JPS6330481A - Production of pyran derivative - Google Patents

Production of pyran derivative

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Publication number
JPS6330481A
JPS6330481A JP17262886A JP17262886A JPS6330481A JP S6330481 A JPS6330481 A JP S6330481A JP 17262886 A JP17262886 A JP 17262886A JP 17262886 A JP17262886 A JP 17262886A JP S6330481 A JPS6330481 A JP S6330481A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
formula
product
compound
pyran
dimethyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP17262886A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hiroshi Takada
高田 博史
Shinichi Masuda
増田 進一
Akio Satani
佐谷 晃生
Sunao Toi
戸井 直
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kao Corp
Original Assignee
Kao Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kao Corp filed Critical Kao Corp
Priority to JP17262886A priority Critical patent/JPS6330481A/en
Publication of JPS6330481A publication Critical patent/JPS6330481A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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  • Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a pyran derivative useful as a perfume component having improved stability and durable green note, by reacting a specific cyclohexene-1- carbaldehyde with a specific alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. CONSTITUTION:A compound shown by formula I (R2 is H or CH3) is reacted with a compound shown by formula II (R3-R7 are H or CH3 with the proviso that a case where R5 and R7 are CH3 and R4 and R6 are H) in a preferably molar ratio of 0.5-2.0: 1 in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g. sulfuric acid, etc.) to give the aimed compound (usually isomer blend resulting from position of double bond of pyran ring) shown by formula III. The reaction is carried out preferably in a solvent (e.g. hexane, etc.) capable of removing water from the reaction system by azeotropy at 50-150 deg.C usually for 1-200 hours.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明は次の一般式([) (式中、R2は0式又はCH,を示し、R,、R,、R
いR,、R,及びR7はH又はCH,を示す。ただし馬
及びR7がCH8でかつR5、R4及びR8がHである
場合を除く。X、Y及びZの何れか1つは二重結合で、
他の2つは単結合を示す〕 で表わされる香料として有用な新規などラン誘導体の製
造方法に関する。
Detailed Description of the Invention [Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to the following general formula ([) (wherein R2 represents 0 formula or CH, R,, R,, R
R, , R and R7 represent H or CH. However, this excludes cases where horse and R7 are CH8 and R5, R4 and R8 are H. Any one of X, Y and Z is a double bond,
The other two represent single bonds] This invention relates to a method for producing a novel orchid derivative useful as a fragrance.

〔従来の技術〕[Conventional technology]

従来、次式(a) 瓜 (式中、R4、R,、R,及びR1は前記と同じものを
示す) で表わされるジエン化合物と一般式山)(式中、R3は
前記と同じものを示す)で表わされるジェノフィルをデ
ィールスアルダー反応させて得られる次式(II) R1 (式中、R,、R4、R,、R,及びR7は前記と同じ
ものを示す〕 で表わされる化合物が強いグリーンノートを有すること
が知られている。
Conventionally, a diene compound represented by the following formula (a) (where R4, R, , R, and R1 are the same as above) and a general formula (Yama) (wherein R3 is the same as above) have been used. The compound represented by the following formula (II) R1 (wherein R,, R4, R, R, and R7 are the same as above) obtained by subjecting Genophile represented by (shown) to Diels-Alder reaction is strong. Known to have green notes.

〔発明が解決しようとする問題点〕[Problem that the invention seeks to solve]

しかしながら、上記(n)式の化合物はホルミル基を有
するため安定性に問題があった。
However, the compound of the above formula (n) has a problem in stability because it has a formyl group.

〔問題点を解決するための手段〕[Means for solving problems]

そこで、本発明者は、斯かる問題点を解決すべく鋭意研
究を行った結果、化合物(n)に次の一般式(I) (式中、R2は前記と同じものを示す)で表わされる化
合物を反応させて得られる上記−般式(I)で表わされ
るピラン誘導体は安定性に優れ、かつ持続性のあるグリ
ーンノートを有しておυ、香料組成物の製造原料として
有用であることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
Therefore, as a result of intensive research in order to solve such problems, the present inventors found that the compound (n) is represented by the following general formula (I) (wherein R2 is the same as the above). The pyran derivative represented by the above general formula (I) obtained by reacting the compounds has excellent stability and a long-lasting green note, and is useful as a raw material for producing fragrance compositions. They discovered this and completed the present invention.

すなわち、本発明は、(I)式の化合物と(If)式の
化合物を酸触媒の存在下反応させてピラン誘導体(I)
を製造する方法である。
That is, the present invention provides pyran derivative (I) by reacting a compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (If) in the presence of an acid catalyst.
This is a method of manufacturing.

本発明方法で得られるピラン誘導体(I)には、二重結
合の位置によって次の3つの異性体があり、本発明方法
によれば生成物はこれらの混合物として得られる。
The pyran derivative (I) obtained by the method of the present invention has the following three isomers depending on the position of the double bond, and according to the method of the present invention, the product is obtained as a mixture of these isomers.

(Ia)      (Ib)      (IC)(
式中、R2、R5、R4,R,、R1及びR7は前記と
同じものを示す) 従って、本発明方法は次の反応式によって示される。
(Ia) (Ib) (IC)(
(In the formula, R2, R5, R4, R, , R1 and R7 are the same as described above.) Therefore, the method of the present invention is represented by the following reaction formula.

(IV) (式中、R,、R,、R4,R5、R6,R,は前記と
同じものを示す) 本発明方法において、化合物(II)に対する化合物(
I)のモル比は特に制限されないが、(■)1モルに対
しく0を0.5〜zOモル使用するのが好ましい。酸触
媒としては、強酸が好ましく、例えば硫酸、パラトルエ
ンスルホン酸、塩酸、リン酸等が挙げられる。触媒量は
その種類にもよるが、原料の仕込量に対し0.01〜1
0%が好ましい。反未から水を除去できる溶媒、例えば
ヘキサン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等が好適に利
用される。本反応は一般に10〜200℃の温度で、好
ましくは50〜150℃の温度で行われ、反応時間は温
度によっても異なるが、1〜200時間で進行する。
(IV) (In the formula, R,, R,, R4, R5, R6, R, are the same as above) In the method of the present invention, the compound (
The molar ratio of I) is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use 0.5 to zO moles of 0 to 1 mole of (■). The acid catalyst is preferably a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, para-toluenesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. The amount of catalyst depends on the type, but it is 0.01 to 1% of the amount of raw materials charged.
0% is preferred. Solvents that can remove water from the reactor, such as hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc., are preferably used. This reaction is generally carried out at a temperature of 10 to 200°C, preferably 50 to 150°C, and the reaction time varies depending on the temperature, but proceeds for 1 to 200 hours.

本発明方法によれば、生成物は(Ia)、(Ib)及び
(tc)の混合物として得られるが、これらは分離する
ことなく香料として使用することができる。
According to the process of the invention, the product is obtained as a mixture of (Ia), (Ib) and (tc), which can be used as a perfume without separation.

〔発明の効果〕〔Effect of the invention〕

本発明方法で得られる化合物(I)は安定性に優れ、持
続性のあるグリーンノートな香気を有しているので、徨
々の香料組成物の調製に使用することができる。
Compound (I) obtained by the method of the present invention has excellent stability and a long-lasting green note fragrance, so it can be used in the preparation of various fragrance compositions.

〔実捲例〕[Real example]

次に実施例を挙げて説明する。 Next, an example will be given and explained.

実施例1 ヘキサン180?と濃硫酸1.3tの混合液を還流させ
ながら、3,6−シメチルー3−シクロヘキセン−1−
カルバルデヒドと4,6−シメチルー3−シクロヘキセ
ン−1−カルバルデヒドトの混合物100y−(0,7
2モルつと79%の純度をmfる4−、’チルー4−ペ
ンテンー2−オール1105’(0,87モル〕とを均
一に混合したものを3時間かけて滴下した。反応により
生成する水はヘキサンと共沸させることによシ反応系外
に除去した。滴下終了後ヘキサンを一部留去させること
により内温を95℃まで上げた。その後、この温度を保
持しながら、共沸脱水反応を6時間行なった。反応物は
5%炙酸ナトリウム水にて洗浄し、その後、ボウ硝水に
て水洗を3回行なった。減圧下、ヘキサンをトッピング
した後、蒸留を行ない、2m1HP、100〜120°
Cの留分1529−を得た。
Example 1 Hexane 180? 3,6-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1- while refluxing a mixture of
A mixture of carbaldehyde and 4,6-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde 100y-(0,7
A homogeneous mixture of 2 moles of 4-,'chi-4-penten-2-ol 1105 with a purity of 79% (0.87 moles) was added dropwise over 3 hours.The water produced by the reaction was It was removed from the reaction system by azeotroping with hexane.After the dropwise addition, the internal temperature was raised to 95°C by partially distilling off the hexane.Then, while maintaining this temperature, azeotropic dehydration was carried out. was carried out for 6 hours.The reaction product was washed with 5% sodium aqueous solution, and then washed three times with Bowser's salt water.Under reduced pressure, after topping with hexane, distillation was performed, and 2ml of HP, 100% ~120°
A fraction 1529- of C was obtained.

これを精密蒸留により2711 H5’、100〜10
4°Cの留分879−を得た。
This was subjected to precision distillation to obtain 2711 H5', 100-10
Fraction 879- was obtained at 4°C.

生成物をガスクロマトグラフィー及びガスマスで測定を
行なったところ、その純度は99%以上であり、m/e
 = 220の親ピークが認められた。
When the product was measured by gas chromatography and gas mass, its purity was over 99%, with m/e
= 220 parent peaks were observed.

更に生成物の元素分析、IH−NMR,IRは次のとお
シである。
Furthermore, elemental analysis, IH-NMR, and IR of the product were conducted as follows.

元素分析 計算値(%) : C81,76、H10,98,07
,26実測値(チ) : C81,73,H11,01
,07,26II(−NMR(CDC乃1.TMS内部
標準δ);第1図の複合ピーク δ0.8〜4.5   複雑な多重線(22)りIR(
an−’):第2図 2950、2880.1675.1650.1440.
1375゜1315.1220,1170,1100,
1060,1020゜890.850,810,795 (Ia−1) (Ib−1) (file−1) これらの結果より、生成物は2,4−ジメチル−6−(
3,6(又は4,6)−ジメチル−3−シクロヘキセン
−1−イル]−3、6−シヒドロー2H−ビラ:z(l
a−1)、4.6−シメチルー2−(:3,6(又は4
,6)−ジメチル−3−シクロヘキセン−1−イル]−
3、6−シヒドロー2H−ピラン(Ib−1)及び2−
メチル−6−(3、6(又は4.6)−ジメチル−3−
シクロヘキセン−1−イル〕−4−メチレンテトラヒド
ロビラン(IC−1)の混合物であることが確認された
Elemental analysis calculation value (%): C81,76, H10,98,07
,26 actual measurement value (chi): C81,73, H11,01
,07,26II (-NMR (CDC 1.TMS internal standard δ); complex peak δ0.8-4.5 in Figure 1 Complex multiplet (22) IR (
an-'): Fig. 2 2950, 2880.1675.1650.1440.
1375°1315.1220,1170,1100,
1060,1020°890.850,810,795 (Ia-1) (Ib-1) (file-1) From these results, the product is 2,4-dimethyl-6-(
3,6 (or 4,6)-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl]-3,6-cyhydro2H-bira:z(l
a-1), 4,6-dimethyl-2-(:3,6(or 4
,6)-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl]-
3,6-sihydro-2H-pyran (Ib-1) and 2-
Methyl-6-(3,6 (or 4.6)-dimethyl-3-
It was confirmed that it was a mixture of cyclohexen-1-yl]-4-methylenetetrahydrobilane (IC-1).

実施例2 実施例1の3,6−シメチルー3−シクロヘキセン−1
−カルバルデヒドと4.6−シメチルー3−シクロヘキ
セン−1−カルバルデヒドとの混合物100?の代わり
に2.4.6−1リメチル−3−シクロヘキセン−1−
カルバルデヒドと3.5.6−1リメチル−3−シクロ
ヘキセン−1−カルバルデヒドとの混合物110y−(
0,72モル)を使用する以外は実施例1と同様に操作
して、精密蒸留後21H?、110〜114℃の留分7
7?を得た。
Example 2 3,6-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1 of Example 1
-Mixture of carbaldehyde and 4,6-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde 100? 2.4.6-1-limethyl-3-cyclohexene-1- instead of
110y-(
0.72 mol) was used in the same manner as in Example 1, and after precision distillation, 21H? , 110-114°C fraction 7
7? I got it.

生成物をガスクロマトグラフィー及びガスマスで測定を
行なったとこへその純度は99チ以上であり、m/e=
234の族ピークが認められた。更に生成物の元素分析
、”H−N M RlIRは次のとおりである。
When the product was measured by gas chromatography and gas mass, its purity was 99% or higher, and m/e =
234 family peaks were observed. Further elemental analysis of the product, ``H-N M RlIR, is as follows.

元素分析 計算値幅):C81,99Hll、18 06.83実
測値(@: C81,96Hll、20 06.84L
H−NMR(CD(J、、TMS内部標準δ):第3図
の複合ピーク δ0.8〜1.3  シクロヘキセン環、CH,X2及
びピラン環0−C−CH。
Elemental analysis calculated value range): C81,99Hll, 18 06.83 Actual value (@: C81,96Hll, 20 06.84L
H-NMR (CD (J, TMS internal standard δ): complex peak δ 0.8-1.3 in Figure 3 cyclohexene ring, CH, X2 and pyran ring 0-C-CH.

δ1.5〜4.3  複雑な多重線(I5B)IR(m
−’ ):第4図 2950.2900,2870,1680,1650,
1450゜1380.1320,1170,1115,
1055,1020゜960.890,815 (Ia−2) (Ib−2) (I[C−2) これらの結果より、生成物は、2.+−1メチル−6−
(2,4,6(又は3,5.6)−トリメチル−3−シ
クロヘキセン−1−イル”l−3。
δ1.5~4.3 Complex multiplet (I5B) IR (m
-' ): Fig. 4 2950.2900, 2870, 1680, 1650,
1450°1380.1320,1170,1115,
1055,1020°960.890,815 (Ia-2) (Ib-2) (I[C-2) From these results, the product is 2. +-1 methyl-6-
(2,4,6 (or 3,5.6)-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl"l-3.

6−ジヒドo−2H−ピラフ (la−2)、4,6−
シメチルー2−[2,4,6(又は3,5.6)−トリ
メチル−3−シクロヘキセン−1−イル〕−3,6−シ
ヒドロー2H−ビラン(Ib−2)及び2−メチル−6
−(2,4,6(又は3,5.6)−トリメチル−3−
シクロヘキセン−1−イル]−4−メチレンテトラヒド
ロピラン(IC−2)の混合物でちることが確認された
6-dihydro-2H-pilaf (la-2), 4,6-
Cymethyl-2-[2,4,6 (or 3,5.6)-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl]-3,6-cyhydro-2H-bilane (Ib-2) and 2-methyl-6
-(2,4,6(or 3,5.6)-trimethyl-3-
It was confirmed that a mixture of cyclohexen-1-yl]-4-methylenetetrahydropyran (IC-2) was used.

実施例3 実施例1の79%の純度を有する4−メチル−4−ペン
テン−2−オール1105’(0,87モル)の代わり
に、98チ純度を有する3−メチル−3−ブテン−1−
オール765’ (0,87モル)を使用する以外は実
施例1と同様に操作して、精密蒸留後2朋H1,113
〜120℃の留分54?を得た。
Example 3 Instead of 4-methyl-4-penten-2-ol 1105' (0,87 mol) with a purity of 79% in Example 1, 3-methyl-3-butene-1 with a purity of 98% −
The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that all 765' (0.87 mol) was used, and after precision distillation, 2 H1,113
~120°C fraction 54? I got it.

生成物をガスクロマトグラフィー及びガスマスで測定を
行なったところ、その純度は99%以上であり、 m/
e= 206の親ピークが認められた。
When the product was measured by gas chromatography and gas mass, its purity was over 99%, m/
A parent peak of e=206 was observed.

更に生成物の元素分析、IH−NMR1丁Rは次のとお
りである。
Furthermore, the elemental analysis of the product, IH-NMR 1 column R, is as follows.

元素分析 計算値(チ) : C81,50Hlo、75 07.
76実測値(%) : C81,45Hlo、76 0
7.79’H,NMR(CDCβ1.TMS内部標準δ
):第5図び(Ia) (Ib)のピラン環。
Elemental analysis calculation value (chi): C81,50Hlo, 75 07.
76 Actual value (%): C81,45Hlo, 76 0
7.79'H, NMR (CDCβ1.TMS internal standard δ
): Pyran ring in Figures 5 and (Ia) and (Ib).

δ0.8〜1.1  シクロヘキセン環−CF2 (3
H)δ1.2〜4.3  複雑な多重線 (I7H)I
R(副−1):第6図 2950、2900.1675.1440.1380.
1160゜1120、1010.885.850.78
0(Ia−3) ([b−3) (IC−3) これらの結果より、生成物は、4−メチル−6−(3,
6(又は4,6)−ジメチル−3−シクロヘキセン−1
−イル)−3,6−シヒドロー2H−ビラ:’ (Ia
−3)、4−メチル−2−1: 3 、6 (又1i4
.6)−ジメチル−3−シクロヘキセン−1−イル]−
3、6−シヒドロー2H−ピラン([b−3)及び2−
(3,6(又は4,6)−ジメチル−3−シクロヘキセ
ン−1−イルツー4−メチレンテトラヒドロピラン([
0−3)の混合物であることが確認された。
δ0.8-1.1 cyclohexene ring-CF2 (3
H) δ1.2~4.3 Complex multiplet (I7H)I
R (sub-1): Figure 6 2950, 2900.1675.1440.1380.
1160°1120, 1010.885.850.78
0(Ia-3) ([b-3) (IC-3) From these results, the product is 4-methyl-6-(3,
6(or 4,6)-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1
-yl)-3,6-sihydro2H-bira:' (Ia
-3), 4-methyl-2-1: 3, 6 (also 1i4
.. 6)-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl]-
3,6-sihydro2H-pyran ([b-3) and 2-
(3,6 (or 4,6)-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yltu-4-methylenetetrahydropyran ([
It was confirmed that it was a mixture of 0-3).

実施例4 ヒアシンス調調合香料 重量部 ガルパナム油                3ベン
ジルアセテート           100フエニル
アセトアルデヒドジメチルアセタール     5フエ
ニルエチルアルコール        400フエニル
エチルアセテート10 フェニルエチルフェニルアセf−ト     40フエ
ニルエチルサリシレート       200フエニル
エチルシンナメー)         80シンナミツ
クアルコール          50スチラツクスレ
ジノイド          20オイゲノール   
       20インドール           
 2ジヤスミンベース              2
0上記調合香料950部に実施例2で得た化合物を50
部加えることによシ、ナチュラルでフレッシュなグリー
ン感の強調されたヒアシンス調調合香料が得られた。
Example 4 Parts by Weight of Hyacinth Mixed Fragrance Galpanum oil 3 Benzyl acetate 100 Phenyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal 5 Phenylethyl alcohol 400 Phenylethyl acetate 10 Phenylethyl phenylacet 40 Phenylethyl salicylate 200 Phenylethyl cinname) 80 Cinnamic Alcohol 50 Styrax Resinoid 20 Eugenol
20 indole
2 diasmine base 2
0 50 parts of the compound obtained in Example 2 was added to 950 parts of the above blended fragrance.
By adding this amount, a hyacinth-like blended fragrance with an emphasized natural and fresh green feeling was obtained.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は実施例1の生成物のIH−N M Rスペクト
ル、第2図は同生成物のIRスペクトル、第3図は実施
例2の生成物のIH−N M Rスペクトル、第4図は
同生成物のIRスペクトル、第5図は実施例3の生成物
の’H−NMRスペクトル、第6図は同生成物のIRス
ペクトルである。 以上
Figure 1 is the IH-N MR spectrum of the product of Example 1, Figure 2 is the IR spectrum of the same product, Figure 3 is the IH-N MR spectrum of the product of Example 2, and Figure 4 is the IH-N MR spectrum of the product of Example 2. is the IR spectrum of the same product, FIG. 5 is the 'H-NMR spectrum of the product of Example 3, and FIG. 6 is the IR spectrum of the same product. that's all

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1、次の一般式( I ) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼( I ) (式中、R_2はH又はCH_3を示す) で表わされる化合物と一般式(II) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼(II) (式中、R_3、R_4、R5、R_6及びR_7はH
又はCH_3を示す。ただしR_5及びR_7がCH_
3でかつR_3、R_4及びR_6がHである場合を除
く) で表わされる化合物を酸触媒の存在下反応させることを
特徴とする一般式(III) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼(III) (式中、R_1はCH_2又はCH_3を示し、X、Y
及びZの何れか1つは二重結合で、他の2つは単結合を
示す。R_2、R_3、R_4、R_5、R_6及びR
_7は前記と同じものを示す) で表わされるピラン誘導体の製造方法。
[Claims] 1. A compound represented by the following general formula (I) ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼(I) (in the formula, R_2 represents H or CH_3) and the general formula (II) ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼(II) (In the formula, R_3, R_4, R5, R_6 and R_7 are H
Or indicates CH_3. However, R_5 and R_7 are CH_
3 and R_3, R_4 and R_6 are H) General formula (III) characterized by reacting a compound represented by the following in the presence of an acid catalyst ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼(III ) (In the formula, R_1 represents CH_2 or CH_3, X, Y
Any one of and Z is a double bond, and the other two are single bonds. R_2, R_3, R_4, R_5, R_6 and R
_7 indicates the same thing as above) A method for producing a pyran derivative represented by:
JP17262886A 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Production of pyran derivative Pending JPS6330481A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP17262886A JPS6330481A (en) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Production of pyran derivative

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP17262886A JPS6330481A (en) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Production of pyran derivative

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS6330481A true JPS6330481A (en) 1988-02-09

Family

ID=15945401

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP17262886A Pending JPS6330481A (en) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Production of pyran derivative

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS6330481A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH04187806A (en) * 1990-11-21 1992-07-06 Nissan Motor Co Ltd Controller for internal combustion engine
US6438338B1 (en) 2000-10-19 2002-08-20 Xerox Corporation Extended life recycleable silencer assembly

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH04187806A (en) * 1990-11-21 1992-07-06 Nissan Motor Co Ltd Controller for internal combustion engine
US6438338B1 (en) 2000-10-19 2002-08-20 Xerox Corporation Extended life recycleable silencer assembly

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