magnitude of the radial gap between the inner wall and the peripheral wall 122 of the coil 46 defining the lumen 50 is preferably between about 0.75 mm and about 1.5 mm.

Optimal values for q within this range typically depend on a number of factors and typically appear as a compromise between a low value that increases the PMF force and a high value that reduces the electrical effect on the bimetallic element due to the PMF process. Thus, the optimal value for q is the type of insulating material used for the coil 46-and its properties-the magnitude of the working voltage, the item of production (e.g. how many coupling elements are processed by the coil per hour, etc.). ), And the type and efficiency of the cooling system used for the coil 46 may be affected. The above equation for D3 is a useful means for designing the coupling element and it applies well in practice.

Preferably, the axis length l ₁ of the zone Z (FIG. 2B) of the outer wall 122 deformed over the primary part 132, ie the axial penetration length into the lumen 50 of the peripheral wall 122. Is related to the axial length l ₀ of the working zone provided by the lumen 50 and the size of the diameter D of the lumen 50 by the following equation:

l ₁ = (0.5 to 0.9) * l ₀ When D is greater than l ₁

l ₁ = l _{0 When} D is less than or equal to l ₁

Therefore, the perimeter wall 122 is a perimeter for a relatively long connector having an axial range equal to or greater than the diameter of the lumen 50 between the perimeter wall 122 and the primary component 132. The front edge of the wall 122 is fully inserted into the lumen 50 until it is coplanar with the far edge 51 of the lumen 50. On the contrary, the peripheral wall 122 of the peripheral wall 122 is intended for a relatively short connector having an axial range smaller than the diameter of the lumen 50 between the peripheral zone 122 and the primary component 132. It is only partially inserted into lumen 50 until the anterior edge is between about 0.1 * D and about 0.5 * D relative to the far edge 51 of lumen 50. In the latter case, the greatest magnetic tension acts on the free end of the peripheral wall 122 to give a greater impact velocity for this portion of the peripheral wall 122, which in turn creates a strong bond.

The second embodiment of the invention, collectively indicated at 300, is illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, and all of the first embodiment, as described herein with the necessary changes, with the differences that will become apparent in the description below. Includes features, elements, and changes.

As in the first embodiment, the present embodiment has a primary portion welded onto, for example, another component or structure 190 made from the aforementioned quaternary metal that is compatible with the primary metal. It includes a primary component 310 having a primary portion in the form of a base 312 at the longitudinal end of the primary component, which is specially adapted to be otherwise coupled, such as riveting or bolting. In this embodiment, the primary component 310 is hollow in the axial direction, so that the primary component 310 and the secondary component 330 are aligned to be coaxial. The axis alignment can be done in any suitable way. As with the first embodiment, the primary part has a secondary part 322 to receive in a manner that overlaps the secondary part 334 of the secondary part 330, the aligned component being axial Entering lumen 50 of suitable PMF shaping coil 46 with length L1 and then making the necessary changes, similar to that described above for the first embodiment, the PMF process removes secondary portion 322. It is applied to be fixed on the secondary component 330.

In addition, instead of having a jersey, the primary component 310 is specifically tailored to be coupled to the structure 190 via friction welding or a similar method, and thus the primary portion of the primary component 310 ( 312 is a cylindrical having an adjacent end, in fact an adjacent end in the form of a planar annular edge 314 for contacting the surface 192 of the component 191 of the structure 190. Typically, the primary part 310 is cylindrical, but may alternatively include a head-cut cone, that is, a stepped cross section between the base 312 and the secondary portion 322. Thus, the component 101 is correspondingly planar and is typically perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 99 of the connector 300, while the component 191 is substantially parallel to the plane of the edge 314. Accordingly, the edge 314 and the component 191 contact adjacent to mutually defined contact surfaces and the connector 191 and / or the structure are perpendicular to the face and centered at the geometric center point of the edge 314, typically the A suitable speed can be rotated around the axis of the connector 300, in which a suitable pressure is also applied along the axis of rotation 99 to create a friction welding point between the edge 314 and the component 191. . For this purpose, in the application of certain connectors 300 it is optionally possible for the face defined by the edge 314 to be made at an angle other than perpendicular to the axis of the connector 300.

Optionally, the secondary part 330 may be cylindrical or non-cylindrical in shape with any suitable cross section, for example elliptical or polygonal. In addition, the secondary component 330 may have a prismatic shape having a constant cross section along its longitudinal length. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 5, for example, the primary portion 332 ′ of the secondary component may comprise any suitable diameter smaller than D4, and further optionally, the primary portion. 332 'also includes one or more annular surfaces 335 to be positioned on a secondary portion of, for example, washer 142 having a grounding cable 144, and the like. Adjacent to the secondary portion 338 ′, it may be stepped at the longitudinal end of the secondary portion. The nut 146 may be used in a conventional manner to secure the washer to the primary portion 332 ', which nut 146 may optionally be welded to the 149 position.

And optionally, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the edge 314 may include an inner lip 315 and / or an outer lip 316 to extend an adjacent region of the edge 314 relative to the component 191. It is also possible for a stronger weld to be made between the part and the edge.

Variations of the second embodiment are illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7B, which can also be applied in other embodiments of the present invention, with the necessary modifications.

For example, referring to FIG. 7A, the primary portion 312A of the primary component 310A typically includes an inner diameter approximately equal to the outer diameter of the primary component 334A, and Moreover, the secondary portion 322A of the primary component 310A has an elongated diameter, adding the necessary modifications to the primary portion 312A, to provide substantially constant spacing h2, as described above. . The primary portion 334A is a substantially constant cross section.

Referring to FIG. 7 (b), the primary portion 312B of the primary component 310B also typically has a significantly smaller inner diameter approximately the same as or alternatively to the outer diameter of the primary portion 334B. And furthermore, the secondary portion 322B of the primary component 310B has an increased diameter with respect to the primary portion 312A. However, the primary portion 334B of the secondary component 330B becomes smaller and smaller, so that the spacing between the primary portion 334B and the secondary portion 322B changes in the axial direction.

With reference to FIG. 7C, the primary portion 312C of the primary component 310C also typically includes a significantly smaller internal diameter approximately the same as or alternatively to the outer diameter of the primary portion 334. And furthermore, the secondary portion 322C of the primary component 310C has an increasing diameter along the axis 99, as illustrated, with a truncated head or groove. The primary portion 334C of the secondary component 330C gradually decreases, so that the spacing between the primary portion 334C and the secondary portion 322C is less than the secondary portion 322C and the primary. Depending on the decreasing angle of the portion 334C, it may change in the axial direction or remain h2.

Referring to FIG. 7D, the primary portion 312D of the primary component 310D also typically has an internal diameter that is approximately equal to or alternatively significantly smaller than the outer diameter of the primary portion 334D. And furthermore, the secondary portion 322D of the primary component 310D has an increasing diameter along the axis 99, as illustrated, with a truncated cone or groove. The primary portion 334D of the secondary portion 330D is of constant cross section, so that the primary portion 334D and the secondary portion 322D change in the axial direction.

A third embodiment of the invention, collectively designated 200, is illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, the first embodiment including the differences that will be apparent in the following detailed description, as described with the necessary changes hereto. Includes all features, elements, and variations in the sun.

In connection with the first embodiment, the embodiment here involves welding the primary component onto another component made of the quaternary metal that is compatible with the primary metal, or welding other components such as riveting or bolting, for example. A primary component 210 having a primary component in the form of a base 212 specially fitted for engagement in a method, at one end in its longitudinal direction. In the present embodiment, rather than having a jersey, the primary, having an extended base in the form of a peripheral flange 214 surrounding the periphery of the primary portion 212, at the longitudinal end of the primary portion By including the portion 212, the primary component 210 is adapted to couple to the structure 190. The flange 214 may be substantially perpendicular—or annular or any other form, for example, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, wherein the flange is on a structure 190, such as, for example, a chassis or conveyer. It provides a relatively large area for welding, riveting, bolting, or other fixed engagement. For example, and with reference to FIG. 9, the flange 214 is stir welded with other components by means of four mixed welds, one at each corner of the flange 214. -welded). As an alternative, the stir welding spot 250 can be, for example, FRW (friction rotating welding), FOW (forge welding), friction stir welding, friction spot welding and the like. It can be replaced by any solid state welding including.

The flange 214 thus comprises a bottom adjacent the surface shaped in accordance with the surface of the portion of the structure in which the coupling element 200 is to be fixedly fitted. Typically, the part of the structure is substantially planar, so the flange 214 is also planar. However, the portion of the structure may be of any desired shape, such as a convex, concave or cylindrical.

Alternatively, and as illustrated in FIG. 11, a fusion weld 252 may be flanged, applied by any suitable welding method such as, for example, GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) or GMAW (gas metal arc welding) or the like. 214 may be used to weld to structure 190. Melting points are typically formed between the structure 190 and at least a portion of the perimeter 254 of the flange 214.

Alternatively, and with reference to FIG. 12, a beam weld 256 using any suitable beam welding method, including, for example, LBW (laser beam welding) or EBW (electron beam welding), etc. It can be used to weld to the structure 190. The beam weld point 256 is typically formed between the flange 214 and the structure 190.

9, 11 and 12 show that the connector prior to the PMF process applied to the connector 200. In some cases, the flange 214 is first welded to the structure 190 and then the structure. While it is possible to apply a PMF process that produces a bimetallic element 200 at a welded position to 190, the standard procedure is usually the reverse of this, ie the bimetallic element 200 is usually first formed, followed by the structure 190. Is coupled to.)

Alternatively, resistance weld points using any suitable resistance weld, such as RSW (resistance spot welds), SW (seam welds), PW (protection welds), PRW (pulse resistance welds), stud welds, etc., may form flanges 214. Can be used to weld to 190.

In connection with the first embodiment the primary component 210 includes a peripheral wall 222 and at the second longitudinal end opposite the base 212 and has an open longitudinal end 126. And a secondary portion 220 forming a cavity 224 having a cavity, and a cavity 228 disposed coaxially with the cavity 224 and on the opposite side in the longitudinal direction. In the illustrated embodiment, with the radial spacing between the primary portion 232 and the inner surface of the cavity 224, the secondary component 230 of the connector 200, the primary portion 232. ) Is in the form of a cylindrical stem with a primary portion 232 that includes a longitudinal end 234 that can be received relative to the cavity 228 to seat in a concentric position with the cavity 224. Similar to those described for the first embodiment, variations of this embodiment are possible with the necessary modifications. Primary portion 232 facilitates positioning and mounting of a washer or the like, which may have a grounding cable (not shown), for example, which may be secured with a nut. May further comprise a flared portion having a round annular surface 235 facing away from the surface.

With the necessary modifications as described in the first embodiment, the secondary component 230 is fixed relative to the primary component 210 using the PMF process, and these two components provide a high strength bonding force. It can be combined with each other by welding through a PMF process.

In most embodiments of the present invention, the primary metal and the secondary metal are generally different and have different properties such as, for example, electrical conductivity. As an alternative, the primary and secondary metals may comprise metals made of the same metal or of the same metal group.

Primary metals include any of the following metal groups: aluminum and its alloys, copper and copper alloys, brass, iron, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium and their alloys.

Secondary metals include, but are not limited to, the following metal groups: stainless steel, iron, copper, brass, nickel, titanium and alloys thereof.

The tertiary metal may be the same as the secondary metal, or different from them, and may include any of the following metal groups, but not limited to: stainless steel, iron, copper, brass, nickel, Titanium and their alloys.

The quaternary metal is typically the same metal as the primary metal or belongs to the same metal group as the primary metal, and typically includes any of the following metal groups: aluminum and its alloys, copper and copper Alloys, brass, iron, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium and their alloys.

Table 1 below provides some non-limiting examples of possible combinations of primary secondary metals in a connector according to the invention that can be fixedly connected to a structure made of a quaternary metal.

Examples of possible combinations of primary secondary metals of connectors according to the invention fixedly connected to structures made of quaternary metals Connector format Secondary metal Primary metal 4th metal Aluminum + steel steel Aluminum and any one of aluminum alloys such as A11, A13, A16, A15, ... Aluminum and any one of aluminum alloys such as A11, A13, A16, A15, ... Aluminum + stainless steel Stainless steel Any one of aluminum and aluminum alloy Any one of aluminum and aluminum alloy Aluminum + Copper Copper Any one of aluminum and aluminum alloy Any one of aluminum and aluminum alloy Aluminum + brass Brass Any one of aluminum and aluminum alloy Any one of aluminum and aluminum alloy Copper + brass Brass Any one of copper and copper alloy Any one of copper and copper alloy Copper + steel steel Any one of copper and copper alloy Any one of copper and copper alloy Brass + steel steel Any one kind of brass Any one kind of brass Brass + stainless steel Stainless steel Any one kind of brass Any one kind of brass Steel + steel steel Any one of steel and any steel alloy Any one of steel and any steel alloy Steel + stainless steel Stainless steel Any one of steel and any steel alloy Any one of steel and any steel alloy Stainless Steel + Ti and Ti Alloys Titanium & titanium alloy Any one kind of stainless steel Any one kind of stainless steel Ti and Ti alloys + Ni and Ni alloys Nickel & Nickel Alloy Any one of titanium and titanium alloy Any one of titanium and titanium alloy

Typically it is advantageous to impact the softer metal between the primary and secondary metals towards the harder metal using magnetic pulse forces. However, it is also possible to reverse the arrangement, such that the secondary part forming a cavity for receiving a portion of the primary part has a peripheral wall, and the peripheral wall impacts towards the primary part.

The bimetallic connector according to the invention can be adapted for grounding connector applications by fixing the primary part to a grounded component or structure, such as, for example, an aluminum chassis, for example by conventional welding techniques. . For example, the copper cable can then be connected to the primary part of the secondary part using any suitable connection structure, for example a nut clamped to the component. Such connectors are typically aluminum / copper or the like.

The bimetallic connector according to the invention can also be adapted for use as a connecting bolt by fixing the primary part to any of the bolted components, for example aluminum chassis, for example by conventional welding techniques. The secondary component, for example a steel rigger, may then use any suitable connection structure, such as a nut clamped to the component, or directly replace the secondary component of the secondary component. It can be connected to the primary part of the secondary part by welding to the primary part.

Therefore, according to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for joining a component made of the third metal to a structure made of the fourth metal by using a bimetal coupling element made of the primary metal and the secondary metal. A method is provided. In accordance with the bonding method, the bimetallic bonding element, in particular at the point of contact thereof, is in particular in such a way as to prevent galvanic corrosion or to reduce the physical properties of either metal in between. A primary part made of the primary metal, which is fused onto a secondary part made of the secondary metal, using a PMF process. The bimetal coupling element is fixedly coupled to the structure by welding the primary part to the structure using any suitable welding method. The welding method is, for example, but not limited to, and may include any of the following methods, which are described in more detail with respect to the first and second embodiments:

Welding such as GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) or GMAW (gas metal arc welding) or the like (illustrated in FIG. 2B).

Beam welding, including for example LBW (laser beam welding) or EBW (electron beam welding), etc.

RSW (resistance spot welding), SW (seam welding), PW (protection welding), for example. Resistance welding, such as PRW (pulse resistance welding), stud welding, etc.

Solid-state welding, including, for example, FRW (friction rotary welding), FOW (single contact), friction stir welding, friction point welding and the like.

In one specific embodiment of the joining method, a bimetallic connector element, as described above for the first aspect of the invention, joins a component made of the third metal to a structure made of the fourth metal. Can be used.

In the following method claims, alphanumeric characters and Roman numerals used to indicate claim steps are provided for convenience only and do not represent any particular order in carrying out the steps.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the word "comprising" used throughout the appended claims is interpreted to mean "including, but not limited to."

While illustrative embodiments have been shown and described in accordance with the present invention, it will be appreciated that many changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Claims (44)

A primary part made of a primary metal and having a secondary portion including a primary portion adapted to attach to the structure and a peripheral wall forming a cavity; And The primary through a pulse magnetic forming (PMF) process made of a secondary metal and receiving concentrically with respect to the cavity and impacting the peripheral wall toward a third portion A secondary part having a third part fixed relative to the part and a fourth part attached to a component made from the third metal; In a bimetallic connecting element comprising: And the structure is made of a quaternary metal that is compatible with the primary metal. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary portion of the primary component is configured such that the secondary component can be coaxially aligned with respect to the primary component at least prior to applying the pulse self-forming process to the element. And a seating structure for receiving a free end of the third portion. The bimetal coupling element of claim 2 wherein said primary portion of said primary component is not hollow and said seating structure is formed in a concave surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary portion is tubular with annular edges at its ends in opposite directions to the secondary portion, wherein the annular edges form weld points between the annular edge and the structure by a welding method. Bimetallic coupling element, characterized in that it is adapted to be fixedly attached to a structure. The method of claim 2, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of regularly spaced toes vertically protruding from the primary part in the opposite direction of the secondary part, wherein the weld point and the structure Bimetallic bonding element, characterized in that it can be formed between. 3. The flange and the structure according to claim 2, wherein the primary portion includes a peripheral flange surrounding the longitudinal end of the primary component in a direction opposite to the secondary component. Bimetallic binding element, characterized in that it can be formed in the liver. The bimetal coupling element of claim 1 wherein the element is adapted to be welded or bolted onto the structure and the structure is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the element. 3. The method of claim 2, The fourth portion comprises a thread such that another component is attached to the fourth portion; The fourth portion comprises a flat cross section having a bore such that another component is attached to the fourth portion; The tertiary portion comprises an annular surface lying side by side with the fourth portion such that other components are seated and attached to the tertiary portion; The fourth portion is welded another component to the fourth portion; The primary metal and the secondary metal have different metal properties; And The primary metal and the secondary metal have different electrical conductivity Bimetallic coupling element. 3. The method of claim 2, The primary metal is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium, titanium alloy; The secondary metal is selected from stainless steel, steel, copper, brass, titanium and alloys thereof; The third metal is any one of stainless steel, steel, copper, brass, titanium and alloys thereof; And The fourth metal is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium, titanium alloy Bimetallic coupling element. 3. The method of claim 2, The primary metal and the fourth metal are included in the same metal group; The primary metal is aluminum or an alloy thereof and the secondary metal is stainless steel; The primary part and the secondary part are each integrally molded parts; The primary metal and the secondary metal belong to different metal groups; And And said secondary part is elongated and not empty in cross section. 3. The method of claim 2, (A) The magnitude of the radial gap h2 between the third portion and the inner face of the peripheral wall is related to the magnitude of the thickness t1 of the peripheral wall by the following equation: h2 = k * (tl) ( Where k is a coefficient having a value between 0.5 and 0.9); (B) The size of the diameter D of the lumen associated with the shaping coil of the device configured to provide the pulse self-forming process is related to the size of the outer diameter D3 of the peripheral wall by the following equation: D = D3 + q (where q is between 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm); And (C) the length of the axis l ₁ of the peripheral wall zone deformed above the primary part is a working area provided by the shaft length l ₀ and the lumen associated with the forming coil of the device configured to provide said pulsed self-forming process. associated with the diameter D of the zone): l ₁ = (0.5 to 0.9) * l ₀ (when D is greater than l ₁ ) l ₁ = l ₀ (when D is less than or equal to l ₁ ); Bimetallic coupling element. In a bimetallic article comprising a structure and at least one coupling element fixedly attached to the structure by a welding method, the coupling element is as defined in claim 1 and the structure is made of the quaternary metal. Bimetallic product, characterized in that. The device of claim 12, wherein at least one portion of the structure corresponding to and in close contact with the at least one coupling element is parallel to a plane defined by an adjacent end of the primary portion of the primary part of the element. Bimetallic product, characterized in that. 13. The vehicle of claim 12, wherein the structure is an automobile, an aircraft, a ship, an amphibian, a satellite, a spacecraft, a missile, an aluminum housing, any one of a wall or a chassis, a metal body, a hull of a ship, an outer surface of a vehicle, an interior of a vehicle. Bimetallic article, characterized in that it comprises at least one part of any one of a structure, a metal hermetic container, a swinging leg. Providing a primary part made of a primary metal and having a primary portion adapted to fixedly attach to a structure, and a secondary portion comprising a peripheral wall forming a cavity; A pulse self-forming process made of a secondary metal and having a tertiary portion, the tertiary portion being received concentrically with respect to the cavity and impacting the peripheral wall towards the tertiary portion Wherein the secondary part is adapted to attach another component made of a tertiary metal to the fourth part, wherein the secondary part fixes the third part with respect to the primary part. Providing a secondary part, characterized in that it comprises a true fourth part; In the bimetal bonding element manufacturing method comprising: And said structure is made of a quaternary metal compatible with said primary metal. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising aligning the secondary component with respect to the primary component at least prior to applying the pulse self-forming process to the element, wherein the primary portion of the primary component is And a seat formed in said primary portion to receive the free end of said tertiary portion. 17. The method of claim 16, The primary metal and the secondary metal have different characteristics; The primary metal and the secondary metal have different electrical conductivity; And The peripheral wall and the tertiary portion are joined together by welding by a pulse self-molding process, and further, the bimetal coupling is characterized in that the impact velocity associated with the pulse self-molding process is in the range of 200 m / sec to 500 m / sec. Method of manufacturing urea. A method of coupling a component to a structure, the method comprising: Primary metals compatible with structural metals and secondary metals compatible with component metals, characterized in that the two metals are joined in a connector to prevent galvanic corrosion between the two metals. Providing a bimetal connector element made of two metals; And Welding the bimetal connector element to the structure by a portion of the connector made of primary metal using a welding process, To prevent galvanic corrosion between the component and the structure, wherein the component and the structure are made of incompatible metals. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the bimetallic connector element is formed through a pulse magnetic forming (PMF) process. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the bimetallic connector element is defined by any of the preceding claims. 21. The vehicle of claim 20, wherein the structure is an automobile, an aircraft, a ship, an amphibian, a satellite, a spacecraft, a missile, an aluminum housing, a wall or a chassis, a metal body, a hull of a ship, an outer surface of a vehicle, an interior of a vehicle. And at least one part of any one of a structure, a metal containment vessel, and a rocking leg. 20. The method of claim 19, The primary metal is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium, titanium alloy; The secondary metal is selected from stainless steel, steel, copper, brass, titanium and alloys thereof; The structure is made of a metal selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, brass, steel, stainless steel, low carbon steel, titanium, titanium alloy; The primary metal and the metal for forming the structure are included in the same metal group; The welding process includes any one of welding, beam welding, resistance welding, and solid state welding; And The welding process is GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding), GMAW (gas metal arc welding), LBW (laser beam welding), EBW (electron beam welding), RSW (resistance spot welding), SW (seam welding), PW (protection) welding). A method of joining a component to a structure, characterized in that it comprises any one of PRW (pulse resistance welding), stud welding, FRW (friction rotating welding), FOW (single contact), friction stir welding, and friction point welding. delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete

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