JPS6335513A - Second solution for permanent wave treatment - Google Patents
Second solution for permanent wave treatmentInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6335513A JPS6335513A JP18079386A JP18079386A JPS6335513A JP S6335513 A JPS6335513 A JP S6335513A JP 18079386 A JP18079386 A JP 18079386A JP 18079386 A JP18079386 A JP 18079386A JP S6335513 A JPS6335513 A JP S6335513A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- hair
- liquid
- hydrogen peroxide
- specific gravity
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- ODHCTXKNWHHXJC-VKHMYHEASA-M 5-oxo-L-prolinate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@@H]1CCC(=O)N1 ODHCTXKNWHHXJC-VKHMYHEASA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011814 protection agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940071139 pyrrolidone carboxylate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- YSLIPUSJNFIFAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-oxopyridine-1-carboxylic acid Chemical class OC(=O)N1C=CC=CC1=O YSLIPUSJNFIFAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromate Inorganic materials [O-]Br(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromic acid Chemical compound OBr(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008156 Ringer's lactate solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960003067 cystine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- XUXNAKZDHHEHPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Br(=O)=O XUXNAKZDHHEHPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000011782 Keratins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010076876 Keratins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002075 main ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003020 moisturizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940045920 sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HYRLWUFWDYFEES-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-oxopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)N1CCCC1=O HYRLWUFWDYFEES-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940071127 thioglycolate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M thioglycolate(1-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Cosmetics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
「産業上の利用分野」
本発明はパーマネントウェーブを形成する場合において
、ロッドに巻いた毛髪に還元剤（多くの場合子オグリコ
ール酸塩）を主成分とする第−液を塗布して１毛髪酸分
のケラチン分子の側鎖結合であるシスチン結合を還元切
断することにより毛髪を軟化させた後、前記毛髪に塗布
して切断されたシスチン結合を酸化復元させるための第
二液に関するものであり、特に酸化剤として過酸化水素
を使用した第二液に関するものでる。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION "Industrial Application Field" The present invention is applicable to the formation of permanent waves when hair is wound around a rod and is coated with a reducing agent (in most cases, oglycolate) as the main component. After softening the hair by applying a solution to reductively cleave cystine bonds, which are side chain bonds of keratin molecules equivalent to one hair acid, a solution is applied to the hair to oxidize and restore the cleaved cystine bonds. It relates to a second liquid, and particularly relates to a second liquid that uses hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent.
「従来の技術」
パーマネントウェーブ形成用の第二液の主成分である酸
化剤としては、臭素酸塩のほか、昭和６０年からは薬事
法によって過酸化水素（但し、第二液中で許容される濃
度は２．５％以下）の使用も認められている。第二液は
、このような酸化剤に保湿剤や毛髪保護剤を配合したも
のである。``Prior art'' In addition to bromate, the oxidizing agent that is the main component of the second liquid for forming permanent waves is hydrogen peroxide (however, it is not allowed in the second liquid since 1985, according to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law). (concentrations below 2.5%) are also permitted. The second liquid is a mixture of such an oxidizing agent and a humectant and a hair protectant.
「発明が解決しようとする問題点」
従来の過酸化水素を主成分とする第二液は、臭素酸塩を
主成分とする第二液より酸化作用がはるかに迅速に完了
する利点がある反面、ロッドに巻かれた毛髪に対し鰻返
し塗布しても１表面部分の毛束は極めて短時間に酸化さ
れるが、ロッドの表面に近い部分の毛髪、すなわち毛先
の部分は十分に酸化せず、ウェーブないしカールの形成
が不十分であるとか、ウェーブないしカールがとれ易い
という欠点があった。``Problems to be Solved by the Invention'' The conventional second liquid mainly composed of hydrogen peroxide has the advantage that the oxidation action is completed much more quickly than the second liquid mainly composed of bromate. Even if you apply Unagarishi to the hair wrapped around a rod, the hair strands on one surface will be oxidized in a very short time, but the hair near the surface of the rod, that is, the tips, will not be sufficiently oxidized. First, there were disadvantages in that the formation of waves or curls was insufficient, or that the waves or curls were easily removed.
本発明の目的は、過酸化水素を酸化剤とする第二液にお
いて、ロッドに巻かれた毛束の毛先部分まで十分かつ迅
速に酸化させることができるものを提供することにある
。An object of the present invention is to provide a second liquid using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent, which can sufficiently and quickly oxidize even the tips of a hair bundle wound around a rod.
「問題点を解決するための手段」
酸化剤としての過酸化水素に、比重の大きい保湿剤や毛
髪保護剤の一種又は数種を配合することにより、比重を
１．０５以上に調整したことである。"Means for solving the problem" By adjusting the specific gravity to 1.05 or more by blending one or more types of humectants and hair protectants with high specific gravity with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. be.
「作用」
比重を１，０５以上に調整したことにより、ロッドに巻
かれた毛束に塗布した場合、ロッド表面部分のも髪まで
第二液中の過酸化水素が浸透し、毛先まで酸化する。"Effect" By adjusting the specific gravity to 1.05 or more, when applied to the hair bundle wrapped around the rod, the hydrogen peroxide in the second solution penetrates into the hair on the surface of the rod, causing oxidation to the tips of the hair. do.
「発明を完成するに至った経緯」
従来、過酸化水素を主成分とする第二液を使用した場合
、前記のように毛先部分にウェーブないしカールがかか
りにくい原因は、一般には、過酸化水素の酸化作用が極
めて迅速であるため、塗布しても表面部分で過酸化水素
がほとんど消費されてしまい、ロッド表面の毛髪にまで
浸透した時は過酸化水素の濃度が低くなるためであると
考えられていた。``How the invention was completed'' Conventionally, when using a second liquid containing hydrogen peroxide as the main ingredient, the reason why the ends of the hair are difficult to wave or curl as described above is generally due to peroxide. This is because the oxidation effect of hydrogen is extremely rapid, so even when applied, most of the hydrogen peroxide is consumed on the surface, and when it penetrates into the hair on the surface of the rod, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide becomes low. It was considered.
本発明者は、現実に南限されている過酸化水素を酸化剤
とする各メーカーの第二液と、各メーカーの第−液、及
び臭素酸ナトリウムを酸化剤とする各メーカーの第二液
について分析した結果、前記の原因は、従来の過酸化水
素を酸化剤とした第二液が、臭素酸塩を単に低比重の過
酸化水素に置き換えただけで、比重の相違を考慮しなか
った点にあることに想到し、この発明を完成するに至っ
たものである。The present inventor has investigated the second liquid of each manufacturer that uses hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent, which is actually limited to the south, the first liquid of each manufacturer, and the second liquid of each manufacturer that uses sodium bromate as an oxidizing agent. As a result of analysis, the cause of the above problem was that the conventional second liquid that used hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent simply replaced bromate with low specific gravity hydrogen peroxide and did not take into account the difference in specific gravity. This idea led to the completion of this invention.
チオグリコール酸塩を含有する各メーカーの第−液は、
すべて比重が１．０４以上であるのに対し。Each manufacturer's liquid containing thioglycolate is
While all have specific gravity of 1.04 or higher.
過酸化水素を含有する各メーカーの第二液の比重は１．
０１〜１．０２であった。ちなみに、臭素酸ナトリウム
を含有する各メーカーの第二液は、はとんどのものが比
ｉ １．０５以上である。The specific gravity of each manufacturer's second liquid containing hydrogen peroxide is 1.
It was 01-1.02. By the way, most of the second liquids from various manufacturers containing sodium bromate have a ratio i of 1.05 or more.
すなわち、ロッドに巻かれた毛束に第−液を塗布すると
１時間の経過により毛髪は軟化膨潤し、毛髪相互の間隙
が狭くなって第二液の浸透拡散を阻む状態になる。第−
液による処理終了後、温湯により未反応の第−液を洗い
流す（中間水洗）場合はこの傾向が更に顕著になる。こ
のような状態の毛束に対し、過酸化水素を使用した従来
の低比重の第二液を着色して塗布したところ１毛束内部
に浸透する壜よりも１毛束表面を伝って流れ落る呈が多
いことが確認された。That is, when the second liquid is applied to a hair bundle wound around a rod, the hair softens and swells over the course of one hour, and the gaps between the hairs become narrower, thereby impeding penetration and diffusion of the second liquid. No.-
This tendency becomes even more pronounced when the unreacted first liquid is washed away with warm water after the treatment with the liquid (intermediate water washing). When a conventional low-density second solution containing hydrogen peroxide was applied to hair strands in this condition, it flowed down the surface of the strand rather than through the bottle, which penetrated into the strand. It was confirmed that there were many cases of
「実施例＝ｌ」
３５％過酸化水素液 ４．５ｇグリセリン
３０．０ｇ５０％乳酸ナトリウム液
１０．０ｇリ ン ｎ會
３．０ｇ乳化油剤 ５．０ｇ以上
に水を加えて総！１００ｍ１ 、過酸化水素濃度１．５
７％、 ＰＨ３，６、比重１．１２の第二液とした。"Example = l" 35% hydrogen peroxide solution 4.5g glycerin
30.0g50% sodium lactate solution
10.0g phosphorus n-kai
3.0g emulsified oil Add water to 5.0g or more to make a total! 100ml, hydrogen peroxide concentration 1.5
The second liquid had a pH of 7%, a pH of 3.6, and a specific gravity of 1.12.
実験
過酸化水素を酸化剤とした従来の比重１．０２の第二液
のと、前記実施例の第二液■とにより毛髪に対する次の
ような酸化実験を行なったところ、表−１のような結果
を得た。Experiment The following oxidation experiment was carried out on hair using the conventional second liquid with a specific gravity of 1.02 using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and the second liquid (■) of the above example, and the results were as shown in Table 1. I got good results.
長さ１８ｃｍ前後の健全な女性毛髪により１重量３ｇ程
度の毛束十数束を作り、これらをそれぞれ径１２１層の
ロッドに四回巻き込んで輪ごむで止め、正確に秤量し、
次いでチオグリコール酸を還元剤とする第−液を塗布し
、滴下液が止った段階で再度秤ｅし、この前後のｍＮ差
からロッド及び毛束に付着した第−液の量を算出した。A dozen or so hair bundles each weighing approximately 3g are made from healthy female hair approximately 18cm in length, each wrapped around a rod with a diameter of 121 layers four times, secured with a rubber band, and accurately weighed.
Next, a first liquid containing thioglycolic acid as a reducing agent was applied, and when the dropping liquid stopped, the weight was weighed again, and the amount of the first liquid attached to the rod and the hair bundle was calculated from the mN difference before and after this.
次いで、４０℃の恒温、恒湿箱内に１２分間放置後、第
二液の一定着を塗布し、ロッドから滴下する液をすべて
あらかじめ秤量したビーカーに採取、その賃を計測して
滴下液中の過酸化水素濃度を分析した。Next, after leaving it in a constant temperature and humidity box at 40°C for 12 minutes, apply one fixation of the second liquid, collect all the liquid dripping from the rod into a pre-weighed beaker, measure the amount of liquid in the dripping liquid. The hydrogen peroxide concentration was analyzed.
一定時間経過後ロッドから毛束を外し、ロー２ドを水洗
、ロッドのｌ＋Ｗに溜った第二液を洗い出し。After a certain period of time, remove the hair bundle from the rod, wash the second row with water, and wash out the second liquid that has accumulated in L+W of the rod.
その１止と過酸化水素濃度を測定し、これらの数値から
実際に消費された過酸化水素の量を算出し、これと始め
に塗布した第一液中のチオグリコール酸との化学当驕関
係を検討した。Measure the hydrogen peroxide concentration and calculate the amount of hydrogen peroxide actually consumed from these values, and calculate the chemical relationship between this and the thioglycolic acid in the first solution applied at the beginning. It was investigated.
表−１において、Ａは第−液による処理終了後直に第二
液処理した場合、Ｂは第一液処理終了後に中間水洗して
第二液処理をした場合であり、また、ＴＧはチオグリコ
ール酸を示す。In Table 1, A is the case where the second liquid treatment is performed immediately after the completion of the treatment with the first liquid, B is the case where the second liquid treatment is performed with intermediate water washing after the first liquid treatment is completed, and TG is the case where the second liquid treatment is performed after the completion of the first liquid treatment. Indicates glycolic acid.
表−１
表−１の結果が示すように、従来の過酸化水素使用の低
比重の第二液は、数回にわたってかなり多量に毛束に塗
布しても、そのほどんどが毛束中心部まで浸透せずに流
出する量が多いのに対し、前記実施例の第二液は前者の
約半量を２回塗布するだけで、毛先までほぼ完全にしか
も短時間で酸化する。Table 1 As shown in Table 1, even if a large amount of the conventional low specific gravity second liquid using hydrogen peroxide is applied to the hair strands several times, most of the liquid is applied to the center of the hair strand. In contrast, the second solution of the above embodiment oxidizes almost completely to the ends of the hair by applying only about half the amount of the former twice, and in a short time.
「実施例−２」
３５％過酸化水素液 ５．０ｇピ
ロリドンカルボン酸ナトリウム５０％液 １０．０ｇ５
０％乳酸ナトリウム液 １０．０ｇグ
リセリン １０．０ｇ４０％コ
ラーゲン分解液 ３．０ｇリン酸
３．０ｇ乳化油剤
５．０ｇ以上に水を加
えて総量１００ｍ１ 、過酸化水素濃度１．７％、ＰＨ
３，５，比重１．１１の第二液とした。"Example-2" 35% hydrogen peroxide solution 5.0g Sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate 50% solution 10.0g5
0% sodium lactate solution 10.0g Glycerin 10.0g 40% collagen decomposition solution 3.0g Phosphoric acid
3.0g emulsified oil, add water to 5.0g or more, total volume 100ml, hydrogen peroxide concentration 1.7%, PH
3.5, and a second liquid with a specific gravity of 1.11.
この実施例−２の第二液についても、前記と同様な実験
を行なったが、表−１とほぼ同様な結果を得た。The same experiment as above was carried out for the second liquid of Example 2, and almost the same results as those shown in Table 1 were obtained.
比重が小さくなればなるほど、酸化率は低下するが、比
重１．０５に調整した過酸化水素第二液では酸化率は９
０％前後であり、従来の過酸化水素使用の第二液に比べ
ると各没の相違があった。The smaller the specific gravity, the lower the oxidation rate, but with the second hydrogen peroxide solution adjusted to a specific gravity of 1.05, the oxidation rate was 9.
It was around 0%, and there were differences in each concentration compared to the conventional second solution using hydrogen peroxide.
「発明の効果」
本発明に係るパーマネントウェーブ液は、保湿剤や毛髪
保護剤を配合することにより、ｔ、ＯＳ以上に比重を、
３！Ｉ整したものであるから、ロッドに巻かれた状態の
毛束に塗布した場合、毛束の中まで酸化剤である過酸化
水素が浸透し、はぼ完全にかつ迅速に毛髪を酸化復元す
ることがでさる。"Effects of the Invention" The permanent wave liquid according to the present invention has a specific gravity higher than t, OS by blending a moisturizing agent and a hair protectant.
3! Since it is a conditioned product, when applied to a hair bundle wrapped around a rod, the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide penetrates into the hair bundle, completely and quickly restoring the hair by oxidation. That's a big deal.
特許出願人 株式会社エルビーケミカル代 理 人
弁理士 河 野 茂 夫′。Patent applicant: LB Chemical Co., Ltd. Agent: Shigeo Kono, patent attorney.
Claims (1)
リドンカルボン酸塩その他の比重の大きい保湿剤やコラ
ーゲンポリペプタイド、油脂類その他の毛髪保護剤の一
種又は数種を配合することにより、比重を１．０５以上
に調整したことを特徴とするパーマネントウェーブ用第
二液。The specific gravity can be reduced by blending the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide with one or more types of humectants with high specific gravity such as glycerin, lactate, pyrrolidone carboxylate, collagen polypeptide, oils and fats, and other hair protection agents. A second liquid for permanent waves characterized by being adjusted to 1.05 or higher.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18079386A JPS6335513A (en) | 1986-07-31 | 1986-07-31 | Second solution for permanent wave treatment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18079386A JPS6335513A (en) | 1986-07-31 | 1986-07-31 | Second solution for permanent wave treatment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6335513A true JPS6335513A (en) | 1988-02-16 |
| JPH039084B2 JPH039084B2 (en) | 1991-02-07 |
Family
ID=16089431
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18079386A Granted JPS6335513A (en) | 1986-07-31 | 1986-07-31 | Second solution for permanent wave treatment |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6335513A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010072513A3 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-10-13 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Use of pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives in methods for perming hair |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57206606A (en) * | 1981-06-10 | 1982-12-18 | Hoou Kk | Solution for permanent wave |
| JPS59108710A (en) * | 1982-12-13 | 1984-06-23 | Kao Corp | Hair cosmetic |
-
1986
- 1986-07-31 JP JP18079386A patent/JPS6335513A/en active Granted
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57206606A (en) * | 1981-06-10 | 1982-12-18 | Hoou Kk | Solution for permanent wave |
| JPS59108710A (en) * | 1982-12-13 | 1984-06-23 | Kao Corp | Hair cosmetic |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010072513A3 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-10-13 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Use of pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives in methods for perming hair |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH039084B2 (en) | 1991-02-07 |
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