JPWO2020247472A5

JPWO2020247472A5 -

Info

Publication number: JPWO2020247472A5
Application number: JP2021572312A
Authority: JP
Publication date: 2023-06-12

Description

特許請求の範囲、並びに上記の本明細書において、「含む」、「包含する」、「担持する」、「有する」、「含有する」、「伴う」、「保持する」などの全ての移行句は、オープンエンド、すなわち、含むが限定されないことを意味するものと理解されるべきである。移行句「～からなる」及び「～から本質的になる」のみが、米国特許庁米国特許審査便覧（ＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓＰａｔｅｎｔＯｆｆｉｃｅＭａｎｕａｌｏｆＰａｔｅｎｔＥｘａｍｉｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ）、Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ２１１１．０３に記載されるように、それぞれクローズド又はセミクローズドの移行句であるものとする。
本明細書の開示内容は、以下の態様を含み得る。
（態様１）
多孔質支持膜と；
前記多孔質支持膜の少なくとも一部を被覆するシリカ系セラミックと
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含み、前記シリカ系セラミックが、１０ｎｍ以下の平均細孔径を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様２）
多孔質支持膜と；
前記多孔質支持膜上及び／若しくは前記多孔質支持膜内にコーティングを形成するシリカ系セラミックと
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含み、前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．００００１Ｓ／ｃｍ以上の塩化物イオン伝導性を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様３）
シリカ系セラミックを含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、１０重量％以上の吸水率及び１０％以下の線膨張を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様４）
多孔質支持膜と；
前記多孔質支持膜の少なくとも一部を被覆するシリカ系セラミックと
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含み、前記多孔質支持膜の細孔容積の５０％以上が、前記シリカ系セラミックによって充填される、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様５）
多孔質支持膜と；
前記多孔質支持膜上及び／若しくは前記多孔質支持膜内にコーティングを形成するシリカ系セラミックと
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含み、前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．０１ｍｅｑ／ｇ以上の陰イオン交換容量を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様６）
多孔質支持膜と；
前記多孔質支持膜の少なくとも一部を被覆するシリカ系セラミックと
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含み、前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記陰イオン交換膜のグラム当たり０．０１ｍｍｏｌ以上の量で、前記陰イオン交換膜中に存在する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様７）
シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換材料であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含み、
前記陰イオン交換材料が、０．０１ｍｅｑ／ｇ以上の陰イオン交換容量を有し、
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１０ｎｍ未満の平均細孔径を有する、陰イオン交換材料。
（態様８）
シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．０１ｍｅｑ／ｇ以上の陰イオン交換容量を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様９）
シリカ系セラミックを含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．０１ｍｅｑ／ｇ以上の陰イオン交換容量及び１０％以下の線膨張を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１０）
シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、６５％以上の陰イオン選択透過性を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１１）
シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．００００１Ｓ／ｃｍ以上の塩化物イオン伝導性を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１２）
シリカ系セラミックを含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．００００１Ｓ／ｃｍ以上の塩化物イオン伝導性及び１０％以下の線膨張を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１３）
シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記陰イオン交換膜が、１００ｍＬ／（ｈｒ・ｂａｒ・ｍ ^２）以下の浸透性水透過性を有する、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１４）
シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、細孔を含み、前記シリカ系セラミックの細孔の平均直径は、前記陰イオン交換膜が乾燥状態にあるときより、前記陰イオン交換膜が水和状態にあるとき、１．１倍以上大きい、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１５）
シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含むシリカ系セラミック
を含む陰イオン交換膜であって、前記シリカ系セラミックが、細孔を含み、ここで：
前記陰イオン交換膜が乾燥状態にあるとき、前記シリカ系セラミックの細孔は、散乱ベクトル、ｑの関数としての強度（Ｉ）を有する小角散乱スペクトルのモデルに適合し、以下のとおりであり：

式中、ａ、ｃ _１、及びｃ _２が、調整可能なパラメータであり、ｂｃｋが、バックグラウンド散乱であり；
前記陰イオン交換膜が水和状態にあるとき、前記シリカ系セラミックの細孔は、散乱ベクトル、ｑの関数としての強度（Ｉ）を有する小角散乱スペクトルのコアシェルモデルに適合し、以下のとおりであり：
Ｉ（ｑ）＝Ｐ（ｑ）Ｓ（ｑ）＋ｂｃｋ

式中、Ｒ _ｏが、構成単位（細孔）の半径であり、ρ _{ｓｏｌｖｅｎｔ} が、前記シリカ系セラミックの散乱長密度であり、Ｄ _ｆが、フラクタル次元であり、ξが、相関長であり、Γが、標準数学的ガンマ関数であり、スケールが、前記測定されたシリカ系セラミックの構成単位の体積分率であり、Ｖ _ｃが、前記コアの体積であり、Ｖ _ｓが、前記シェルの体積であり、ρ _ｃが、前記コアの散乱長密度であり、ρ _ｓが、前記シェルの散乱長密度であり、ρ _{ｂｌｏｃｋ} が、前記細孔の散乱長密度であり、ｒ _ｃが、前記コアの半径であり、ｒ _ｓが、前記シェルの半径であり、ｂｃｋが、バックグラウンド散乱である、陰イオン交換膜。
（態様１６）
電気化学的用途において態様１～６、８～１５、及び２１～１１３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜を使用するための方法であって、
前記陰イオン交換膜を電解質と接触させること；及び
電流を、前記電解質と電気通信している電極に通過させること
を含む、方法。
（態様１７）
電気化学的用途において態様７及び２１～１１３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換材料を使用するための方法であって、
前記陰イオン交換材料を電解質と接触させること；及び
電流を、前記電解質と電気通信している電極に通過させること
を含む、方法。
（態様１８）
吸着材料として態様１～６、８～１５、及び２１～１１３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜を使用するための方法であって、流体を前記陰イオン交換膜に通して流すこと；及び
前記流体の成分を吸着すること
を含む、方法。
（態様１９）
吸着材料として態様７及び２１～１１３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換材料を使用するための方法であって、流体を前記陰イオン交換材料に通して流すこと；及び
前記流体の成分を吸着すること
を含む、方法。
（態様２０）
分離用途において態様１～６、８～１５、及び２１～１１３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜を使用するための方法であって、膜間圧を前記陰イオン交換膜にかけることを含む、方法。
（態様２１）
前記シリカ系セラミックによって被覆された多孔質支持膜をさらに含む、態様１～２０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２２）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックに共有結合された第四級アンモニウム基を含む、態様１～２１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２３）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１０ｎｍ以下の平均細孔径を有する、態様１～２２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２４）
前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記多孔質支持膜の表面に直接隣接している、態様１～２３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２５）
前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料のグラム当たり０．０１ｍｍｏｌの量で、前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料中に存在する、態様１～２４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２６）
前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料のグラム当たり０．１ｍｍｏｌの量で、前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料中に存在する、態様１～２５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２７）
前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記コーティングの厚さにわたる第四級アンモニウム基の平均量に基づいて、前記シリカ系セラミック内に実質的に均一に分布される、態様１～２６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２８）
前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記コーティングの厚さにわたる第四級アンモニウム基の最大量に基づいて、前記シリカ系セラミック内に実質的に均一に分布される、態様１～２７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様２９）
前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料が、０．０１ｍｅｑ／ｇ以上の陰イオン交換容量を有する、態様１～２８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３０）
前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料が、０．１ｍｅｑ／ｇ以上の陰イオン交換容量を有する、態様１～２９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３１）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックの６重量％以上の量のＳｉを含む、態様１～３０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３２）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記シリカ系セラミックの１．５ｍｏｌ％以上の量のＳｉを含む、態様１～３１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３３）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、１０％以下の線膨張を有する、態様１～３２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３４）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、５％以下の線膨張を有する、態様１～３３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３５）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、６５％以上の陰イオン選択透過性を有する、態様１～３４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３６）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．００００１Ｓ／ｃｍ以上の塩化物伝導性を有する、態様１～３５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３７）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、１００ｍＬ／（ｈｒ・ｂａｒ・ｍ ^２）以下の浸透性水透過性を有する、態様１～３６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３８）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、５０ｍＬ／（ｈｒ・ｂａｒ・ｍ ^２）以下の浸透性水透過性を有する、態様１～３７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様３９）
前記第四級アンモニウム基及び多孔質支持膜を含む前記シリカ系セラミック間に介在層が存在しない、態様１～３８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４０）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、細孔を含み、前記シリカ系セラミックの前記細孔の平均直径は、前記陰イオン交換膜が乾燥状態にあるときより、前記陰イオン交換膜が水和状態にあるとき、１．１倍以上大きい、態様１～３９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４１）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、細孔を含み、前記シリカ系セラミックの細孔の平均直径は、前記陰イオン交換膜が乾燥状態にあるときより、前記陰イオン交換膜が水和状態にあるとき、５倍以下小さい、態様１～４０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４２）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、細孔を含み、ここで：
前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料が乾燥状態にあるとき、前記シリカ系セラミックの細孔は、散乱ベクトル、ｑの関数としての強度（Ｉ）を有する小角散乱スペクトルのモデルに適合し、以下のとおりであり：

式中、ａ、ｃ _１、及びｃ _２が、調整可能なパラメータであり、ｂｃｋが、バックグラウンド散乱であり；
前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料が水和状態にあるとき、前記シリカ系セラミックの細孔は、散乱ベクトル、ｑの関数としての強度（Ｉ）を有する小角散乱スペクトルのコアシェルモデルに適合し、以下のとおりであり：
Ｉ（ｑ）＝Ｐ（ｑ）Ｓ（ｑ）＋ｂｃｋ

式中、Ｒ _ｏが、構成単位（細孔）の半径であり、ρ _{ｓｏｌｖｅｎｔ} が、前記シリカ系セラミックの散乱長密度であり、Ｄ _ｆが、フラクタル次元であり、ξが、相関長であり、Γが、標準数学的ガンマ関数であり、スケールが、前記測定されたシリカ系セラミックの構成単位の体積分率であり、Ｖ _ｃが、前記コアの体積であり、Ｖ _ｓが、前記シェルの体積であり、ρ _ｃが、前記コアの散乱長密度であり、ρ _ｓが、前記シェルの散乱長密度であり、ρ _{ｂｌｏｃｋ} が、前記細孔の散乱長密度であり、ｒ _ｃが、前記コアの半径であり、ｒ _ｓが、前記シェルの半径であり、ｂｃｋが、バックグラウンド散乱である、態様１～４１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４３）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、前記多孔質支持膜上に単層を形成する、態様１～４２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４４）
前記第四級アンモニウム基が、前記多孔質支持膜の表面の１μｍ内にある、態様１～４３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４５）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、ゾルゲルから誘導される、態様１～４４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４６）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、アンモニウム基又は脱離基を含む部分を含むケイ素含有前駆体の共縮合から誘導される、態様１～４５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４７）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１：１以上のケイ素対窒素のモル比を有する、態様１～４６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４８）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１２０：１以下のケイ素対窒素のモル比を有する、態様１～４７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様４９）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１：１００以上のケイ素対炭素のモル比を有する、態様１～４８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５０）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１：５０以上のケイ素対炭素のモル比を有する、態様１～４９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５１）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、３，０００：１以下のケイ素対炭素のモル比を有する、態様１～５０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５２）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、窒素を含むシランを含有する混合物から誘導される、態様１～５１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５３）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、構造（ＩＶ）：

を有する化合物を含む混合物から誘導され、式中、Ｒ ^１、Ｒ ^２、及びＲ ^３が、独立して、任意に置換されるＣ _１～１８アルコキシ及びハロから選択され、Ｌが、任意に置換されるＣ _１～１８アルキレン及びアリーレンから選択され、Ｘが脱離基である、態様１～５２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５４）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、構造（Ｖ）：

を有する化合物を含む混合物から誘導され、式中、Ａ ^１が、独立して、水素、メチル、エチル、プロピル、又はブチルから選択され、ｎが、１以上及び１８以下であり、Ｘが脱離基である、態様１～５３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５５）
Ｘが、クロロ、ブロモ、ヨード、トシル、及びトリフルオロメタンスルホニルから選択される、態様１～５４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５６）
前記シリカセラミックが、（３－クロロプロピル）トリエトキシシランを含む混合物から誘導される、態様１～５５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５７）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、構造（ＶＩ）：

を有する化合物を含む混合物から誘導され、式中、Ｒ ^４、Ｒ ^５、及びＲ ^６が、独立して、任意に置換されるＣ _１～１８アルコキシ及びハロから選択され、Ｌが、任意に置換されるＣ _１～１８アルキレン及びアリーレンから選択され、Ｒ ^７、Ｒ ^８、及びＲ ^９が、独立して、任意に置換されるＣ _１～１８アルキル、シクリル、及びアリールから選択される、態様１～５６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５８）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、構造（ＶＩＩ）：

を有する化合物を含む混合物から誘導され、式中、Ａ ^２が、独立して、水素、メチル、エチル、プロピル、又はブチルから選択され、ｎが、１以上及び１８以下であり、Ｒ ^１０、Ｒ ^１１、及びＲ ^１２が、独立して、メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチル、シクロヘキシル、及びベンジルから選択される、態様１～５７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様５９）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、トリメトキシシリルプロピル－Ｎ，Ｎ，Ｎ－トリメチルアンモニウムを含む混合物から誘導される、態様１～５８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６０）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、構造（ＶＩＩＩ）：

を有する化合物を含む混合物から誘導され、式中、Ｒ ^１３が、独立して、水素又は任意に置換されるＣ _１～１８アルキルから選択される、態様１～５９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６１）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、オルトケイ酸テトラエチルの構造を有する化合物を含む混合物から誘導される、態様１～６０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６２）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１：０．０１～２０：１～３０のモル比で、構造（ＶＩＩＩ）を有する化合物、構造（ＩＶ）を有する化合物、及び水を含む混合物から誘導される、態様１～６１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６３）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１：０．０１～２０：１～３０のモル比で、構造（ＶＩＩＩ）を有する化合物、構造（ＶＩ）を有する化合物、及び水を含む混合物から誘導される、態様１～６２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６４）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、１μｍ以下の平均細孔径を有する、態様１～６３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６５）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、２ｎｍ以下の平均細孔径を有する、態様１～６４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６６）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、０．２５ｎｍ以上の平均細孔径を有する、態様１～６５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６７）
前記陰イオン交換膜又は材料が、１％以上の容積空隙率を有する、態様１～６６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６８）
前記陰イオン交換膜又は材料が、７０％以下の容積空隙率を有する、態様１～６７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様６９）
前記シリカ系セラミックの前記細孔が、４０：１以下のアスペクト比を有する、態様１～６８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７０）
前記シリカ系セラミックの前記細孔が、秩序化構造を有する、態様１～６９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７１）
前記シリカ系セラミックの前記細孔が、ほぼ球形である、態様１～７０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７２）
前記シリカ系セラミックの前記細孔が、１０以下のｃｈｉ ^２／Ｎ値で、小角散乱スペクトルの球形モデルに適合し、ここで、Ｎが、前記球形モデル当てはめ範囲にわたる点小角散乱データ点の数である、態様１～７１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７３）
前記シリカ系セラミックが、フラクタル多孔質構造を有する、態様１～７２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７４）
前記シリカ系セラミックの前記細孔が、０．８以下の細孔半径の対数正規多分散指数を有する、態様１～７３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７５）
前記多孔質支持膜が、前記シリカ系セラミックの非存在下で、５０ｎｍ以上の平均細孔径を有する細孔を含む、態様１～７４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７６）
前記多孔質支持膜が、前記シリカ系セラミックの非存在下で、５０μｍ以下の平均細孔径を有する細孔を含む、態様１～７５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７７）
前記多孔質支持膜が、３μｍ以上の断面厚さを有する、態様１～７６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７８）
前記多孔質支持膜が、１，０００μｍ以下の断面厚さを有する、態様１～７７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様７９）
前記多孔質支持膜が、１０％以上の容積空隙率を有する、態様１～７８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８０）
前記多孔質支持膜が、９９％以下の容積空隙率を有する、態様１～７９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８１）
前記多孔質支持膜が、１０ｎｍ以上の平均直径を有する支持構成要素を含む、態様１～８０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８２）
前記多孔質支持膜が、５０μｍ以下の平均直径を有する支持構成要素を含む、態様１～８１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８３）
前記支持構成要素が、繊維、撚り糸、及びワイヤから選択される、態様１～８２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８４）
前記多孔質支持膜が、不織布若しくはメッシュ、ベール、編布、織布若しくはメッシュ、連続気泡構造、フィブリル及びノード構造、又は連続気泡フォームの形態である、態様１～８３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８５）
前記多孔質支持膜が、ポリマー材料を含む、態様１～８４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８６）
前記ポリマー材料が、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン、ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリアセトニトリル、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリスルホン、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリジメチルシロキサン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、セルロース、ミクロフィブリル化セルロース、ナノフィブリル化セルロース、又はそれらの組合せ若しくは誘導体を含む、態様１～８５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８７）
前記多孔質支持膜が、セラミック材料を含む、態様１～８６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８８）
前記セラミック材料が、ホウケイ酸ガラス、シリカ、チタニア、ジルコニア、アルミナ、炭化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素、窒化ホウ素、ケイ酸リチウム、ケイ酸カリウム、酸化スズ、酸化鉄、又はそれらの組合せを含む、態様１～８７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様８９）
前記多孔質支持膜が、金属及び／又は金属合金を含む、態様１～８８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９０）
前記金属及び／又は金属合金が、鉄又は鋼を含む、態様１～８９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９１）
前記多孔質支持膜が、前記支持膜の表面に１つ以上の両親媒性分子を含む、態様１～９０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９２）
前記両親媒性分子が、アルキル硫酸ナトリウム、スルホコハク酸ジアルキル、又はアルキルトリメチルアンモニウムハロゲン化物を含む、態様１～９１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９３）
前記多孔質支持膜の細孔容積の５０％以上が、前記シリカ系セラミックによって充填される、態様１～９２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９４）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、ポリマー材料を含む縁取り材料を含む、態様１～９３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９５）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、シリコーン、エポキシ、ポリウレタン、アクリル、シリコーンゴム、ポリ（スチレン－イソプレン－スチレン）、ポリ（スチレン－イソブチレン－スチレン）、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン、ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリアセトニトリル、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリスルホン、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリジメチルシロキサン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、セルロース、又はそれらの組合せ若しくは誘導体を含む縁取り材料を含む、態様１～９４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９６）
前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料が、１％以上の吸水率を有する、態様１～９５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９７）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．５％以下の線膨張を有する、態様１～９６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９８）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、０．０１％以上の線膨張を有する、態様１～９７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様９９）
前記陰イオン交換膜又は陰イオン交換材料が、８５％以上の陰イオン選択透過性を有する、態様１～９８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１００）
前記多孔質支持膜が、１．５Ｎ以上の機械的破裂圧力を有する、態様１～９９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０１）
前記多孔質支持膜が、２．０ポンド以上／平方インチ（ＰＳＩ）の機械的破裂圧力を有する、態様１～１００のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０２）
前記脱離基が、クロロ、ブロモ、ヨード、トシル、及びトリフルオロメタンスルホニルから選択される、態様１～１０１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０３）
前記脱離基がクロロである、態様１～１０２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０４）
前記アミンが第三級アミンである、態様１～１０３のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０５）
前記アミンがトリメチルアミンである、態様１～１０４のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０６）
前記陰イオン交換材料が、樹脂の形態である、態様１～１０５のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０７）
前記陰イオン交換材料が、複数の粒子の形態である、態様１～１０６のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０８）
前記粒子が、１μｍ以上の平均最大断面寸法を有する、態様１～１０７のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１０９）
前記粒子が、１ｃｍ以下の平均最大断面寸法を有する、態様１～１０８のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１１０）
前記陰イオン交換材料が、ビーズの形態である、態様１～１０９のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１１１）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、電気化学的デバイスに組み込まれる、態様１～１１０のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１１２）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、逆浸透、ナノろ過、又は限外ろ過装置に組み込まれる、態様１～１１１のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。
（態様１１３）
前記陰イオン交換膜が、吸着装置に組み込まれる、態様１～１１２のいずれか一項に記載の陰イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換材料、又は方法。 All transitional phrases such as "comprise", "include", "carry", "have", "contain", "accompany", "hold", etc. in the claims and herein above should be understood to mean open ended, ie including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" are used, respectively, as described in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03. Shall be a closed or semi-closed transitional phrase.
The disclosure content of this specification may include the following aspects.
(Aspect 1)
a porous support membrane;
a silica-based ceramic covering at least a portion of the porous support membrane;
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 10 nm or less. exchange membrane.
(Aspect 2)
a porous support membrane;
a silica-based ceramic forming a coating on and/or within the porous support membrane;
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and wherein the anion exchange membrane contains chloride ions of 0.00001 S/cm or more Conductive, anion exchange membrane.
(Aspect 3)
An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane having a water absorption of 10% by weight or more and a linear expansion of 10% or less.
(Aspect 4)
a porous support membrane;
a silica-based ceramic covering at least a portion of the porous support membrane;
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and 50% or more of the pore volume of the porous support membrane is the silica Anion-exchange membrane filled with system ceramics.
(Aspect 5)
a porous support membrane;
a silica-based ceramic forming a coating on and/or within the porous support membrane;
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and wherein the anion exchange membrane has an anion exchange of 0.01 meq/g or more An anion exchange membrane with capacity.
(Aspect 6)
a porous support membrane;
a silica-based ceramic covering at least a portion of the porous support membrane;
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are 0 per gram of the anion exchange membrane An anion exchange membrane present in said anion exchange membrane in an amount equal to or greater than .01 mmol.
(Aspect 7)
Silica-based ceramic containing quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic;
The anion exchange material has an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more,
An anion exchange material, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of less than 10 nm.
(Aspect 8)
Silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic
, wherein the anion exchange membrane has an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more.
(Aspect 9)
An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane having an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more and a linear expansion of 10% or less.
(Mode 10)
Silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic
, wherein the anion exchange membrane has an anion permselectivity of 65% or more.
(Aspect 11)
Silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic
wherein the anion exchange membrane has a chloride ion conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or more.
(Aspect 12)
An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane having a chloride ion conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or more and a linear expansion of 10% or less.
(Aspect 13)
Silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic
wherein said anion exchange membrane has an osmotic water permeability of 100 mL/(hr·bar·m ² ) or less.
(Aspect 14)
Silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises pores, and the average diameter of the pores of the silica-based ceramic is less than the anion exchange membrane when the anion exchange membrane is in a dry state. An anion exchange membrane that is at least 1.1 times larger when the membrane is in its hydrated state.
(Aspect 15)
Silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic
wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises pores, wherein:
When the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state, the silica-based ceramic pores fit a model of small-angle scattering spectrum with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q, as follows:

where a, c ₁ , and c ₂ are the adjustable parameters and bck is the background scatter;
When the anion exchange membrane is in the hydrated state, the silica-based ceramic pores fit a core-shell model of the small-angle scattering spectrum with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q, as follows: can be:
I(q)=P(q)S(q)+bck

where R _o is the radius of the constituent unit (pore), ρ _solvent is the scattering length density of the silica-based ceramic, D _f is the fractal dimension, ξ is the correlation length, Γ is the standard mathematical gamma function, scale is the volume fraction of the measured silica-based ceramic unit, V c is the volume of the core, and V s is the volume _of the _shell . where ρ _c is the scattering length density of the core, ρ _s is the scattering length density of the shell, ρ _block is the scattering length density of the pore, and r _c is the scattering length density of the core radius, r _s is the radius of the shell, and bck is the background scattering.
(Aspect 16)
A method for using an anion exchange membrane according to any one of aspects 1-6, 8-15, and 21-113 in an electrochemical application, comprising:
contacting the anion exchange membrane with an electrolyte; and
passing an electric current through an electrode in electrical communication with the electrolyte;
A method, including
(Aspect 17)
A method for using an anion exchange material according to any one of aspects 7 and 21-113 in an electrochemical application, comprising:
contacting the anion exchange material with an electrolyte; and
passing an electric current through an electrode in electrical communication with the electrolyte;
A method, including
(Aspect 18)
114. A method for using an anion exchange membrane according to any one of aspects 1-6, 8-15, and 21-113 as an adsorbent material, comprising flowing a fluid through said anion exchange membrane. ;as well as
adsorbing a component of said fluid
A method, including
(Aspect 19)
A method for using an anion exchange material according to any one of aspects 7 and 21-113 as an adsorbent material, comprising flowing a fluid through said anion exchange material; and
adsorbing a component of said fluid
A method, including
(Aspect 20)
A method for using an anion exchange membrane according to any one of aspects 1-6, 8-15, and 21-113 in a separation application, comprising subjecting said anion exchange membrane to a transmembrane pressure. A method, including
(Aspect 21)
21. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-20, further comprising a porous support membrane coated with said silica-based ceramic.
(Aspect 22)
22. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-21, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic.
(Aspect 23)
23. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-22, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 10 nm or less.
(Aspect 24)
24. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-23, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are directly adjacent to the surface of the porous support membrane.
(Aspect 25)
25. Any of aspects 1-24, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are present in the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material in an amount of 0.01 mmol per gram of the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs.
(Aspect 26)
26. Any of aspects 1-25, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are present in the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material in an amount of 0.1 mmol per gram of the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs.
(Aspect 27)
27. Embodiment 26, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are substantially uniformly distributed within the silica-based ceramic based on the average amount of quaternary ammonium groups over the thickness of the coating. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to .
(Aspect 28)
28. Embodiment 27, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are substantially uniformly distributed within the silica-based ceramic based on the maximum amount of quaternary ammonium groups over the thickness of the coating. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to .
(Aspect 29)
29. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-28, wherein the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material has an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more. .
(Aspect 30)
30. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-29, wherein the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material has an anion exchange capacity of 0.1 meq/g or more. .
(Aspect 31)
31. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-30, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic.
(Aspect 32)
32. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-31, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises Si in an amount of 1.5 mol% or more of the silica-based ceramic.
(Aspect 33)
33. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-32, wherein the anion exchange membrane has a linear expansion of 10% or less.
(Aspect 34)
34. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-33, wherein the anion exchange membrane has a linear expansion of 5% or less.
(Aspect 35)
35. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-34, wherein said anion exchange membrane has an anion permselectivity of 65% or greater.
(Aspect 36)
36. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-35, wherein said anion exchange membrane has a chloride conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or greater.
(Aspect 37)
37. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or according to any one of aspects 1 to 36, wherein the anion exchange membrane has an osmotic water permeability of 100 mL/(hr·bar·m 2 ) or less, ^or Method.
(Aspect 38)
38. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or according to any one of aspects 1 to 37, wherein the anion exchange membrane has an osmotic water permeability of 50 mL/(hr·bar·m 2 ) or less, ^or Method.
(Aspect 39)
39. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-38, wherein no intervening layer is present between the silica-based ceramic comprising the quaternary ammonium groups and the porous support membrane.
(Aspect 40)
The silica-based ceramic comprises pores, and the average diameter of the pores of the silica-based ceramic is less when the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state than when the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state. 40. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-39 that is at least 1.1 times greater.
(Aspect 41)
The silica-based ceramic comprises pores, and the average diameter of the pores of the silica-based ceramic is 5 when the anion exchange membrane is in the hydrated state than when the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state. 41. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-40, wherein the anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-40 is no more than two times smaller.
(Aspect 42)
The silica-based ceramic comprises pores, wherein:
When the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material is in the dry state, the pores of the silica-based ceramic fit a model of small-angle scattering spectrum with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q, as follows: are as follows:

where a, c ₁ , and c ₂ are the adjustable parameters and bck is the background scatter;
When the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material is in a hydrated state, the silica-based ceramic pores fit a core-shell model of small-angle scattering spectra with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q. , which is as follows:
I(q)=P(q)S(q)+bck

where R _o is the radius of the constituent unit (pore), ρ _solvent is the scattering length density of the silica-based ceramic, D _f is the fractal dimension, ξ is the correlation length, Γ is the standard mathematical gamma function, scale is the volume fraction of the measured silica-based ceramic unit, V c is the volume of the core, and V s is the volume _of the _shell . where ρ _c is the scattering length density of the core, ρ _s is the scattering length density of the shell, ρ _block is the scattering length density of the pore, and r _c is the scattering length density of the core 42. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-41, wherein r is the radius of the shell, r s is the radius of the shell, and bck is background scattering _.
(Aspect 43)
43. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-42, wherein the silica-based ceramic forms a monolayer on the porous support membrane.
(Aspect 44)
44. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-43, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are within 1 μm of the surface of the porous support membrane.
(Aspect 45)
45. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-44, wherein the silica-based ceramic is derived from a sol-gel.
(Aspect 46)
46. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material according to any one of aspects 1 to 45, wherein said silica-based ceramic is derived from co-condensation of silicon-containing precursors comprising moieties containing ammonium groups or leaving groups. , or method.
(Aspect 47)
47. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-46, wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to nitrogen molar ratio of 1:1 or greater.
(Aspect 48)
48. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-47, wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to nitrogen molar ratio of 120:1 or less.
(Aspect 49)
49. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-48, wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to carbon molar ratio of 1:100 or greater.
(Aspect 50)
50. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-49, wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to carbon molar ratio of 1:50 or greater.
(Aspect 51)
51. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-50, wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to carbon molar ratio of 3,000:1 or less.
(Aspect 52)
52. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-51, wherein the silica-based ceramic is derived from a mixture containing a nitrogen-containing silane.
(Aspect 53)
The silica-based ceramic has structure (IV):

wherein R ¹ , R ² , and R ³ are independently selected from optionally substituted C _1-18 alkoxy and halo, and L is optionally substituted 53. _An anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to any one of aspects 1-52, wherein X is a leaving group .
(Aspect 54)
The silica-based ceramic has structure (V):

wherein A ¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl; n is 1 or more and 18 or less; 54. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-53, wherein the anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method is a group.
(Aspect 55)
55. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-54, wherein X is selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, tosyl, and trifluoromethanesulfonyl.
(Aspect 56)
56. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-55, wherein the silica ceramic is derived from a mixture comprising (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane.
(Aspect 57)
The silica-based ceramic has structure (VI):

wherein R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently selected from optionally substituted C _1-18 alkoxy and halo and L is optionally substituted wherein R ₇ ^, R ⁸ , and R ⁹ are independently selected from optionally substituted C _1-18 alkyl, cyclyl, and aryl; 57. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-56.
(Aspect 58)
The silica-based ceramic has structure (VII):

wherein A ² is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl; n is 1 or more and 18 or ^less ; 58. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material according to any one of aspects 1-57, wherein ¹¹ and R ¹² are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclohexyl and benzyl, or method.
(Aspect 59)
59. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or of any one of aspects 1-58, wherein the silica-based ceramic is derived from a mixture comprising trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium, or Method.
(Aspect 60)
The silica-based ceramic has structure (VIII):

wherein R ¹³ is independently selected from hydrogen or optionally substituted C _1-18 alkyl, according to any one of aspects 1-59. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method.
(Aspect 61)
61. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-60, wherein the silica-based ceramic is derived from a mixture comprising a compound having the structure of tetraethyl orthosilicate.
(Aspect 62)
Embodiment 1, wherein said silica-based ceramic is derived from a mixture comprising a compound having structure (VIII), a compound having structure (IV), and water in a molar ratio of 1:0.01-20:1-30 62. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-61.
(Aspect 63)
Embodiment 1, wherein the silica-based ceramic is derived from a mixture comprising a compound having structure (VIII), a compound having structure (VI), and water in a molar ratio of 1:0.01-20:1-30 63. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-62.
(Aspect 64)
64. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-63, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 1 μm or less.
(Aspect 65)
65. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-64, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 2 nm or less.
(Aspect 66)
66. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-65, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 0.25 nm or greater.
(Aspect 67)
67. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-66, wherein said anion exchange membrane or material has a volume porosity of 1% or more.
(Aspect 68)
68. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-67, wherein said anion exchange membrane or material has a volume porosity of 70% or less.
(Aspect 69)
69. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-68, wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic have an aspect ratio of 40:1 or less.
(Aspect 70)
70. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-69, wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic have an ordered structure.
(Aspect 71)
71. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-70, wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic are approximately spherical.
(Aspect 72)
The pores of the silica-based ceramic fit a spherical model of the small-angle scattering spectrum with a chi 2 /N value of 10 or less, where N is the number of point small-angle scattering data points over the spherical model fit range ^. 72. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-71.
(Aspect 73)
73. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-72, wherein the silica-based ceramic has a fractal porous structure.
(Aspect 74)
74. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or of any one of aspects 1-73, wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic have a log-normal polydispersity index of pore radius of 0.8 or less, or Method.
(Aspect 75)
75. The anion exchange membrane according to any one of aspects 1 to 74, wherein the porous support membrane contains pores having an average pore diameter of 50 nm or more in the absence of the silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane materials or methods.
(Aspect 76)
76. The anion exchange membrane according to any one of aspects 1 to 75, wherein the porous support membrane contains pores having an average pore diameter of 50 μm or less in the absence of the silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane materials or methods.
(Aspect 77)
77. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-76, wherein the porous support membrane has a cross-sectional thickness of 3 μm or greater.
(Aspect 78)
78. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-77, wherein the porous support membrane has a cross-sectional thickness of 1,000 μm or less.
(Aspect 79)
79. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-78, wherein the porous support membrane has a volume porosity of 10% or more.
(Aspect 80)
80. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-79, wherein the porous support membrane has a volume porosity of 99% or less.
(Aspect 81)
81. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-80, wherein the porous support membrane comprises support components having an average diameter of 10 nm or greater.
(Aspect 82)
82. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-81, wherein the porous support membrane comprises support components having an average diameter of 50 μm or less.
(Aspect 83)
83. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-82, wherein the supporting component is selected from fibers, strands, and wires.
(Aspect 84)
84. Aspects 1-83, wherein the porous support membrane is in the form of a nonwoven or mesh, veil, knitted, woven or mesh, open cell structure, fibril and node structure, or open cell foam. anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of
(Aspect 85)
85. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-84, wherein the porous support membrane comprises a polymeric material.
(Aspect 86)
The polymer material is polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, polyimide, polyacetonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyacrylamide, polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid. , polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose, microfibrillated cellulose, nanofibrillated cellulose, or combinations or derivatives thereof, Anion exchange material or method.
(Aspect 87)
87. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-86, wherein the porous support membrane comprises a ceramic material.
(Aspect 88)
Aspects 1-, wherein the ceramic material comprises borosilicate glass, silica, titania, zirconia, alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, lithium silicate, potassium silicate, tin oxide, iron oxide, or combinations thereof 88. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of Claims 87.
(Aspect 89)
89. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-88, wherein the porous support membrane comprises a metal and/or metal alloy.
(Aspect 90)
90. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-89, wherein said metal and/or metal alloy comprises iron or steel.
(Aspect 91)
91. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-90, wherein the porous support membrane comprises one or more amphiphilic molecules on the surface of the support membrane.
(Aspect 92)
92. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-91, wherein said amphiphilic molecule comprises a sodium alkyl sulfate, a dialkyl sulfosuccinate, or an alkyltrimethylammonium halide.
(Aspect 93)
93. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-92, wherein 50% or more of the pore volume of the porous support membrane is filled with the silica-based ceramic.
(Mode 94)
94. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-93, wherein said anion exchange membrane comprises a edging material comprising a polymeric material.
(Aspect 95)
The anion exchange membrane is silicone, epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, silicone rubber, poly (styrene-isoprene-styrene), poly (styrene-isobutylene-styrene), polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, polyimide, Polyacetonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyacrylamide, polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose, or combinations thereof or 95. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-94, comprising a edging material comprising the derivative.
(Aspect 96)
96. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-95, wherein said anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material has a water absorption of 1% or greater.
(Aspect 97)
97. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-96, wherein said anion exchange membrane has a linear expansion of 0.5% or less.
(Mode 98)
98. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-97, wherein said anion exchange membrane has a linear expansion of 0.01% or greater.
(Aspect 99)
99. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-98, wherein said anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material has an anion permselectivity of 85% or greater.
(Mode 100)
100. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-99, wherein the porous support membrane has a mechanical burst pressure of 1.5 N or greater.
(Aspect 101)
101. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-100, wherein the porous support membrane has a mechanical burst pressure of 2.0 pounds per square inch (PSI) or greater. .
(Aspect 102)
102. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-101, wherein the leaving group is selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, tosyl, and trifluoromethanesulfonyl.
(Aspect 103)
103. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-102, wherein the leaving group is chloro.
(Aspect 104)
104. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-103, wherein the amine is a tertiary amine.
(Aspect 105)
105. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-104, wherein the amine is trimethylamine.
(Aspect 106)
106. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-105, wherein the anion exchange material is in the form of a resin.
(Aspect 107)
107. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-106, wherein the anion exchange material is in the form of a plurality of particles.
(Aspect 108)
108. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-107, wherein the particles have an average largest cross-sectional dimension of 1 μm or greater.
(Aspect 109)
109. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-108, wherein the particles have an average largest cross-sectional dimension of 1 cm or less.
(Aspect 110)
110. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-109, wherein the anion exchange material is in the form of beads.
(Aspect 111)
111. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-110, wherein the anion exchange membrane is incorporated into an electrochemical device.
(Aspect 112)
112. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-111, wherein the anion exchange membrane is incorporated into a reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration device.
(Aspect 113)
113. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of aspects 1-112, wherein the anion exchange membrane is incorporated into an adsorption device.

Claims

a porous support membrane;
and a silica-based ceramic coating at least a portion of the porous support membrane, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises a quaternary ammonium group covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic having an average pore size of 10 nm or less.

a porous support membrane;
and a silica-based ceramic forming a coating on and/or within the porous support membrane, wherein the silica-based ceramic is covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic. An anion exchange membrane comprising quaternary ammonium groups and having a chloride ion conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or more.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane having a water absorption of 10% by weight or more and a linear expansion of 10% or less.

a porous support membrane;
and a silica-based ceramic coating at least a portion of the porous support membrane, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises a quaternary ammonium group covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and An anion exchange membrane, wherein 50% or more of the pore volume of the porous support membrane is filled with the silica-based ceramic.

a porous support membrane;
and a silica-based ceramic forming a coating on and/or within the porous support membrane, wherein the silica-based ceramic is covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic. An anion exchange membrane comprising quaternary ammonium groups and having an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more.

a porous support membrane;
and a silica-based ceramic coating at least a portion of the porous support membrane, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises a quaternary ammonium group covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, and An anion exchange membrane wherein quaternary ammonium groups are present in said anion exchange membrane in an amount of 0.01 mmol or more per gram of said anion exchange membrane.

1. An anion exchange material comprising a silica-based ceramic comprising quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic, said silica-based ceramic comprising Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of said silica-based ceramic,
The anion exchange material has an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more,
An anion exchange material, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of less than 10 nm.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% by weight or more of the silica-based ceramic, wherein the anion exchange membrane has an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more exchange membrane.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane having an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more and a linear expansion of 10% or less.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% by weight or more of the silica-based ceramic, wherein the anion exchange membrane has an anion selective permeability of 65% or more. .

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% by weight or more of the silica-based ceramic, wherein the anion exchange membrane has a chloride ion conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or more. ion exchange membrane.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic, the anion exchange membrane having a chloride ion conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or more and a linear expansion of 10% or less.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% by weight or more of the silica-based ceramic, wherein the anion exchange membrane has a permeation water permeability of 100 mL/(hr·bar·m ² ) or less. anion-exchange membrane.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% by weight or more of the silica-based ceramic, wherein the silica-based ceramic includes pores, and the average diameter of the pores of the silica-based ceramic is An anion exchange membrane that is at least 1.1 times larger when said anion exchange membrane is in a hydrated state than when said anion exchange membrane is in a dry state.

An anion exchange membrane comprising a silica-based ceramic containing Si in an amount of 6% or more by weight of the silica-based ceramic, said silica-based ceramic comprising pores, wherein:
When the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state, the silica-based ceramic pores fit a model of small-angle scattering spectrum with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q, as follows:

where R _o is the radius of the constituent unit (pore), ρ _solvent is the scattering length density of the silica-based ceramic, D _f is the fractal dimension, ξ is the correlation length, Γ is the standard mathematical gamma function, scale is the volume fraction of the measured silica-based ceramic unit, V _c is the volume of the core, and V _s is the volume of the shell. where ρ _c is the scattering length density of the core, ρ _s is the scattering length density of the shell, ρ _block is the scattering length density of the pore, and r _c is the scattering length density of the core radius, r _s is the radius of the shell, and bck is the background scattering.

A method for using an anion exchange membrane according to any one of claims 1-6, 8-15 and 21-52 in an electrochemical application, comprising:
A method comprising: contacting the anion exchange membrane with an electrolyte; and passing an electric current through an electrode in electrical communication with the electrolyte.

A method for using an anion exchange material according to any one of claims 7 and 21 to 52 in an electrochemical application, comprising:
A method comprising: contacting the anion exchange material with an electrolyte; and passing an electrical current through an electrode in electrical communication with the electrolyte.

A method for using an anion exchange membrane according to any one of claims 1-6, 8-15 and 21-52 as an adsorbent material, comprising flowing a fluid through said anion exchange membrane. and adsorbing a component of said fluid.

A method for using an anion exchange material according to any one of claims 7 and 21-52 as an adsorbent material, comprising: flowing a fluid through said anion exchange material; and A method comprising adsorbing a

A method for using the anion exchange membrane of any one of claims 1-6, 8-15, and 21-52 in a separation application, wherein a transmembrane pressure is applied to the anion exchange membrane. method, including

21. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-20, further comprising a porous support membrane coated with said silica-based ceramic.

22. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises quaternary ammonium groups covalently bonded to the silica-based ceramic.

The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 10 nm or less.

24. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are directly adjacent to the surface of the porous support membrane.

of claims 1-24, wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are present in the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material in an amount of 0.01 mmol or more per gram of the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to any one of the preceding claims.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-25 , wherein the quaternary ammonium groups are substantially uniformly distributed within the silica-based ceramic based on the average amount of quaternary ammonium groups over the thickness of the coating. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to paragraph.

27. The quaternary ammonium groups are substantially uniformly distributed within the silica-based ceramic based on the maximum amount of quaternary ammonium groups over the thickness of the coating. Anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to paragraph.

The anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material according to any one of claims 1 to 27 , wherein the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material has an anion exchange capacity of 0.01 meq/g or more, or Method.

29. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-28 , wherein the silica-based ceramic comprises Si in an amount greater than or equal to 6% by weight of the silica-based ceramic.

30. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-29 , wherein the anion exchange membrane has a linear expansion of 10% or less.

The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-30 , wherein the anion exchange membrane has an anion permselectivity of 65% or greater.

32. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-31 , wherein the anion exchange membrane has a chloride conductivity of 0.00001 S/cm or greater.

The anion exchange membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 32 , wherein the anion exchange membrane has an osmotic water permeability of 100 mL/(hr·bar·m ² ) or less, an anion exchange material, or method.

The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1 to 33 , wherein no intervening layers are present between the silica-based ceramic comprising the quaternary ammonium groups and the porous support membrane. .

The silica-based ceramic comprises pores, and the average diameter of the pores of the silica-based ceramic is less when the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state than when the anion exchange membrane is in the dry state. 35. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-34 , which is 1.1 times or more.

The silica-based ceramic comprises pores, wherein:
When the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material is in the dry state, the pores of the silica-based ceramic fit a model of small-angle scattering spectrum with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q, as follows: are as follows:

where a, c ₁ , and c ₂ are the adjustable parameters and bck is the background scatter;
When the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material is in a hydrated state, the pores of the silica-based ceramic fit a core-shell model of small-angle scattering spectra with intensity (I) as a function of the scattering vector, q. , which is as follows:
I(q)=P(q)S(q)+bck

where R _o is the radius of the constituent unit (pore), ρ _solvent is the scattering length density of the silica-based ceramic, D _f is the fractal dimension, ξ is the correlation length, Γ is the standard mathematical gamma function, scale is the volume fraction of the measured silica-based ceramic unit, V _c is the volume of the core, and V _s is the volume of the shell. where ρ _c is the scattering length density of the core, ρ _s is the scattering length density of the shell, ρ _block is the scattering length density of the pore, and r _c is the scattering length density of the core 36. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material or method of any one of claims 1 to 35 , wherein r is the radius, r _s is the radius of the shell, and bck is the background scattering.

37. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-36 , wherein the silica-based ceramic is derived from a sol-gel.

38. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-37 , wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to nitrogen molar ratio of 1:1 or greater.

39. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-38 , wherein the silica-based ceramic has a silicon to carbon molar ratio of 1:100 or greater.

40. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-39 , wherein the silica-based ceramic has an average pore size of 0.25 nm or greater.

41. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-40, wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic have an aspect ratio of 40: 1 or less.

42. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-41 , wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic have an ordered structure.

43. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-42 , wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic are approximately spherical.

The pores of the silica-based ceramic fit a spherical model of the small-angle scattering spectrum with a chi ² /N value of 10 or less, where N is the number of point small-angle scattering data points over the spherical model fit range. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-43 , wherein

45. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-44 , wherein the silica-based ceramic has a fractal porous structure.

The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material according to any one of claims 1 to 45 , wherein the pores of the silica-based ceramic have a log-normal polydispersity index of pore radius of 0.8 or less, or method.

47. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-46 , wherein the porous support membrane has a volume porosity of 10% or more.

48. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-47 , wherein the anion exchange membrane comprises a edging material comprising a polymeric material.

49. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-48 , wherein the anion exchange membrane or anion exchange material has a water absorption of 1% or greater.

50. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or claim 1-49 , wherein the porous support membrane has a mechanical burst pressure of 2.0 pounds per square inch (PSI) or greater. Method.

51. An anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method according to any one of claims 1 to 50 , wherein said anion exchange material is in the form of a resin.

52. The anion exchange membrane, anion exchange material, or method of any one of claims 1-51 , wherein the anion exchange material is in the form of a plurality of particles.