KR100679326B1 - Heat treatment method - Google Patents

Heat treatment method Download PDF

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KR100679326B1
KR100679326B1 KR1020050044328A KR20050044328A KR100679326B1 KR 100679326 B1 KR100679326 B1 KR 100679326B1 KR 1020050044328 A KR1020050044328 A KR 1020050044328A KR 20050044328 A KR20050044328 A KR 20050044328A KR 100679326 B1 KR100679326 B1 KR 100679326B1
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gas
resistance
corrosion resistance
workpiece
furnace
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KR20050071392A (en
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신재영
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주식회사 삼락열처리
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
    • C23C8/30—Carbo-nitriding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
    • C23C8/30—Carbo-nitriding
    • C23C8/32—Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/80—After-treatment

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)

Abstract

본 발명은 열처리 방법에 관한 것으로, 그 구성은 처리온도가 500 ℃ 내지 700 ℃ 이며, 공기와 탄화수소가스를 원료로 변성로에서 만든 흡열형 변성가스(PX가스)와 암모니아가스를 1:1의 비율로 혼합하여 노내에 도입하여 질소와 탄소가 피처리물에 흡착 및 확산하여 질화 침탄반응을 일으켜 단단하고 치밀한 탄질화물 화합물층을 형성하여 내마모성, 내부식성, 내소착성의 특성을 가지는 가스연질화 단계와, 상기 가스연질화 단계를 거친 피처리물에 수증기를 투입하여 상기 피처리물의 표면에 산화층(Fe3O4)을 생성시켜 피처리물의 내식성, 내마모성, 내피로성과 강도를 향상시키는 산화피막처리 단계 및 피처리물의 외부 색상을 짙은 흑색을 띄도록 하기 위하여 마련되며, CN- 및 CNO- 성분을 탄산염과 질소가스로 완전 산화 분해시키는 에이비(AB)염처리 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 것으로서, 경도를 향상시키며, 짙은 흑색의 착색효과를 가져서 외관색상의 미감을 고조시키며, 내식성을 향상시키며, 친환경적이며, 공정이 간단하여 생산성을 높일 수 있는 효과가 있다.The present invention relates to a heat treatment method, the configuration is a treatment temperature of 500 ℃ to 700 ℃, the ratio of the endothermic modified gas (PX gas) and ammonia gas made in the furnace by the air and hydrocarbon gas as a raw material in a ratio of 1: 1 Nitrogen and carbon are adsorbed and diffused into the object to be treated and diffused into the furnace to cause nitriding and carburization reaction to form a hard and dense carbonitride compound layer, which has characteristics of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and adhesion; An oxide film treatment step of improving the corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance and strength by adding water vapor to the workpiece subjected to the gas soft nitriding step to generate an oxide layer (Fe 3 O 4 ) on the surface of the workpiece; It is prepared to make the external color of the object to have a dark black color, and it is an AB salt treatment which completely oxidizes CN - and CNO - components to carbonate and nitrogen gas. It is characterized in that it comprises a step, improves the hardness, has a dark black coloring effect to enhance the aesthetics of the appearance color, improve the corrosion resistance, environmentally friendly, the process is simple, there is an effect to increase the productivity. .

Description

열처리 방법{Heat treatment method}Heat treatment method

본 발명은 열처리 방법에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 경도를 향상시키며 짙은 흑색의 착색효과를 가져서 외관색상의 미감을 고조시키며 내식성을 향상시키며 친환경적이며 공정이 간단하여 생산성이 높은 열처리 방법에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a heat treatment method, and more particularly, to improve the hardness and to have a deep black color effect to enhance the aesthetics of the appearance color, to improve the corrosion resistance, environmentally friendly and simple process, and to a high productivity heat treatment method.

일반적으로 카오디오 프레임은 그 외관이 짙은 흑색이어야 한다. 그리고 상기 카오디오 프레임은 전면 판넬을 탈 부착할 수 있게 하고, CD 등 음악재생 매체를 삽입하기 위해서는 반드시 외부로 노출되어야 하는 등 미적으로 양호해야 하는 제품이다. 또한 상기 카오디오 프레임은 그 재질이 SPCC(JIS 규격)으로서 매우 약한 연강이다. 따라서 그 생성을 위해서 종래에는 도금을 하여 강도를 향상시킨 후, 흑색으로 착색을 하였다.In general, car audio frames should be black in appearance. In addition, the car audio frame is a product that must be aesthetically pleasing such that the front panel can be detachably attached and must be exposed to the outside in order to insert a music playback medium such as a CD. In addition, the car audio frame is made of SPCC (JIS standard), the material is very weak mild steel. Therefore, in order to generate | occur | produce it conventionally, after plating, the intensity | strength was improved, and it colored in black.

그러나, 도금공정이 환경규제 대상이 된 후 염욕질화공정 후에 담금질, 연마, 담금질을 행하는 소위 염욕질화 QPQ 공정으로 바뀌게 되었다. 상기에서 Q는 담금질(Quenching), P는 연마(Polishing)을 나타낸다. However, after the plating process became an object of environmental regulation, it changed to a so-called salt-nitriding QPQ process in which quenching, polishing, and quenching were performed after the salt bath nitriding process. In the above, Q represents quenching and P represents polishing.

그러나, 상술한 종래의 염욕질화 QPQ 공정은 짙은 흑색을 표현할 수가 있어 그 색상은 미적으로 우수하지만 열처리 후 이어지는 공정이 복잡하여 생산성이 낮 아서 원가 상승된다는 문제점이 있었다. However, the above-described conventional salt-nitriding QPQ process can express a dark black color, and its color is aesthetically superior, but there is a problem that the cost is increased due to low productivity due to the complicated process following heat treatment.

또한, 종래의 염욕질화 QPQ 공정에서 사용되는 염은 작업환경에 유해한 요소여서 인체의 건강을 해한다는 문제점이 있었다.In addition, the salt used in the conventional salt bath QPQ process has a problem that it is harmful to the human health because it is a harmful element to the working environment.

본 발명은 상기한 바와 같은 제반 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 제안된 것으로, 그 목적은 경도를 향상시키며 짙은 흑색의 착색효과를 가져서 외관색상의 미감을 고조시키며 내식성을 향상시키며 친환경적이며 공정이 간단하여 생산성을 높일 수 있는 열처리 방법을 제공함에 있다.The present invention has been proposed to solve the above-mentioned problems, the purpose of which is to improve the hardness and have a dark black coloring effect to enhance the aesthetics of the appearance color, improve the corrosion resistance, environmentally friendly and simple process to improve productivity It is to provide a heat treatment method that can be increased.

상기와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명에 따른 열처리 방법은 처리온도가 500 ℃ 내지 700 ℃ 이며, 공기와 탄화수소가스를 원료로 변성로에서 만든 흡열형 변성가스(PX가스)와 암모니아가스를 1:1의 비율로 혼합하여 노내에 도입하여 질소와 탄소가 피처리물에 흡착 및 확산하여 질화 침탄반응을 일으켜 단단하고 치밀한 탄질화물 화합물층을 형성하여 상기 피처리물이 내마모성, 내부식성, 내소착성의 특성을 가지도록 하는 가스연질화 단계와, 상기 가스연질화 단계를 거친 피처리물에 수증기를 투입하여 상기 피처리물의 표면에 산화층(Fe3O4)을 생성시켜 피처리물의 내식성, 내마모성, 내피로성과 강도를 향상시키는 산화피막처리 단계 및 피처리물의 외부 색상을 짙은 흑색을 띄도록 하기 위하여 마련되며, CN- 및 CNO- 성분을 탄산염과 질소가스로 완전 산화 분해시키는 에이비(AB)염처리 단계를 포함하는 것 을 특징으로 한다. The heat treatment method according to the present invention for achieving the above object is a treatment temperature is 500 ℃ to 700 ℃, the endothermic modified gas (PX gas) and ammonia gas 1: made in the reforming furnace with air and hydrocarbon gas as a raw material 1: The mixture is introduced at a ratio of 1 and introduced into the furnace, where nitrogen and carbon are adsorbed and diffused on the object to cause nitriding and carburizing reaction to form a hard and dense carbonitride compound layer. The gas soft nitridation step to have a, and the water vapor is added to the treated material subjected to the gas soft nitridation step to generate an oxide layer (Fe 3 O 4 ) on the surface of the workpiece to be corrosion-resistant, abrasion resistance, fatigue and it is provided so as to stand out to the oxide film treatment step and the target dark black color to improve the strength of the water outside, CN - and CNO - a component carbonate and a nitrogen gas It characterized by comprising the ABS (AB) salt treatment step for complete oxidation decomposition.

또한, 본 발명에 따른 열처리 방법에서 상기 산화피막처리 단계와 상기 AB염처리 단계 사이에는, 피처리물의 표면을 매끄럽게 하기 위해 연마하는 연마 단계가 더 포함되는 것을 특징으로 한다. In addition, in the heat treatment method according to the present invention, between the oxide film treatment step and the AB salt treatment step, a polishing step of polishing to smooth the surface of the workpiece is further characterized.

또한, 본 발명에 따른 열처리 방법에서, 상기 AB염처리 단계 후에는, 피처리물의 내마모성, 내식성 등을 향상시키고 짙은 흑색을 띄게 하기 위해서 녹을 방지하는 성질을 가지는 방청유를 도포하는 방청유 처리 단계가 더 포함되는 것을 특징으로 한다. In addition, in the heat treatment method according to the present invention, after the AB salt treatment step, the anti-rust oil treatment step of applying a rust preventive oil having a property of preventing rust in order to improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. of the object to be treated and to have a dark black color further; It is characterized by.

이하, 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예에 따른 열처리 방법을 더욱 상세히 설명한다.Hereinafter, a heat treatment method according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in more detail.

먼저, 피처리물에 가스연질화 처리를 한다. First, a gas soft nitriding treatment is performed on the workpiece.

상기 가스연질화 처리는 그 처리온도가 A1변태점 이하(500 ℃ 내지 700 ℃) 의 비교적 낮은 온도에서 처리되기 때문에 열처리 응력이 적으며, 종래의 질화법이 50 시간 내지 100 시간의 장시간을 요하는 반면 그 처리시간이 비교적 짧은 것이 이점인 공정이다. The gas soft nitridation treatment has a low heat treatment stress because the treatment temperature is treated at a relatively low temperature below the A1 transformation point (500 ° C. to 700 ° C.), whereas the conventional nitriding method requires a long time of 50 hours to 100 hours. The process is advantageous in that the treatment time is relatively short.

상기 가스연질화 처리는, 공기와 탄화수소가스를 원료로 변성로에서 만든 흡열형 변성가스(PX가스)와 암모니아가스를 1:1의 비율로 혼합하여 노내에 도입하는 공정이다. 상기 가스연질화 처리는 노내 분위기 중의 암모니아 가스와 일산화탄소는 강(鋼)으로 이루어진 피처리물의 표면에서The gas soft nitriding treatment is a step of introducing an endothermic modified gas (PX gas) and ammonia gas, which are made from a furnace by using air and hydrocarbon gas, at a ratio of 1: 1 and introduced into a furnace. The gas soft nitridation treatment is carried out on the surface of an object to be made of ammonia gas and carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere.

2NH3 → 3H2 + 2[N]2NH 3 → 3H 2 + 2 [N]

2CO → CO2 +[C]2CO → CO 2 + [C]

CO2 + H2 → CO + H2OCO 2 + H 2 → CO + H 2 O

의 반응을 일으켜, 이것에 의해 생성된 질소 및 탄소가 피처리물에 흡착 및 확산하여 질화 침탄반응을 일으킨다. 이 때, 질소는 탄소보다 확산 속도가 빨라서 피처리물의 내부에 깊이 침입하여 확산층을 형성한다. 또한 탄소는 피처리물의 표면에서 미세한 탄화물을 형성함과 동시에 질화물의 핵으로서 작용하여, 단단한 화합물층 [Fe2-3(N·C), Fe4N]을 형성한다. 이 화합물층은 단단하고 치밀한 탄질화물이며 우수한 내마모성, 내부식성, 내소착성을 나타내는 것이다. Reaction causes nitrogen and carbon to be adsorbed and diffused on the object to be treated to cause a nitriding carburization reaction. At this time, nitrogen has a faster diffusion rate than carbon and thus penetrates deeply into the object to be formed to form a diffusion layer. In addition, carbon forms fine carbides on the surface of the workpiece and also acts as a nucleus of the nitride to form a hard compound layer [Fe 2-3 (N · C), Fe 4 N]. This compound layer is hard and dense carbonitride and shows excellent abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and adhesion resistance.

이어서, 상기 피처리물에 수증기를 투입하여 상기 피처리물의 표면에 산화층(Fe3O4)을 생성시켜 피처리물의 내식성, 내마모성, 내피로성과 강도를 향상시키는 산화피막처리 공정을 행한다. Subsequently, water vapor is added to the object to be treated to form an oxide layer (Fe 3 O 4 ) on the surface of the object, thereby performing an oxide film treatment step of improving corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance and strength of the object.

이어서, 상기 피처리물의 외부 색상을 짙은 흑색을 띄도록 하기 위하여, CN- 및 CNO- 성분을 탄산염과 질소가스로 완전 산화 분해시키는 에이비(AB)염처리 공정을 행한다. Subsequently, in order to make the external color of the object to have a dark black color, an AB (AB) salt treatment step of completely oxidatively decomposing the CN - and CNO - components with carbonate and nitrogen gas is performed.

한편, 상기 피처리물의 표면을 더욱 매끄럽게 하기 위해서 상기 산화피막처리 공정과 상기 AB염처리 공정 사이에 연마(Polishing) 공정을 행할 수도 있다. On the other hand, in order to further smoothen the surface of the workpiece, a polishing step may be performed between the oxide film treatment step and the AB salt treatment step.

또한, 상기 AB염처리 공정 후에, 피처리물의 내마모성, 내식성 등을 향상시 키고 짙은 흑색을 띄게 하기 위해서 녹을 방지하는 성질을 가지는 방청유를 도포하는 방청유 처리 공정을 행할 수도 있다. Further, after the AB salt treatment step, a rust preventive oil treatment step of applying rust preventive oil having a property of preventing rust in order to improve abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and the like of the object to be treated and to have a dark black color may be performed.

또한, 상기 가스연질화 공정과 산화피막처리 공정과 연마 공정과 AB염처리 공정을 모두 거친 후에 상기 방청유 처리 공정을 행할 수도 있음은 물론이다. In addition, after the gas soft nitriding step, the oxide film treatment step, the polishing step and the AB salt treatment step, the anti-rust oil treatment step may be performed.

상기에서 방청유 처리 공정은 피처리물의 내마모성과 내식성을 향상시켜주고, 색상도 한층 더 짙은 흑색을 띄게 하여 주는 것이다. The anti-rust oil treatment process is to improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the object to be treated, and to make the color even darker black.

이상에서와 같이 본 발명에 따른 열처리 방법에 의하면, 경도를 향상시키며, 짙은 흑색의 착색효과를 가져서 외관색상의 미감을 고조시키며, 내식성을 향상시키며, 친환경적이며, 공정이 간단하여 생산성을 높일 수 있는 효과가 있다. As described above, according to the heat treatment method according to the present invention, it improves the hardness, has a dark black coloring effect, enhances the aesthetic appearance of the color, improves corrosion resistance, is environmentally friendly, and the process is simple, which can increase productivity. It works.

본 발명은 첨부된 도면에 도시된 실시예를 참고로 설명되었으나, 이는 예시적인 것이며, 당해 분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 자라면 이로부터 다양한 변형 및 균등한 실시예가 가능하다는 점을 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 발명의 진정한 보호범위는 첨부된 청구범위에 의해서만 정해져야 할 것이다. Although the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings, it is intended to be illustrative, and those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and equivalent embodiments are possible from this. Therefore, the true scope of protection of the present invention should be defined only by the appended claims.

Claims (4)

처리온도가 500 ℃ 내지 700 ℃ 이며, 공기와 탄화수소가스를 원료로 변성로에서 만든 흡열형 변성가스(PX가스)와 암모니아가스를 1:1의 비율로 혼합하여 노내에 도입하여 질소와 탄소가 피처리물에 흡착 및 확산하여 질화 침탄반응을 일으켜 단단하고 치밀한 탄질화물 화합물층을 형성하여 상기 피처리물이 내마모성, 내부식성, 내소착성의 특성을 가지도록 하는 가스연질화 단계;Treatment temperature is 500 ℃ to 700 ℃, mixed with endothermic modified gas (PX gas) and ammonia gas made from the furnace by using air and hydrocarbon gas in a ratio of 1: 1 and introduced into the furnace to avoid nitrogen and carbon A gas soft-nitriding step of adsorbing and diffusing the treated material to cause nitriding and carburizing to form a hard and dense carbonitride compound layer so that the treated material has abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, and adhesion resistance; 상기 가스연질화 단계를 거친 피처리물에 수증기를 투입하여 상기 피처리물의 표면에 산화층(Fe3O4)을 생성시켜 피처리물의 내식성, 내마모성, 내피로성과 강도를 향상시키는 산화피막처리 단계; An oxide film treatment step of improving the corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance and strength of the workpiece by adding water vapor to the workpiece subjected to the gas soft nitriding step to generate an oxide layer (Fe 3 O 4 ) on the surface of the workpiece; 상기 피처리물의 표면을 매끄럽게 하기 위해 연마하는 연마단계;A polishing step of polishing the surface of the object to be smoothed; 피처리물의 외부 색상을 짙은 흑색을 띄도록 하기 위하여 마련되며, CN- 및 CNO- 성분을 탄산염과 질소가스로 완전 산화 분해시키는 에이비(AB)염처리 단계;An AB salt treatment step of preparing an external color of the object to have a dark black color and completely oxidatively decomposing CN − and CNO − components into carbonate and nitrogen gas; 상기 피처리물의 내마모성, 내식성 등을 향상시키고 짙은 흑색을 띄게 하기 위해서 녹을 방지하는 성질을 가지는 방청유를 도포하는 방청유 처리 단계;를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 열처리 방법.The anti-corrosion oil treatment step of applying a rust-preventing oil having a property of preventing rust in order to improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. of the treated object and to make a dark black. 삭제delete 삭제delete 삭제delete
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