KR100712375B1 - The soundproof panel by which the rate of a opening spread, and the manufacture method of this - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is to increase the sound absorbing area of the soundproof panel, by forming a large number of air layers inside the soundproof panel using a thin plate, to increase the resonance to reduce the noise, and to increase the aperture ratio in the front panel to increase the sound absorption rate of sound absorption It is possible to replace it after a certain period of time as well as to form a vertical strip-shaped front plate, to prevent loosening of the sound absorbing material, and to protect the sound absorbing material from damage due to ultraviolet rays for a long time. It is an object of the present invention to provide a soundproof panel having an enlarged aperture ratio and a method of manufacturing the same.

The soundproof panel having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention for achieving the above object is made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate is bent while having a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle, the upward The back plate is bent vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the bent portion, the rear plate is formed in the middle of the rear of the rectangular iron plate with a constant curvature inwardly: inserted into the inner side of the back plate, the sheet steel sheet made of a square and; A plurality of welded joints on one side of the sheet steel sheet and formed of an L shape: attached to the other side of the sheet steel sheet, formed of a rectangular shape, and a sound absorbing material made of a polyester material; A sound absorbing plate attached to the other side of the sound absorbing material and formed in a quadrangular shape as a whole, and having a honeycomb or a rhombus cross-sectional shape and made of metal or plastic; A plurality of the sound absorbing plate material is fixed at regular intervals from the outside, and the upper edge of the rectangular iron plate is formed to extend outwardly to a predetermined length while being made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole so as to surround the top of the rear plate and fit the bottom of the rear plate. A front plate which is bent outward at a predetermined angle and has a lower portion folded inwardly; It is inserted into the side surface between the front plate and the back plate, a predetermined space is formed inward, the space is made of a cross-sectional shape concave inward, characterized in that consisting of a side plate coupled to the rivet fastening at the top of the back plate do.

In addition, the soundproof panel manufacturing method of the enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention for achieving the above object is made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate bent while having a certain length upward at a predetermined angle Forming a rear plate which is bent vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bent portion, and the rear middle portion of the rectangular iron plate is indented with a constant curvature inwardly; Forming a thin steel sheet 5% smaller than a rear plate cross-sectional area so as to overlap the thin steel sheet on the inner side of the rear plate; Welding a plurality of L-shaped angles bent at right angles to a square iron plate at regular intervals in order to form spaces of different sizes in the sheet steel plate at regular intervals; Inserting a sound absorbing material made of a polyester material into the sheet steel sheet; Inserting a sound absorbing plate member made of metal, PVC, or PC into the sound absorbing material; After covering the lower part of the front plate to the lower part of the rear plate, the front plate is assembled on the rear plate, and then the step of riveting the side plate on the side between the front plate and the back plate is sequentially performed to manufacture a soundproof panel. It is characterized by.

Soundproof Panel, Opening Rate

Description

Soundproof panel by which the rate of a opening spread, and the manufacture method of this}

1 is a perspective view showing a sound insulation panel having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention;

Figure 2 is a front view showing a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention,

3 is a rear view showing a sound insulation panel having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention;

Figure 4 is a side cross-sectional view showing a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention,

5 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a sound insulation panel having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention;

6 (a) to 6 (g) are perspective views showing the front plate of the soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention.

Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawing

100: back plate 110: square iron plate

200: sheet steel 300: angle

400: sound absorbing material 500: sound absorbing plate

600: front panel 610: vertical portion

611: Gardener 612: protrusion

613: uneven portion 620: horizontal portion

630: step 640: close contact

650: fitting 660: wooden board

700: side plate 710: space

P: Soundproof Panel

The present invention relates to a soundproof panel having an enlarged aperture ratio and a method of manufacturing the same, and in particular, to increase the aperture ratio of the front side of the soundproof panel and to form an air chamber in a different area inside the back plate air layer to increase resonance, thereby reducing the noise to increase the aperture ratio. It relates to a soundproof panel and a method of manufacturing the same.

 In general, sound barriers are installed on one or both sides of a road or railroad to protect buildings on the roadside from noise. Such sound barriers usually consist of soundproof panels of the following types.

That is, the sound insulation panel is a sound-absorbing hole is uniformly formed on the entire surface, the other surface is inserted into the sound absorbing material consisting of a thin plate-like glass fiber in the grid of the closed plate-like body having a smooth surface, the outer surface of the glass fiber It is inserted in a plastic covering.

The soundproof panel is constructed by installing a plurality of soundproof panels formed in the above-described structure in the up, down, left, and right pillars in succession.

However, in the conventional soundproofing panel having the above-described configuration, the glass fiber inserted into the sound absorbing material itself is not only a material that adversely affects the environment, but is installed by covering the glass fiber sound absorbing material with vinyl to overcome such environmental problems. Vinyl-covered glass fiber sound absorbing material not only significantly reduces the sound absorption effect

However, in the form of a simple structure that can obtain the sound absorption effect only depending on the density change of the glass fiber, there is a limit (sound absorption rate 65% ~ 85%) to obtain the sound insulation effect, in particular, in the air of the sound absorbing material over time There is a problem in that the sound absorption panel is continuously lowered due to oxidation, such as the sound insulation panel can not function properly.

Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the problems described above, by expanding the sound absorbing area of the soundproof panel, artificially forming a large number of air layers inside the soundproof panel by using a sheet steel sheet, thereby increasing the resonance noise In order to increase the aperture ratio on the front panel to increase the sound absorption rate, the front panel is formed in the form of a vertical stripe-shaped front panel at regular intervals to protect the sound absorbing material. After that, it is possible to replace, and the soundproof panel itself is to provide a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio and a method of manufacturing the same to be compatible with the existing soundproof panel installed.

The soundproof panel having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention for achieving the above object is made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate is bent while having a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle, the upward The back plate is bent vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the bent portion, the rear plate is formed in the middle of the rear of the rectangular iron plate with a constant curvature inward: inserted into the inner side of the back plate, the sheet steel sheet made of a square and; A plurality of welded joints on one side of the sheet steel sheet and formed of an L shape: attached to the other side of the sheet steel sheet, formed of a rectangular shape, and a sound absorbing material made of a polyester material; A sound absorbing plate attached to the other side of the sound absorbing material and formed in a quadrangular shape as a whole, and having a honeycomb or a rhombus cross-sectional shape and made of metal or plastic; A plurality of the sound absorbing plate material is fixed at regular intervals from the outside, and the upper edge of the rectangular iron plate is formed to extend outwardly to a predetermined length while being made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole so as to surround the top of the rear plate and fit the bottom of the rear plate. A front plate which is bent outward at a predetermined angle and has a lower portion folded inwardly; It is inserted into the side surface between the front plate and the back plate, a predetermined space is formed inward, the space is made of a cross-sectional shape concave inward, characterized in that consisting of a side plate coupled to the rivet fastening at the top of the back plate do.

In addition, the soundproof panel manufacturing method of the enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention for achieving the above object is made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate bent while having a certain length upward at a predetermined angle Forming a rear plate which is bent vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bent portion, and the rear middle portion of the rectangular iron plate is indented with a constant curvature inwardly; Forming a thin steel sheet 5% smaller than a rear plate cross-sectional area so as to overlap the thin steel sheet on the inner side of the rear plate; Installing a plurality of welds vertically, vertically, and at the left and right sides at regular intervals to form a rectangular iron plate at an end to form a space having different sizes on the sheet steel sheet; Inserting a sound absorbing material made of a polyester material into the sheet steel sheet; Inserting a sound absorbing plate member made of metal, PVC, or PC into the sound absorbing material; After covering the lower part of the front plate to the lower part of the rear plate, the front plate is assembled on the rear plate, and then the step of riveting the side plate on the side between the front plate and the back plate is sequentially performed to manufacture a soundproof panel. It is characterized by.

Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings, the present invention will be described in detail.

1 is a perspective view showing an enlarged soundproof panel according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a front view showing an enlarged soundproof panel according to the present invention, Figure 3 is an enlarged soundproofing according to the present invention Figure 4 is a rear view showing the panel, Figure 4 is a side cross-sectional view showing an enlarged soundproof panel according to the invention, Figure 5 is an exploded perspective view showing a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention, Figure 6 (a) to 6 (g) are perspective views showing the front plate of the soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention.

As shown in these drawings, the sound insulation panel having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention is made of a rectangular iron plate 110 as a whole, and the upper and lower edges of the rectangular iron plate 110 have a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle. The back plate 100 is bent and vertically bent downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bent portion, and the back plate 100 is formed with a recess in a constant curvature in the middle of the rear surface of the rectangular iron plate: Inserted and installed inside, a thin plate 200 made of a square; A plurality of welded to one side of the thin plate 200, L-shaped angle 300 and: is attached to the other side of the thin plate 200, made of a rectangular shape, made of a polyester material Sound absorbing material 400; A sound absorbing plate member 500 attached to the other side of the sound absorbing material 400 and formed in a quadrangular shape as a whole and having a honeycomb or a rhombus cross-sectional shape and made of metal or plastic; A plurality of the sound absorbing plate material 500 is fixed at regular intervals from the outside, surrounds the upper end of the back plate 100, and the upper edge of the rectangular iron plate while being entirely made of a square iron plate to fit the bottom of the back plate 100. Is formed extending to the outside to a predetermined length, bent outward at a predetermined angle, the front plate 600 made of a lower form folded inward; Is inserted into the side surface between the front plate 600 and the back plate 100, a predetermined space 710 is formed inward, the space 710 is made of a cross-sectional shape recessed inward, the back plate 600 Consists of a side plate 700 coupled to the rivet fastening at the top of the.

That is, the sound insulation panel P with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention includes a back plate 100, a thin steel plate 200, an angle 300, a sound absorbing material 400, a sound absorbing plate material 500, a front plate 600, and The side plate 700 is a panel formed by organically bonded.

Here, the back plate 100 is generally made of a rectangular iron plate 110, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate 110 is formed with a predetermined length upwards at a predetermined angle, the upper bent portion of the upper It is bent vertically downward from the edge and the lower edge, the middle portion of the back of the rectangular iron plate is a structure formed in the concave with a constant curvature inward.

That is, the back plate 100 is the same structure as the general soundproof plate, but is a structure to facilitate the assembly with the front plate 600 by perforating transversely on the back plate 100.

In addition, the thin plate 200 is inserted into the inner side of the back plate 100 as an iron plate made of a rectangular shape.

In addition, the angle 300 is bent at a right angle to the flat iron plate formed in the L shape, a plurality of welded to one side of the thin plate 200.

That is, the thin plate 200 and the angle 300 is a part to improve the performance of the soundproof panel (P), that is, the performance of the soundproof panel (P) is the air layer portion of the back plate 100, the thickness of the air layer The thicker the performance of the sound insulation panel (P) is improved.

Here, the air layer of the portion of the back plate 100 corresponding to the thickness 95mm, which is a standardized standard of the sound insulation panel P, is formed as one air layer, and any sound absorbing material 400 is applied to the front plate 600 by only depending on the density change of the sound absorbing material. Even if the) is installed, there is a limit to obtain a sound absorption rate higher than the reference value, so that the air layer of the existing back plate 100 is formed in one cylinder, and a plurality of air layers having different sizes are formed laterally, but the back plate 100 and the front surface are formed. The angle 300 is welded to the thin plate 200 having a thickness thinner than that of the plate 600, thereby interfering with noise to perform a function of reducing noise.

In addition, the sound absorbing material 400 is used by cutting the raw material of non-combustible polyester 35K to 45K in a rectangular shape.

Here, when the polyester is exposed to the air layer 50mm or more under exposure conditions, the sound absorption rate (transmission loss) can obtain a performance improvement of 70% to 90% or more, and can be used as it is because it is resistant to moisture, and is relatively expensive. It is inexpensive.

In addition, the sound absorbing plate material 500 is used to prevent desorption of the sound absorbing material 400 and to improve durability of the front plate 600 by forming the front plate 600 at a predetermined interval in several sheets. Silver recycled plastic is formed by pressing molding or metal lamination of metal material, etc., and it is revealed that the material can be applied differently according to the surrounding environment such as road or railway.

In addition, the front plate 600 is fixed to a plurality of sound absorbing plate material 500 at regular intervals from the outside, surrounds the top of the back plate 100, the bottom of the back plate 100 as a rectangular iron plate as a whole While the upper edge of the rectangular iron plate is made to extend to the outside in a predetermined length, bent outward at a predetermined angle, the lower portion is a structure made of folded inward.

Here, the front plate 600 is a vertical portion 610 made of a rectangular iron plate, a horizontal portion 620 is bent at a right angle to the vertical portion 610, the vertical portion 610 and the horizontal portion The step where the contact portion 620 is inclined to form a predetermined inclined step 630, and the other side of the horizontal portion 620 extends downward in a constant length, and the close contact portion 640 bent in a certain portion and The lower end portion of the vertical portion 610 is composed of a fitting portion 650 folded inward to a predetermined length.

In addition, the inner angle between the vertical portion 610 and the horizontal portion 620 is formed to 78 °.

In addition, the vertical hole 610 is formed in the vertical hole 611 having a predetermined diameter punctured at regular intervals, or irregularly formed.

In addition, the vertical portion 610 is formed in the upper end and the lower end of the garden hole 611 having a constant diameter is formed at regular intervals, or irregularly formed, and the protrusion 612 is formed in which the middle portion protrudes with a constant curvature to the outside. Structure.

In addition, the cross-sectional shape of the vertical portion 610 is protruded to the outside, the inner concave-convex portion 613 is formed repeatedly formed.

On the other hand, the front surface of the vertical portion 610 is a structure in which the wood plate 660 having a predetermined cross-sectional shape is adhesively installed.

That is, the front plate 600 is formed to form a plate of one surface in a small number of small, it is to be noted that it can be formed in various shapes such as gallery, perforation.

In particular, as the front plate 600 is formed in a small width it is revealed that it can be used by attaching the wood plate 660, PVC, etc. of different materials on the front.

The material of the front plate 600 may be a steel sheet of any material, such as aluminum, GI steel sheet, and after the service life of the sound absorbing material 400, the sound absorbing material 400 can be easily replaced.

Here, the front plate 600 by attaching a plurality of small unit front plate 600 at regular intervals in order to improve the opening ratio, the effect of reducing the material cost as far as the spaced installation of the front plate 600 There is.

The soundproof panel P having an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention having the above-described configuration expands the sound absorbing area of the front plate 600 and uses the thin plate 200 to form an air layer inside the soundproof panel P. By forming a large number, there is an effect of increasing the resonance to interfere with the noise to reduce the noise.

In particular, the soundproof panel (P) is formed on the front side to form a narrow front plate 600 in a vertical form at regular intervals in order to increase the absorption rate to expand the sound absorption rate, so that it can be applied according to the application purpose, the front plate ( By forming at regular intervals of the 600, the sound absorbing material 400 and the sound absorbing plate 500 to prevent shedding, in order to effectively induce noise to form a front plate 600 with holes formed on the front of the sound absorbing plate 500 In order to protect the sound absorbing material 400 and the sound absorbing plate 500, and to compensate for the damage of the sound absorbing material 400 and the sound absorbing plate 500 due to ultraviolet rays and the like after the effective period of the sound absorbing material 400 and the sound absorbing plate 500 and a long time. After the period can be replaced, and the soundproof panel (P) itself is also compatible with the existing formed soundproof panel (P), the effect that can easily combine the front plate 600 to the back plate 100 have.

The production of a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention having the above configuration will be described.

Soundproof panel manufacturing method with an enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention is made of a rectangular iron plate 110 as a whole, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate 110 is formed bent while having a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle, Forming a back plate 100 that is vertically bent downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bent portion, and the rear middle portion of the rectangular iron plate is recessed with a constant curvature inwardly; Forming a thin plate 200 on the inner side of the back plate 100 so that the thin plate 200 is 5% smaller than a cross-sectional area of the rear plate 100 so as to overlap the rear plate 100; Welding a plurality of L-shaped angles 300, each of which is bent at a right angle at an end of a rectangular iron plate to form spaces of different sizes in the thin plate 200, at regular intervals, up, down, left, and right; Inserting a sound absorbing material (400) made of a polyester material into the sheet steel plate (200); Inserting a sound absorbing plate member 500 made of metal, PVC, or PC into the sound absorbing member 400; After covering the lower portion of the front plate 600 in the lower portion of the back plate 100, the front plate 600 is assembled by hanging on the back plate 100, the side between the front plate 600 and the back plate 100 In order to manufacture the soundproof panel by sequentially performing a step of riveting the side plate 700 in.

That is, the soundproof panel manufacturing method of the enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention is made of a rectangular iron plate as a whole, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate 110 is formed bent while having a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle, It is bent vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bent portion, and forms a back plate 100 in which the middle portion of the rectangular iron plate is formed with a recess in a constant curvature inward, and a thin steel plate inside the back plate 100 To form a thin plate 200 is made of about 5% smaller than the cross-sectional area of the back plate 100 to overlap the (200) on the back plate 100, to form a space of different sizes on the thin plate 200 In order to install the L-angles (300) formed by bending the ends of the rectangular iron plate at right angles at regular intervals up and down, left and right, and the sound-absorbing material formed of a polyester material on the thin plate 200 Insert the 400, the sound absorbing material 400 is inserted into the sound absorbing plate material 500, which is produced through a molding press process of a metal material, PVC, PC material, and rolls a narrow iron plate of a predetermined width in the sound absorbing plate material 500 After forming and cutting the pressing plate at regular intervals to form the front plate 600, the narrow front plate 600 is covered with the lower portion of the front plate 600 in the lower portion of the back plate 100 and then the back plate (100) After assembling the front plate 600 by hooking the upper part, the side plate 700 on the left and right sides are assembled by rivet assembly to manufacture.

As described above, the soundproof panel and the method of manufacturing the enlarged aperture ratio according to the present invention has the following effects.

First, the present invention has an effect of increasing the sound absorption area of the front portion, by forming a large number of air layers inside the soundproof panel using a sheet iron plate, to increase the resonance to interfere with the noise to reduce the noise.

Second, the front surface of the soundproof panel according to the present invention has the advantage that can be applied according to the application by forming a narrow front plate formed in a vertical form at regular intervals in order to increase the opening ratio to expand the sound absorption rate.

Third, the present invention forms a sound absorbing plate material on the front of the sound absorbing material to prevent the loss of the sound absorbing material and effectively induce noise as formed at regular intervals of the front plate to protect the sound absorbing material, after the effective period of the sound absorbing material and long-term ultraviolet rays, etc. There is an advantage that can be replaced after a certain period to compensate for damage to the sound absorbing material.

Fourth, the present invention can be compatible with the existing sound-proof panel formed in the soundproof panel itself, there is an effect that can easily combine the front plate to the back plate.

Claims (8)

It is generally made of a rectangular iron plate 110, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate 110 is formed bent with a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle, vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bending portion The back plate 100 is bent, and the back plate 100 in which the middle portion of the rear surface of the rectangular iron plate is indented with a constant curvature inwardly: It is inserted into the inside of the back plate 100, the thin plate 200 made of a rectangular shape; A plurality of welded and bonded to one side of the thin plate 200, and the angle 300 made of an L-shape: Attached to the other side of the thin plate 200, made of a rectangular shape, a sound absorbing material 400 made of a polyester material; A sound absorbing plate member 500 attached to the other side of the sound absorbing material 400 and formed in a quadrangular shape as a whole and having a honeycomb or a rhombus cross-sectional shape and made of metal or plastic; A plurality of the sound absorbing plate material 500 is fixed at regular intervals from the outside, surrounds the upper end of the back plate 100, and the upper edge of the rectangular iron plate while being entirely made of a square iron plate to fit the bottom of the back plate 100. Is formed extending to the outside to a predetermined length, bent outward at a predetermined angle, the front plate 600 made of a lower form folded inward; Is inserted into the side surface between the front plate 600 and the back plate 100, a predetermined space 710 is formed inward, the space 710 is made of a cross-sectional shape recessed inward, the back plate 600 Soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio, characterized in that consisting of a side plate 700 coupled to the rivet fastening at the top. The method of claim 1, The front plate 600 includes a vertical portion 610 made of a rectangular iron plate, a horizontal portion 620 formed at an upper end bent at a right angle to the vertical portion 610, and the vertical portion 610 and the horizontal portion 620. ) Is a stepped portion 630 is a step in contact with a constant inclination and the stepped portion 630, the other side of the horizontal portion 620 extends downward in a constant length, the close contact portion 640 formed bent in a certain portion, and the Soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio, characterized in that the lower end portion of the vertical portion 610 is composed of a fitting portion 650 folded inward to a predetermined length. The method of claim 2, Soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio, characterized in that the inner angle between the vertical portion 610 and the horizontal portion 620 is formed at 78 °. The method of claim 2, The vertical portion 610 is a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio, characterized in that the perforated 611 having a predetermined diameter is formed perforated at regular intervals, or irregularly formed. The method of claim 2, In the vertical portion 610, the garden hole 611 having a predetermined diameter at the upper end and the lower end is perforated at regular intervals, or is irregularly formed, and a protrusion 612 is formed in which the middle part protrudes with a constant curvature to the outside. Soundproof panel with enlarged aperture ratio. The method of claim 2, The cross-sectional shape of the vertical portion 610 is protruding outward, the soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio, characterized in that the indented portion 613 that enters the inside is formed repeatedly. The method of claim 2, Soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio, characterized in that the front surface of the vertical portion 610 is a wooden board 660 having a predetermined cross-sectional shape is adhesively installed. It is generally made of a rectangular iron plate 110, the upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangular iron plate 110 is formed bent with a predetermined length upward at a predetermined angle, vertically downward from the upper edge and the lower edge of the upward bending portion Forming a back plate 100 is bent, the rear middle portion of the rectangular iron plate is indented with a constant curvature inwardly; Forming a thin plate 200 on the inner side of the back plate 100 so that the thin plate 200 is 5% smaller than a cross-sectional area of the rear plate 100 so as to overlap the rear plate 100; Welding a plurality of L-shaped angles 300, each of which is bent at a right angle at an end of a rectangular iron plate to form spaces of different sizes in the thin plate 200, at regular intervals, up, down, left, and right; Inserting a sound absorbing material (400) made of a polyester material into the sheet steel plate (200); Inserting a sound absorbing plate member 500 made of metal, PVC, or PC into the sound absorbing member 400; After covering the lower portion of the front plate 600 in the lower portion of the back plate 100, the front plate 600 is assembled by hanging on the back plate 100, the side between the front plate 600 and the back plate 100 The method of manufacturing a soundproof panel with an enlarged aperture ratio characterized in that the soundproof panel is manufactured by sequentially performing the step of assembling the side plate 700 to the rivet.

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