JPS63268614A - Multilayer injection molding process - Google Patents

Multilayer injection molding process

Info

Publication number
JPS63268614A
JPS63268614A JP10541787A JP10541787A JPS63268614A JP S63268614 A JPS63268614 A JP S63268614A JP 10541787 A JP10541787 A JP 10541787A JP 10541787 A JP10541787 A JP 10541787A JP S63268614 A JPS63268614 A JP S63268614A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
stock solution
resin
filler
cavity
inner layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP10541787A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Kazuo Nishikawa
和夫 西川
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mazda Motor Corp
Original Assignee
Mazda Motor Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mazda Motor Corp filed Critical Mazda Motor Corp
Priority to JP10541787A priority Critical patent/JPS63268614A/en
Publication of JPS63268614A publication Critical patent/JPS63268614A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/16Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
    • B29C45/1657Making multilayered or multicoloured articles using means for adhering or bonding the layers or parts to each other

Abstract

PURPOSE:To enable the adhesion and good connection of inner and outer layers and the surface smoothness to be improved by a method in which after the resin stock solution for an outer layer has been poured into a cavity, the resin stock solution for an inner layer is poured therein before the curing of the former resin, and the filler with rough surface has been preliminarily mixed with the stock solution for the inner layer. CONSTITUTION:First, the resin stock solution 1 for an outer layer is poured in a cavity A by the volume of prescribed ratio to the cavity capacity, and next, the resin stock solution 2 for an inner layer with which fillers 3...3 are mixed is poured into the cavity A until the cavity is filled. Then the stock solution 2 intrudes into the stock solution 1, and the condition that the former is wrapped in the latter in the cavity 4 is obtained. In this case, since the filler 3...3 included in the stock solution 2 intrudes into both inner and outer layers by straddling the interface (a) of both layers, and especially the surface of the filler 3...3 is rough, the force connecting both layers becomes large. Thus, the synthetic resin molding 4, having a multilayer construction and excellent adhesion and connection property between the outer layer resin and the inner layer resin, may be obtained.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (産業上の利用分野) 本発明は合成樹脂成形品の射出成形方法、特に多Rm遣
を有する成形品を形成する多層射出成形方法に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Field of Industrial Application) The present invention relates to an injection molding method for a synthetic resin molded article, and particularly to a multilayer injection molding method for forming a molded article having a multi-Rm ratio.

(従来の技術) 自動車の外板用合成樹脂成形品等として、表面の平滑性
、寸法安定性、耐寒衝撃性或は耐熱性等に優れた成形品
を得ようとする場合、例えば特開昭56−92038号
公報に示されているような多層射出成形方法が用いられ
る。これは、金型のキャビティ内に先ず外層用の第1樹
脂原液を射出注入した後、該原液の硬化前にその内部に
内層用の第2樹脂原液を注入することにより、内層用樹
脂を外層用樹脂で包んだ構造の成形品を得るもので、そ
の場合に、例えば外層用樹脂原液として、表面平滑性、
寸法安定性、耐寒衝撃性等に優れたDCPD (ジシク
ロペンタジェン)原液を用い、また内層用樹脂原液とし
て耐熱性に浸れたナイロン原液を用いれば、自動車の外
板用等としてこれらの長所を兼ね備えた合成樹脂成形品
が得られることになる。
(Prior art) When trying to obtain a molded product with excellent surface smoothness, dimensional stability, cold impact resistance, heat resistance, etc. as a synthetic resin molded product for the outer panel of an automobile, for example, A multilayer injection molding method as shown in Japanese Patent No. 56-92038 is used. This is done by first injecting the first resin stock solution for the outer layer into the cavity of the mold, and then injecting the second resin stock solution for the inner layer into the inside before the stock solution hardens. In this case, for example, the resin stock solution for the outer layer is used to improve the surface smoothness,
By using a DCPD (dicyclopentadiene) stock solution that has excellent dimensional stability and cold impact resistance, and using a nylon stock solution that is immersed in heat resistance as the resin stock solution for the inner layer, these advantages can be obtained for use in automobile exterior panels, etc. This results in a synthetic resin molded product that has the following characteristics.

一方、特開昭61−20717号公報によれば、樹脂原
液にフィラー(強化材)を混入することが示されている
。このフィラーとしては、ガラス短繊維や針状結晶物質
等が用いられ、これを樹脂原液に混入しておくこと4と
より、成形品の物性が強化されることとになる。
On the other hand, JP-A-61-20717 discloses that a filler (reinforcing material) is mixed into a resin stock solution. As this filler, short glass fibers, acicular crystal substances, etc. are used, and by mixing them into the resin stock solution 4, the physical properties of the molded article are strengthened.

(発明が解決しようとする問題点) ところで、上記のような多層成形品を形成する場合、外
層樹脂と内層樹脂とがそれらの界面において確実に密着
、結合することが必要であるが、使用する樹脂によって
は両層が必ずしも良好に密着せず、特に上記の如きDC
PD樹脂原液とナイロン樹脂原液との組合せの場合、或
はナイロン樹脂原液同志の組合せの場合等においては、
この密着性が不十分となり、成形品の内、外層が剥離す
るといった問題が発生する。
(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) By the way, when forming a multilayer molded product as described above, it is necessary that the outer layer resin and the inner layer resin are firmly attached and bonded at their interface. Depending on the resin, both layers may not necessarily adhere well, especially when the DC
In the case of a combination of a PD resin stock solution and a nylon resin stock solution, or a combination of nylon resin stock solutions, etc.
This adhesion becomes insufficient, causing problems such as peeling of the inner and outer layers of the molded product.

また、樹脂原液にフィラーを混入して成形品の強化を図
る場合、このフィラーが成形品の表面に浮き出して表面
の平滑性を悪化させるという問題が生じる。
Further, when a filler is mixed into the resin stock solution to strengthen a molded article, a problem arises in that the filler stands out on the surface of the molded article and deteriorates the smoothness of the surface.

本発明は、合成樹脂成形品の射出成形に関する上記の如
き問題に対処するもので、多層構造の成形品として、表
面平滑性、寸法安定性、耐寒衝撃性、更には耐熱性等の
各性質に優れ、しかも物性が強化されていると共に、内
、外層樹脂が良好に密着、結合した成形品を得ることを
目的とする。
The present invention addresses the above-mentioned problems related to injection molding of synthetic resin molded products, and aims to improve various properties such as surface smoothness, dimensional stability, cold impact resistance, and heat resistance as a multilayer molded product. The object of the present invention is to obtain a molded product which has excellent physical properties and whose inner and outer resin layers are well adhered and bonded.

(問題点を解決するための手段) 上記目的を達成すべく本発明は次のように構成したこと
を特徴とする。
(Means for Solving the Problems) In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is characterized by the following configuration.

即ち、本発明は、キャビティ内に外層用樹脂原液を注入
した後、該原液の硬化前にその内部に内層用樹脂原液を
注入することにより多層構造の成形品を得る多層射出成
形方法において、上記内層用樹脂原液に表面を粗面化処
理したフィラーを混入しておくことを特徴とする。尚、
フィラーの粗面化処理は、エツチング或は摺り合せ等に
より行うことができる。
That is, the present invention provides a multilayer injection molding method for obtaining a molded article having a multilayer structure by injecting a resin stock solution for an outer layer into a cavity and then injecting a resin stock solution for an inner layer into the cavity before the stock solution hardens. A feature is that a filler whose surface has been roughened is mixed into the resin stock solution for the inner layer. still,
The surface roughening treatment of the filler can be performed by etching, rubbing, or the like.

(作  用) 上記の如き方法によれば、外層用及び内層用として用い
る各樹脂が夫々備えた長所を兼備した成形品が得られ、
またフィラーの混入により該成形品の物性が強化される
ことになる。そして、特に上記フィラーとして表面が粗
面化されたものを使用するので、該フィラーが内層用樹
脂原液がら浮き出て外層用樹脂原液との界面部ないし該
外層用樹脂原液内に入り込み、この状態で両原液が硬化
した時に、該フィラーが内、外側層を結合するアンカー
として作用することになり、これにより両層が強固に密
着、結合することになる。そして、このフィラーは内層
用樹脂原液に混入しておくので、これが成形品の表面に
浮き出て該成形品の表面平滑性を損なうことがない。
(Function) According to the method described above, a molded product can be obtained that combines the advantages of each resin used for the outer layer and the inner layer,
In addition, the physical properties of the molded article will be strengthened by incorporating the filler. In particular, since a filler with a roughened surface is used as the filler, the filler stands out from the inner layer resin stock solution and enters the interface with the outer layer resin stock solution or into the outer layer resin stock solution, and in this state. When both stock solutions harden, the filler acts as an anchor to bond the inner and outer layers, thereby firmly adhering and bonding both layers. Since this filler is mixed into the resin stock solution for the inner layer, it will not stand out on the surface of the molded product and impair the surface smoothness of the molded product.

(実  施  例) 以下、本発明の実施例について説明する。(Example) Examples of the present invention will be described below.

LLえ11 この実施例では外層用樹脂原液及び内層用樹脂原液は、
いずれもA液とB液との反応硬化型原液を用いた。これ
らの原液の組成及び表面粗面化フィラーの材質、寸法等
は次の通りである。
LLe11 In this example, the resin stock solution for the outer layer and the resin stock solution for the inner layer are:
In both cases, a reaction-curing stock solution of liquid A and liquid B was used. The composition of these stock solutions and the material, dimensions, etc. of the surface roughening filler are as follows.

(1)°外層用樹脂原液 材質  ジシクロペンタジェン A液ニジシクロペンタジェン 48.5重量部 触媒       1.5重量部 B液ニジシクロペンタジェン 50重量部 (21内層用樹脂原液 材質  ナイロン A液:カプロラクタム 45重量部 触媒      15重量部 B液:カプロラクタム 25重量部 プレポリマー  25重量部 (3)粗面化フィラー 材質:     ミルドガラス繊維 平均繊維長:       200μ 平均繊維径:       11μ 表面粗さ=   0.5〜1.0μ 内層用樹脂原液への混入量: 10〜25重量% そして、第1図(a)に示すように、先ずキャビティA
に外層用樹脂原液1をキャビティ容量に対して所定の割
合となる量だけ注入し、次いで同図(b)、(c)に示
すように、外層用樹脂原液1の硬化前にフィラー3・・
・3を混入した内層用樹脂原液2をキャビティ八が充満
するまで注入する。この時、同図(C)に示すように内
層用樹脂原液2が外層用樹脂原液1の内部に入り込み、
キャビティA内で前者が後者に包まれた状態となる。尚
、上記両原液1.2は、夫々、注入直前にA液とB液と
を混合する。
(1) °Resin stock solution material for outer layer dicyclopentadiene A solution Nidicyclopentadiene 48.5 parts by weight Catalyst 1.5 parts B solution Nidicyclopentadiene 50 parts by weight (21 Resin stock solution material for inner layer Nylon A solution: Caprolactam 45 parts by weight Catalyst 15 parts by weight Liquid B: Caprolactam 25 parts by weight Prepolymer 25 parts by weight (3) Roughening filler material: Milled glass fiber Average fiber length: 200μ Average fiber diameter: 11μ Surface roughness = 0.5~ 1.0μ Amount mixed into the resin stock solution for inner layer: 10 to 25% by weight.As shown in FIG. 1(a), first, cavity A
The resin stock solution 1 for the outer layer is injected in an amount corresponding to a predetermined ratio to the cavity capacity, and then, as shown in FIGS.
- Pour the inner layer resin stock solution 2 mixed with 3 until the cavity 8 is filled. At this time, as shown in the same figure (C), the resin stock solution 2 for the inner layer enters into the resin stock solution 1 for the outer layer,
Inside cavity A, the former is wrapped in the latter. In addition, for the above-mentioned stock solutions 1.2, the A solution and the B solution are mixed, respectively, immediately before injection.

このようにしてキャビティA内が外層用及び内層用樹脂
原液1.2で充満されると、両原液は夫々A液とB液と
が反応して硬化するのであるが、その場合に、内層用樹
脂原液2に混入されているフィラー3・・・3が該原液
2の表面層、即ち外層用樹脂原液1との界面部に浮き出
て、一部が外層用樹脂原液1内に入り込む。そのため、
これらの原液1.2の硬化後、型を開いて成形品を取り
出した時、第2図に示すように、該成形品4においては
、一部のフィラー3・・・3が外層樹脂1′と内層樹脂
2′との界面部aを跨いで内外両層に入り込み、これら
のフィラー3・・・3により両層が連結された状態とな
っている。そして、特にフィラー3・・・3は表面が粗
面化されているから、上記両層に対する結合力が大きく
、このようにして外層樹脂1′と内層樹脂2′との密着
性、結合性に優れた多層構造の合成樹脂成形品4が得ら
れることになる。その場合に、上記フィラー3・・・3
は、当初、内層用樹脂原液2に混入されていたから、外
層樹脂1′を通り過ぎて成形品4の表面4aにまで浮き
出すことはなく、従って該成形品4の表面平滑性を低下
させることがない。
When the inside of cavity A is filled with the resin stock solutions 1.2 for outer layer and inner layer in this way, both stock solutions are cured by the reaction of liquid A and liquid B, respectively. The fillers 3...3 mixed in the resin stock solution 2 float out on the surface layer of the stock solution 2, that is, at the interface with the resin stock solution 1 for outer layer, and part of them enters into the resin stock solution 1 for outer layer. Therefore,
After hardening of these stock solutions 1.2, when the mold is opened and the molded product is taken out, as shown in FIG. It enters both the inner and outer layers across the interface part a between the fillers 3 and the inner layer resin 2', and these fillers 3...3 connect the two layers. In particular, since the filler 3...3 has a roughened surface, it has a large bonding force to both of the layers, and thus improves the adhesion and bonding properties between the outer layer resin 1' and the inner layer resin 2'. A synthetic resin molded product 4 with an excellent multilayer structure can be obtained. In that case, the above filler 3...3
Since it was initially mixed into the inner layer resin stock solution 2, it does not pass through the outer layer resin 1' and rise to the surface 4a of the molded product 4, and therefore does not reduce the surface smoothness of the molded product 4. .

尚、内層用樹脂原液に混入するフィラーとして表面粗さ
の異なるものを用いた場合、及び該フィラーの内層用樹
脂原液への混入量が異なる場合の各成形品の内、外画層
の接着力について確認した。その結果は第3.4図に示
す通りであって、フィラーの表面粗さ及びその混入量が
内、外画層の接着力ないし密着性に寄与し、上記実施例
で用いた表面粗さ0.5〜1.0μのフィラー(混入量
20重量%)によって目標接着力である30kg/Ca
lを上回ることが確認された。また、また混入量につい
ても、表面粗さが1.0μの場合、一般に物性強化の目
的で混入される場合の10重量%以上で上記目標接着力
が略達成されることが確認された。尚、接着力の測定は
、第5図に示すように内、外画層a、bが接着されてな
る所定幅(の試験片Cを用い、その一端から両層a、b
を剥離するのに要する単位幅当りの力を求めることによ
り行った。
In addition, when fillers with different surface roughnesses are used as fillers mixed into the resin stock solution for the inner layer, and when the amount of the filler mixed into the resin stock solution for the inner layer is different, the adhesion strength of the outer layer of each molded product I confirmed this. The results are shown in Figure 3.4, and the surface roughness of the filler and the amount of filler added contribute to the adhesion or adhesion of the inner and outer image layers, and the surface roughness used in the above example is 0. Target adhesive strength of 30kg/Ca with .5~1.0μ filler (containing amount 20% by weight)
It was confirmed that it exceeds l. Furthermore, regarding the mixing amount, it was confirmed that when the surface roughness is 1.0μ, the above-mentioned target adhesive strength can be substantially achieved with 10% by weight or more, which is generally used for the purpose of reinforcing physical properties. The adhesion strength was measured by using a test piece C of a predetermined width (with inner and outer layers a and b adhered to each other) as shown in FIG.
This was done by determining the force per unit width required to peel off.

11遣コ11 この実施例では、外層用樹脂原液及び内層用樹脂原液の
いずれも、上記第1実施例で内層用として用いた反応硬
化型のナイロン樹脂原液を用いた。
In this example, both the resin stock solution for the outer layer and the resin stock solution for the inner layer used the reaction-curing type nylon resin stock solution used for the inner layer in the first example.

また、粗面化フィラーとしては次のものを用いた。Further, as the surface roughening filler, the following was used.

材質:     ミルドガラス繊維 平均繊維長:      300μ 平均繊維径:        6μ 表面粗さ:   0゜3〜1.0μ 内層用樹脂原液への混入iL: 5〜20重1% つまり、この実施例では上記第1実施例で用いたものよ
り細長いフィラーを用い、その混入量を第1実施例より
少目とした。
Material: Milled glass fiber Average fiber length: 300μ Average fiber diameter: 6μ Surface roughness: 0°3~1.0μ iL mixed into the resin stock solution for inner layer: 5~20% by weight In other words, in this example, the above first A more elongated filler than that used in the example was used, and the amount of the filler mixed was smaller than that of the first example.

この実施例に関するフィラーの表面粗さと内層用樹脂原
液への混入−量に対する内、外画層の接着力についての
実験結果は第6.7図に示す通りであり、実施例で用い
た表面粗さ0.3〜1.0μ(混入量10重量%)のも
ので、目標接着力(3,0kg/ca)を路上回り、ま
た表面粗さが1゜0μの場合、第1実施例の場合より少
ない5重量%の混入量で目標接着力を上回ることが確認
された。
The experimental results regarding the adhesive strength of the inner and outer image layers with respect to the surface roughness of the filler and the amount of filler mixed into the resin stock solution for the inner layer in this example are shown in Figure 6.7. In the case of the first example, when the adhesive strength is 0.3 to 1.0μ (containing amount: 10% by weight), exceeds the target adhesive strength (3.0kg/ca), and the surface roughness is 1°0μ. It was confirmed that the target adhesion strength could be exceeded with a smaller amount of 5% by weight.

(発明の効果) 以上のように本発明によれば、キャビティへの外層用樹
脂原液の注入後、その硬化前に内層用樹脂原液を注入し
て多層構造の合成樹脂成形品を得る方法において、上記
内層用樹脂原液に予め表面を粗面化したフィラーを混入
しておくようにしたから、このフィラーによって成形品
の内、外画層が結合されて、両層の密着性、結合性に優
れた成形品が得られることになる。これにより、外層用
及び内層用として夫々用いる樹脂材料の長所を兼備する
と共に、両層が容易に剥離せず、また所要の表面平滑性
が確保された合成樹脂成形品が得られることになる。
(Effects of the Invention) As described above, according to the present invention, in the method for obtaining a multilayer synthetic resin molded product by injecting the resin stock solution for the inner layer into the cavity after injecting the stock solution of the resin for the outer layer and before curing the resin stock solution for the inner layer, Since a filler with a roughened surface is mixed in the resin solution for the inner layer in advance, this filler bonds the inner and outer layers of the molded product, resulting in excellent adhesion and bonding properties between both layers. As a result, a molded product can be obtained. This makes it possible to obtain a synthetic resin molded product that has the advantages of the resin materials used for the outer and inner layers, does not easily peel off from both layers, and has the required surface smoothness.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

図面は本発明の実施例を示すもので、第1図(a)〜(
c)はキャビティ内への外層用及び内層用樹脂原液の注
入工程を順に示す概略断面図、第2図は成形品の内部構
造をモデル化して示す拡大断面図、第3.4図は第1実
施例に関するフィラーの表面粗さと混入量に対する接着
力の測定結果を夫々示すグラフ、第5図はこの接着力の
測定方法の説明図、第6.7図は第2実施例に関するフ
ィラーの表面粗さと混入量に対する接着力の測定結果を
夫々示すグラフである。 l・・・外層用樹脂原液、2・・・内層用樹脂原液、3
・・・フィラー、4・・・成形品。 %ニ ー武武− III 4gl        m5v!J87図 為入−Jl(土量%]。 (過ajjL才1.o/A)
The drawings show embodiments of the present invention, and are shown in FIGS.
c) is a schematic cross-sectional view sequentially showing the steps of injecting the resin concentrate for the outer layer and inner layer into the cavity, Figure 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view modeling the internal structure of the molded product, and Figures 3.4 and 1. Graphs showing the measurement results of the adhesive force with respect to the surface roughness and amount of filler mixed in the example, Figure 5 is an explanatory diagram of the method of measuring the adhesive force, and Figure 6.7 shows the surface roughness of the filler in the second example. 3 is a graph showing the measurement results of adhesion strength with respect to the amount of adhesion mixed in. l...Resin stock solution for outer layer, 2...Resin stock solution for inner layer, 3
... Filler, 4... Molded product. %nee Taketake III 4gl m5v! J87 drawing - Jl (volume%). (overajjL 1.o/A)

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] (1)キャビティ内に外層用樹脂原液を射出注入した後
、該原液の硬化前にその内部に内層用樹脂原液を注入す
ることにより多層構造の成形品を形成する多層射出成形
方法であって、上記内層用樹脂原液に表面を粗面化処理
したフィラーを混入しておくことを特徴とする多層射出
成形方法。
(1) A multilayer injection molding method in which a molded product with a multilayer structure is formed by injecting a resin stock solution for an outer layer into a cavity, and then injecting a resin stock solution for an inner layer into the cavity before the stock solution hardens, A multilayer injection molding method characterized in that a filler whose surface has been roughened is mixed into the resin stock solution for the inner layer.
JP10541787A 1987-04-28 1987-04-28 Multilayer injection molding process Pending JPS63268614A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10541787A JPS63268614A (en) 1987-04-28 1987-04-28 Multilayer injection molding process

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10541787A JPS63268614A (en) 1987-04-28 1987-04-28 Multilayer injection molding process

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS63268614A true JPS63268614A (en) 1988-11-07

Family

ID=14407029

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP10541787A Pending JPS63268614A (en) 1987-04-28 1987-04-28 Multilayer injection molding process

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS63268614A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06143340A (en) * 1992-10-30 1994-05-24 Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd Rim polyurethane two-color molding method
WO1996007526A1 (en) * 1994-09-08 1996-03-14 Skf Industrial Trading And Development Company B.V. A method for the manufacture of a roller bearing component comprising plastic, a roller bearing provided with such a plastic component and a mould for the application of the method

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06143340A (en) * 1992-10-30 1994-05-24 Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd Rim polyurethane two-color molding method
WO1996007526A1 (en) * 1994-09-08 1996-03-14 Skf Industrial Trading And Development Company B.V. A method for the manufacture of a roller bearing component comprising plastic, a roller bearing provided with such a plastic component and a mould for the application of the method
NL9401456A (en) * 1994-09-08 1996-04-01 Skf Ind Trading & Dev Method for manufacturing a plastic-containing part for a rolling bearing, rolling bearing provided with such a plastic part and on a mold for applying the method.

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