KR100667176B1 - Apparatus for reducing noise - Google Patents

Abstract

It is an object of the present invention to provide a noise reduction device that requires a low initial manufacturing cost, is easy to assemble, is easy to modify design for improved performance and requires less cost, and reduces the cost of storage and transportation. It is done.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is the longitudinal assembly member is formed by being detachably coupled in the transverse direction with respect to each other, has a shape of the tunnel as a whole, the lower side is an open body; Protruding members detachably coupled to the outside of the assembly members; A bracket mounted to an upper end of the soundproof wall; And a coupling medium member for mediating the coupling between the body and the bracket.

Description

Noise reduction device {Apparatus for reducing noise}

1 is a perspective view showing a conventional noise reduction device mounted on a soundproof wall,

2 is a perspective view showing a noise reduction unit constituting a conventional noise reduction device;

3 is a bracket used to install a conventional noise reduction device in a soundproof wall having a narrow thickness,

4 is a bracket used to install a conventional noise reduction device in a soundproof wall having a wide thickness,

5 is a perspective view showing a noise reduction device according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a front view of the noise reduction device according to the first embodiment as seen in the direction A of FIG. 5,

7 is a sectional view showing two assembling members assembled with respect to each other;

8 is a simplified front view showing various modifications of the first embodiment,

9 is a perspective view showing a noise reduction device according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a front view of the noise reduction apparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention as viewed in the direction A of FIG. 5,

FIG. 11 is a front view of the noise reduction apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention as viewed in the direction A of FIG. 5.

<Description of Symbols for Major Parts of Drawings>

20: noise reduction device 21: assembly member

21a: Assembly protrusion 21b: Assembly groove

21c: coupling groove 21d: assembly connecting member

22: protruding member 22a: connecting portion

22b: side 22c: end

23: internal support member 24: bracket

40: body 40a: opening

The present invention relates to a noise reduction device, and more particularly, to a noise reduction device provided at an upper end portion of a soundproof wall installed at a boundary of a road or the like.

When noise generated from a road is transmitted to an adjacent apartment, etc., the noise causes inconvenience to life. In order to solve the inconvenience, a soundproof wall is generally installed along the boundary of the road. Such a soundproof wall is composed of a strut arranged on the road at equal intervals and soundproof panels fitted with both ends of the struts, and a sound absorbing material for absorbing noise may be disposed in the soundproof panels.

However, in the conventional soundproof walls, the noise transmitted to the lower floor of the apartment is somewhat blocked, but the noise transmitted to the higher floor does not sufficiently block the noise. In order to block the noise transmitted to the high floor, it is conceivable to increase the height of the soundproof wall, but this is limited in terms of the lateral wind load that the soundproof wall must withstand, the view of neighboring apartments, the installation cost, and the like.

Figure 1 shows a noise reduction device 10 of the Republic of Korea Utility Model Utility No. 378864. According to this, struts (2) having an 'H' shaped cross section are erected at regular intervals on the road structure (1), and sound insulation panels (3) are laminated between the two struts (2). This is made up. On the other hand, the distance L between two struts is typically several meters (1m to 10m).

The noise reduction device 10 mounted on the soundproof wall 5 via the bracket 4 is typically constructed by inserting several noise reduction units 11 as shown in FIG. 2. This is possible by inserting the projection 12a formed at the end of the inner partition 12 defining the noise path in the noise reduction unit 11 into the hole 13a formed in the plate 13 (shown in FIG. 2 of the present specification). This is somewhat different from the one shown in FIG. 2 of the registered utility model 378864, but it is the general form of the noise reduction unit which currently constitutes the noise reduction device).

More than 10 noise reduction devices 10 mounted on one soundproof wall 5 (a unit of soundproof wall constituted by stacking soundproof panels 3 between two struts 2) are shown in FIG. The configuration of the many noise reduction units 11 by fitting is related to the manufacturing method of the noise reduction unit 11.

Currently, the noise reduction unit 11 is manufactured by injection molding. In this case, if the longest length of the molding (noise reduction unit) exceeds 50 cm, an initial cost such as the cost of manufacturing a molding frame for injection molding can be many. It reaches ten million won. Therefore, the situation is reducing the production cost by limiting the length (T) of the noise reduction unit 11 produced by injection molding to less than 50cm.

However, in the case of such a noise reduction device 10, in order to install 10 to 20 noise reduction units 11 in one soundproof wall 5, a very large number (hundreds to hundreds) of projections 12a and holes are provided. There is a problem in that the assemblability is bad because they have to fit (13a). In particular, such a problem has emerged as a serious problem because the assembly is remarkably deteriorated even if the position of the hole 13a corresponding to the specific protrusion 12a is made slightly different.

In addition, when the thickness W1 of the upper part of the soundproof wall is slightly smaller than the inner width W2 of the lower part of the noise reduction unit 11, the soundproof wall 5 may be formed through the bracket 4 formed by bending a metal plate having a predetermined thickness. The noise reduction unit 11 may be mounted on the upper end, but when the thickness W1 of the soundproof wall upper end is considerably smaller than the inner width W2 of the lower end of the noise reduction unit 11, the lower narrow bracket shown in FIG. 4a) should be adopted, and vice versa, the lower wide bracket 4b shown in FIG.

Since the brackets 4a and 4b shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 have three times the bending portion compared to the bracket 4 shown in FIG. 1, the cost of bending increases, which is why the bracket 4 As this leads to a cost increase, there is a disadvantage in that the cost is disadvantageous. This is due to the fact that the thicknesses of the soundproof walls that are already installed are not defined to a certain standard, whereas the inner width W2 of the lower end of the conventional noise reduction unit 11 is manufactured to a fixed dimension.

On the other hand, in the case of the noise reduction unit 11 as described above, there is a problem that the initial cost is required again as it is to produce a new mold for injection molding even if the shape is slightly changed to improve the performance.

On the other hand, the noise reduction unit 11 as described above has to occupy the same volume as the state installed at the time of storage and transport until it is manufactured and installed, there is a problem that the cost required for storage and transportation is high.

An object of the present invention is to solve the above problems, to provide a noise reduction device that requires a low initial production cost.

In addition, an object of the present invention is to provide a noise reduction device that is easy to assemble.

Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to provide a noise reduction device having a bracket that requires less manufacturing cost because the number of bending is reduced.

Further, an object of the present invention is to provide a noise reduction device that is easy to modify the design for improved performance and low cost.

Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to provide a noise reduction device that occupies a small volume during storage and transportation, thereby reducing the cost.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is the longitudinal assembly member is formed by being detachably coupled in the transverse direction with respect to each other, has a shape of the tunnel as a whole, the lower side is an open body; Protruding members detachably coupled to the outside of the assembly members; A bracket mounted to an upper end of the soundproof wall; And a coupling medium member for mediating the coupling between the body and the bracket.

The assembly member is manufactured by extrusion molding so that an assembly protrusion is formed at one cross section and an assembly groove having a shape corresponding to the other cross section is formed, and the assembly protrusion of one assembly member is detachable from the assembly groove of the other assembly member. It is preferable to fit together.

The assembling members coupled by the assembling protrusion and the assembling groove may be rotated with respect to each other.

A locking jaw is formed on the outside of the assembly member, and the protrusion member is detachably coupled to the locking jaw.

The protruding member preferably has two sides extending outwardly from the center of the body, and end portions which are bent from each of the sides to be caught by the locking jaw.

It is preferable that a flaw material is disposed between the two sides, and a sound absorbing hole is formed in at least a portion of the protruding member.

The noise reduction device may further include an inner support member supporting the assembly members in the body so that the shape of the body is not deformed.

The body further includes an assembly mediating member, the two transverse facing each other disposed on the lowermost side of the body has the same shape, the coupling mediator coupled to one side of the bracket and the coupling mediator coupled to the other side The member has the same shape, and the body may be detachably coupled to the coupling mediator member.

One of the two cross sections facing each other disposed on the lowermost side of the body is formed as an assembly protrusion and the other cross section is formed as an assembly groove, one side of the bracket is formed with a groove having a shape corresponding to the assembly protrusion The mediating member is coupled to the other side is coupled to the coupling mediating member is formed with a projection corresponding to the assembly groove, the body may be detachably coupled to the coupling mediating member.

The bracket has a 'c' shape with the lower side open, and the inner width thereof may be substantially the same as the thickness of the upper end of the soundproof wall.

The bracket has an upper portion having a '∧'-shaped cross section and two lower portions extending vertically downward from the upper portion, and the coupling medium member may be coupled to both inclined surfaces of the upper portion.

Next, the noise reduction apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7.

The noise reduction device 20 according to the first embodiment includes a body 40 formed by longitudinally assembling members 21 being laterally coupled to each other, and a protruding member 22 coupled to the outside of the assembly members. And a bracket 24 mounted to an upper end of the soundproof wall, and a coupling mediator 24b for mediating the coupling between the two transverse sections disposed at the lowermost side of the body and the bracket 24.

An assembly protrusion 21a is formed at one cross section (an end extending in the X direction, which is the same below) of the assembly member 21, and an assembly groove 21b having a shape corresponding to the other cross section is formed. As the assembly protrusion 21a of one assembly member is continuously inserted into the assembly groove 21b of the other assembly member, the body 40 having the shape of a tunnel in which the YZ plane has a cross section of the lower side is opened. Is formed.

For reference, the above-mentioned assembling members 21 are laterally coupled to each other so that the body 40 is formed, which means that the assembly members 21 are coupled laterally in the coupled state. The action of the coupling is not to be transverse. Coupling of the assembly members 21 with each other, may be made by the coupling operation in the lateral direction depending on the elasticity of the assembly protrusion (12a) and the assembly groove (21b), or may also be made by the coupling operation in the longitudinal direction (X direction). .

As shown in FIG. 7, the two assembling members coupled by the assembling protrusion 21a and the assembling groove 21b are predetermined relative to each other based on the center where the assembling protrusion 21a and the assembling groove 21b are coupled. It is preferable that it can be rotated at an angle θ, because it can adjust the size, shape, etc. of the body 40 according to the installation conditions, such as the thickness (W1) of the upper end of the soundproof wall. The angle θ may be 20 °, for example.

The assembly member 21 is manufactured by extrusion molding, and may be manufactured to have a length (length in the X direction) of several to several tens of meters at a small initial cost (hundreds of thousands of won). In addition, since the body 40 may be manufactured by assembling a number of the same assembly member 21 (eight in this embodiment, but the present invention is not limited thereto), the cross-section of the assembly member 21 ( The size of the cross section corresponding to the YZ plane) can be designed to be small, thereby reducing the cost of the equipment including the mold for extrusion. For this reason, the noise reduction device 20 according to the present embodiment can be manufactured at a significantly lower cost than the conventional noise reduction device.

In the body 40 of the noise reduction apparatus according to the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, two assembling members 21 disposed at the uppermost side are detachably assembled by the assembling medium member 21d. This is to ensure that two cross sections disposed at the lowermost side of the body 40 and facing each other have the same shape, which means that the two cross sections are both the assembling protrusions 21a or the assembling grooves 21b. In this way, the coupling medium member coupled to one side portion 24a of the bracket 24 and the coupling medium member coupled to the opposite side portion may have the same shape.

In this embodiment, the two assembling members 21 disposed on the uppermost side are detachably assembled by the assembling mediating member 21d of the shape facing the back of the two assembling protrusions 21a. In this case, if there is no other assembly mediating member in the body 40, the two crossings disposed on the lowermost side of the body 40 is formed as the assembling projection (21a). In the present embodiment, the assembly mediating member 21d is disposed on the uppermost side of the body 40, but is not limited thereto. The assembly mediating member 21d may be disposed at any position within the body 40. The assembly medium member 21d may also be manufactured by extrusion molding.

The body 40 is detachably coupled to the bracket 24 via the coupling medium member 24b. When the assembling mediating member 21d is disposed between any two assembling members 21, the two assembling members 21 disposed at the lowermost side of the body 40 are connected via the coupling mediating member 24b. Although the assembly medium member 21d is disposed on one side of the two lowermost sides of the body 40, the assembly medium member 21d mediates the coupling medium member 24b. It may also be detachably coupled to the bracket (24).

The coupling medium member 24b has a flat portion fixed to the side portion 24a of the bracket 24 by a screw or the like, and a groove having a shape corresponding to the assembly protrusion 21a on the opposite side of the flat portion (assembling groove ( Grooves of the same or similar shape as 21b) are formed. By such a structure, the transverse portion disposed at the lowermost side of the body 40 may be detachably coupled to the coupling medium member 24b.

5 to 7, the assembling mediating member 21d may have a shape in which the backs of the two assembling grooves 21b are opposed to each other (in this case, the body 40). In the lowermost side of the body 40, the two transverse sections facing each other are formed as assembly grooves 21b, and on the opposite side of the flat portion of the coupling mediator 24b, the assembly grooves. Protrusions (protrusions of the same or similar shape as the assembling protrusions 21a) corresponding to 21b are formed.

The bracket 24 is mounted on the upper end of the soundproof wall 5, and has a 'c' shape with an open lower side. The inner width, which is the width between the two side parts 24a, is substantially the width W1 of the upper end of the soundproof wall. Made to be the same as Since the bracket 24 is usually manufactured by cutting and bending a metal plate, the width between the two side portions 24a is made to match the width W1 of the upper end of the soundproof wall, so that the number of bending is only two times. The manufacturing cost is reduced.

Unlike the bracket 4 used in the conventional noise reduction device 10, the reason why only two bendings are required in manufacturing the bracket 24 used in the noise reduction device 20 according to the present embodiment is the body ( This is because the spacing W3 between the two transverse portions disposed at the lowermost side of 40 can be adjusted by the number of assembly members 21 and the angle [theta].

The side portion 24a of the bracket 24 may be formed with a through hole 24a 'through which a screw for mounting to the upper end of the soundproof wall 5 may pass.

As shown in FIG. 7, a locking jaw 21c ′ is formed at an outer side of the assembly member 21, and the locking jaw 21c ′ has a protruding member 22, more specifically, an end portion of the protruding member ( 22c), the protruding member 22 is detachably coupled to the assembly member 21. 7 shows that the coupling groove 21c is formed on the outside of the assembly member 21, the coupling groove 21c is not necessarily required. That is, when two or more locking jaws 21c 'are spaced at regular intervals, the coupling groove 21c is not necessary.

The protruding member 22 is bent from each of the two side portions 22b extending from the center of the body 40 in an outward direction (a direction away from the center of the body) and the side portions to be caught by the locking jaw 21c '. It has an end 22c that can be.

The protruding member 22 shown in FIG. 5 is also shown to include a connecting portion 22a for connecting the two sides 22b, but this is not necessary, for example, the two sides 22b may be directly connected to each other. It may be. In addition, in the present embodiment, two kinds of protruding members 22 having different heights are adopted, which may be changed as necessary, and both protruding members having the same height may be adopted, and all protruding members having different heights may be adopted. It may be.

The noise reduction device 20 may further include an inner support member 23 supporting the assembly members 21 in the body so that the shape of the body 40 is not deformed. In particular, as described above, the two assembling members coupled by the assembling protrusion 21a and the assembling groove 21b have a predetermined angle with respect to each other based on the center where the assembling protrusion 21a and the assembling groove 21b are coupled. θ), the shape of the body 40 may be deformed in a state where the noise reduction device 20 is installed, which may degrade the function and / or aesthetics of the noise reduction device 20. Bar, by installing the inner support member 23 in the body 40, such degradation of function and / or aesthetics is prevented.

Even when two adjacent assembling members cannot be rotated with respect to each other, the internal sanitary state of the body 40 may deteriorate when the opening 40a of the body is open, and thus the opening 40a to the inner support member 23. ) Is preferable.

The inner support member 23 preferably includes a circumference 23a for directly supporting the assembly members 21 and a center portion 23b for supporting the circumference 23a and blocking the opening 40a. Do.

When the noise reduction device 20 having the above configuration is installed in the soundproof wall 5, one noise reduction device 20 is provided on one soundproof wall (one soundproof wall defined by two struts 2). Not only can be installed, but also one noise reduction device 20 may be installed in two or more soundproof walls (5) standing in series, the time and cost required for the installation of the noise reduction device 20 is conventional It is significantly reduced in comparison with the above.

The sound barrier 5 is usually installed at the boundary of the road, and in general, most of the noise (most of the noise generated by the horn and the noise generated between the tire and the ground) is generated below the middle height of the sound barrier.

The noise proceeding toward the noise reduction device 20 among the noise generated as described above is extinguished by offset interference in the 'V' shaped space formed by the body 40 and two adjacent protruding members 22, Or reflected by the body 40 and / or the protruding member 22 toward the road side. In any case, noise generated on the road and crossing the soundproof wall 5 is reduced by the noise reduction device 20.

The noise reduction device 20 having the configuration as described above has an unevenness to be fitted (combined projection 21a and the assembling groove 21b, the end 22c of the protruding member and the locking jaw 21c ') as compared with the conventional noise reduction device. Since the number of c) is remarkably small, the cost required for assembly is remarkably reduced.

In addition, the noise reduction device 20 having the above configuration can be stored and transported by stacking the assembly members 21 with respect to each other and the protrusion members 22 with respect to each other before being installed. There is an advantage that the cost of transport is significantly reduced compared to the conventional noise reduction device.

Furthermore, in the case of the noise reduction device 20 having the above configuration, since the protruding member 22 can be easily replaced, it is easy to replace and repair when some of the protruding members 22 are damaged.

Furthermore, even in the case of improving the performance of the already installed noise reduction device 20, the noise reduction device 20 is completely removed from the previously installed body 40 without the need to completely remove the new noise reduction device. Since the protruding member 22 can be separated and a new protruding member can be combined, there is an advantage that the cost and time required for improving the performance are reduced.

The shape of the noise reduction device 20 according to the present embodiment is not limited to that shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. For example, if the front view of the noise reduction device 20 according to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 6 is simplified as shown in FIG. 8 (a), the first embodiment will be shown in FIG. ), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), or (h) as shown.

Hereinafter, a noise reduction device 120 according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 9 but focusing on matters different from the first embodiment.

The present embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the sound absorbing material 122d is disposed between the two side portions 122b of the protruding member 122, and the sound absorbing hole is formed in at least a part of the protruding member (preferably the entire area). 122 'is formed.

When the protruding member 122 has such a configuration, since a considerable amount of noise reaching the noise reduction device 120 is absorbed and extinguished by the sound absorbing material 122d, the noise reduction effect is improved.

On the other hand, the protruding member 122 has an end portion 122c similarly to the protruding member 22 of the first embodiment, and may further include a connecting portion 122a as necessary. In addition, the matters not described in relation to the present embodiment are the same as the matters of the first embodiment, and the present embodiment may be modified like the modifications of the first embodiment.

Hereinafter, a noise reduction device 220 according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 10 but focusing on matters different from the first embodiment.

The present embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that one of the two opposing cross sections disposed on the lowermost side of the body 240 is formed as the assembling protrusion 221a and the other cross section is the assembling groove 221b. Is formed, one side portion of the bracket 224 is coupled to the coupling medium member 224b is formed with a groove corresponding to the assembly protrusion (221a) and the other side projections of the shape corresponding to the assembly groove (221b) The coupling mediator member 224a formed is coupled, and the body 240 is detachably coupled to the coupling mediator members 224a and 224b.

In this case, the assembling medium member 21d included in the first embodiment is unnecessary. In addition, the matters not described in relation to the present embodiment are the same as the matters of the first embodiment, and the present embodiment may be modified like the modifications of the first embodiment.

Hereinafter, a noise reduction device 320 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 11 but focusing on matters different from the first embodiment.

The present embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the bracket 324 has an upper portion 324b having a '∧' shaped cross section and two lower portions 324a extending vertically downward from the upper portion thereof. , The coupling mediating member 324c is coupled to both inclined surfaces of the upper side.

If the thickness W1 of the sound insulation wall is considerably thick, the width W3 between the two lower end portions disposed at the lowermost side of the body of the noise reduction device 320 due to the limitation of the angle θ described in the first embodiment. It may be difficult to fit the thickness (W1), in this case, by adopting the '24' shaped bracket 24, the lower side is adopted in the first embodiment to mount the noise reduction device 320 to the upper end of the soundproof wall Difficult to do

In this case, the brackets 4a and 4b shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be adopted as in the conventional case, but in this case, the number of times that the metal plate must be bent to produce the brackets 4a and 4b is six times. There is a problem that it is difficult to reduce the cost.

On the contrary, if the bracket 324 as in the present embodiment is adopted, the number of bending of the metal plate required to manufacture the bracket can be reduced to three times, thereby reducing the cost. In addition, the matters not described in relation to the present embodiment are the same as the matters of the first embodiment, and the present embodiment may be modified like the modifications of the first embodiment.

A noise reduction device in the form of a combination of any one or more of the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment, the fourth embodiment, and their respective modifications can also be considered. Those skilled in the art will not be described separately because they can be sufficiently derived from the above description. The noise reduction device of the combined type is of course within the scope of the present invention.

According to the present invention there is provided a noise reduction device that requires less manufacturing initial cost.

In addition, according to the present invention there is provided a noise reduction device that reduces the cost and time required for assembly.

Furthermore, according to the present invention, a noise reduction device having a bracket having a low manufacturing cost is provided because the number of bendings is reduced.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a noise reduction device that is easy to modify and repair for performance and low cost.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a noise reduction device for reducing the cost of storage and transportation.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, this is merely exemplary, and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and equivalent other embodiments are possible. Therefore, the true technical protection scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims.

Claims (11)

Longitudinal assembly members are formed by being separably coupled in the transverse direction with respect to each other, having a shape of a tunnel as a whole, the lower side is an open body; Protruding members detachably coupled to the outside of the assembly members; A bracket mounted to an upper end of the soundproof wall; And And a coupling medium member for mediating the coupling between the body and the bracket. The method of claim 1, The assembly member is manufactured by extrusion molding so that an assembly protrusion is formed at one cross section and an assembly groove having a shape corresponding to the other cross section is formed, and the assembly protrusion of one assembly member is detachable from the assembly groove of the other assembly member. Noise reduction device characterized in that the fitting. The method of claim 2, The assembly members coupled by the assembly protrusion and the assembly groove can be rotated relative to each other. The method of claim 3, wherein A locking step is formed on the outside of the assembly member, the noise reduction device, characterized in that the protruding member is detachably coupled to the locking step. The method of claim 4, wherein The protruding member has two side portions extending outwardly from the center of the body, and end portions which are bent from each of the side portions to be caught on the locking jaw. The method of claim 5, The noise reduction device is disposed between the two sides, characterized in that the sound absorbing hole is formed in at least a portion of the protruding member. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, Noise reduction device further comprises an inner support member for supporting the assembly members in the interior of the body so that the shape of the body is not deformed. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, The body further includes an assembly mediating member, the two crossings facing each other disposed on the lowermost side of the body has the same shape, the coupling mediator coupled to one side of the bracket and the coupling mediator coupled to the other side Has the same shape, the body is a noise reduction device, characterized in that detachably coupled to the coupling medium member. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, One of the two cross sections facing each other disposed on the lowermost side of the body is formed as an assembly protrusion and the other cross section is formed as an assembly groove, one side of the bracket is formed with a groove having a shape corresponding to the assembly protrusion The mediating member is coupled to the other side is coupled to the coupling mediator member is formed with a projection corresponding to the assembly groove, the body is a noise reduction device, characterized in that detachably coupled to the coupling mediator member. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, The bracket has a 'c' shape of the lower side, the inner width of the noise reduction device, characterized in that substantially the same as the thickness of the upper end of the soundproof wall. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, The bracket has an upper portion having a '∧' shape and two lower portions extending vertically downward from the upper portion, and the coupling mediator is coupled to both inclined surfaces of the upper portion. .

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