KR100298115B1 - Foot massager capable of making the foot warm and cool - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: Provided is a feet massage equipment with cooling and heating function which gives user excellent cooling or heating effect during summer or winter. CONSTITUTION: The feet massage equipment with cooling and heating function comprises the parts of: a container(101) in which a pair of grips and an exhaust port(103) are placed; an internal casing(110) which is placed in the container with a porous massage plate adhered to bottom(111); a cooling system which includes an evaporator(140), a compressor(142), a condenser(144) and a capillary tube(143); a heating system which includes a heater line(130) and a power line(134); an oscillation motor(190) which is placed under the internal casing to vibrate the massage plate; a switch tool which permits an operation signal to the cooling system, the heating system and the oscillation motor; and a controller(150) which controls the operation of the cooling system, the heating system and the oscillation motor.

Description

Foot massager capable of making the foot warm and cool

The present invention relates to a foot massage device, and more particularly, by applying the principle of the cooling cycle and the heating cycle around the inner casing that can accommodate a certain amount of water and by hitting the massage plate installed on the bottom of the inner casing with a vibration motor. In addition, not only can the user keep the feet in the inner casing cool or warm during the hot summer or cold winter, but also provide a refreshing feeling to the user, as well as provide a massage effect on the sole of the foot, which is beneficial for health promotion. Relates to a device.

There is a growing interest in improving the quality of life as the industry develops and as a result, life is enriched. In line with this trend, most modern people have paid much attention to leisure.

In summer, for example, you take a vacation and leave summer vacation with your family and friends to the river or sea. However, people who are busy with work or have not come on vacation have a lot of time to work at home or at home despite the sweltering weather of abnormal high temperatures due to environmental pollution. At this time, a lot of people simply chased the heat while taking a shower, etc. This temporarily feels cool, but quickly get tired of the heat. On the other hand, it is also common to operate a cooling device such as an air conditioner or a fan to avoid the summer, in which case there is a problem that excessive cooling costs.

On the other hand, in the winter to run the boiler or stove to chase the cold, even in this case it costs a lot of heating. In addition, in the office where the work is carried out, the boiler or electric heater is operated to keep the room temperature uninterrupted. In recent years, however, the operating time of boilers and heaters is often reduced due to cost savings for solving difficult economic reality.

Recently, multi-purpose air conditioners capable of performing the function of the air conditioner in the summer and the function of the heater in the winter are being actively developed. By the way, such a device is a lot of power consumption because you can feel the warmth or cool to operate over a certain time in summer or winter. In addition, even if there are not many people indoors, there is a drawback to run for the same time regardless of the number of people in order to chase the heat or cold.

Therefore, there is a need to develop a device capable of providing coolness or warmth to a small number of users while operating with a small amount of electric power during a hot summer or a cold winter.

The present invention has been made to solve the conventional problems and problems as described above, the object of the present invention is to install a cooling cycle and heating cycle around the inner casing that can accommodate a certain amount of water, the user in the inner casing It is to provide a foot massage device that allows the cooling cycle and the heating cycle to be selectively operated while the feet are positioned to feel cool and warm in hot summer or cold winter.

Another object of the present invention is to install a massage plate of the uneven structure on the inner bottom of the inner casing that can accommodate a certain amount of water, and by installing a vibration motor for hitting the massage plate on the lower side of the inner casing, the user in the inner casing It is to provide a foot massage device that can provide a massage function to the sole of the foot in the state.

1 is a plan view of a foot massage device according to the present invention,

2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the foot massage device according to the present invention, and

3 is a state diagram of use of the foot massage device according to the present invention.

<Explanation of symbols for main parts of drawing>

100: foot massage device 101: container

103 exhaust port 104 instrument panel

105: operation mode selection switch 106: first control switch

107: second control switch 108: pump operation switch

110: inner casing 112: massage plate

130: heater line 134: power line

140: evaporator 142: compressor

144: condenser 150: controller

152: blower 154: electric pump

158: nozzle 170: water container

172: collecting pipe 174: drain

180: insulation 182: support bracket

184: clamping bolt 190: vibration motor

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention,

A pair of handles are attached to an outer upper portion, and a container formed at an upper side thereof with an exhaust port;

An inner casing installed in the container, attached to the bottom with a massage plate, and adapted to receive a certain amount of water;

A tubular evaporator disposed around the inner casing, a compressor in communication with the evaporator through a first refrigerant vapor passage, a tubular evaporator in communication with the compressor via a second refrigerant vapor passage and disposed below the side wall of the container. A cooling system having a condenser and a capillary tube in communication with the condenser through a third refrigerant vapor passage and in communication with the evaporator through a fourth refrigerant vapor passage;

A heating system having a tubular heater line disposed around the inner casing and a power line electrically connected to the heater line;

A vibration motor disposed at an outer lower side of the inner casing and configured to vibrate the massage plate;

Switch means mounted on the instrument panel located on the upper side of the container, for applying an operation signal of the cooling system, the heating system and the vibration motor; And

It receives a signal applied from the switch means provides a foot massage device comprising a controller for controlling the operation of the cooling system, the heating system, the vibration motor.

The foot massage device is disposed between the evaporator and the heater line to insulate the inner casing, a support bracket made of a synthetic plastic material disposed under the lower end of the insulator, and is installed between the insulator and the side wall. A blower for providing a blower air for circulating cold or warm air by receiving an operation signal from the switch means, and installed between the heat insulating material and the side wall opposite to an installation position of the blower, and receiving an operation signal from the switch means It further comprises an electric pump for circulating a portion of the water to form a stream of water for flowing cold or warm air.

As described above, in the foot massage device according to the present invention, a cooling cycle and a heating cycle are installed around an inner casing capable of accommodating a certain amount of water, and a massage plate having an uneven structure is installed on the inner bottom of the inner casing. In addition, by installing a mechanical / electronic vibration motor that can strike the massage plate on the lower side of the inner casing, it is possible to obtain excellent cooling or heating effect with little power in hot summer or cold winter, and massage effect on the sole of the foot. You can get it.

Hereinafter, a foot massage device according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 is a plan view of a foot massage device according to the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, the foot massage device 100 according to the present invention includes a cylindrical container 101 made of synthetic plastic. A pair of handles 102 are attached to an outer upper portion of the container 101, and an exhaust port 103 is formed above the container 101 at an adjacent position of the handle 102. A protective net (not shown) is mounted above the exhaust port 103.

The container 101 is provided with a cylindrical inner casing 110 made of stainless steel. The bottom of the inner casing 110 is attached to the porous massage plate 112 made of synthetic resin. The massage plate 112 includes a plurality of protrusions 114 having a shape suitable for stimulating the sole of a person. A funnel groove 116 is formed at an upper radial side of the inner casing 110 to facilitate discharging water contained in the inner casing 110.

The upper side of the container 101, the instrument panel 104 is mounted. The instrument panel 104 is equipped with a two-stage operation mode selection switch 105 that allows the user to select the cooling mode and the heating mode of the foot massage apparatus 100. The selection switch 105 performs the operation switch function of the blower 152 (refer FIG. 2) which will be described later. A pair of display lamps 105a and 105b are attached to both sides of the selection switch 105 to visually distinguish between the cooling mode and the heating mode of the foot massage device 100. The first display lamp 105a is blue to indicate the cooling mode of the foot massage device 100, and the second display lamp 105b is red to indicate the heating mode of the foot massage device 100.

In a position adjacent to the selector switch 105, on the instrument panel 104 is mounted a first control switch 106 for adjusting the intensity of vibration and a second control switch 107 for adjusting the intensity of cooling / heating. A pump operation switch 108 is provided between the first control switch 106 and the second control switch 107 to apply an operation signal of the electric pump 154 which will be described later.

2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the foot massage device according to the present invention.

Referring to Figure 2, the inner casing 110 receives the user's foot. The bottom 111 of the inner casing 110 is formed to be inclined at an angle so as to feel comfortable when the user puts the foot into the inner casing 110 in a state of sitting on a chair. A plurality of openings 113 penetrate through the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110.

A welding layer 120 is attached to the radially outer side of the inner casing 110. The welding layer 120 serves to attach the heater line 130 of the heating system to perform the heating function and the evaporator 140 of the cooling system to perform the cooling function to the outer wall of the inner casing 110. In other words, the heater line 130 and the tubular evaporator 140 made of copper wire are spirally wound and mounted on the outer surface of the inner casing 110 by the welding layer 120.

Both ends of the heater line 130 wound around the inner casing 110 are connected to the power line 134 via a connection terminal 132 provided in the lower portion of the inner space S1 defined by the container 101. Connected. The power line 134 is connected to a controller 150 for controlling the cooling system and the heating system of the foot massage device 100. The controller 150 is installed on the bottom wall 101a of the container 101 in the inner space S1 and extends to the outside of the foot massage device 100 to have an electric plug 109a at the distal end. Power is received from an external power supply source (see FIG. 1).

Meanwhile, one end of the evaporator 140 wound around the inner casing 110 is connected to the compressor 142 through the first refrigerant vapor passage 161. The compressor 142 sucks and compresses refrigerant air circulated around the inner casing 110 through the evaporator 140, and discharges the compressed high-pressure refrigerant toward the condenser 144.

To this end, the compressor 142 is connected to one end of the condenser 144 through the second refrigerant vapor passage 162. In this case, the second refrigerant vapor passage 162 is connected to one end of the condenser 144 through the sump 170 to dissipate heat of the refrigerant discharged from the compressor 142.

The sump 170 is to collect and evaporate condensed water generated on the outer surface of the evaporator 140 in the cooling operation mode of the foot massage device 100, and the heater line 130 and the evaporator 140 are installed inside. One side communicates with the collecting pipe 172 extending from the lower portion of the periphery of the casing 110. One end of the drain 174 extending to the outside of the foot massage device 100 is connected to the other lower portion of the sump 170. At the end of the drain 174, a valve 176 is installed. The drain valve 176 opens when cleaning the sump 170.

On the other hand, the condenser 144 is to condense the refrigerant discharged from the compressor 142 at high temperature and high pressure into a high pressure liquid refrigerant, and emits a lot of heat to the outside. Accordingly, the temperature of the lower portion of the foot massage apparatus 100 may increase due to the heat emitted from the condenser 144. As a countermeasure, the condenser 144 may have a sidewall (side) of the container 101 to facilitate contact with the outside air. 101b) is inserted into the plurality of fixing grooves 101c formed inside the lower portion, and a plurality of heat dissipation holes 118 penetrate through the bottom of the container 101. As a result, the condenser 144 heats the heat of the high temperature provided from the compressor 142 to the outside. In addition, a plurality of wheels 119 are mounted on the bottom of the container 101.

The other end of the condenser 144 circulated under the side wall 101b of the container 101 is connected to one end of the capillary tube 143 through the third refrigerant vapor passage 163. The other end of the carrier tube 143 is connected to the other end of the evaporator 140 through the fourth refrigerant vapor passage 164.

On the other hand, the heat insulation member 180 made of polyurethane is installed on the radially outer side of the heater line 130 and the evaporator 140 wound spirally outside the inner casing 110. The heat insulator 180 surrounds the heater line 132 and the evaporator 140 to provide heat insulation to the inner casing 110.

Under the lower end of the heat insulator 180, a support bracket 182 of a synthetic plastic material is disposed. The support bracket 182 is for supporting the inner casing 110, the heater line 132, the evaporator 140, and the heat insulator 180, which are sequentially mounted on the radially outer side of the inner casing 110. The support bracket 182 is fixedly supported by the horizontal frame 101d extending transversely between the side walls 101b of the container 101. That is, the support bracket 182 is settled in the bracket site 101e provided in the middle of the horizontal frame 101d. The horizontal frame 101d is fixed to the bottom wall 101a of the container 101 by a plurality of vertical clamping bolts 184.

The blower 152 is installed between the heat insulating material 180 and the side wall 101b of the container 101. The blower 152 is mounted on the inner surface of the side wall 101b, and one end of the blower line 151 is connected to one side of the blower 152. The blowing line 151 extends to the support bracket 182 and the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110, and the other end of the extending blowing line 151 is a groove formed in the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110. It is connected to the blower pipe 153 which is a capillary tube arrange | positioned at ((reference mark abbreviation)). The blower tube 153 is evenly disposed on the entire bottom 111 of the inner casing 110 and is covered by the porous massage plate 112 attached to the bottom 111.

The electric pump 154 is provided between the heat insulating material 180 and the side wall 101b of the container 101 facing the installation position of the blower 152. The electric pump 154 is mounted on the inner surface of the side wall 101b, and one end of the absorption line 155 and the drain line 156 is connected to the electric pump 154. Absorption line 155 holds the water W of the inner casing 110 past the insulation 180, the installation space of the heater line 130 and the evaporator 140, the weld layer 120 and the walls of the inner casing 110. Extends to space. The drain line 156 extends to the support bracket 182 and the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110, and the other end of the extended drain line 156 is between the massage plate 112 attached to the bottom 111. Exposed to a certain height in the upward direction. The other end of the drain line 156 is equipped with a nozzle 158.

On the other hand, in the space (S2) formed on the upper surface of the support bracket 182 and the bottom outer surface of the inner casing 110, a plurality of vibration motor 190 for hitting the massage plate 112 in the inner casing 110 Is placed. The vibration motor 190 operates when the current is applied from the controller 150 by operating the first control switch 106 installed on the instrument panel 104.

Preferably, the vibration motor 190 may be configured mechanically. For example, it may be made of a commercially available electric motor, a cam device composed of a driven shaft that rotates by receiving power from the electric motor and a driven shaft that vertically moves up and down. At this time, the driven joint (not shown) is configured to strike the massage plate 112 through the opening 113 formed in the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110 as the operating member of the vibration motor 190.

Alternatively, the vibration motor 190 may be composed of a vertical vibration motor using the principle of a commercially available electromagnet. For example, by fixing the vertical striking rod to the top of the coil and vibrating the diaphragm by the interaction of the stationary magnet and the magnetic field by the coil, a vertical striking rod (not shown), which is an operating member, is provided with It is configured to hit the massage plate 112 past the opening 113 formed in the (111).

Alternatively, the vibration motor 190 may use a commercially available vibrator or an electric / mechanical vibration generator. In this case, the opening 113 may not be formed in the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110.

Referring to the operation principle of the foot massage device 100 according to the present invention configured as described above are as follows.

3 is a state diagram of use of the foot massage device according to the present invention.

1 to 3, first, in order to use the foot massage device 100 according to the present invention in the summer, the foot massage device by inserting the electrical plug 109a of the cable 109 into an outlet (not shown) With the 100 connected to the power source, the person's foot is placed into the inner casing 110.

Next, the cooling mode is selected by pressing the operation mode selection switch 105 for cooling. Then, the first display lamp 105a, which is a blue light, is turned on to start the cooling mode. When the cooling mode is started, a current in a proper direction according to the cooling mode is applied from the controller 150 into the compressor 142 of the cooling system, whereby the compressor 142 compresses the high temperature / high pressure refrigerant to form the second refrigerant vapor. Discharge toward condenser 144 through passage 162. At this time, the high temperature and high pressure refrigerant is primarily radiated while passing through the sump 170 through the second refrigerant vapor passage 162.

The condenser 144 condenses the refrigerant discharged from the compressor 142 at a high temperature and high pressure into a high pressure liquid refrigerant, and then discharges it toward the capillary tube 143 through the third refrigerant vapor passage 163. At this time, since the condenser 144 is provided inside the side wall 101b of the container 101, the heat of the high temperature provided from the compressor 142 is secondarily radiated to the outside.

The high temperature and high pressure refrigerant passing through the capillary tube 143 is transferred toward the evaporator 140 through the fourth refrigerant vapor passage 164. The refrigerant circulating around the inner casing 110 through the evaporator 140 evaporates to gradually cool the inner casing 110. As a result, the user who put his foot in the inner casing 110 gradually feels cool.

On the other hand, pressing the operation mode selection switch 105 for the operation of the cooling system as described above, the blower 152 is operated separately from the operation of the cooling system. When the blower 152 is operated, air is supplied into the inner casing 110 through the blower line 151 and the blower tube 153. The air supplied in this way flows upward through the porous massage plate 112, and as a result, the user who put his foot in the inner casing 110 feels cooler because cold air is circulated by the blower airflow. .

At this time, when the user operates the first control switch 106 on the instrument panel 104 to receive the foot massage, a current is applied from the controller 150 to the vibration motor 190 to drive the vibration motor 190. An operating member (not shown) of the vibration motor 190 strikes the massage plate 112 through the opening 113 formed in the bottom 111 of the inner casing 110 to provide a vibration massage effect to the user's feet. do.

On the other hand, the user may operate the cooling system as described above in the state of pouring enough water (W) to sufficiently immerse the human foot into the inner casing 110 in order to double the cool effect. At this time, when the electric pump 154 is operated by turning on the pump operation switch 108 mounted on the instrument panel 104, some of the water W in the inner casing 110 passes through the absorption line 155. After being introduced into 154, it is pressurized and flows through drain line 156. Water supplied from the electric pump 154 through the drain line 156 is discharged upwardly into the inner casing 110 through the nozzle 158 provided at the end of the drain line 156.

As a result, an upward flow is formed in the water W in the inner casing 110, and as a result, the water W can be circulated in the inner casing 110. Therefore, the user who put his foot in the inner casing 110 feels even cooler.

On the other hand, in order to use the foot massage device 100 according to the present invention in the winter, the foot of the person is placed in the inner casing 110 with the foot massage device 100 connected to a power source.

Next, the heating mode is selected by pressing the operation mode selection switch 105 for heating. Then, the second display lamp 105b, which is a red light, is turned on to start the heating mode. When the heating mode is started, a current in a proper direction according to the heating mode is applied from the controller 150 to the heater line 130 through the power line 134, whereby the heater line 130 generates a certain amount of heat. The inner casing 110 is slowly heated. As a result, the user who put his foot in the inner casing 110 gradually feels warm.

On the other hand, when the operation mode selection switch 105 is pressed for the operation of the heating system as described above, the blower 152 is operated separately from the operation of the heating system. When the blower 152 is operated, the blower line 151 And air are supplied into the inner casing 110 through the blower pipe 153. The air supplied in this way flows upward through the porous massage plate 112, and as a result, the user who put his foot in the inner casing 110 feels warmer because the warm air is circulated by the blower airflow. .

At this time, when the user operates the first control switch 106 on the instrument panel 104 to receive a foot massage, as described above, a current is applied from the controller 150 to the vibration motor 190 so that the vibration motor 190 Is driven, thereby operating member (not shown) of the vibration motor 190 hits the massage plate 112 to provide a vibration massage effect to the user's feet.

On the other hand, the user may operate the heating system as described above in the state of pouring enough water (W) to immerse the feet of the person sufficiently into the inner casing 110 to double the warmth. At this time, when the electric pump 154 is operated by turning on the pump operation switch 108 mounted on the instrument panel 104, some of the water W in the inner casing 110 passes through the absorption line 155. After being introduced into 154, it is pressurized and flows through drain line 156. Water supplied from the electric pump 154 through the drain line 156 is discharged upwardly into the inner casing 110 through the nozzle 158 provided at the end of the drain line 156.

As a result, an upward flow is formed in the water W in the inner casing 110, and as a result, the water W can be circulated in the inner casing 110. Therefore, the user who put his foot in the inner casing 110 feels more warm.

As mentioned above, in the foot massage device 100 according to the present invention, a cooling cycle and a heating cycle are installed around the inner casing 110 that can accommodate a certain amount of water (W), and the inner casing 110. By installing the massage plate 112 of the concave-convex structure on the inner bottom of the), by installing a mechanical / electronic vibration motor 190 that can strike the massage plate 112 on the lower side of the inner casing 110, hot summer Even in the cold winter, it is possible to obtain excellent cooling or heating effect with less power, and massage effect on the sole.

In addition, the foot massage device 100 according to the present invention is easy to carry and install, can be easily used in various lodgings, as well as home or office.

While the above has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, those skilled in the art will be able to variously modify and change the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. It will be appreciated.

Claims (8)

A pair of handles 102 are attached to the outer upper portion, and a container 101 having an exhaust port 103 formed thereon; An inner casing 110 installed in the container 101, and having a porous massage plate 112 attached to the bottom 111 and accommodating a predetermined amount of water; The compressor 142 and the second refrigerant vapor passage 162 communicating with the evaporator 140 through the tubular evaporator 140 and the first refrigerant vapor passage 161 disposed around the inner casing 110. In communication with the compressor 142 through the tubular condenser 144 disposed inside the side wall 101b of the container 101, and the third refrigerant vapor passage 163 through the condenser 144 And a capillary tube 143 communicating with the evaporator 140 through a fourth refrigerant vapor passage 164; A heating system having a tubular heater line 130 disposed around the inner casing 110 and a power line 134 electrically connected to the heater line 134; A vibration motor disposed at an outer lower side of the inner casing 110 and configured to vibrate the massage plate 112; Switch means mounted on the instrument panel (104) located on the upper side of the container 101, for applying an operation signal of the cooling system, the heating system and the vibration motor (190); And Receives power from an external power supply, characterized in that it comprises a controller 150 for controlling the operation of the cooling system, the heating system, the vibration motor 190 according to the signal applied from the switch means Foot massage device. The foot massage device of claim 1, wherein the foot massage device is disposed outside the evaporator 140 and the heater line 130 to insulate the inner casing 110 from the heat insulator 180 and the heat insulator 180. To provide a blower that is installed between the support bracket 182, the heat insulating material 180 and the side wall 101b of the synthetic plastic material disposed below the lower end, and receives an operating signal from the switch means to circulate cold or warm air. Blower 152 for the installation and the installation position of the blower 152 between the heat insulating material 180 and the side wall (101b) is installed between the water in the inner casing 110 by receiving an operating signal from the switch means Foot massage device further comprises an electric pump (154) for circulating a portion to form a stream of water to flow cold or warm air. According to claim 2, wherein one end of the blower 152 is connected to one end of the blower line 151, the blower line 151 extends to the support bracket 182 and the bottom 111, thus extending The other end of the blower line 151 is connected to the blower pipe 153 evenly disposed in the groove formed in the bottom 111, the blower pipe 153 is characterized by being covered by the massage plate 112 Foot massage device. The method of claim 3, wherein one end of the absorption line 155 and the drain line 156 is connected to the electric pump 154, the absorption line 155 and the heat insulating material 180, the heater line 130 and It extends past the installation space of the evaporator 140, the wall of the inner casing 110 to the inner space of the inner casing 110, the drain line 156 is the support bracket 182 and the bottom 111 And the other end of the drain line 156 thus extended is exposed upwardly by a certain height between the massage plates 112, and the nozzle 158 is provided at the other end of the exposed drain line 156. Foot massage device, characterized in that mounted. 3. The bracket site according to claim 2, wherein the support bracket 182 is fixedly supported by a horizontal frame 101d extending transversely between the side walls 101b, and is provided in the middle of the horizontal frame 101d. Settled in 101e, the horizontal frame 101d is fixed to the bottom wall 101a of the container 101 by a plurality of vertical clamping bolts 184, and a plurality of heat dissipation holes on the bottom wall 101a. 118 is formed through the foot, characterized in that the vibration motor 190 is disposed in the space (S2) formed on the upper surface of the support bracket 182 and the bottom outer surface of the inner casing (110). Massage device. The method of claim 2, wherein the switch means, the operation mode selection switch 105, the vibration motor 190 for setting the cooling mode and the heating mode of the foot massage device 100 to operate the blower (152) A first control switch 106 for adjusting the intensity of vibration generated by the second control switch, a second control switch 107 for adjusting the intensity of cooling or heating, and a pump operation switch for operating the electric pump 166 ( A pair of display lamps 105a for visually distinguishing between the cooling mode and the heating mode of the foot massage device 100 on both sides of the selection switch 105 on the instrument panel 104. , 105b) is attached to the foot massage device. The massage device according to claim 1, wherein the massage plate (112) is made of synthetic resin and has a plurality of protrusions (114) having a shape suitable for stimulating the sole of a person. According to claim 1, The second refrigerant vapor passage 162 passes through the sump 170 to dissipate the heat of the high temperature transferred from the compressor 142, one side of the sump 170, The heater line 130 and the evaporator 140 is in communication with the collecting pipe 172 extending from the lower portion of the periphery of the inner casing 110 is installed, the other side of the collecting container 170 is the foot massage device 100 Foot massage device, characterized in that connected to one end of the drain (174) extending to the outside of, the valve 176 is installed at the end of the drain (174).