KR101105307B1 - Indirect Measurement System of the Syngas Temperature in Coal Gasifier - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a syngas temperature measurement system in a gasification reactor. The present invention is installed at the outlet of the gasification reactor, the post-heat gas flow meter for measuring the flow rate of the gas after burning, and the post-heat gas thermometer for measuring the temperature of the gas after burning, and hydrogen installed at the rear of the ash removal device to measure the hydrogen concentration. A concentration meter, a carbon monoxide concentration meter for measuring the concentration of carbon monoxide, a carbon dioxide concentration meter for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide, a methane concentration meter for measuring the concentration of methane, an endothermic gas flow meter installed in the endothermic gas inlet and measuring the flow rate of the endothermic gas; Detecting unit consisting of a ignition gas thermometer for measuring the temperature of the ignition gas; And an operation unit that calculates the temperature inside the gasification reactor and the specific heat of the syngas from the temperature, flow rate, and concentration values measured by the thermometer, the flow meter, and the concentration meter. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculation can be improved by measuring the composition of the after-heating gas in real time and directly reflecting it in the specific heat calculation of the synthesis gas and the heat-heating gas.

Description

Indirect Measurement System of the Syngas Temperature in Coal Gasifier

The present invention relates to a synthesis gas temperature measuring system in a gasification reactor, and in particular, in the gasification process of a coal gasification combined cycle, the temperature of the synthesis gas in the gasification reactor is measured indirectly by using a measured value of a measuring device installed around the gasification reactor. It's about technology.

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a gasification process that produces coal by gasifying coal, and a refining process and gas turbine to remove clean ash such as particles and sulfur compounds contained in the synthesis gas. It consists of a combined cycle plant consisting of a steam turbine. In the gasification process, coal and oxygen, steam or water are introduced into a high-temperature, high-pressure vessel, that is, a gasifier, and reacted to generate hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which are the main components of the synthesis gas. In the gasification process, the temperature of syngas is a major process factor that determines the composition of the syngas.

In general, a high temperature gas temperature measurement uses a thermocouple using a principle that a closed circuit is made of two different metal wires, and a thermoelectric power corresponding to a temperature difference is generated when a temperature is applied to both junctions thereof. Thermocouples have thermocouples such as B-type, R-type, S-type, E-type, J-type, K-type, N-type, and T-type according to the type of thermoelectric elements used.The thermocouples used for each thermocouple are shown in Table 1. same.

Table 1. Material of anode and cathode according to the kind of thermoelectric element

Thermoelectric element Anode material Cathode material B Pt-30Rh Pt-6Rh R Pt-13Rh Pt S Pt-10Rh Pt E Chromel Constantan J Fe Constantan K Chromel Alumel N Nicrosil Nisil T Cu Constantan

Among them, thermocouples used for high temperature measurement of 1,000 ℃ or higher are about B type, S type, R type, K type and N type, but these thermocouples have poor measurement accuracy when the gas to be measured is in a reducing atmosphere or contains sulfur components. Or poor reproducibility. The gasification reactor in which partial oxidation of coal occurs is a reducing atmosphere containing a large amount of hydrogen, and the thermocouple listed above due to the presence of a component that causes corrosion of metals such as COS or H ₂ S, especially at a high temperature of 1,400 ° C or higher. It is a difficult condition to use. In addition, the syngas contains a large amount of ash may cause erosion of the surface of the thermocouple metal, and there is a problem such that the heat insulating material used to protect the thermocouple from high temperature is also damaged by the thermal shock caused by the temperature change of the gasification reactor. .

In order to avoid such a direct thermal measurement, there is a method of calculating the temperature in the gasification reactor indirectly using a heat balance. The temperature of the syngas at the outlet of the gasification reactor to be known can be predicted using the same amount of heat entering the gasification reactor and the amount of heat leaving the gasification reactor. That is, the temperature of the synthesis gas at the outlet of the gasification reactor is T _GAS (° C.), the temperature of the ignition gas is T _SGC (° C.), the temperature of the ignition gas is T _QG (° C.), and the flow rate of the ignition gas is m _QG (kg / s). If the flow rate of the gas after combustion is m _SGC (kg / s), and the flow rate of the syngas at the outlet of the gasification reactor is m _GAS (kg / s),

m _GAS = m _SGC -m _QG (One)

The relationship is established.

If the average specific heat of ignited gas is called c _QG (T) (J / kg · ℃) and the average specific heat of ignited gas is c _SGC (T) (J / kg · ℃), the synthesis gas at the outlet of gasification reactor per unit time Calories Lost Q _GAS (J / s)

Q _GAS = m _GAS × ∫c _GAS (T) dT (T _SGC <T <T _GAS ) (2)

On the other hand, the calorific value Q _QG (J / s) that the ignition gas obtains in unit time is

Q _QG = m _QG × ∫c _QG (T) dT (T _QG <T <T _SGC ) (3)

Becomes

In principle, the T _GAS can be calculated by putting the right side of (2) and the right side of (3) the same.

In the conventional method of indirectly calculating the temperature of syngas, the specific heat of syngas uses the average specific heat obtained by modeling the enthalpy of syngas as a function of temperature and dividing the enthalpy value between two temperatures by the temperature difference. . For example, through experiments, the enthalpy H _SG of syngas at temperature T can be expressed as a function of temperature as follows.

H _SG (T) = (A + B / 2 × T + C / 3 × T ² + D / 4 × T ³ ) × T (4)

Using the above equation, find the average specific heat c _GAS , avg (J / kg · ℃) of syngas and the average specific heat c _QG , avg (J / kg · ℃) of ignition gas.

c _GAS , avg = (H _SG (T _B )-H _SG (T _SGC )} / (T _B -T _SGC ) (5)

c _QG , avg = (H _SG (T _SGC )-H _SG (T _QG )} / (T _SGC -T _QG ) (6)

In Equation (5), T _B is a reference temperature for determining c _GAS and avg, and is set to a value close to the minimum temperature at which gasification reaction occurs. Substituting c _QG , avg and c _GAS , avg obtained by equations (5) and (6) into equations (2) and (3),

Q _GAS = m _GAS × c _GAS , avg × (T _GAS -T _SGC ) (7)

Q _QG = m _QG × c _QG , avg × (T _SGC -T _QG ) (8)

T _GAS to be obtained from the condition that the right side of the equations (7) and (8) are the same,

T _GAS = T _SGC + {m _QG × c _QG , avg × (T _SGC -T _QG )} / {(m _SGC -m _QG ) × c _GAS , avg} (9)

Can be calculated by In other words, if the temperature and flow rate of the ignited gas, the temperature and flow rate of the ignited gas, and the enthalpy according to the temperature of the synthesis gas are known, Equation (5), (6), and (9) are used to indirectly determine the outlet temperature of the gasification reactor. Can be calculated In other words, instead of c _QG (T) and c _GAS (T) in equations (2) and (3), calculate T _GAS using c _QG , avg and c _GAS , avg in equations (7) and (8) It is an existing method.

As such, the measurement of syngas temperature in the gasification reactor is difficult to measure accurately and reproducibly with existing thermocouples due to the high temperature, reducing atmosphere, the presence of corrosive gas (sulfur compounds), dust, etc. Indirect temperature calculation process using 3) is also important to accurately express the specific heat of syngas and ignition gas at the outlet of gasification reactor as a function of temperature. However, in order to calculate the specific heat of syngas and ignition gas, if the average value in the specific temperature range of syngas enthalpy is used as in Eq. (7) and (8), There is a problem that it is difficult to accurately reflect the change in specific heat.

An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems, to measure the temperature of the synthesis gas in the gasification reactor indirectly by using the measured value of the measuring device installed around the gasification reactor in the gasification process of coal gasification combined cycle power generation It's about technology.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is installed at the outlet of the gasification reactor is installed in the after-heat gas flow meter for measuring the flow rate of the gas after ignition and after ignition gas thermometer for measuring the temperature of the gas after ignition, it is installed in the rear end of the ash removal device Hydrogen concentration meter to measure the concentration of hydrogen, carbon monoxide concentration meter to measure the concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide concentration meter to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane concentration meter to measure the concentration of methane, heat flow gas installed in the ignition gas injection flow Detecting unit consisting of a ignition gas flow rate to measure and a ignition gas thermometer for measuring the temperature of the endothermic gas; And an operation unit that calculates the temperature inside the gasification reactor and the specific heat of the syngas from the temperature, flow rate, and concentration values measured by the thermometer, the flow meter, and the concentration meter.

According to the synthesis gas temperature measurement technology in the indirect gasification reactor according to the present invention, based on the heat balance of the system for producing the synthesis gas under the condition of high temperature and high pressure, the low temperature mixing with the synthesis gas to cool the generated synthesis gas Stable measurement value by calculating indirectly using the measured values that are relatively easy to measure and the measurement results are relatively easy to measure, such as the temperature and flow rate of the ignition gas of the gas, the flow rate and temperature of the syngas after mixing and cooling, and the chemical composition of the syngas after mixing and cooling. It is possible to increase the accuracy of the calculation by measuring the composition of the after-heating gas in real time and reflecting it directly in the specific heat calculation of the synthesis gas and the heat-heating gas.

Hereinafter, the same reference numerals will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings with reference to the same components preferred embodiments of the present invention. The terms and words used in the present specification and claims should not be construed as limited to ordinary or dictionary meanings and should be construed in accordance with the technical meanings and concepts of the present invention.

1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a system to which an indirect temperature measuring method according to an embodiment of the present invention is applied. Referring to FIG. 1, the indirect gasification reactor temperature measurement system of the present invention is installed in a coal gasification process including a gasification reactor 100, a cooler 200, a fly ash removal device 300, and a ignition gas injection passage 400. After-burning gas flow meter (10), after-burning gas thermometer (20), hydrogen concentration meter (30), carbon monoxide concentration meter (40), carbon dioxide concentration meter (50), methane concentration meter (60), burner gas flow meter ( 70) and the calorific gas thermometer (80).

In the gasification reactor 100, coal, oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor react with each other to generate a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen as a main component, and the generated high temperature and high pressure synthesis gas is a synthesis gas cooler. The ash is cooled at 200 and ash ash is removed through the ash ash removing apparatus 300. A portion of the cooled syngas that has passed through the fly ash removal apparatus 300 is returned through the ignition gas injection passage 400 and mixed with the syngas at the outlet of the gasification reactor 100 to primarily cool the syngas. At the rear end of the ash removal device 300, a hydrogen concentration meter 30, a carbon monoxide concentration meter 40, a carbon dioxide concentration meter 50, and a methane concentration meter 60 are installed. Since there is no change in the composition of the synthesis gas in the heat exchange and mixing process, the composition of the synthesis gas indicated by the hydrogen concentration meter 30, the carbon monoxide concentration meter 40, the carbon dioxide concentration meter 50 and the methane concentration meter 60. It can be said that the same as the synthesis gas coming out through the gasification reactor 100 outlet.

Each component has its own specific heat and typically these four components make up more than 90% of the syngas. Assuming that nitrogen is other than these four components, the specific heat, c (T) (J / kg · ° C) of the synthesis gas can be obtained by the following equation.

c (T) = xH ₂ × cH ₂ (T) + xCO × cCO (T) + xCO ₂ × cCO ₂ (T) + xCH ₄ × cCH ₄ (T) + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO _2- xCH ₄ ) × cN ₂ (T) (10)

In formula (10), cH ₂ (T) is the specific heat of 1 mol of hydrogen, cCO (T) is the specific heat of 1 mol of carbon monoxide, cCO ₂ (T) is the specific heat of 1 mol of carbon dioxide, and cCH ₄ (T) is 1 mol of methane. Specific heat, xH ₂ is the mole fraction of hydrogen in the synthesis gas, xCO is the mole fraction of carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas, xCO ₂ is the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the synthesis gas, xCH ₄ represents the mole fraction of methane in the synthesis gas, the hydrogen concentration measuring instrument (30 ), The values i ₂₀₈ , i ₂₀₉ , i ₂₁₀ , and i ₂₁₁ indicated by the carbon monoxide concentration measuring instrument 40, the carbon dioxide concentration measuring instrument 50, and the methane concentration measuring instrument 60 are synthesized by volume percentage of the hydrogen in the synthesis gas, and the synthesis Volume percentage of carbon monoxide in gas, volume percentage of carbon dioxide in syngas, and volume percentage of methane in syngas

xH ₂ = i ₂₀₈ ÷ 100 (11)

xCO = i ₂₀₉ ÷ 100 (12)

xCO ₂ = i ₂₁₀ ÷ 100 (13)

xCH ₄ = i ₂₁₁ ÷ 100 (14)

xN ₂ = 1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ (15)

Becomes The values i ₂₀₈ , i ₂₀₉ , i ₂₁₀ and i ₂₁₁ represented by the hydrogen concentration meter 30, the carbon monoxide concentration meter 40, the carbon dioxide concentration meter 50 and the methane concentration meter 60 are hydrogen in the synthesis gas. Is the percent by weight of carbon monoxide, the percent by weight of carbon monoxide in syngas, the percent by weight of carbon dioxide in syngas, and the percent by weight of methane in syngas.

xH ₂ = i ₂₀₈ / {i ₂₀₈ / WH ₂ + i ₂₀₉ / WCO + i ₂₁₀ / WCO ₂ + i ₂₁₁ / WCH ₄ + (100-i ₂₀₈ -i ₂₀₉ -i ₂₁₀ -i ₂₁₁ ) / WN ₂ } ( 16)

xCO = (i ₂₀₉ / WCO) / (i ₂₀₈ / WH ₂ + i ₂₀₉ / WCO + i ₂₁₀ / WCO ₂ + i ₂₁₁ / WCH ₄ + (100-i ₂₀₈ -i ₂₀₉ -i ₂₁₀ -i ₂₁₁ ) / WN ₂ } (17)

xCO ₂ = (i ₂₁₀ / WCO ₂ ) / (i ₂₀₈ / WH ₂ + i ₂₀₉ / WCO + i ₂₁₀ / WCO ₂ + i ₂₁₁ / WCH ₄ + (100-i ₂₀₈ -i ₂₀₉ -i ₂₁₀ -i ₂₁₁ ) / WN ₂ } (18)

xCH ₄ = (i ₂₁₁ / WCH ₄ ) / (i ₂₀₈ / WH ₂ + i ₂₀₉ / WCO + i ₂₁₀ / WCO ₂ + i ₂₁₁ / WCH ₄ + (100-i ₂₀₈ -i ₂₀₉ -i ₂₁₀ -i ₂₁₁ ) / WN ₂ } (19)

xN ₂ = 1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ 20

WH ₂ is the molecular weight of hydrogen, WCO is the molecular weight of carbon monoxide, WCO ₂ is the molecular weight of carbon dioxide, WCH ₄ is the molecular weight of methane, and WN ₂ is the molecular weight of nitrogen.

Specific heat for each component is expressed as a function of temperature as follows.

cH ₂ (T) = R × (aH ₂ + bH ₂ × T + dH ₂ × T ² ) (21)

cCO (T) = R × (aCO + bCO × T + dCO × T ² ) (22)

cCO ₂ (T) = R × (aCO ₂ + bCO ₂ × T + dCO ₂ × T ² ) (23)

cCH ₄ (T) = R × (aCH ₄ + bCH ₄ × T + dCH ₄ × T ² ) (24)

cN ₂ (T) = R × (aN ₂ + bN ₂ × T + dN ₂ × T ² ) (25)

Since the specific heat of the gas has a weak pressure dependency, the results obtained experimentally at atmospheric pressure can be used as the temperature coefficient for the specific heat of equations (21) to (25). The values in the literature are as follows.

Table 2. Temperature Coefficients for Specific Heat by Gas

a b c H ₂ 3.4958 -0.1006 × 10 ^-3 2.419 × 10 ^-7 CO 3.1916 0.9241 × 10 ^-3 -1.410 × 10 ^-7 CO ₂ 3.205 5.083 × 10 ^-3 -17.13 × 10 ^-7 CH ₄ 1.701 9.080 × 10 ^-3 -21.64 × 10 ^-7 N ₂ 3.2454 0.7108 × 10 ^-3 -0.406 × 10 ^-7

2 is a graph showing a change in specific heat according to temperature change for each component according to an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 3 is a composition for a fictitious synthesis gas consisting of only hydrogen and carbon monoxide according to an embodiment of the present invention It shows the change of specific heat according to the change.

From formulas (21) to (25) and formula (10),

c (T) = A + B × T + D × T² (26)

A = R × (xH ₂ × aH ₂ + xCO × aCO + xCO ₂ × aCO ₂ + xCH ₄ × aCH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × aN ₂ } (27)

B = R × (xH ₂ × bH ₂ + xCO × bCO + xCO ₂ × bCO ₂ + xCH ₄ × bCH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × bN ₂ } (28)

D = R × (xH ₂ × dH ₂ + xCO × dCO + xCO ₂ × dCO ₂ + xCH ₄ × dCH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × dN ₂ } (29)

As shown in FIG. 2, since the specific heat of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which are the main components of the synthesis gas, changes linearly with respect to temperature, ignoring the square term of temperature in Equation (26),

c (T) = A + B × T (30)

Can be approximated by and substituted into c _GAS (T) and c _QG (T) in equations (2) and (3),

T _GAS = -E + √ (E ² -F) (31)

here,

E = A / B-T _SGC (32)

^{_{F = T SGC 2 - 2 ×}} A × T SGC / B - 2 × m × A × (T SGC - T QG) / B - m × T SGC 2 + 2 × m × T SGC × T QG - m × T _QG ² (33)

m = m_QG/ m_GAS (34)

Since the synthesis gas temperature specification system according to the present invention calculates the specific heat of the synthesis gas from the result of measuring the composition of the synthesis gas in real time, unlike the conventional calculation method that is applicable only when there is no composition change of the synthesis gas, It is also applicable when the components of syngas such as gas, regular gas, etc. deviate significantly from the normal operating state. In particular, unlike hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the specific heat per mole of carbon dioxide and methane varies greatly with temperature as shown in FIG. 2, and thus it is more necessary to calculate the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane. The components of the syngas are not changed only in accordance with the operation steps, i.e., start, stop, and normal operation, but the components are arbitrarily adjusted by appropriately controlling the process conditions according to the purpose of the syngas. Syngas, which is often used for chemical purposes, has a relatively high concentration of carbon monoxide, and when the recovery separation of carbon dioxide from the syngas is considered, the process conditions are adjusted so that most of the syngas is hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Since the calculation method of the synthesis gas according to the present invention is not limited to the composition of the synthesis gas, there is an advantage that can be applied to the synthesis gas temperature prediction of various compositions produced for various purposes.

While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments of the present invention, without departing from the spirit of the invention as claimed in the claims. Many modifications are possible to those skilled in the art. In addition, matters that can be easily inferred from the accompanying drawings are to be regarded as included in the contents of the present invention even if they are not described in the detailed description, and various modifications may be separately understood from the technical spirit or the prospect of the present invention. Will not be.

1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a system to which an indirect temperature measuring method is applied according to an embodiment of the present invention;

2 is a graph showing a change of specific heat according to temperature change for each component, and

3 is a graph showing a change in specific heat according to the composition change for the fictitious syngas consisting of only hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Claims (3)

A gasification reactor for producing a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and oxygen by reaction of coal and oxygen, a cooler for cooling the synthesis gas discharged to the gasification reactor outlet, and a fly ash removal device for removing ash from the produced synthesis gas. In the coal gasification process, Post-heat gas flow meter installed at the outlet of the gasification reactor to measure the flow rate of the post-heated gas and post-heated gas thermometer to measure the temperature of the post-heated gas, and hydrogen concentrations installed at the rear end of the ash removal device to measure hydrogen concentration. Measuring instrument, carbon monoxide concentration measuring instrument for measuring carbon monoxide concentration, carbon dioxide concentration measuring instrument for measuring carbon dioxide concentration, methane concentration measuring instrument for measuring methane concentration, quenching gas flow meter installed in the ignition gas injection flow path and ignition gas Detecting unit consisting of a ignition gas thermometer for measuring the temperature of the gas; And The temperature, flow rate and concentration values measured by the thermometer, flow meter and concentration meter are input in real time to calculate the specific heat of the syngas using the concentration value, and the inside of the gasification reactor using the temperature, flow rate and concentration value. Computing unit for calculating the temperature indirectly; Internal temperature measurement system of a gasification reactor comprising a. The method of claim 1, wherein the operation unit Internal temperature measurement system of the gasification reactor, characterized in that to calculate the temperature inside the gasification reactor by the following equation. T _GAS =-E + √ (E ² -F) Where E is A / B-T _SGC , F is ^{_{T SGC 2 - 2 × A ×}} T SGC / B - 2 × m × A × (T SGC - T QG) / B - m × T SGC 2 + 2 × m × T SGC × T QG - m × T _QG ² A is the 0th order average temperature coefficient, R × (xH ₂ × aH ₂ + xCO × aCO + xCO ₂ × aCO ₂ + xCH ₄ × aCH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × aN ₂ }, B is the primary mean temperature coefficient, R × (xH ₂ × bH ₂ + xCO × bCO + xCO ₂ × bCO ₂ + xCH ₄ × bCH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × bN ₂ }, R is the gas constant, xH ₂ is the mole fraction of hydrogen, xCO is the mole fraction of carbon monoxide, xCO ₂ is the mole fraction of carbon dioxide, xCH ₄ is the mole fraction of methane, aH ₂ , aCO, aCO ₂ , aCH ₄ , aN ₂ is 0 of each gas Secondary temperature coefficient, bH ₂ , bCO, cCO ₂ , bCH ₄ , bN ₂ is the primary temperature coefficient of each gas, m is m _QG / m _GAS , m _QG is the flow rate of the ignition gas, m _GAS is the flow rate of the syngas, T _SGC is the temperature of the gas after quenching, and T _QG is the temperature of the ignition gas. A gasification reactor for producing a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and oxygen by reaction of coal and oxygen, a cooler for cooling the synthesis gas discharged to the gasification reactor outlet, and a fly ash removal device for removing ash from the produced synthesis gas. In the coal gasification process, Post-heat gas flow meter installed at the outlet of the gasification reactor to measure the flow rate of the post-heated gas and post-heated gas thermometer to measure the temperature of the post-heated gas, and hydrogen concentrations installed at the rear end of the ash removal device to measure hydrogen concentration. Measuring instrument, carbon monoxide concentration measuring instrument for measuring carbon monoxide concentration, carbon dioxide concentration measuring instrument for measuring carbon dioxide concentration, methane concentration measuring instrument for measuring methane concentration, quenching gas flow meter installed in the ignition gas injection flow path and ignition gas Detecting unit consisting of a ignition gas thermometer for measuring the temperature of the gas; And And a calculation unit configured to calculate the specific heat of the synthesis gas by receiving the temperature, flow rate, and concentration values measured by the thermometer, flow meter, and concentration meter. The calculation unit Specific heat measurement system of the synthesis gas, characterized in that for calculating the specific heat of the synthesis gas according to the following non-thermal relationship. c (T) = A + B × T + D × T ² Where A is the 0th order average temperature coefficient, R x (xH ₂ x H ₂ + xCO x CO + xCO ₂ x CO ₂ + xCH ₄ x CH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) Calculated as × aN ₂ }, B is the primary mean temperature coefficient, R × (xH ₂ × H ₂ + xCO × CO + xCO ₂ × CO ₂ + xCH ₄ × CH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × bN ₂ }, D is the secondary mean temperature coefficient, where R × (xH ₂ × H ₂ + xCO × CO + xCO ₂ × CO ₂ + xCH ₄ × CH ₄ + (1-xH ₂ -xCO-xCO ₂ -xCH ₄ ) × dN ₂ }, c (T) is the specific heat of syngas, R is the gas constant, xH ₂ is the mole fraction of hydrogen, xCO is the mole fraction of carbon monoxide, xCO ₂ is the mole fraction of carbon dioxide, xCH ₄ is the mole fraction of methane, aH ₂ , aCO, aCO ₂ , aCH ₄ , aN ₂ are the zero order temperature coefficients of each gas, bH ₂ , bCO, cCO ₂ , bCH ₄ , bN ₂ are the primary temperature coefficients of each gas and dH ₂ , dCO, dCO ₂ , dCH ₄ , dN ₂ Is the secondary temperature coefficient of each gas.

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