KR101161135B1 - Middle or Large-sized Battery Module - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is a battery cell stack upright in the lateral direction; A structure that is coupled to each other while surrounding the battery cell stack, a through hole for the refrigerant flow is formed on the top and bottom surfaces, the gas outlet is formed at a position spaced apart from the through hole, the external input and output terminals A pair of upper and lower cases provided; And a sensing member inserted into and mounted on predetermined spaces of the upper and lower cases.

Description

Medium or Large-sized Battery Module

1 is a perspective view of a typical representative pouch-type battery cell;

2 is a perspective view of a cell cover in which the battery cell of FIG. 1 is mounted for the configuration of a unit module;

3 is a perspective view of a unit module stack in which a plurality of unit modules are connected;

4 is a schematic diagram of a battery module in which the unit module stack of FIG. 3 is mounted in a battery module case;

FIG. 5 is a partial plan view illustrating a front portion of a battery module of FIG. 4 in a state in which unit modules are mounted in a lower case; FIG.

The present invention relates to a medium-large battery module, and more particularly, a battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules are erected in a lateral direction, coupled to surround the battery cell stack, and configured to discharge gas and a refrigerant flow. It relates to a medium-large battery module comprising a pair of upper and lower cases, the predetermined sensing member is formed with a through hole for.

BACKGROUND ART [0002] In recent years, rechargeable secondary batteries have been widely used as energy sources for wireless mobile devices. Secondary batteries are also attracting attention as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which are proposed as a way to solve air pollution in conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles that use fossil fuels. .

In a small mobile device, one or two or more battery cells are used per device, while a middle- or large-sized battery module such as an automobile is used as a middle- or large-sized battery module in which a plurality of battery cells are electrically connected due to the necessity of a large-

Since the medium-large battery module is preferably manufactured in a small size and weight, the rectangular battery, the pouch-type battery, etc., which can be charged with high integration and have a small weight to capacity, are mainly used as battery cells of the medium-large battery module. In particular, a pouch-type battery using an aluminum laminate sheet or the like as an exterior member has attracted much attention in recent years due to the advantages of low weight and low manufacturing cost.

1 is a perspective view schematically showing a typical representative pouch-type battery. Referring to FIG. 1, the pouch-type battery 100 has a structure in which two electrode leads 110 and 120 protrude from each other to protrude from an upper end portion and a lower end portion of the battery body 130. Exterior member 140 is composed of two upper and lower units, both sides 141 and upper and lower portions 142 which are mutually contacting portions with the electrode assembly (not shown) mounted on the receiving portion formed on the inner surface thereof. , 143 to attach the battery 100 is made. The exterior member 140 is made of a laminate structure of a resin layer / metal foil layer / resin layer, so that both sides 141 and upper and lower ends 142 and 143 which are in contact with each other may be attached by mutually fusion bonding the resin layer. In some cases, the adhesive may be attached using an adhesive. Both side surfaces 141 are in direct contact with the same resin layer of the upper and lower exterior members 140, thereby enabling uniform sealing by melting. On the other hand, since the electrode leads 110 and 120 protrude from the upper end 142 and the lower end 143, the sealing property is improved in consideration of the thickness of the electrode leads 110 and 120 and the heterogeneity with the material of the exterior member 140. Heat-sealed in the state of interposing the film-like sealing member 160 between the electrode leads 110, 120 so as to be able to.

However, since the mechanical rigidity of the exterior member 140 itself is not excellent, in order to manufacture a battery module having a stable structure, battery cells are manufactured by mounting battery cells (unit cells) in a pack case such as a cartridge. However, since a mounting space is generally limited to a device or a vehicle on which a medium / large battery module is mounted, when the size of the battery module is increased due to the use of a pack case such as a cartridge, there is a problem of low space utilization. In addition, the low mechanical stiffness of the battery cell results in repeated expansion and contraction of the battery cell during charging and discharging, thereby causing a case where the heat fusion sites are separated.

On the other hand, when the battery cell is exposed to a high temperature environment or an internal short circuit occurs due to a malfunction, the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte occurs at the anode interface, thereby causing a large amount of gas, which may eventually rupture the battery cell case due to an increase in internal pressure. . In order to control this, in the pouch type battery, a relatively weak sealing part is generally formed to induce a gas discharge in a specific direction, and when the pressure inside the cell case is higher than the reference value, the sealing weak part is released and this part is released. It consists of a structure to discharge the internal gas to the outside of the cell case.

In addition, since the internal gas generally contains toxic components harmful to the human body, such as carbon monoxide, the internal gas may be discharged to the outside using a passage separate from the refrigerant cooling the battery module or the module assembly.

In this regard, some prior art has proposed a medium-large battery module having a separate gas discharge path for discharging the internal gas generated inside the battery module to the outside. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-252821 discloses a battery module including a gas duct member for loading a cell group consisting of a plurality of cells into a case and discharging gas to the outside of the case. have. However, space for forming a gas discharge path such as a gas duct is required, which increases the size of the entire system. This increase in size is undesirable in view of the space limitations of the apparatus or device in which the medium-large battery module is mounted.

On the other hand, since a battery module is a structure in which a plurality of battery cells are combined, when some battery cells are overvoltage, overcurrent, and overheating, safety and operation efficiency of the battery module are greatly detrimental, so a means for detecting them is necessary. Therefore, by connecting a voltage sensor, a temperature sensor, and the like to the battery cells to check and control the operation state in real time or at regular intervals, the installation or connection of such a detection means makes the assembly process of the battery module very complicated and for this purpose. There is also a risk of short circuits due to the large number of wires. In addition, since a separate connector for connecting such a detection means is required, there is a problem that the space of the battery pack increases accordingly.

Therefore, as described above, there is a high need for a medium-large battery module having a more compact structure, excellent structural stability, a minimum mounting space of the detection means, and easy formation of a gas outlet.

The present invention aims to solve the problems of the prior art and the technical problems that have been requested from the past.

Specifically, it is an object of the present invention to minimize the increase in weight and size while effectively reinforcing the low mechanical rigidity of the battery cell, and to minimize the overall manufacturing cost by minimizing the mounting space of the detection means for checking the operating state of the battery cell It is to provide a medium-large battery module with a structure that can be reduced.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a medium-large battery module having a structure of a gas outlet having a simple structure without forming a separate gas discharge passage.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a medium-large battery system which is manufactured with a desired output and capacity by using the medium-large battery module as a unit.

Medium to large battery module according to the present invention for achieving this object, the battery cell stack is upright in the lateral direction; A structure that is coupled to each other while surrounding the battery cell stack, a through hole for the refrigerant flow is formed on the top and bottom surfaces, the gas outlet is formed at a position spaced apart from the through hole, the external input and output terminals A pair of upper and lower cases provided; And a sensing member inserted into and mounted on predetermined spaces of the upper and lower cases.

Therefore, the medium-large battery module according to the present invention is fixed by combining the battery cell stack by the upper and lower cases, and mounting the sensing member on the case, the assembly process is simple overall, and has a compact and stable structure.

In general, in the battery module composed of a plurality of battery cells, in consideration of safety and operating efficiency, it is necessary to control this by measuring the voltage and temperature. In particular, the voltage needs to be measured at least for each battery cell or for each electrical connection portion of the battery cell. In that aspect, the mounting of detection members for measuring voltage, temperature and the like is one of the main factors which further complicates the configuration of the battery module. In the battery module of the present invention, the detection member (sensing member) for measuring voltage and / or temperature is inserted into one case, that is, the upper case or the lower case, thereby solving the above problems.

In one preferred embodiment, the medium-large battery module, a battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules connected in series are upright in the side direction; An upper case having a structure surrounding the top surface and a part of the front and rear surfaces of the battery cell stack, wherein a gas outlet is formed at the front and rear surfaces, and a through hole for refrigerant flow is formed at the top surface; A structure that is coupled to the upper case while surrounding the lower surface and the front and rear portions of the battery cell stack, the external input and output terminals are provided on the front surface, the through hole for the refrigerant flow formed on the bottom surface Lower case; It may be configured to include a sensing member consisting of a sensing portion inserted and mounted on the space of the front and rear portions of the lower case and the conductive portion connecting the sensing portions, respectively.

As described above, the battery cell stack is mounted in a case in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules are erected in a lateral direction. In this specification, the direction in which the electrode terminal protrudes from the battery cell or the unit module is defined as the 'front' or 'back' direction, and both outer peripheral surfaces thereof are defined as the 'side' direction. Therefore, the battery cell stack has a structure in which the electrode terminals of the battery cell or the unit module are oriented so that one outer circumferential surface faces the ground while facing the front and rear sides of the battery module.

The battery cell stack preferably includes a plurality of unit modules including plate-shaped battery cells in which electrode terminals are formed at front and rear facing portions of the battery case. The unit module includes two or more battery cells in which electrode terminals are connected to each other in series and the connecting portions of the electrode terminals are bent to form a stacked structure, and surround the outer surface of the battery cells except for the electrode terminal portion. And a pair of high strength cell covers that are coupled to each other.

The plate-shaped battery cell is preferably a secondary battery having a thin thickness and a relatively wide width and length so as to minimize the overall size when stacked for the configuration of the battery module. One preferred example is a secondary battery having a structure in which an electrode assembly is embedded in a battery case of a laminate sheet including a resin layer and a metal layer, and electrode terminals protrude from both upper and lower ends thereof, and specifically, an aluminum laminate sheet It may have a structure in which the electrode assembly is built in the pouch type case of. A secondary battery having such a structure may be referred to as a pouch battery cell.

In the pouch-type battery cell, the case may have various structures. For example, the case may be configured to seal the upper and lower contact portions after storing the electrode assembly in an upper and / or lower inner surface formed as a member of two units. It may be a structure.

The electrode assembly is composed of a positive electrode and a negative electrode to enable charge and discharge, for example, a structure in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode is laminated with a separator therebetween in a jelly-roll method, a stack type method, or a stack / fold type method. consist of. The positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrode assembly may have a form in which electrode tabs thereof protrude directly to the outside of the battery, or the electrode tabs may be connected to separate leads and protrude out of the battery.

These battery cells constitute one unit module in a structure wrapped in a high-strength cell cover made of synthetic resin or metal in one or more units, the high-strength cell cover is a charge and discharge of the battery cell while protecting the low mechanical rigidity By suppressing repeated expansion and contraction changes it prevents the sealing of the battery cell is separated. Therefore, it becomes possible to manufacture a medium-large battery module with more excellent safety ultimately.

The battery cells inside the unit module or between the unit modules are connected in series and / or parallel manner, and in the preferred example as described above, the battery cells are arranged in a longitudinal direction such that their electrode terminals are continuously adjacent to each other. After combining the electrode terminals in, a plurality of unit modules can be manufactured by folding the battery cells in two or more units overlapping and wrapping them by a cell cover in a predetermined unit.

Coupling of the electrode terminals may be implemented in various ways, such as welding, soldering, mechanical fastening, preferably by welding.

A plurality of battery cell stacks, in which electrode terminals are interconnected and filled with high density, are vertically mounted in a case of a vertically separate case joined by a prefabricated fastening structure.

In the medium-large battery module according to the present invention, the upper and lower cases are assembled to each other after being mounted, preferably, to surround only the outer circumferential surface of the battery cell stack for easy heat dissipation of the battery cell stack, and the outer surface thereof is the outside of the case. It consists of a structure exposed to. Therefore, as described above, the upper case is composed of a structure surrounding the battery cell stack one side end and the upper and lower portions, the lower case is preferably a structure surrounding the other side end and the upper and lower portions of the battery cell stack. Do.

In one preferred example, the inner surface of the upper case and the lower case is formed with a plurality of mounting grooves for inserting the outer peripheral surface of the battery cell or unit module, improves the coupling force of the unit module and the case when the external force is applied to the battery module It is possible to prevent the unit module from moving out of position.

When the battery cell stack is composed of a plurality of unit modules, to help the stable mounting of the battery cell assembly to the case and to close the loyalty state between the unit modules to reduce the overall size, the cell cover of the unit module Steps of a predetermined size are formed on the outer surface adjacent to the front part and the rear part to facilitate fixing of the unit module, and steps of a predetermined size are formed on the outer surfaces adjacent to the left and right ends of the cell cover to facilitate fixing of the unit module. The inner mounting groove of the upper and lower cases may have a structure corresponding to the step.

Therefore, the step formed near the outer circumferential surface of the unit module is inserted into and fixed to the inner surface mounting grooves of the upper and lower cases, so that only the outer circumferential surface of the unit module is fixed to the case, thereby forming a very stable coupling structure.

The gas outlet is preferably formed adjacent to the front upper end and front of the upper surface of the upper case, and formed on the rear upper end, the upper portion of the battery module which is a desired part of the internal gas generated when an abnormality of the battery cell occurs. Can be discharged. As such, the internal gas discharged to the upper portion of the battery module may be discharged separately from the refrigerant passage through a predetermined member or a predetermined portion communicated with the gas discharge port mounted on the gas discharge port. Selective discharge of is possible.

In addition, the external input / output terminals may be formed on the front extension part protruding forward from the lower end of the lower case, and specifically, may have a structure protruding upward on the front extension part. The external input / output terminals may be connected to an external device such as a vehicle by a connection member such as a cable and used as a power source or a power source of an internal electric device.

As described above, the sensing member is preferably composed of sensing parts inserted into and mounted in the spaces on the front and rear surfaces of the lower case, respectively, and conductive parts connecting the sensing parts. It may be a voltage detecting member and / or a temperature detecting member depending on the purpose of use. Preferred examples of such sensing members are described in Korean Patent Application No. 2006-0047891 of the applicant, which is incorporated by reference in the context of the present invention.

Preferably, a fixing groove in which the series connection bent portions of the battery cell electrode terminals are inserted and mounted is formed on the inner surfaces of the lower case front part and the rear part to prevent flow in the front and rear directions of the battery cell stack. And it can maintain a stable insulation state with the adjacent electrode terminal connection portion.

The front part of the lower case is preferably formed with a pair of slits into which the outermost electrode terminals of the battery cell stack can be inserted, and the outermost electrode through the slit when the battery cell stack is mounted on the lower case. After the terminal is exposed, it can be bent and pressed against the front part. These outermost electrode terminals can be more easily connected to the bus bar of the front surface.

In this case, the upper end of the bus bar may be formed in the form of a recessed groove into which the external input / output terminals of the upper case front part may be introduced when the upper and lower cases are coupled to each other.

In some cases, at least one of the external input and output terminals may be further provided with a conductive member to help mount the power cable for electrical connection while fixing the upper end of the front cover. The conductive member may have a structure including a bent portion to elastically wrap the power cable in a state of being coupled to an external input / output terminal. In addition, the front cover may be further formed with a groove for fixing the power cable. The groove may be fixed by inserting an insulating fastener coupled to a portion of the power cable.

The medium-large battery module according to the present invention has a compact structure as a whole, and can achieve structurally stable mechanical fastening and electrical connection without using a large number of members. In addition, by configuring the battery module with predetermined units, for example, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, etc., the battery module is effectively mounted in a limited space of the required number of battery modules can do.

Therefore, the present invention also provides a large output large-capacity battery pack configured by connecting a plurality of the battery module.

In addition, the battery pack according to the present invention can be manufactured by combining the battery modules according to the desired output and capacity, and considering the mounting efficiency, structural stability, etc. as described above, has a limited mounting space and frequent vibration and strong impact Although it can be preferably used as a power source such as an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, an electric motorcycle, an electric bicycle exposed to the back, the scope of application is not limited to these.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited by the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a unit module in which two battery cells of FIG. 1 are mounted to form a unit module.

Referring to FIG. 2, the cell cover 200 includes two pouch-type battery cells (not shown) as shown in FIG. 1 and complements its mechanical rigidity, as well as mounting on a module case (not shown). Serves to facilitate. The two batteries are mounted inside the cell cover 200 in a structure in which one electrode terminal of the two batteries is connected in series and bent to be in close contact with each other. For details, refer to the contents of the aforementioned Korean Patent Application No. 2006-0045444.

The cell cover 200 is composed of a pair of members 210 and 220 of mutual coupling, and is made of a high strength metal plate. Steps 230 are formed on the outer surfaces adjacent to the left and right ends of the cell cover 200 to facilitate fixing of the module, and steps 240 are also formed on the top and the bottom thereof. In addition, the fixing part 250 is formed in the upper and lower ends of the cell cover 200 in the width direction to facilitate mounting to a module case (not shown).

The outer surface of the cell cover 200 is formed with a plurality of linear protrusions 260 spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction, the indentation portion 262 for mounting the thermistor (not shown) in the protrusions 261 formed in the center ) Is formed. In addition, protrusions 263 and 264 having opposite shapes to each other are formed at protrusions at the top and bottom of the linear protrusions 260, respectively.

3 is a perspective view of a unit module stack in which a plurality of unit modules are connected, and FIG. 4 illustrates a structure in which the unit module stack of FIG. 3 is mounted in a battery module case.

First, referring to FIG. 3, the unit module stack 300 includes four unit modules 200, 201, 202, and 203, and two battery cells per unit module 200 (not shown). Since the built-in, a total of eight battery cells are included. Electrode terminal coupling between the battery cells and the unit module is in series, the electrode terminal connecting portion 310 is bent in the '' 'shape in cross-section for the configuration of the module assembly, the outermost of the unit module The outer electrode terminals 320 and 321 of the fields 200 and 203 are bent in a '-' shape in a cross-section toward the inside in a state that slightly protrudes from the other electrode terminal connecting portion 310.

Referring to FIG. 4, the battery module 400 has a structure in which a unit module stack (FIG. 3: 300) is mounted on a module case including an upper case 410 and a lower case 420. The upper case 400 is configured to surround one side end portion and the upper and lower portions of the unit module stack 300 as shown in FIG. 3, and a plurality of refrigerant inlets 412 are formed on an upper surface thereof. The lower case 420 has a structure that is coupled to the upper case 410 while surrounding the other end and the upper and lower portions of the battery module stack 300, the electrode terminal of the unit module stack 300 on the front An external input / output terminal 423 connected with is located.

Specifically, the upper and lower cases 410 and 420 surround only the outer circumferential surface of the stack 300 for easy heat dissipation of the unit module stack 300 embedded in the assembled state, and the outer surface of the upper and lower cases 410 and 420 is substantially outside. It consists of a structure exposed to.

In addition, when gas is discharged through the vent part of the battery cell due to a malfunction of the battery cell, the battery module 400 is provided through the gas outlets 424 and 428 formed in the front upper part, the upper end front part, and the rear upper part of the module case. ) It consists of a structure that discharges gas to the outside.

The external input / output terminal 423 has a structure protruding upward from the front extension part 422 protruding forward from the lower end of the lower case 420, the sensing member (not shown) of the lower case 420 It is inserted in the space of the front and rear part respectively.

FIG. 5 is a partial plan view showing the front part of the battery module in a state in which the unit modules are mounted in the lower case.

Referring to FIG. 5, the inner surface of the lower case 420 has an electrode terminal connecting portion 310 between the unit modules 300 and electrode terminal connecting portions between the battery cells built in the unit module 300. A plurality of fixing grooves 425 are formed to be inserted and mounted. The fixing grooves 425 are formed in a shape substantially corresponding to the electrode terminal connecting portion 310, thereby preventing movement in the front and rear directions of the battery cell stack 300 and adjacent electrode terminal connecting portions 310. Maintains stable insulation between and Specifically, the fixing groove 425, the cell cover flow preventing jaw 426, the cell cover fixing guide 427, the electrode terminal to provide a more stable fixing and insulation of the unit modules 300 An isolation wall 428 and the like are formed.

The sealing member 440 is positioned between the side end portion of the unit module 300 and the side end portion of the adjacent unit module 300, and is spaced apart from the space 442 between the side surfaces of the unit module 300 through which the refrigerant flows. The end portion of the unit module 300 is isolated. Therefore, even when gas is discharged in the end direction of the unit module 300, the refrigerant flowing into the refrigerant passage and the discharged gas are prevented from mixing with each other. The predetermined spaced space between the stepped portion of the unit module 300 and the lower case 420 is in communication with a gas outlet (not shown), and the gas discharged from the vent portion formed at the end of the unit module 300. Is discharged to the outside through the gas outlet.

In addition, a through hole 432 is formed in the center and protrudes from the lower case 420 so as to be fixed to an external device (not shown) at the lower end of the front part of the lower case 420. ) Is formed.

Although described above with reference to the drawings of the battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention, those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains to various applications and modifications can be made within the scope of the present invention based on the above contents. will be.

As described above, the medium-large battery module according to the present invention effectively minimizes the increase in weight and size while effectively reinforcing the low mechanical rigidity of the battery cell, and provides a mounting space for the detection means for checking the operating state of the battery cell. Minimized and simple gas outlet, not only can reduce the overall manufacturing cost, but also can easily manufacture the medium and large battery system of the desired output and capacity by using the battery module as a unit.

Claims (15)

Battery cell stack upright in the lateral direction; A structure that is coupled to each other while surrounding the battery cell stack, a through hole for the refrigerant flow is formed on the top and bottom surfaces, the gas outlet is formed at a position spaced apart from the through hole, the external input and output terminals A pair of upper and lower cases provided; And a sensing member inserted into and mounted on predetermined spaces of the upper and lower cases. The battery pack stack of claim 1, further comprising: a battery cell stack in which a plurality of battery cells or unit modules connected in series are upright in a lateral direction; An upper case having a structure surrounding the top surface, a front portion, and a rear portion of the battery cell stack, the gas outlet being formed on the front and rear surfaces, and a through hole for the refrigerant flow formed on the upper surface thereof; A structure that is coupled to the upper case while surrounding the lower surface and the front and rear portions of the battery cell stack, the external input and output terminals are provided on the front surface, the through hole for the refrigerant flow formed on the bottom surface Lower case; And a sensing member comprising sensing parts inserted into and mounted on spaces of the front and rear portions of the lower case, and conductive parts connecting the sensing parts. The battery cell stack according to claim 1, wherein the battery cell stack includes a plurality of unit modules including plate-shaped battery cells in which electrode terminals are formed at front and rear facing portions of the battery case; The unit module includes two or more battery cells in which electrode terminals are connected to each other in series and the connecting portions of the electrode terminals are bent to form a stacked structure, and surround the outer surface of the battery cells except for the electrode terminal portion. A battery module comprising a pair of high strength cell covers coupled to each other. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of mounting grooves are formed on inner surfaces of the upper case and the lower case to insert the outer circumferential surface of the battery cell or the unit module. The method of claim 3, wherein a step of a predetermined size is formed on an outer surface adjacent to the front and rear portions of the cell cover to facilitate fixing of the unit module, and fixing of the unit module to the outer surfaces adjacent to the left and right ends of the cell cover. Stepped to a predetermined size is formed to facilitate, the battery module, characterized in that the inner surface of the upper and lower cases surrounding the unit module mounting grooves for inserting the outer peripheral surface of the unit module has a structure corresponding to the step . The battery module according to claim 2, wherein the gas discharge port is formed adjacent to the front upper end and the front upper end of the upper case, and formed at the upper rear end. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the external input / output terminal is formed on a front extension part protruding forward from the lower end of the lower case. The battery module according to claim 7, wherein the external input / output terminal protrudes upward from the front extension part. The battery module according to claim 3, wherein the inner surface of the lower case front part and the rear part is provided with a fixing groove into which the electrode terminal connection part is inserted and mounted. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein a pair of slits into which the outermost electrode terminals of the battery cell stack are inserted is formed on the front surface of the lower case. 11. The battery module according to claim 10, wherein the outermost electrode terminal is inserted into the slit and bent to be connected to the front bus bar. 12. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the upper end of the bus bar is in the form of a recessed groove into which external input / output terminals of the upper case front part may be introduced when upper and lower cases are coupled to each other. The battery module according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the external input / output terminals is further provided with a conductive member which fixes the upper end of the front cover to assist in mounting the power cable for electrical connection. A battery pack manufactured using the battery module according to claim 1 as a unit. The battery pack according to claim 14, wherein the battery pack is used as a power source for an electric vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle.

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