JPS6331763Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6331763Y2 JPS6331763Y2 JP1983140156U JP14015683U JPS6331763Y2 JP S6331763 Y2 JPS6331763 Y2 JP S6331763Y2 JP 1983140156 U JP1983140156 U JP 1983140156U JP 14015683 U JP14015683 U JP 14015683U JP S6331763 Y2 JPS6331763 Y2 JP S6331763Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cooling
- nozzle
- steel plate
- spray unit
- hot steel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
（産業上の利用分野）
本考案は熱鋼板、例えば熱間圧延された厚鋼板
等の強制冷却装置の冷却噴射装置に関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] (Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a cooling injection device for forced cooling of hot steel plates, such as hot rolled thick steel plates.
（技術的背景）
近来、厚鋼板製造プロセスにおいて、合金元素
の低減、省熱処理、新鋼種の開発等を目的とし
て、仕上圧延機におけるコントロールド圧延の直
後に、強制冷却を組合せたオンライン冷却を行な
う、いわゆる調質冷却プロセスがすでに実用化さ
れつつある。この調質冷却に用いられる鋼板冷却
設備は、厚板製造プロセスの特徴である多品質製
造に適応することができる特性を有するととも
に、圧延機直後又は熱間矯正機直後に設置するオ
ンライン冷却設備としての特性を備えたものでな
ければならない。(Technical background) Recently, in the thick steel plate manufacturing process, online cooling combined with forced cooling has been performed immediately after controlled rolling in a finishing mill for the purpose of reducing alloying elements, heat-saving treatment, developing new steel types, etc. , the so-called temper cooling process is already being put into practical use. The steel plate cooling equipment used for this temper cooling has characteristics that allow it to be adapted to the high-quality production that is a feature of the thick plate manufacturing process, and it can also be used as an online cooling equipment installed immediately after the rolling mill or immediately after the hot straightening machine. It must have the following characteristics.
従つて鋼板冷却設備として下記の条件を有する
ものが最適とされている。 Therefore, the optimum steel sheet cooling equipment is one that meets the following conditions.
即ち、
１ オンラインにて冷却を行うため適用プロセス
に適応した冷却性能と制御性を持ち冷却装置の
部品交換の高能率性とメンテナンスの容易性を
備えていること
２ 被冷却材の上下面及び板の長手、横方向の冷
却の均一性に優れ、冷却による板間材質のバラ
ツキ及び鋼板形状の悪化を最小限に押えられる
こと
３ ラインには冷却を適用しない熱鋼板の通板が
頻繁に行なわれるので、その場合は退避、バイ
パス又は他の方法によつて冷却装置が保護でき
ること
が主たる条件である。 In other words, 1. It has cooling performance and controllability suitable for the applied process because it performs cooling online, and it has high efficiency in replacing parts of the cooling device and ease of maintenance. 2. The upper and lower surfaces and plates of the material to be cooled Excellent uniformity in cooling in the longitudinal and lateral directions, minimizing variation in material quality between sheets and deterioration of steel sheet shape due to cooling 3. Threading of hot steel sheets without cooling is frequently performed on the line. Therefore, in such a case, the main condition is that the cooling device can be protected by evacuation, bypass, or other methods.
（従来技術）
従来の熱間の厚鋼板を冷却する設備としては、
例えば特公昭47−46641号公報が知られている。
ここに開示されている技術は、ローラプレツシヤ
クエンチシステムに関するもので、熱間の厚鋼板
を上下に配したローラー間で拘束しながら搬送す
ると共に、該厚鋼板の上下両面に液体冷媒を供給
し、焼入れするものである。(Prior art) Conventional equipment for cooling hot thick steel plates includes:
For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 47-46641 is known.
The technology disclosed herein relates to a roller pressure quench system, in which a hot thick steel plate is conveyed while restrained between rollers placed above and below, and a liquid refrigerant is supplied to both the top and bottom of the thick steel plate. It is then hardened.
（考案が解決しようとする問題点）
しかし、この設備を前述したオンライン冷却設
備にこれを適用するとすれば、冷却条件を調整す
る設備等の改良の必要性があることおよび上記条
件の１及び２項に難点があり、これを改善するた
めには大巾な投資コストの増加が伴なう。(Problems to be solved by the invention) However, if this equipment is applied to the above-mentioned online cooling equipment, there is a need to improve the equipment for adjusting the cooling conditions, and conditions 1 and 2 above. There are some shortcomings in this section, and improving them would require a significant increase in investment costs.
特に、実用的な熱鋼板の冷却装置とするには、
設備的に比較的簡単な構造であつて、保守の容易
なことが必須の要件である。 In particular, for a practical cooling device for hot steel plates,
It is essential that the equipment has a relatively simple structure and is easy to maintain.
すなわち、従前の焼入装置では、第１図に示す
如く別設されたノズルヘツダー１１より導管１２
を介して個々の噴射ノズル１３に通水されてい
た。この場合、噴射ノズル１３は個々に脱着が必
要であり、熱鋼板幅方向へ多数配列された噴射ノ
ズル群の脱着に長時間を有する。しかもノズルヘ
ツダー１１に連結する導管１２、該導管１２の先
端に設けたノズル１３、導管１２先端のノズル１
３部分を支持するベースフレーム１５と構成部が
多数に配置され、全体の構成を複雑にしていた。
また、被冷却材１の上・下両面および板１の長手
方向、横方向の冷却の均一性を確保し、冷却によ
る板間材質のバラツキおよび鋼板形状の悪化を最
小限に押える技術も重要な点ではあるが、第１図
に示すようにロール間隔および上下面ともスペー
スがなく、設備上、メンテナンス上の問題は大き
い。 That is, in the conventional hardening apparatus, as shown in FIG.
Water was passed through the individual injection nozzles 13 through. In this case, the injection nozzles 13 must be attached and detached individually, and it takes a long time to attach and detach a large number of injection nozzle groups arranged in the width direction of the hot steel sheet. Moreover, a conduit 12 connected to the nozzle header 11, a nozzle 13 provided at the tip of the conduit 12, and a nozzle 1 at the tip of the conduit 12.
The base frame 15 supporting the three parts and a large number of constituent parts are arranged, making the overall structure complicated.
It is also important to develop a technology that ensures uniform cooling on both the upper and lower surfaces of the material to be cooled and in the longitudinal and lateral directions of the plate 1, and minimizes variations in the material between the plates and deterioration of the steel plate shape due to cooling. However, as shown in FIG. 1, there is no space between the rolls and on the upper and lower surfaces, which poses major problems in terms of equipment and maintenance.
そこで、この考案は、メンテナンスを高能率
化・正確化し生産性の向上を図ることができる熱
鋼板冷却噴射装置を提供しようとするものであ
る。 Therefore, this invention aims to provide a hot steel plate cooling injection device that can make maintenance more efficient and accurate and improve productivity.
（問題点を解決するための手段）
本考案の熱鋼板冷却噴射装置は、第２図に示す
ように垂直部分１０Ａと水平部分１０Ｂとにより
略コ字形の縦断面形状に形成したフレームの前記
垂直部分１０Ａの端部に保護エプロン１０Ｄを固
着するとともに、垂直姿勢の複数個のノズル１３
を水平方向へ所定間隔をおいて前記水平部分１０
Ｂに螺合して冷却スプレーユニツト１０を構成す
る。そして、通過する熱鋼板１と前記ノズル１３
の先端との間に間隔をおくようにして前記冷却ス
プレーユニツト１０を前記通過する熱鋼板１の上
下に配置して上下取付ベースフレーム１５に着脱
可能に螺着する。また、導管１２を介して前記ノ
ズル１３をノズルヘツダー１１に連通させてい
る。(Means for Solving the Problems) The hot steel plate cooling injection device of the present invention has a vertical portion 10A and a horizontal portion 10B formed into a substantially U-shaped longitudinal section, as shown in FIG. A protective apron 10D is fixed to the end of the portion 10A, and a plurality of nozzles 13 are arranged in a vertical position.
the horizontal portion 10 at a predetermined interval in the horizontal direction.
B is screwed together to form the cooling spray unit 10. Then, the hot steel plate 1 passing through and the nozzle 13
The cooling spray unit 10 is disposed above and below the passing hot steel plate 1 so as to be spaced apart from the tip of the cooling spray unit 10, and is removably screwed onto the upper and lower mounting base frame 15. Further, the nozzle 13 is communicated with the nozzle header 11 via a conduit 12.
（作用）
この考案の装置は上記のように構成されている
ので、保護エプロン１０Ｄを固着したフレームに
ノズル１３を螺着した冷却スプレーユニツト１０
として、保護エプロン１０Ｄとノズル１３を同時
に一括交換することができる。したがつて、冷却
スプレーユニツトの補修あるいは部品交換を冷却
設備の系外に搬出した後に行なうことができるの
で、メンテナンスを高能率で、正確に行なうこと
ができる。(Function) Since the device of this invention is constructed as described above, the cooling spray unit 10 has the nozzle 13 screwed onto the frame to which the protective apron 10D is fixed.
As a result, the protective apron 10D and the nozzle 13 can be replaced all at once. Therefore, since the cooling spray unit can be repaired or its parts replaced after it has been taken out of the cooling equipment, maintenance can be performed with high efficiency and accuracy.
（実施例）
本考案は第２図および第３図に示すように縦断
面形状において垂直部分１０Ａ、水平部分１０Ｂ
で略コ字状つまり箱状体に形成したフレームと、
該フレームの水平部分１０Ｂに複数のノズル１３
を螺合、垂直部分１０Ａの端部側に保護エプロン
１０Ｄをボルト１６Ｂで螺着するか溶接によつて
固定することによつて冷却スプレーユニツト１０
を一体的に構成する。該スプレーユニツト１０に
おいてはフレームの水平部分１０Ｂつまり板状水
平面にノズル１３の螺合孔を形成しノズル１３を
垂直方向へ向けかつ水平方向へ所定間隔をおいて
複数個螺合している。そして冷却スプレーユニツ
ト１０を、通過する熱鋼板１へノズル１３の先端
を向けた状態で上下に配置して冷却スプレーユニ
ツト１０を上下に配設した取付ベースフレーム１
５にボルト１６Ａで着脱可能に螺着する。(Embodiment) As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the present invention has a vertical section 10A and a horizontal section 10B.
A frame formed into a roughly U-shaped or box-shaped body,
A plurality of nozzles 13 are provided in the horizontal portion 10B of the frame.
The cooling spray unit 10 is screwed together, and the protective apron 10D is screwed onto the end side of the vertical portion 10A with bolts 16B or fixed by welding.
are integrally configured. In the spray unit 10, screw holes for the nozzles 13 are formed in the horizontal portion 10B of the frame, that is, in the plate-like horizontal surface, and a plurality of nozzles 13 are screwed in the vertical direction and at predetermined intervals in the horizontal direction. Then, the cooling spray units 10 are arranged vertically with the tips of the nozzles 13 facing the passing hot steel plate 1, and the cooling spray units 10 are arranged vertically on the mounting base frame 1.
5 with a bolt 16A.
第２図においてノズルヘツダー１１、導管１２
は取付ベースフレーム１５に取付けており、ノズ
ルヘツダー１１より複数枝出した導管１２を冷却
スプレーユニツト１０に螺合した複数のノズル１
３に各々連設する。 In FIG. 2, a nozzle header 11, a conduit 12
is attached to a mounting base frame 15, and has a plurality of nozzles 1 with a plurality of conduits 12 extending out from a nozzle header 11 screwed to the cooling spray unit 10.
3, respectively.
第３図は冷却スプレーユニツト１０を装着した
熱鋼板冷却装置の概略を示すもので、熱鋼板１が
上ロール２と下ロール３に狭圧されて搬送され、
上ロール２、下ロール３の各ロール群に配置させ
た冷却スプレーユニツト１０から冷却水を噴射す
ることによつて冷却を実施するものである。 FIG. 3 schematically shows a hot steel plate cooling device equipped with a cooling spray unit 10, in which a hot steel plate 1 is conveyed under narrow pressure between an upper roll 2 and a lower roll 3.
Cooling is carried out by spraying cooling water from cooling spray units 10 placed on each roll group, ie, the upper roll 2 and the lower roll 3.
なお本考案においては第５図に示すように、上
下に配設した冷却スプレーユニツト１０のフレー
ム垂直部分１０Ａの相対設面を水平部分１０Ｂよ
り厚みを厚くしてボルト１６Ａ，１６Ｂを取付け
易くするとともに、垂直部分１０Ａに溝部１０Ｃ
を形成し保護エプロン２３と、ノズル１３を取付
けたフレームで構成する冷却スプレーユニツト１
０に遮蔽体１８を内蔵させることができる。遮蔽
体１８は一例として第４図に示す電動機１９を駆
動し、カツプリング２０、軸受２２を介してスク
リユー軸２１を正逆転させることによつて熱鋼板
１の板幅方向へ移動可能させ遮蔽体１８によつて
ノズル１３からの冷却水を熱鋼板１に到達させな
いで板幅方向の両端部における冷却能を低下させ
ることが可能である。また熱鋼板１の長手方向の
先端後端の過冷却の防止が必要な場合には第６
図、第７図で示すように遮蔽体２４に孔を穿設し
ベースフレーム１５に取付けられた空気シリンダ
ー２６の駆動によつて冷却スプレーユニツト１０
中の遮蔽体２４を移動させノズル１３より噴射さ
れる冷却水を遮断することができる。 In addition, in the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5, the relative surface of the vertical portion 10A of the frame of the cooling spray unit 10 disposed above and below is made thicker than the horizontal portion 10B to facilitate attachment of the bolts 16A and 16B. , a groove 10C in the vertical portion 10A
A cooling spray unit 1 comprising a protective apron 23 and a frame to which a nozzle 13 is attached.
0 can have a built-in shield 18. For example, the shield 18 is made movable in the width direction of the hot steel plate 1 by driving an electric motor 19 shown in FIG. This makes it possible to prevent the cooling water from the nozzle 13 from reaching the hot steel plate 1 and reduce the cooling capacity at both ends in the width direction of the plate. In addition, if it is necessary to prevent overcooling of the front and rear ends of the hot steel plate 1 in the longitudinal direction, the sixth
As shown in FIG. 7, a hole is bored in the shield 24 and the cooling spray unit 10 is driven by an air cylinder 26 attached to the base frame 15.
The cooling water sprayed from the nozzle 13 can be blocked by moving the shield 24 inside.
（考案の効果）
以上の構成をもつ本考案による冷却噴射装置に
よつて、
(1) 冷却スプレーユニツトの脱着が容易であるた
め、100〜200個のノズルの一括交換が可能とな
り、また組替台車と組合せることにより高能率
になり、したがつて休止時間が短くなりライン
の生産性が大巾に向上する。(Effects of the invention) With the cooling injection device of the invention having the above configuration, (1) the cooling spray unit can be easily attached and removed, making it possible to replace 100 to 200 nozzles at once, and By combining it with a trolley, high efficiency can be achieved, resulting in shorter downtime and greatly improved line productivity.
(2) 交換のための作業時間が大巾に短縮されるの
で、冷却装置内に作業員が入る時間を短縮する
ことができ安全上のメリツトが大きい。(2) Since the work time for replacement is greatly reduced, the time required for workers to enter the cooling device can be shortened, which is a great safety benefit.
(3) ノズルの交換は、冷却スプレーユニツトを冷
却装置外に搬出した後行なえばよく、メンテナ
ンスが正確に行なわれるため鋼板の適正な冷却
が安定して確保することができ、冷却する鋼板
の品種が均一に保たれる。(3) The nozzle can be replaced only after the cooling spray unit has been removed from the cooling system, and since maintenance is performed accurately, proper cooling of the steel plate can be stably ensured, and the type of steel plate to be cooled can be changed. is kept uniform.
等の効果がある。There are other effects.
なお、必要に応じ本考案においては箱状の冷却
スプレーユニツト１０に、板幅方向に移動可能な
遮蔽体１８を設けることによつて熱鋼板１の板幅
の両端にノズルから噴出される冷却水がかからな
いようにできるため、過冷却を防止するととも
に、遮蔽体１８の板幅方向の長さを変えることに
よつてその過冷却の範囲を自由に選択することと
ができる。 If necessary, in the present invention, the box-shaped cooling spray unit 10 is provided with a shield 18 that is movable in the sheet width direction, so that the cooling water sprayed from the nozzle at both ends of the sheet width of the hot steel sheet 1 can be prevented. Since it is possible to prevent overcooling from occurring, it is possible to prevent overcooling and to freely select the range of overcooling by changing the length of the shield 18 in the plate width direction.
また、この遮蔽体１８を熱鋼板１の進行方向に
対して複数段設置することによつて、さらに板幅
の両端部の過冷却の程度を自由に調整することが
できるので、熱鋼板の板形状の平坦度の確保およ
び材質の均一化を得ることができる。 Furthermore, by installing the shields 18 in multiple stages in the direction of movement of the hot steel plate 1, it is possible to freely adjust the degree of supercooling at both ends of the plate width. It is possible to ensure the flatness of the shape and to make the material uniform.
さらに、この箱状の冷却スプレーユニツト１０
に、熱鋼板１の長手、横方向特に熱鋼板１の先端
（トツプ）と後端（ボトム）の過冷却を防止する
ために冷却水の噴出圧および流量を制御すること
ができる遮蔽体２４を設けることによつて、先端
と後端の板形状の平坦度を確保することができ、
材質の均一化を得ることができる。 Furthermore, this box-shaped cooling spray unit 10
In order to prevent supercooling of the hot steel plate 1 in the longitudinal and lateral directions, particularly at the top and bottom of the hot steel plate 1, a shield 24 is provided which can control the jetting pressure and flow rate of the cooling water. By providing this, it is possible to ensure the flatness of the plate shape at the tip and rear ends,
It is possible to obtain uniform material quality.
第１図は従来の冷却スプレーユニツトの構造の
側面図、第２図は本考案の対象となる冷却スプレ
ーユニツトの側面図、第３図はこの冷却スプレー
ユニツトを装着した冷却装置の概略を示す側面
図、第４図及び第５図は本考案の冷却スプレーユ
ニツトに、板幅方向に移動可能な遮蔽体１８を組
込んだ正面図と側面図、第６図及び第７図は本考
案の冷却スプレーユニツトに遮蔽体２４を組込ん
だ正面図と側面図である。
１……熱鋼板、２，３……ロール、１０……冷
却ユニツト、１１……ノズルヘツダー、１３……
ノズル、１５……取付ベースフレーム、１６Ａ，
１６Ｂ……ボルト、１８，２４……遮蔽体。
Figure 1 is a side view of the structure of a conventional cooling spray unit, Figure 2 is a side view of the cooling spray unit to which the present invention is applied, and Figure 3 is a side view schematically showing a cooling device equipped with this cooling spray unit. Figures 4 and 5 are a front view and a side view of a cooling spray unit of the present invention incorporating a shield 18 movable in the board width direction, and Figures 6 and 7 are cooling spray units of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a front view and a side view of a spray unit incorporating a shield 24. FIG. 1... Hot steel plate, 2, 3... Roll, 10... Cooling unit, 11... Nozzle header, 13...
Nozzle, 15...Mounting base frame, 16A,
16B... Bolt, 18, 24... Shield.
Claims (1)
字形の縦断面形状に形成したフレームの前記垂直
部分１０Ａの端部に保護エプロン１０Ｄを固着す
るとともに、垂直姿勢の複数個のノズル１３を水
平方向へ所定間隔をおいて前記水平部分１０Ｂに
螺合して冷却スプレーユニツト１０を構成し、通
過する熱鋼板１と前記ノズル１３の先端との間に
間隔をおくようにして前記冷却スプレーユニツト
１０を前記通過する熱鋼板１の上下に配置して上
下取付ベースフレーム１５に着脱可能に螺着し、
導管１２を介して前記ノズル１３をノズルヘツダ
ー１１に連通させたことを特徴とする熱鋼板冷却
噴射装置。 A protective apron 10D is fixed to the end of the vertical portion 10A of the frame, which is formed into a substantially U-shaped vertical cross-sectional shape by the vertical portion 10A and the horizontal portion 10B, and a plurality of nozzles 13 in a vertical position are set in a predetermined horizontal direction. The cooling spray unit 10 is screwed onto the horizontal portion 10B with an interval therebetween, and the cooling spray unit 10 is screwed onto the horizontal portion 10B with a space between the passing hot steel plate 1 and the tip of the nozzle 13. are arranged above and below the thermal steel plate 1 to be attached and removably screwed to the upper and lower mounting base frames 15,
A hot steel sheet cooling injection device characterized in that the nozzle 13 is communicated with a nozzle header 11 via a conduit 12.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP14015683U JPS6052009U (en) | 1983-09-12 | 1983-09-12 | Hot steel plate cooling injection equipment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP14015683U JPS6052009U (en) | 1983-09-12 | 1983-09-12 | Hot steel plate cooling injection equipment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6052009U JPS6052009U (en) | 1985-04-12 |
| JPS6331763Y2 true JPS6331763Y2 (en) | 1988-08-24 |
Family
ID=30313906
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP14015683U Granted JPS6052009U (en) | 1983-09-12 | 1983-09-12 | Hot steel plate cooling injection equipment |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6052009U (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004014577A1 (en) * | 2002-08-08 | 2004-02-19 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Cooling device, manufacturing method, and manufacturing line for hot rolled steel band |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58126853A (en) * | 1981-11-02 | 1983-07-28 | エシル・コ−ポレ−シヨン | Nucleophilic substitution and product |
-
1983
- 1983-09-12 JP JP14015683U patent/JPS6052009U/en active Granted
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58126853A (en) * | 1981-11-02 | 1983-07-28 | エシル・コ−ポレ−シヨン | Nucleophilic substitution and product |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6052009U (en) | 1985-04-12 |
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