KR101105272B1 - Artificial wetland for road for connecting green ecological axis and removing non-point source pollutant - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention discloses a small artificial wetlands for roads for greenfield eco-axis connection and non-point source removal, which are installed on roadsides to remove nonpoint sources of pollution in a natural way and create greenland ecology.

Small artificial wetlands for roads to connect the green belt ecological axis and remove the non-point pollution source according to the present invention is installed on one side of the road flow water flows into the road surface, the part of the side wall is formed to be open so that the flowing water flows out A wetland inflow portion and a sedimentation portion formed with a bypass overflow portion having a lower portion of the sidewall so as to bypass when inflow of more than the designed quantity; A wetland portion of a channel type for connecting one end opened to the wetland inflow portion of the sedimentation portion, a road side wall and a wetland overflow wall formed along a roadside, and a closing wall formed at the other end to store a predetermined amount of running water therein; The wetland inlet may include a filter wall for removing the contaminant of the running water and partitioning the settling portion and the wetland portion; And a bypass channel disposed in a channel form in contact with the bypass overflow portion and the wetland overflow wall, wherein the wetland overflow wall includes a vegetation layer that is exposed to the outside. It is characterized in that the overflow jaw is formed so low that the overflow flows into the bypass channel.

Artificial Wetlands, Roads, Nonpoint Pollution Sources, Green Ecology, Settlements, Wetlands, Waterways, Wood Chip Packs.

Description

Artificial wetland for road for connecting green ecological axis and removing non-point source pollutant}

The present invention relates to a small scale artificial wetland for roads for connecting green ecological axis and removing non-point source, and is easily installed on the road to clean up non-point source by natural friendly method and remove green point eco-axis connecting and non-point source. The present invention relates to a small artificial wetland for roads.

As part of the restoration of green spaces, social interest in green space ecology is increasing, such as connecting parks in large cities. In this connection, when a road penetrates a valley, a technique for installing a channel and a small bridge for an animal's movement passage is being implemented, but the green axis ecology axis through an artificial wetland attached to a road axis has not been discussed or disclosed at all.

More specifically, since roads are constructed in an axis, there is a need to develop a technology for forming green area ecology shafts using road axes, such as laying a means for forming green area ecology shafts on one side of the road. Forming this green ecological axis is also suitable for high-quality well-being, eco-friendly road construction. In addition, there is a need for technology development that can simultaneously provide wetlands suitable for the removal of non-point sources described below. The technical details of the removal of the nonpoint source are described in more detail below.

Pollutants generated in urban areas can be largely classified into point sources and nonpoint pollution sources. Point pollutants are pollutants with specific emission paths, such as household sewage and factory wastewater, which can be expressed as a single point. Non-point source, on the other hand, refers to a source that emits unspecified water pollutants from unspecified places such as cities, roads, farmland, mountains, and construction sites (see Article 1, paragraph 2, Chapter 1 of the Act on Water and Water Ecosystem Conservation). Also referred to as non-contaminant, cotton, mobile, or other water pollution.

Looking at the characteristics of such nonpoint sources, unlike point sources that occur continuously at certain points, such as domestic sewage or factory wastewater, nonpoint sources are scattered pollutants, making it difficult to identify the exact outflow path and inflow is non-continuous. In addition, it is difficult to collect pollutants and their discharge paths, so it is difficult to collect them, and the amount and emission are highly dependent on weather conditions such as precipitation. These types of nonpoint pollutants include earth and sand, nutrients (floating substances, nitrogen and phosphorus), bacteria and viruses, oils and greases, heavy metals, organic substances, pesticides and contaminants.

Therefore, as land development is accelerated due to the progress of urbanization and industrialization, and the area of impermeable layers such as roads, industrial complexes, and residential lands is increased, adverse effects on the water quality of rivers and lakes caused by nonpoint source are increasing. In addition, pollutants such as soil, nutrients, and high concentrations of heavy metals, which are spilled from rain and non-point sources, are difficult to collect and treat, but if they enter the river without special treatment, they contaminate the water quality. Habitat is destroyed and disturbance of aquatic ecosystems occurs.

Non-point source treatment facilities that reduce such nonpoint sources should take a different approach from the existing sewage treatment methods, considering the outflow characteristics of nonpoint sources. Facilities that are applied as non-point source treatment facilities include various types of treatment facilities such as reservoir type using artificial wetland, infiltration type, vegetation type, device type, and sewage treatment type. Appropriate equipment is used depending on the characteristics of each region and watershed. However, the conventional artificial wetlands are only developed to the extent that they design natural wetlands in consideration of environmental factors, and there is no attempt to apply the functions of artificial wetlands to cities or roadsides.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a green ecology axis for constructing an eco-friendly road culture by creating a green area ecology axis using the road axis.

Another object of the present invention is to remove the non-point pollutants flowing out of the road surface by installing directly on the road through the green ecological axis, instead of installing a non-point source reduction device separately. In other words, it provides a means for connecting the green ecological axis to remove pollutants such as tire powder, soot and by-products discharged from the vehicle and to remove non-point sources within the green ecological axis. In particular, the present invention provides an artificial wetland that effectively removes contaminants by adsorption, filtration, absorption by plant roots, and biodegradation.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a small artificial wetlands for roads that can easily discharge rainfall even if a large amount of rain occurs.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is installed on one side of the road, the sedimentation site and the flowing water flows into the sedimentation place and flows into the sedimentation site is stored in a considerable amount to maintain the wetland state and the vegetation layer is formed on the top The wetlands are the main components.

The sedimentation pond is generally formed in the form of a catchment or manhole or a portion of the wetlands inlet, the wetland is a channel-like channel formed along the road side or one side of the four sides open, one end of the wetland inlet It has a structure bonded to the part.

The marsh inlet is provided with a filtering wall to remove the non-point pollution source of the flowing water flowing into the marsh, the filter wall is preferably wood effective for removing the non-point pollution inside the lattice-shaped frame to facilitate replacement and use Can be made with chips.

Walls formed along the roadside among the sidewalls of the wetlands are referred to as roadside walls, and sidewalls facing the wetlands are called wetland overflow walls. The road side wall may be exposed above the road surface higher than the inflow portion of the sedimentation site so that the flow can flow into the settlement. In addition, a part of the wetland overflow wall is formed with a low wall height, which is called as a overflow jaw. If the flow of water flowing into the wetlands exceeds the height of the overflow jaw flows out of the wetlands beyond the overflow jaw. As a result, the wet surface is usually formed in the wetlands of the overflow jaw height or lower. By such flowing or wet areas, it is possible to form vegetation layers on top of wetlands. The vegetation layer is preferably formed by a vegetation mat. In addition, a layer mat or a gravel layer may be formed under the vegetation mat.

As described above, the present invention basically consists of the sedimentation part and the wetland part installed on the roadside to treat the runoff on the road surface by filtration, etc. Keep it. However, if there is a lot of rainfall, the amount of flowing water flowing into the wetland portion through the filtration wall from the sedimentation site is very large, the water is filled on the road surface may cause problems in the overall function of the present invention. Therefore, in the present invention, when a large amount of water flows into the sedimentation site, only a part of the sedimentary sidewall is formed to be low in order to introduce only a portion into the wetland, and the excess amount is referred to as a bypass overflow part.

The flowing water flowing through the overflow jaw of the wetland overflow wall and the bypass overflow portion of the settling portion may be connected to the rainwater pipe by a bypass channel disposed in contact with the settling portion and the wetland overflow wall. The bypass overflow portion of the sedimentation portion must be formed higher than the overflow jaw of the wetland portion, which during normal rainfall is discharged to the overflow jaw of the wetland portion with the non-point pollutant introduced into the wetland portion through the sedimentation portion is removed, This is to allow a large amount of rainfall to flow out of the settling portion immediately beyond the bypass overflow portion only in excess of the amount treated by this function.

Preferably, a gravel layer or a sand layer may be formed in the sedimentation part and the bypass channel so as to exert a function of adsorption and the like so that the surface of the water is not exposed to the air at the inflow of flowing water. In this case, as well as the removal of the nonpoint source, problems such as the occurrence of odors or pests can be solved.

By improving the road structure according to the present invention can contribute to the improvement of the pleasant road environment and urban landscape as well as to create a roadside green area ecological axis.

Another effect according to the present invention is to provide a small artificial wetland for the road for the connection of green axis ecological axis and the removal of non-point source with a vegetation layer is filled with flowing water inside the wetland formed in the channel form and exposed to the outside at the top Not only does it form an ecological axis, but it also removes non-point sources from road surfaces in a natural way.

In addition, according to the present invention, when the filter wall formed in the wetland inlet is preferably installed as a wood chip pack, it effectively removes the non-point source contained in the running water, and can be easily replaced if the filter function is fulfilled by long-term use. Wetland maintenance costs will be reduced.

In addition, according to the present invention, since the bypass overflow portion is formed on one side of the sedimentation portion, if there is more rainfall than the expected amount, such as a lot of rainfall, the excess of water flowing into the wetland portion is introduced into the bypass channel is discharged to the outside by It prevents the damage of artificial wetlands and the formation of water surface on the road surface and effectively performs non-point source reduction.

In addition, according to the present invention, it is installed directly on the road side, and there is no need to install a separate non-point pollution reduction device, so that the non-point source can be efficiently managed.

In addition, since the vegetation layer is formed through an artificial wetland, the present invention effectively removes nonpoint source materials by various methods such as adsorption, filtration, absorption by plant roots, and biodegradation.

Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings will be described in detail the small scale artificial wetland for roads for the connection of greenery ecological axis and removal of non-point source according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

1 and 2 are cross-sectional views and plan views, respectively, of a road in which small artificial wetlands for roads are installed for connection of green axis ecological shafts and removal of nonpoint sources according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, road small artificial wetland for the connection of greenery ecological axis and non-point source removal according to an embodiment of the present invention is formed on both sides of the road (1). That is, they are formed at the boundary between the road 1 and the sidewalk 3. In the figure, the boundary stone 2 is installed toward the sidewalk 3, but it may be installed on the road side in accordance with road conditions. Small artificial wetland for the road according to the present invention is formed along the longitudinal direction of the road (1) on one side of the road (1). Since the road (1) is generally formed so that the horizontal gradient is maintained, the flow of water, such as the goodness of the pavement surface of the road (1) along the pavement surface of the road (1) ecological axis connection and non-point source of greenery according to the present invention It flows into a small wetland for roadway removal.

Figure 3 is an exploded perspective view of the sedimentation part and wetland part of the road for small scale artificial wetland for the road to remove greenery eco-axis connection and non-point source pollution according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the small scale artificial wetland for roads according to the present invention maintains the wetland state by storing a considerable amount of flowing water flowing into the settling portion 20 into which the flowing water flows into the settling portion 20 and the settling portion 20. Formed in contact with one side of the wetted portion 30, the sedimented portion 20 and the wetted portion 30 is formed in the vegetation layer formed in the filter wall 40 and the sedimented portion 20 and the wetted portion 30 Bypass channel 50 to be used. The running water on the surface of the road 1 flows into the settlement. In this embodiment, the sedimentation part 20 and the wetland part 30 are installed at one side of the road 1, and the wetland part so that the water flowing out of the road 1 flows only into the sedimentation part 20. The road side wall 32 of 30 was made higher than the settling portion 20.

Figure 4 is a plan view of the sedimentation portion of the small scale artificial wetland for roads for the connection of green axis ecological axis and removal of non-point source, according to an embodiment of the present invention, Figures 5 and 6 is a cross-sectional view A-A and B-B shown in FIG. As shown in Figures 3 to 6, the settling portion 20 has a low portion of the wetland inlet portion 21 and the sidewalls of the sidewall is open so that the flow of the inflow water flows out and the lower portion of the sidewall is lower than a predetermined amount In the city, a bypass overflow part 22 configured to be overflowed and bypassed is formed. The wetland inflow portion 21 is a portion that is connected to one end of the wetland portion 30, as will be described later, is also a portion where the filtration wall 40 is installed. Therefore, flowing water flowing into the settling portion 20 naturally flows through the filtration wall 40 and then flows into the wetland portion 30.

The filtration wall 40 is installed in the wetland inlet 21 to perform a filtration function. In particular, the filter wall 40 is preferably manufactured using wood chips effective in removing the non-point source. More preferably, the outside of the lattice-shaped frame having a regular hexahedron shape may be surrounded by a wire mesh to form an inner space, and a small size wood chip may be contained in the inner space, which facilitates installation and maintenance. That is, it is preferable that the wood chips are formed in a specific container so as to facilitate installation and dismantling. This is called wood chip pack. If the wood chip pack does not function properly due to long-term use, the wood chip pack may be removed and replaced with a new one. As a result, the time and cost of construction or installation is reduced.

Rainfall since the early days is relatively low in nonpoint pollutants and increases in rainfall. In addition, it is important to discharge the water quickly to the outside rather than to remove the nonpoint source, even if the rainfall after the initial rainfall, as well as more flow than expected. That is, when a large amount of rainfall flows into the sedimentation part 20, the excess water that can flow into the wetland part 30 is the bypass channel 50 through the bypass overflow portion 22 Flows into). Therefore, even when a large amount of water flows due to intensive rainfall, the artificial wetland according to the present invention does not become overloaded because the wetted water does not flow into the wetland portion 30 through the sedimentation portion 20. And the rainfall is discharged quickly to the outside.

In addition, preferably the gravel layer 220 or sand layer 230 is formed in the settling portion 20, and the inflow water introduced into the settling portion 20 is lowered by the gravel layer 220 and the sand layer 230. Filtration takes place as it goes down. In addition, contaminants and the like contained in the running water are removed by adsorption on gravel and sand. Therefore, the flowing water generally flowing into the settling portion 20 is introduced into the wetland portion 30 while the contaminants are removed while passing through the gravel layer 220, the sand layer 230, or the filtration wall 40. In addition, when used for a long time, the gravel layer 220, sand layer 230 and the filter wall 40 can be used in replacement, it is possible to maintain a constant non-point source removal efficiency relatively easily.

The bypass channel 50 is provided in the form of a channel in contact with the bypass overflow portion 22 and the wetland overflow wall 33. Therefore, when flowing water flows from the bypass overflow portion 22, it is quickly discharged to the outside through the bypass channel 50. In addition, as shown in FIG. 3, a discharge part 520 is formed at a lower side of the bypass channel 50 so that the flowing water inside the bypass channel 50 is quickly discharged to the outside. The discharge portion 520 is connected to the storm drain. In addition, the bypass channel 50 is filled with gravel 510, which not only leads to a rapid flow of flowing water, but also microorganisms in the flowing water are adsorbed onto the gravel 510 to perform a filtering action. 11 is a view for explaining another embodiment of the wetland portion of the road for small scale artificial wetland for the greenery ecological axis connection and non-point source removal according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 11, a hole hole 530 may be formed to induce a rapid flow of running water in the bypass channel 50. The hole tube 530 is a circular tube is formed with a plurality of penetration holes 531 on the outer circumferential surface, a plurality of small circular tube can be filled. Therefore, due to the formation of the perforated pipe 530, the cost due to the filling of the gravel 510 in the bypass channel 50 is reduced and is formed in the wetlands overflow jaw 33 to be described later through the penetration hole 531 Flowing water flowing from the overflow jaw 33a, 33b, 33c (see FIGS. 3 and 7) is naturally injected into the hole tube 530. Therefore, the flowing water flowing into the bypass channel 50 is naturally discharged to the outside. In addition, the gravel 510 may be filled in the upper portion of the perforated tube 530, thereby forming an aesthetic appearance and easily forming a flow of overflowed water.

7 is a view for explaining the operation of the overflow jaw of the settling portion of the small scale artificial wetland for roads for the connection of green axis ecological axis and removal of non-point source according to an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 8 is an embodiment of the present invention 9 is a plan view of a wetland portion of a small artificial wetland for roads for connecting greenery ecological axis and removing a nonpoint source, and FIGS. 9 and 10 are respectively a cross-sectional view taken along line CC and DD of FIG. 8. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 7 to 10, the wetland portion 30 has an open end connected to the wetland inflow portion 21 of the sedimentation portion 20, and the road side wall 32 and the wetland along the roadside. The overflow wall 33 is formed, the other end is formed as a finishing wall 34 (see Fig. 3), thereby forming a channel shape for storing a certain amount of the flowing water therein.

In addition, the vegetation layer 310 exposed to the upper portion is formed inside the wetland portion 30, and the height is low so that the flowing water flows in the wetland overflow wall 33 to flow into the bypass channel 50. The overflow jaw 33a, 33b, 33c is formed. The vegetation layer 310 may be made of a conventional soil, it is preferable that the vegetation 311 is composed of a vegetation mat planted. The plant 311 is preferably a plant capable of absorbing heavy metals or the like contained in running water. In addition, the wetland portion 30 may be formed to be inclined in the longitudinal direction of the road, in this case, the flow in the sedimentation portion 20 can be easily introduced into the wetland portion 30.

In addition, the gravel layer 330 is formed below the vegetation layer 310, it is preferable to arrange the layer mat 320 between the vegetation layer 310 and the gravel layer 330. The gravel layer 330 serves to filter the running water in the wetland portion 30, the microorganisms contained in the running water is adsorbed to improve the removal efficiency of the non-point source. In addition, the layer mat 320 is formed in the middle of the vegetation layer 310 and the gravel layer 330, and provides a space for receiving rainwater, etc., while the flow of the flowing water in the wetland portion 30 is easy to move. In addition to the sunset, the gravel layer 330 is filled with a material having excellent water permeability so that the flow of water inside the vegetation layer 310 is easily moved. In addition, the layer mat 310 may be filled with a nutrient for supplying nutrients for the growth of the plant 311 that is vegetated in the vegetation layer 310, and may filter the foreign matter contained in rainwater. Filtration material may be filled.

The overflow jaw (33a, 33b, 33c) is formed on the wet wall overflow wall 33 of the wetland portion 30, so that the wetland portion 30 is effectively used. In other words, it is more effective to use the wetland portion 30 in that a plurality of overflow jaw 33a, 33b, 33c is formed than one overflow jaw 33c is formed. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7, (a) of FIG. 7 is a case where one overflow jaw 33c is formed, and FIG. 7 (b) shows a plurality of overflow jaw 33a, 33b, and 33c. In this case, 'L' means the water level of the wetland portion (30). When a large amount of flowing water is introduced, the problem that may occur because the flowing water is not immediately discharged is solved by the formation of a plurality of overflow jaw (33a, 33b, 33c). This can be confirmed by drawing a parabola between the water level lines 33a, 33b, and 33c of the wetland portion 30, as shown in (b) of FIG.

In addition, the plurality of overflow jaw (33a, 33b, 33c), as shown in Figure 7 (b), it is preferably formed so that the width is larger as far away from the sinking portion (20). Therefore, the amount of water flowing out to the overflow jaw (33c) formed at the rear end than the flow of water discharged to the overflow jaw (33a) formed in the front end, naturally flow of the flow of water in the wetlands 30 is directed to the right, As a result, the entire wetland part 30 is utilized. Therefore, the water level in the wetland portion 30 is kept constant.

In addition, the bypass overflow portion 22 is formed higher than the overflow jaw (33a, 33b, 33c). Therefore, in the case of the initial rainfall, the running water in the wetland portion 30 continues to rise, and after a predetermined time passes through the overflow channel (33a, 33b, 33c) into the bypass channel 50, the wetland portion 30 ) Maintains a constant water level, and if the rainfall is continuously concentrated, the flowing water flowing into the settling portion 20 is introduced into the bypass channel 50 through the bypass overflow portion 22. do. Thus, the wetland portion 30 will continue to remove the non-point source without any damage or damage.

Next, it looks at the operation of a small artificial wetlands for roads for the connection of greenery ecological axis and removal of nonpoint sources according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In normal case, since the flowing water is filled in the wetland portion 30, foreign substances such as heavy metals in the flowing water are gradually removed through the plant 311 formed on the wetland portion 30. In addition, when a small amount of rain falls, the running water on the surface of the road 1 flows into the settling portion 20. The flowing water flowing into the sedimentation part 20 is introduced into the wetland part 30 through the gravel layer 220, the sand layer 230, and the filtration wall 40. In addition, the wetland portion 30 maintains a constant water level due to the inflow of running water, and when the water level exceeds a predetermined water level, the running water flows into the bypass channel 50 through the wetland overflow wall 22. In addition, when the rain falls more than a predetermined amount, flowing water exceeding the amount to be processed into the wetland portion 30 is first introduced into the sedimentation portion 20, the bypass channel 50 through the bypass overflow portion 22 ) Flows into the external storm pipe through the discharge portion 520 formed on one side of the bypass channel 50. Therefore, even in case of rainfall exceeding the design quantity, the nonpoint source can be continuously removed without any damage or damage.

As described above with reference to the drawings illustrating a small scale artificial wetland for roads for the connection of green axis ecology axis and non-point source removal according to the present invention, the present invention is limited by the embodiments and drawings disclosed herein Of course, various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention.

1 and 2 are a cross-sectional view and a plan view of a road in which small artificial wetlands for roads are installed, respectively, for the connection of green axis ecological shafts and removal of nonpoint sources according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 is an exploded perspective view of a small scale artificial wetland for roads for greenery ecological axis connection and non-point source removal according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 4 is a plan view of the sedimentation portion of the road for small scale artificial wetland for greenery ecological axis connection and non-point source removal according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5 and 6 are sectional views A-A and B-B shown in FIG. 4, respectively.

7 is a view for explaining the operation of the overflow jaw of the settling portion of the small scale artificial wetlands for roads for the connection of green axis ecological axis and removal of non-point source according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 8 is a plan view of the wetland portion of the road for small scale artificial wetland for greenery ecological axis connection and non-point source removal according to an embodiment of the present invention.

9 and 10 are C-C and D-D sectional views respectively shown in FIG.

11 is a view for explaining another embodiment of the wetland portion of the road for small scale artificial wetland for greenery ecological axis connection and nonpoint source removal according to an embodiment of the present invention.

<Explanation of symbols for the main parts of the drawings>

1: road 2: boundary stone

3: guide part 20: settling part

21: wetland inflow part 22: bypass overflow part

30: wetland part 32: side wall of the road

33: Wetland overflow wall 33a, 33b, 33c: Overflow jaw

34: finishing wall 40: filtration wall

50: bypass channel 220: gravel layer

230: sand layer 310: vegetation layer

311: plant 320: layer mat

330: gravel layer 510: gravel

520: discharge part 530: meinucation pipe

Claims (6)

It is installed on one side of the road and the flow of water from the road surface is gathered and flowed in. The part of the side wall is opened so that the flowing water flows out. A settling portion formed with a bypass overflow portion formed with a low; A wetland portion of a channel type for connecting one end opened to the wetland inflow portion of the sedimentation portion, a road side wall and a wetland overflow wall formed along a roadside, and a closing wall formed at the other end to store a predetermined amount of running water therein; A filtration wall installed at the wetland inlet, and configured to remove the contaminant of the flowing water and partition the sediment and the wetland; And And a bypass channel disposed in a channel form in contact with the bypass overflow portion and the wetland overflow wall. The filter wall is made of a wood chip pack formed by placing a small size wood chip inside a grid-like frame forming a predetermined shape for ease of replacement, The wetland portion includes a vegetation layer exposed to the outside, and the wetland overflow wall has a low wall overflow jaw is formed so that the flow of water flows into the bypass channel through the overflow flow And small artificial wetlands for roads to remove nonpoint sources. The method of claim 1, The upstream jaw is a small artificial wetland for roads for connecting the green belt ecological axis and the removal of non-point source, characterized in that the height is lower than the bypass wall. The method of claim 1, Two or more overflow jaw is formed, the smaller artificial wetlands for roads for greenery eco-axis connection and non-point source removal, characterized in that the width of the overflow jaw increases as far away from the sinking portion. delete The method of claim 1, A gravel layer and a sand layer are formed in the sedimentation part, and the vegetation layer is a small artificial wetland for roads for connecting greenery ecological shafts and removing nonpoint sources, characterized in that formed by a vegetation mat. The method of claim 1, The vegetation layer is formed by a vegetation mat, Small artificial wetlands for roads for connecting the green ecological axis and removal of non-point sources, characterized in that the gravel layer is formed in the lower portion of the vegetation mat and the bypass channel.

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